英文论文的详细格式：
一、标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。
如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。
二、提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。
主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、摘要
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。
4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。
英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。
四、正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。
正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
五、文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
六、文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:
目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。
标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。
各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。
摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
扩展资料：
发表论文作用：
论文是指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同：
1、评职称（晋升职称）：研究生 毕业需要；教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时，发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。
2、申报基金、课题 ：教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时，发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。
3、世界性基础领域的研究，比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的基础性研究，公开发表论文 是对最新科技 科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。
参考资料来源：百度百科——英文论文
四六级作文模版 写作模板——提纲式作文 1． 对立观点式 A．有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 为什么？ B． 有人认为X 是坏事， 反对X，为什么？ C．我的看法。 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。 However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。 There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。 2． 批驳观点式 A．一个错误观点。 B． 我不同意。 Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。（According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。 There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief. (以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。 3． 社会问题（现象）式 A．一个社会问题或者现象。 B． 产生的原因 C．对社会和我们生活的影响 D． 如何杜绝。（如果是问题的话） E． 前景的预测。 Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。（或者是一个例子）。 There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon. 下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。 X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will …….. 写作模板——图表式作文 It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X varies). At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of …(多少). What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are … (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table. First of all, …(第一个原因). More importantly, …(第二个原因). Most important of all, …(第三个原因). From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势). 英语四六级写作试题模板——辩论式议论文 模版1 Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3. In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测. 模版2 People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2. Last but not the least, 论据3. To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测. 模版3 There is no consensus of opinions among people about X（争论的焦点）。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 论据1。 Furthermore, 论据2。 Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3。 A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。 As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.
《英语四六级写作必掌握的72个重点句型x》百度网盘资源免费下载
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sci论文格式模板
每个期刊的guidelines 都各有不同，有些要求非常详尽，但有些却相对简单，在这种情况下，作者也许会产生疑问和困惑，在没有提及要求的部分，论文格式该如何修改呢?以下表格是关于论文格式修改的通用apa模式。这是许多期刊的通用格式，尤其在某些期刊要求不明晰的'情况下，可参考以下格式对论文进行修改，以确保论文在格式上的统一，以便期刊进行审阅。
纸张大小标准的英寸x11英寸纸张大小
页边距上下左右页边距都为1寸英
字体12号字体大小。times roman. 但是图片使用无衬线字体，如arial
行距两倍行距
对齐方式左对齐(右边距不相等)
段落缩进5 - 7个空格
句末句号后一个空格
页码标题页开始，除图片页外每一页的右上角，离顶部英寸处标上页码，右对齐。
标题页标题页通常是第一页。在页码下一行，副标题左对齐，副标题要全部大写。
在副标题下，使用大写和小写表示以下内容，居中对齐。
文章标题你的名字你所属的机构信息段落标题一级标题使用大小写字母，并且居中。
二级标题使用大小写字母，左对齐。
表和插图除非期刊有特别要求，除此之外，表和插图放在文章的最后。一表一页，在页码下方第一行，使用标题如table 1 (等)，左对齐。两倍行距，标题左对齐(使用大写和小写字母的斜体)。
图片说明应该是有文章页码的最后一页。图标签使用figure 1 (等)，斜体，而说明本身不用斜体。标题用正规的句子大小写。图片跟随在后，一图一页段落主要顺序以下每一个部分(如果存在的话)都是从新的一页开始:标题页、摘要(一般在150-250单词之间) 、文章主体、参考文献、图说明、表格、图片。
缩写在摘要和正文第一次提及时均须先写出完整名称。
利益冲突/金融免责声明作者必须说明所有支持文章发表的资金来源。这个要求包括任何公司或机构的资金来源。通过提交中心提交稿件时，应提及资金来源和任何其有关利益冲突(coi)的解释。在文章中也应提及利益冲突，某些期刊要求放在标题页，有些期刊要求放在文章末参考文献前。
伦理声明对人类进行的研究必须遵循国际和国家的法规。当使用实验动物进行研究时，在动物福利上，必须遵循国际公认的准则，以及地方和国家法规。在提交文章时，作者应该有一个声明
资金声明资金组织的名称和相关的授权号码应写全。一般来说，这可以写在致谢中。但不同的期刊也有不同的要求。
毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版（通用6篇）
转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束，我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.
So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.
In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !
today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.
the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.
The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.
With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.
Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.
Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.
Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.
Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.
Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.
Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good afternoon, professors and everyone. i am ... from ... and my supervisor is professor . under his encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper, the title of which is "...". i choose this t...
论文答辩自述英文
在个人成长的多个环节中，大家都经常接触到论文吧，通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的`能力。那么问题来了，到底应如何写一篇优秀的论文呢？以下是我帮大家整理的论文答辩自述英文，欢迎大家分享。
Good morning, professors and everyone. I come from JMU College. I am XXX and my supervisor is prof XXX. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper.
The title of my paper is An Analysis of Ahab’s Personality Tragedy in Moby Dick. I choose this title as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this work as this is one of the texts in our American literature course . Last but not least , Moby-Dick is widely recognized as the summit not only of Melville’s art but of American nineteenth-centry fiction.
The purpose of this essay is to study Captain Ahab,the role in Moby-Dick, whose leg was bitten by the white whale in his process of the whaling. After losing his leg, he determined to revenge Moby Dick and tried to kill it. In order to revenge, Ahab ultimately dooms the crew of the Pequod (save for Ishmael) to death by his obsession with Moby Dick. By taking the comprehensive analysis perspective of Moby-Dick, this thesis will point out that the main characteristics of Ahab.
This paper consists of three parts. Part one presents an introduction to the Social Background and the life of the Author Herman Melvillehe ,Part two presents The Main Characteristics of Ahab. there are three aspects have been divided to analyze his characters: his monomania , his selfishness, and his individualism. Part three presents The Consequences of Ahabs Personality Tragedy.
OK, thats all. Thank you !
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am Zhao Jing. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Zhong Ming, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
The title of my paper is The Masculine Spirit of The Old Man and the Sea
The whole thesis consists of 3 parts. The first part will give brief introductions on the background which contains the social and cultural aspects and the introduction to the author of the masterpiece. In The second part is going to have a brief
introduction of the old man and the sea and analyze the masculine spirits in the old man and the sea such as the faith optimistic and the wisdom of the hero. In the third part, it is the natural conclusion and the deep consideration.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this novel as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times. Last but not the least, I’m deeply appreciated to the masculine spirit and hope I can get and practice it in my future. For the above facts, I select the subject of The Masculine Spirit of The Old Man and the Sea as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this novel we can know more about the author Hemingway and his honorable masculine spirit. “A man can be destroyed but not be defeated.” Such kind of spirit can
help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
That’s you!
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, its show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.
The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomens writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation”. The year 2014 represents the 22” anniversary of Angela Carters death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carters works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.
With the emergence of western womens movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though womens social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carters most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.
Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.
Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.
Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carters life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.
Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carters life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to womens freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.
Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carters demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.
Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
万能的英语作文模板，可以让我们写作的速度加快。下面是我给大家整理的万能英语作文范文模板，供大家参阅!
开头部分：
How nice to hear from you again.
Let me tell you something about the activity.
I’m glad to have received your letter of .
I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit.
I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.
结尾部分：
With best wishes.
I’m looking forward to your reply.
I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.
1.正反观点式议论文模板
导入：
第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should...(导入话题)
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)
正文：
第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)
Here are the ...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)
第3段：However,the others are strongly against it.(反方观点)
Their reasons are as the first place...What’s more...In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)
结论：
第4段：Personally speaking,the advantages overweigh the disadvantages,for it will do us more harm than good,so I support it.(个人观点) オ
呼语及开场白部分：
Ladies and gentlemen,May I have your attention,please?I have an announcement to make.
正文部分：
All the teachers and students are required to attend it.
Please take your notebooks and make notes.
Please listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in groups.
Please come on time and don’t be late.
结束语部分：
Please come and join in it.
Everybody is welcome to attend it.
I hope you’ll have a nice time here.
That’s you.
导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student,I am strongly in favour of the decision.(亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)
The reasons for this may be listed as follows.(过渡句,承上启下)
正文：
第2段：First of all...Secondly...Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)
结论：
第3段：In conclusion,I believe that...(照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构)
4."How to"类议论文模板：
导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文：
第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem,but the following may be most of all...Another way to solve the problem is ...Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)
结论：
第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)
导入：
第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many that B is much would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文：
第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer main reason is that ...Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)
第3段:Of course,B also has advantages to some extent...(列出1~2个B的优势)
结论：
第4段:But if all these factors are considered,A is much better than what has been discussed above,we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ
The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题.
The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 .
This means that as (进一步说明).
We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 .
After 动词-ing 细节一中的第一个变化,
the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) .
The figures also tell us that图表细节二 .
In the column,we can see that accounts for (进一步描述).
Judging from these figures,we can draw the conclusion that (结论).
The reason for this,as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因).
It is high time that we (发出倡议).
图画类写作模板：
1.开头
Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture,we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...
2.衔接句
As we all know,.../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.
3.结尾句
In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated..
英语专业的论文提纲模板
导语：在毕业论文的.写作过程中，指导教师一般都要求学生编写提纲。从写作程序上讲，它是作者动笔行文前的必要准备；从提纲本身来讲，它是作者构思谋篇的具体体现。下面我整理了英语专业的论文提纲模板，欢迎参考借鉴！
Chapter One Influencing Factors of Creative Treason
Background of Gone with the Wind
Author's Life and Emotional Experience
Development of the Feminist Movement
Influence of Economic Crisis
Background of the Translator
Reader's Expectations and the Ability to Accept
Chapter Two Creative Treason and Translator Style
Selection and Use of Words
Symbolthe Usage of Idioms
Symbolthe Usage of Reduplication
Structure and Modalitythe Usage of Parallel Construction
' Logic and Combination
's Device and Style
's Transition
, Slangs and Fixed Collocations
Identity
of Narrative Style
Chapter Three The Limitation of Translator Style
Chapter Four The Sociality of Creative Treason
Significance
Significance
' Effort
Conclusion
This article conclusion
Creative treason develops a new domain for literary translation. In this thesis, thebackground of main factors was taken as the entry point. Through analyzing thebackground of tiie original, translator and readers we got the result that affected byvarious factors especially different background the creative treason in literary translationis objective and inevitable. By reason of existence of creative treason, it is possible toform the unique translation style in the translation process. Based on parsing FuDonghua's version of Gone with the Wind,this study analyzes translator style from sixaspects and has proved the existence of translator style. Retoning to the ultimate purposemotivation of translation, we should affirm that the translation work which is in theframework of the original and makes recreations for the need of target readers is thehigh-quality one.
Behind two literary works are two different languages, behind two languages are twodifferent cultures,after discussing the translator style which is based on the languageexchange we should see the most fundamental factor is the cultural differences, which isone of the social significance of creative treason. Just as Escarpit states, all thetranslations are the result of creative treason. So the social significance of translation isalso creative treason V In the process of social development the role of translation can notbe replaced and the creative treason's function should be paid more attention to. For theexistence of creative treason, we can not ignore the hard work and efforts the translatorsdo,it should be folly admitted and respected.
In addition to translation activities, in the field of other social life, we can still findthe creative treason. There are some subjective factors which are mixed into theunderstanding and judgment of object,that's why different people have differentcognitions for the same thing. Therefore, in the process of recognizing the world creativetreason always exists- This can be the new point of creative treason's socialization, enrichthe connotation of the concept and extend the social significance of creative treason.
英语专业的毕业论文提纲模板2017
英语专业的毕业论文提纲的模板是怎样的呢?英语专业的毕业论文提纲的目的和意义是什么呢?下面是我分享的英语专业的毕业论文提纲的模板，欢迎阅读!
一、目的和意义
英语专业的毕业论文写作是完成本科教学计划、实现本科培养目标的重要阶段;是对学生的英语实践技能、英语语言知识、经贸英语知识以及其他相关学科知识、全面素质、研究与创新能力进行检验考核的重要手段;是学生学士学位资格认证的重要依据;是衡量、评估英语专业教学质量与水平的重要内容之一。
二、选题原则
毕业论文选题应从本专业培养目标的要求出发，结合学科发展的动态和研究现状，尽可能使其具有发展与创新的空间，从而有利于巩固和拓宽学生的知识面，有利于对学生进行科研能力基本训练以及独立工作能力的培养。
毕业论文属于研究性论文，讲求一定的学术性，但其要求与目的有别于刊于学术杂志的学术论文，因而为确保学生在教学计划规定的时间内，在教师指导下完成所要求的工作，选题应遵循如下基本原则：
1、选题须符合教学大纲的基本要求和人才培养的基本规格，须体现专业训练的基本内容，须与所学的专业知识相衔接。
2、选题须充分考虑学生的语言能力、知识构成和专业兴趣。
3、选题的类型应多种多样，力求有益于学生综合运用多学科的理论知识与技能，有利于培养学生独立工作的能力。
4、选题须考虑完成的工作量与所需的时间应符合教学计划的要求，内容既要有探索、钻研的余地，又要考虑完成的可能性。工作量原则上应控制在经过努力能够在规定的时间内完成规定任务的范围内，以保证教学任务的完成。
三、类型及基本要求
英语专业毕业论文依据学术性质和类型不同应符合如下要求：
1、语言及语言学研究类论文
就本科毕业论文而言，纯语言研究无论在理论知识的储备上，还是在语料的收集上都有很大难度，不宜提倡。此类论文可以在语言结构(语音、语法、词汇、语篇等)，语言运用(独特的语言现象、语言手段、语言变化等)，语言文化(文化对语言理解、使用和学习的影响等)，两种语言对比等领域进行应用性的研究。应用性研究的重点在于如何运用现有的知识提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题，做出有参考或应用价值的结论。
2、文学评论类论文
此类论文应建立在对所评述的对象，尤其是文学文本的正确理解、解读的基础上，通过具体、细致、深入的分析与研究提出令人信服的、言之成理的结论。论文的形式可以是作家论、文学思潮或流派论、断代文学史论、文学批评介绍等。文学评论可采用不同的方法进行，如社会历史学的、美学与诗学的，也可以是比较的、文化学的方法。无论哪一种方法，都要求学生运用唯物主义与历史唯物主义的学术思想，要求以中国读者的评论视角与立场，进行具有一定新意的'探讨。
3、翻译研究类论文
此类论文可以是纯理论的研究，或具体翻译技巧的研究，或翻译与文化的关系(或与其他学科的关系)的研究，也可以由学生对名家名译做对比性研究，另加对作品本身的评述，对某一翻译理论或技巧进行阐述。
4、语言教学研究类论文
此类研究属交叉学科的研究，涉及语言学、心理语言学、社会语言学、教育学及教学法等，是一个十分广泛的研究领域。其研究范围包括语言研究(教师语言及学习者语言研究)，教学方法与技巧研究，课堂教学管理策略研究，学生个体差异研究，影响教学效果的外部条件研究，教育技术的使用与开发研究，教材的分析与评估研究，测试与评估研究，素质教育与外语教学等。此类研究无论从选题，还是方法，或是研究的过程以及结论都应具有应用的意义和价值，突出对语言教学的指导意义和作用。
5、经贸方向研究类论文
此类论文可以是经济、金融、财会、国际贸易、贸易法规、现代管理学等相关领域的纯理论或实证性研究，可结合所学相关经贸及管理类课程，运用现有的知识提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题，作出有参考或应用价值的结论。
四、任务及深度要求
毕业论文的主要内容包括：选题、开题报告、论文提纲、论文撰写、论文答辩等，其具体要求遵照《南京工程学院外语系毕业论文实施方法(试行)》相关规定;论文工作与所学专业知识相关，工作量饱满，满足学生一人一题的要求。论文用英文撰写，具有一定的创新性和应用性，正文篇幅在5，000词以上，参考文献8篇(种)以上。指导教师与学生定期见面，并填写《毕业论文指导记录》。
五、考核办法
毕业论文考核及成绩评定由三部分组成：
1、根据毕业论文撰写过程中学生分析、解决问题能力的表现，论文观点的新颖性，论文结构的合理性，论文论证的逻辑性，英语表达的正确性和地道性，以及学生的工作态度，指导教师给予满分为40分的成绩评定。
2、根据毕业论文的指导思想与方案制订的科学性，论文论据的充分性，论文的创见与突破性，论文的结构、文字表达情况，评阅老师给予满分为20分的成绩评定。
3、根据学生本人对论文工作的总体介绍，毕业论文的质量，答辩中回答问题的正确程度，英语语音、语调的规范性和流畅性，答辩小组给予满分为40分的成绩评定。
六、毕业论文时间分配
序号 内 容 时间(周)
1 完成开题报告及相关参考文献的选定工作 4
2 完成论文初稿的撰写 5
3 完成论文二稿的撰写 2
4 完成论文三稿的撰写并定稿 2
5 毕业论文答辩 1
合 计 14
七、其它说明
外语系毕业论文实行“末位淘汰制”，即综合评定成绩倒数1-3名的学生论文将被判定为不合格，学生无权获得学士学位。
contents
introduction………………………………………………………………1
common historical background……………………………………1
international………………………………………………………1
national…………………………………………………………1
common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2
rebellion against conventions……………………………………2
beats in literature………………………………………………2
rockers in music circles………………………………………3
ideologies in between……………………………………………4
beatniks were fed up with their government about
the explanations of why things happened……………………4
their same destiny……………………………………………4
beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by
both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5
belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5
beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6
rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6
identical lifestyles………………………………………………6
bohemian…………………………………………………………7
beats…………………………………………………………7
rockers………………………………………………………7
madness…………………………………………………………8
the beats regarded modern american life as cruel, selfish,
and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven
to madness……………………………………………………8
rockers were mad enough to drive rockniks crazy on
rock circus spot………………………………………………9
self-indulgent……………………………………………………9
drugs…………………………………………………………9
homosexual…………………………………………………10
4. the same conduct……………………………………………………10
beats of satan and angles………………………………………10
rockers' conduct of the two sides………………………………11
conclusion………………………………………………………………13
Why should we write the thesis?
To write a thesis before graduation is a must for every university graduate.
By writing a thesis, we may get some experience and some basic methods for further theoretical study and research and the ability to solve problems.
It is the reflection of a student’s study in college.
Whether a student has such an ability to write a thesis or to solve problems in his/her field is one basis for a unit to accept him/her or not.
How long should we prepare for writing a thesis?One year or so
What do we need when we write a thesis?
Firstly, for English major, most important of all, it is English knowledge and ability that based on your language skills, especially writing skill and grammar knowledge.
Secondly, the way of writing is also important.
A good title, some good ideas to support thesis statement, right language and standard format are what we need.
The language style is something that we should pay much attention to, for example:
Wording: we prefer big word to small one;
Sentence: Long sentences are quite expectable.
How do we write a thesis? How many steps should we follow?
Generally speaking, when we write a thesis, we follow 10 steps:
1. Choose a subject: that is, what you are going to write about. For English major, we may apply:
2. Choose a title/Title a paper;
3. Collect materials for reference in writing;
4. Analyze the collected materials;
5. Sort out the data and arguments;
6. List references;
7. Make up an outline;
8. 1—3 drafts;
9. Proofread;
10. The last version.
What subjects may we choose to write?
English and American Literature
The Practice and Theory of Translation
English Language
English Linguistics
English Grammar
English Phonetics
English Lexicology
English Rhetoric
Language and Culture
ELT Methodology
Teaching English in Middle School
English Teaching Research and Survey
The History of… (All mentioned above)
云计算作为一种新的服务模式，已成为计算机科学领域的一个研究热点。下面是由我整理的云计算计算机新技术论文，谢谢你的阅读。
云计算研究综述
【摘 要】云计算(cloud computing)作为一种新的服务模式，已成为计算机科学领域的一个研究热点。本文阐明了云计算的含义和特点，综述了云计算的在国内外的发展状况，探讨了云计算在电子商务、企业管理和信息安全等方面的应用。
【关键词】云计算;计算方式;应用服务;虚拟化
0 引言
2006年，“云计算”的概念问世。云计算作为一种基于互联网的计算方式，能够共享软硬件资源和信息，按需提供给计算机和其他设备。IBM公司于2007年底宣布了云计算计划[1]，“云计算”时代随之到来。云计算在最初提出来时备受争议，但目前国内外学术界对云计算及其关键技术的相关理论正在进行深层次的研究。
1 认识云计算
什么是云计算
伯克利云计算白皮书的定义[2]：云计算包括互联网上各种服务形式的应用以及数据中心中提供这些服务的软硬件设施。应用服务即SaaS(Software as a Service，软件即服务)[3]，而数据中心的软硬件设施即所谓的云。通过量入为出的方式提供给公众的云，称为公共云;而不对公众开放的组织内部数据中心的云则称为私有云。中国网络计算、云计算专家刘鹏给出的定义：“云计算将计算任务分布在大量计算机构成的资源池上，使各种应用系统能够根据需要获取计算力、存储空间和各种软件服务”[4]。
云计算的特点
“云”具有超大的规模。企业私有云一般拥有数百上千台服务器，Google 云计算已经拥有200多万台服务器。因此，“云”能赋予用户前所未有的计算能力。
云计算还具有以下特点：(1)虚拟化。虚拟化技术将服务器虚拟为多个性能可配的虚拟机，对整个集群系统中所有的虚拟机进行监控和管理，并根据实际的资源使用情况对资源灵活分配和调度。(2)高可靠性。“云”采用数据冗余和分布式存储来保证数据的可靠性，数据多副本容错、计算节点同构可互换等措施使云计算比使用本地计算机可靠。(3)高可用性。通过集成海量存储和高性能的计算能力，云能提供较高的服务质量。(4)高可扩展性。“云”的规模可以动态伸缩。由于应用运行在虚拟平台上，没有事先预订的固定资源被锁定，使用户可以随时随地根据应用的需求，动态地增减IT资源，可以满足特定时期、特定应用及用户规模变化的需要。(5)按需服务。“云”是一个庞大的资源池，按需购买。云可以像自来水、电、煤气那样计费[5]。
云计算能解决什么问题
云计算是具有广泛含义的虚拟化计算平台，它能够支持非网络的应用，如支持网络服务程序中的前台网络服务器、应用服务器、数据库服务器三层应用程序架构模式等。云计算带来的服务整合与按需供给大大提高了当前计算资源的利用率，降低服务的能耗量，并且能有效屏蔽计算资源的出错问题。
此外，云计算能够提供动态资源池、虚拟化和高可用性的下一代计算平台，它体现了“网络即计算机”的思想，并且能够将大量计算资源、存储资源与软件资源进行链接，形成具有强大规模的共享虚拟IT资源池，为远程计算机用户提供按需提供资源的IT服务。
2 云计算的国内外研究现状
国内研究现状
2010年8月17日，上海发布了“云海计划”三年方案，致力打造亚太云计算中心。北京于2010年9月8日发布了“祥云工程”行动计划，建成了世界级的云计算产业基地。2011年10月，国家发展与改革委员会、工业与信息化部、财政部三部委拨款15亿元，成立国家战略新兴产业云计算示范工程专项资金，以中央补助经费的方式，迅速对12个企业项目进行了首批8亿元资金。2013年，地方政府继续对发展云计算保持高度热情，我国累计已有30多个省市发布了云计算战略规划、行动方案或实施工程。
国外研究现状
美国于2011年2月发布了《联邦云计算战略》，通过增设云计算管理机构、增加开发云计算的预算、加强云计算基础设施建设、制定云计算标准等措施，加大对云计算技术发展的支持。欧盟国家组建了专家小组，鼓励同盟国家相互扶植，共同推进云计算服务。日本经济产业省发布《云计算与日本竞争力研究》报告，表示将从完善基础设施建设、改善制度及鼓励创新三方面推进云计算发展[6]。
3 云计算的应用
电子商务
云计算为电子商务提供信息共享与业务协作。它给电子商务提供资源信息整合与共享、随需应变的业务扩展和协作等服务。信息共享以及业务协作是电商企业运作中不可或缺中间环节;而云计算凭着资源的高度灵活性可以轻松实现电商企业与供应商、客户、政府之间以及企业内部之间的信息共享与业务协作。
企业管理
云计算降低中小企业的成本。云计算具有按需、易扩展，先期成本低、升级便利的特点，中小企业将以较小的成本享受到大企业级的技术。由于基础设施是租用的，直接节省了服务器、电力、制冷及机房等的开支。
云计算提升中小企业创新能力。公司采用云计算，公司的软件工程人才能够有更多的时间去进行企业的核心业务开发与创新，从而为企业创造更高的利润。
信息安全
基于云平台虚拟化技术配置资源，云计算能够进行安全性部署，根据不同用户身份的差异，提供身份标识，建立授权机制。基于用户对自身敏感数据高安全的需求，云计算能够提供面向用户的安全隐私保障。基于云计算的高可用性，云计算能够建立数据容错备份机制和服务故障诊断及恢复机制，从而保证了数据传输的安全性，数据存储的安全性。云安全融合了并行处理、网络计算、未知病毒行为判断等新兴技术和概念，通过网络的大量客户端对网络中软件行为的异常监测，获取互联网中木马、恶意程序的最新信息，推送到Server端进行自动分析和处理，再把病毒和木马的解决方案分发到每一个客户端。
4 结束语
云计算的凭着强大规模和虚拟化的功能，成为互联网重点研究的对象，它拥有海量的资源，用户只要有一个可以上网的终端就可以享受所有的云计算服务。但当前的云计算还处于一个不成熟的阶段，信息安全方面还存在着许多需要去解决的问题，从现有的各个IT公司所推出的云计算服务可以看出，他们研究和发展的云计算技术还局限于自己擅长的那部分。因此，当云计算带动科技和产业发展的时候，一定要迎难而上，大力推进云计算的发展。
【参考文献】
[1]Sims K. IBM introduces ready-to-use cloud computing collaboration services Get clients started with cloud .[2]Michael A，Armando the clouds： A Berkeley view of cloud computing [EB/OL].2011-09-02.
[3]文杰，陈小军.站在云端的SaaS[M].北京清华大学出版社，2011：27-40.
[4]刘鹏.云计算[M].北京：电子工业出版社，2010：56-88.
[5]龚强.云计算应用展望与思考[J].信息技术，2013(1)：1-4.
[6]李琦，朱庆华.基于SOA与云计算融合的企业信息化战略规划[J].情报杂志，2011，30(3)：12-15.
点击下页还有更多>>>云计算计算机新技术论文
一、云计算概念二、云计算历史三、云计算现状四，云计算发展前景五、云计算实现，目前存在的问题。写论文多参考:华为的云计算，wingdows云计算，goole云计算。明天看看再补充些，多参考
离上篇文章认证加密（下）发表已经过去好久了，笔者一直在思考要不要继续写安全基础类的文章，直到本周日晚上陪孩子看朗读者节目的时候，特别是节目组邀请到了53岁的清华大学高等研究院杨振宁讲座教授王小云，介绍了她在密码学中的贡献。孩子和家人在观看节目的时候，对MD5是什么，为什么这么重要，特别是王教授谈到基于MD5设计的国家加密标准已经广泛应用到银行卡，社保卡等领域，让加密这个古老但年轻的领域走入更多人的视野。 咱们前边介绍的内容主要围绕对称加密，从这篇文章开始，我们的焦点shift到非对称加密算法上，非对称加密也称作是公钥加密算法，整个算法有个非常关键的环节：秘钥交换。秘钥交换“人”如其名，解决的本质问题是如何安全的交换秘钥。咱们还是请出老朋友爱丽斯女王和鲍勃领主来说明一下。假设爱丽丝女王和鲍勃领主要安全的通信，那么爱丽斯女王和鲍勃领主就把各自的秘钥发给对方。结果是通信的双方都持有这个共享的秘钥，这个共享的秘钥就可以被用来后续信息安全的交互。 为了让后续的讨论更加接地气，咱们假设爱丽斯女王和鲍勃领主从来都没有见过面，那么我们该如何让女王和领主安全的通信呢？这个问题也是秘钥交换算法适用的最原始应用场景。为了确保女王和领主之间通信的隐私性，双方需要一个共享的秘钥，但是安全的沟通共享秘钥并没有想象中那么简单。如果恶意攻击者窃听了女王和领主的电话通信，或者邮件通信（假设传输的明文信息），那么恶意攻击者会窃取到女王和领主共享的秘钥，后续双方所有的通信内容，都可以通过这个秘钥来破解，女王和领主的所有私密通信不安全了，通信内容已经成为整个王国茶余饭后的谈资。 如何解决这个问题呢？这是秘钥交换算法要解决的核心问题，简单来说，通过秘钥交换算法，爱丽丝女王和鲍勃领主就可以安全的实现共享秘钥交换，即便是有恶意攻击者在监听所有的通信线路，也无法获取双方通向的秘钥，女王和领主终于可以无忧无虑的八卦了。 秘钥交换从通信双方生成各自的秘钥开始，通常情况下非对称加密算法会生成两个秘钥：公钥和私钥（public key和private key）。接着通信的双方分别把自己的公钥发送给对方，公钥的”公“在这里是公开的意思，这就意味着恶意攻击者也可以获得通信双方生成的公钥信息。接着女王和领主分别用收到的公钥和自己持有的私钥结合，结果就是共享的通信秘钥。大家可以站在恶意攻击者的角度看这个公钥，由于恶意攻击者没有任何一方的私钥，因此恶意攻击者是无法获取女王和领主通信用的”共享“秘钥。关于共享秘钥在女王和领主侧产生的过程，如下图所示： 了解了秘钥交换算法的大致工作机制后，接着我们来看看秘钥交换算法是如何解决爱丽斯女王和鲍勃领主安全通信问题。如上图所展示的过程，女王和领主通过秘钥交换算法确定了可以用作安全通信的秘钥，这个秘钥可以被用作认证加密的秘钥，因此即便是MITM（中间人攻击者）截获了女王和领主通信的数据，但是由于没有秘钥，因此通信的内容不会被破解，这样女王和领主就可以安全的通信了，如下图所示： 不过这里描述的内容稍微不严谨，我们顶多只能把这种场景称作passive MITM，大白话是说恶意攻击者是被动的在进行监听，和active MITM的主要却别是，active中间人会截获秘钥交换算法交换的数据，然后同时模拟通信双方对端的角色。具体来说，中间人会actively来同时和女王以及领主进行秘钥交换，通信双方”以为“和对方对共享秘钥达成了共识，但是本质上女王和领主只是和中间人达成了共享秘钥的共识。大家可以思考一下造成这种错误认知的原因是啥？ 其实背后的原因不难理解，因为通信的双方并没有其他手段判断收到的公钥和通信的对端的持有关系，我们也称作这种秘钥交换为”unauthentiated“秘钥交换，如下图所示： 那么如何解决active MITM攻击呢？相信大家能够猜到authenticated key exchange，咱们先通过一个具体的业务场景来看看，为啥我们需要这种authenticated的模式。假设我们开发了一套提供时间信息的服务，服务被部署在阿里云上，我了预防时间数据被恶意攻击者修改，因此我们使用MAC（message authentication code），如果大家对MAC没有什么概念，请参考笔者前边的文章。 MAC需要秘钥来对数据进行机密性和完整性保护，因此我们在应用部署的时候，生成了一个秘钥，然后这个秘钥被以某种方式非法给所有的客户端用户，应用运行的非常稳定，并且由于有秘钥的存在，守法遵纪的所有客户端都可以读取到准确的时间。但是有个客户学习了本篇文章后，发现这个秘钥可以用来篡改数据，因此我们的网站受到大量客户的投诉，说读到的时间不准确，造成系统的业务运行和数据处理出现问题。 你让架构师赶紧处理，架构师给出了每个用户都生成独享秘钥的方案，虽然能够止血，但是很快你会发现这种方案不可行，不可运维，随着用户数量激增，我们如何配置和管理这些秘钥就变成了一个大问题，还别说定期更换。秘钥交换算法在这里可以派上用场，我们要做的是在服务端生成秘钥，然后为每个新用户提供公钥信息。由于用户端知道服务端的公钥信息，因此MITM攻击就无法在中间双向模拟，我们也称这种模式为：authenticated key exchange。 我们继续分析这个场景，中间人虽然说也可以和服务进行秘钥交换，但是这个时候中间人和普通的客户端就没有差异了，因此也就无法执行active MITM攻击了。 随着科技的发展，互联网几乎在我们生活中无孔不入，如何安全的在通信双方之间确立秘钥就变得极其重要。但是咱们前边介绍的这种模式扩展性不强，因为客户端需要提前预置服务端的公钥，这在互联网场景下尤其明显。举个例子，作为用户，我们希望安全的和多个银行网站，社保网站进行数据通信，如果需要手机，平板，台式机都预置每个网站的公钥信息才能安全的进行访问，那么你可以考虑便利性会有多差，以及我们如何安全的访问新开发的网站？ 因此读者需要理解一个非常重要的点，秘钥交换非常重要，但是有上边介绍的扩展性问题，而这个问题的解决是靠数字签名技术，数字签名和秘钥交换结合起来是我们后边要介绍的SSL技术的基础，要讲清楚需要的篇幅会很长，因此咱们后续用专门的章节来介绍SSL原理。不过为了后续介绍的顺畅性，咱们接下来聊几个具体的秘钥交换算法，以及背后的数学原理。 咱们先从笔者系列文章第一篇中提到的Diffie-Hellman秘钥交换算法说起，Whitfield Diffie和Martin E. Hellman在1976年发表了一篇开创新的论文来介绍DH（Diffie-Hellman）秘钥交换算法，论文中把这个算法称作”New Direction in Cryptography“。这篇论文被冠以开创性的主要原因是论文两个第一：第一个秘钥交换算法以及第一次公开发表的公钥加密算法（或者说非对称加密算法）。 DH算法的数据原理是群论（group theory），这也是我们今天所接触到的所有安全机制的基石。因为笔者并不是数学专业毕业，数学基础也不是太牢固，因此一直犹豫要如何继续在安全的角度继续深入下去。为了让这个算法更加容易被读者理解，因此后边的内容会稍微涉及到一些数据基础知识，相信有过高中数学知识的同学，应该都能看懂。 要介绍群论，首要问题是定义清楚什么是群（group）。笔者查阅了相关资料，群在数学领域中有如下两个特征： 1，由一组元素组成 2，元素之间定义了特殊的二元运算符（比如➕或者✖️） 基于上边的定义，如果这组元素以及之上定义的二元操作符满足某些属性，那么我们就称这些元素组成个group。对于DH算法来说，背后使用的group叫做multiplicative group：定义了乘法二元运算符的元素集合。读者可能会问，那么这个multiplicative group具体满足那些属性呢？由于这部分的内容较多，咱们来一一罗列介绍： - Closure（闭包）。集合中的两个元素通过定义的运算符计算后，结果也在集合中。举个例子，比如我们有集合M，M中有元素a，b和c（c=a*b），那么这三个元素就符合closure属性，集合上定义的运算符是乘法。 - Associativity（可结合性）。这个和中学数学中的结合性概念一致，你能理解数学公式a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c就行。 - Identity element（单位元素）。集合中包含单位元素，任何元素和单位元素经过运算符计算后，元素的值不发生变化。比如我们有集合M，包含的元素（1，a，b，c....），那么1就是单位元素，因为1*a = a，a和单位元素1通过运算符计算后，结果不变。 - Inverse element（逆元素）。集合中的任何元素都存在逆元素，比如我们有集合元素a，那么这个元素的逆元素是1/a，元素a和逆元素通过运算符计算后，结果为1。 笔者必须承认由于我粗浅的数学知识，可能导致对上边的这四个属性的解释让大家更加迷惑了，因此准备了下边这张图，希望能对群具备的4个属性有更加详细的补充说明。 有了前边关于群，群的属性等信息的介绍，咱们接着来具体看看DH算法使用的group具体长啥样。DH算法使用的群由正整数组成，并且大部分情况下组成群的元素为素数，比如这个群（1，2，3， ....，p-1)，这里的p一般取一个很大的素数，为了保证算法的安全性。 注：数学上对素数的定义就是只能被自己和1整除的数，比如2，3，5，7，11等等。素数在非对称加密算法中有非常广泛的应用。计算机专业的同学在大学期间应该写过寻找和打印素数的程序，算法的核心就是按顺序穷举所有的数字，来判断是否是素数，如果是就打印出来。不过从算法的角度来看，这样穷举的模式效率不高，因此业界也出现了很多高效的算法，很快就能找到比较大的素数。 DH算法使用的群除了元素是素数之外，另外一个属性是模运算符，具体来说叫modular multiplication运算。咱们先从模运算开始，模运算和小学生的一些拔高数学题很类似，关注的是商和余数。比如我们设modulus为5，那么当数字大于5的时候，就会wrap around从1重新开始，比如数字6对5求模计算后，结果是1，7的结果是2，以此类推。对于求模计算最经典的例子莫过于钟表了，一天24个小时，因此当我们采用12小时计数的时候，13点又被成为下午1点，因为13 = 1*12 + 1（其中12为modulo）。 接着我们来看modular multiplication的定义，我们以6作例子，6 = 3 ✖️ 2， 如果modulo是5的话，我们知道6全等于（congruent to）1 modulo 5，因此我们的公式就可以写成： 3 × 2 = 1 mod 5 从上边的等式我们得出了一个非常重要的结论，当我们把mod 5去掉后，就得出3 × 2 = 1，那么3和2就互为逆元素。 最后我们来总结一下DH算法base的群的两个特征： - Commutative（交换律），群中两个元素计算具备交换律，也就是ab=ba，通常我们把具备交换律的群成为Galois group - Finite field（有限域），关于有限域的特征我们下边详细介绍 DH算法定义的group也被称作为FFDH（Finite Field Diffie-Hellman），而subgroup指的是group的一个子集，我们对子集中的元素通过定义的运算符操作后，会到到另外一个subgroup。 关于群论中有个非常重要的概念是cyclic subgroup，大白话的意思是通过一个generator（或者base）不断的和自己进行乘法运算，如下变的例子，generator 4可以了subgroup 1和4： 4 mod 5 = 4 4 × 4 mod 5 = 1 4 × 4 × 4 mod 5 = 4 (重新开始，这也是cylic subgroup的体现) 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 mod 5 = 1 等等 当我们的modulus是素数，那么群中的每个元素都是一个generator，可以产生clylic subgroup，如下图所示： 最后我们完整的总结一下群和DH定义的Galois群： - group就是一组定义了二元操作的元素集合，并具备closure, associativity, identity element, inverse element属性 - DH定义的群叫Galois group，组成群的元素是素数，并在群上定义了modular multiplication运算 - 在DH定义的群中，每个元素都是一个generator，重复和自己相乘后，产出subgroup Groups是很多加密算法的基础，笔者这是只是稍微的介绍了一点皮毛知识，如果读者对这部分感兴趣，可以查阅相关的材料。有了群的初步认识了，咱们下篇文章来介绍DH算法背后的工作原理，敬请期待！
云计算是分布式计算、并行计算和网格计算的发展，或者说是这些计算机科学概念的商业实现。下面是由我整理的计算机云计算技术论文，谢谢你的阅读。
Internet云计算技术
摘要：云计算是分布式计算、并行计算和网格计算的发展，或者说是这些计算机科学概念的商业实现。它是一种动态的、易扩展的、且通常是通过互联网实现的虚拟化的计算方式。用户不必具有云内部的专业知识，不需要了解云内部的细节，也不直接控制基础设施。通过对云计算问题的基本研究，进一步加深了对云计算的理解。
关键词：云计算控制设施系统软件
中图分类号：TP3
文献标识码：A
文章 编号：1007-3973(2011)010-068-02
1、云计算的概念和应用
云计算基本概念
云计算是分布式计算、并行计算和网格计算的发展，或者说是这些计算机科学概念的商业实现。它是一种动态的、易扩展的、且通常是通过互联网实现的虚拟化的计算方式。用户不必具有云内部的专业知识，不需要了解云内部的细节，也不直接控制基础设施。
云计算的基本原理是：计算资源分布在网络侧大量的计算机上，而非本地计算机或单台集中式远程服务器中，用户通过接入互联网、利用云提供的编程接口、云计算终端软件或者浏览器访问云提供的不同服务，把“云”做为数据存储以及应用服务的中心。
云计算应用评述
目前，微软、Oracle、IBM、Sun、英特尔等IT巨头都面临着云计算的挑战，而谷歌则依靠其搜索引擎后来居上，在此领域一枝独秀。谷歌能有与微软等软件巨头竞风流的实力，有如下几个重要的客观理由：
(1)数据是实现云计算的根本。
有了“数据”的云，才有计算的云。搜索引擎就是从海量数据中寻找信息的技术。随着信息量的增多，用户的增加，搜索引擎技术只有将更多的硬件和软件组成集群，才能支撑如此规模的计算。这就是云计算的雏形。
(2)应用是云计算得以普及和发展的催化剂。
(3)微软、Sun等云计算技术与谷歌的差别。
微软、Sun、IBM的云计算之所以局限于应用程序的层次上，主要是因为它们长期依靠这样的 商业模式 ：客户通过购买软件介质安装在PC上实现用户端服务，软件功能越强大价值就越高。这让用户体验过程变得复杂、繁琐，也不是软件即服务的简洁模式。因此不论从概念上，还是技术上，他们的云计算与谷歌的云计算存在层次上的差别。
2、云计算对互联网的影响
对技术发展的影响
(1)互联网的端到端理念面临巨大挑战。目前，用户不断通过升级硬件和软件来享受更多的互联网服务。当云计算时代到来以后，用户端将变得越来越简单，几乎所有的计算和存储资源都集中到了云端。云端与用户端在资源的配置上存在着严重的不对等现象。
(2)提出了面向商用的计算模式。Microsoft、IBM、Oracle等传统软件厂商一般通过出售软件介质来盈利。这些软件都安装在用户的PC上，软件功能越强大价值就越高。在云计算时代，用户无须关心软件的维护和升级，这些工作都由云计算服务提供商来完成。用户通过浏览器接入云端就可以享受各项服务。云计算服务提供商仅对服务进行收费。
(3)提出了基于分布式存储和非结构化数据存储的新存储模式。目前，数据一般存储在个人和企业私有的存储介质里。由于受计算机病毒等因素的影响，其安全性不高。如果用户将数据转移到云端，这些数据就可以得到专业的维护，数据的安全性大大提高。
(4)提出了新的容错管理模式和可靠性理念。认为采用多个低端服务器即可实现高容错和高可靠的系统。在硬件不可靠的情况下，通过软件技术，将多个低端服务器组合成集群，就可以实现与大型服务器相同的功能，但商业成本却大大降低。这也是谷歌云计算的一个显著特点。
(5)提出了结合虚拟技术的新业务实现方式。虚拟基础架构在计算、存储器和网络硬件以及在其上运行的软件之间提供了一个抽象层，简化了IT计算体系结构，可以控制成本，并提高响应速度。
对业务发展的影响
(1)带来互联网虚拟化运营的大发展，促进互联网业务的进一步繁荣。可进一步减低业务创新的门槛，进一步增强网络能力，并使得用户的使用方式更加灵活多样。
(2)为信息服务业提供了良好的发展契机，促进了电信运营商的进一步转型。一方面，电信网络将与水、电一样成为社会基础设施的一部分，为云计算服务提供高速网络。另一方面在业务上电信运行商也将与互联网服务提供商展开竞争。电信运行商将与谷歌、Amazon这样的互联网巨头同台竞技，电信运行商的优势在于拥有对底层通信网络的控制权，另外，丰富的运营 经验 以及良好的客户关系也将帮助电信运行商在云计算时代占有一席之地。
(3)促进了产业链的细化与整合，推动了新型ISP(如资源出租、虚拟ISP)的出现。依靠出售PC硬件或单机软件的传统IT厂商将受到云计算的强烈冲击，因为用户无须再像以前那样无休止地升级PC的硬件或软件。更多的服务提供商会基于成本考虑将各类业务转移到云计算平台上来。建有大型云计算数据中心的厂商将有偿提供计算及存储资源出租。由于准入门槛大幅降低，各类新兴的互联网业务将雨后春笋般涌现出来。
(4)产生了XaaS新概念，对服务理念产生了巨大影响。
对行业监管的影响
随着云计算技术的出现，IT产业链上跟云计算相关的环节如云计算服务提供商和虚拟运营商的管理与监督就成为互联网监管的新课题。
(1)云计算的出现彻底打破了地域的概念，资源的跨地域存储与本地化监管之间的矛盾将会被激化。这就需要在互联网的监管上面要求全局观念，在网络资源存储、资源共享和网络安全监管等诸多方面做好不同地域之间的沟通和协调工作。
(2)随着云计算市场的成长和成熟，也将伴随着新一轮的行业垄断。在云计算的研究和推广过程中，谷歌、Microsoft、IBM、Amazon等几大IT巨头已经处于领先的位置，其投入的大量人力财力保证了他们在云计算技术方面到巨大优势。这种优势在云计算真正开始运营时，必将会促使这些IT巨头们垄断云计算市场。如何对云计算市场的垄断行为进行抑制和疏导是云计算后互联网监管的一个新课题。
(3)由于业务提供模式和维护方式等方面的不同，云计算后互联网上的业务运营模型必然要发生改变。如何重新分配互联网原有商业模式中的各种利益关系，协调云计算产业价值链上下游各个企业的关系，尽快出台云计算后互联网业务的运营管理办法，从而促进云计算后互联网产业链的有效运转，都将是云计算后互联网监管亟待应对和解决的关键问题。
3、云计算存在的主要问题
尽管云计算模式具有许多优点，但是也存在的一些问题，如数据隐私问题、安全问题、软件许可证问题、网络传输问题等。
・数据隐私问题：如何保证存放在云服务提供商的数据隐私，不被非法利用，不仅需要技术的改进，也需要法律的进一步完善。
・数据安全性：有些数据是企业的商业机密，数据的安全性关系到企业的生存和发展。云计算数据的安全性问题解决不了会影响云计算在企业中的应用。
・用户使用习惯：如何改变用户的使用习惯，使用户适应网络化的软硬件应用是长期而艰巨的挑战。
・网络传输问题：云计算服务依赖网络，目前网速低且不稳定，使云应用的性能不高。云计算的普及依赖 网络技术 的发展。
4、云计算提供的服务形式
根据目前主流云计算服务商提供的服务，云计算依据应用类型可分为：
软件即服务(SaaS)：此类云计算主要是采用multi-tenant架构，通过网络浏览器将单个的应用软件推广到数千用户。这类服务在 人力资源管理 软件方面运用比较普遍。
云计算的网络服务：网络服务与SaaS密切相关，网络服务供应商提供API来帮助开发商通过网络拓展功能，而不只是提供成熟的应用软件。
通过对目前云计算业务的分析，我们认为未来的云计算服务提供商将重点提供三个层次的服务：云端的软件服务、云端的开发平台和云端的信息基础设施。
总而言之：对于云计算技术的未来，我们静观其变，乐见其成。
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