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论文关键词补充英文翻译模板

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论文关键词补充英文翻译模板

论文翻译格式为:中文部分【摘要】(小五号黑体,加粗)摘要内容采用小五号楷体,加粗;英文部分英abstract: 内容五号“times new roman”,加粗。key words: 内容五号“times new roman”,加粗,关键词间隔,请使用分号“;”。

论文翻译是把一种语言的论文翻译成制定语言的版本论文的行为。翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。翻译可以有自己固定的模式,但是一般来说,翻译的标准主要有两条,分别是忠实和通顺。

忠实是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息,也就是说,把原文的信息完整而准确地表达出来,使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。通顺是指译文规范、明白易懂,没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象,能够使得译入读者能够立即理解。

论文翻译的分类:

1、根据翻译者翻译时所采取的文化姿态,分为归化翻译和异化翻译。归化翻译是指把在原语文化语境中自然适宜的成分翻译成为在译入语言文化语境中自然适宜的成分,使得译入读者能够立即理解,即意译。而异化翻译是直接按照原语文化语境的适宜性翻译,即直译。

2、根据翻译作品在译入语言文化中所预期的作用,分为工具性翻译和文献性的翻译。

3、根据翻译所涉及的语言的形式与意义。分为语义翻译和交际翻译。语义翻译在译入语语义和句法结构允许的条件下,尽可能准确再现原作上下文的意义,交际翻译追求译文读者产生的效果尽量等同于原作对原文读者产生的效果。

4、根据译者对原文和译文进行比较与观察的角度,分为文学翻译和语言学翻译。文学翻译寻求译文与原文之间文学功能的对等,理论往往主张在不可能复制原文文学表现手法的情况下,译文只能更美而不能逊色,缺点是不重视语言结构之间的比较和关系问题。语言学翻译寻求两者之间的系统转换规律,主张把语言学研究的成果用于翻译,通过翻译实践促进语言学的发展。

5、根据翻译目的与原语在语言形式上的关系,分为直译与意译。

6、根据翻译媒介分为口译、笔译、视译、同声传译、机器翻译和人机协作翻译。

这是指导老师给你说的吧?有哪里不懂呢?就是告诉你,你的论文的文章他已经帮你修改好了,不需要再动了。但是,一篇完整的论文,是需要有“目录、页眉、页码、内容摘要、关键词、以及内容摘要和关键词的英文翻译、参考文献、致谢等内容”的,看来你是没有写这些,还需要把这些补上它。

Abstract Under the condition of Market economy, the employment of college students has become increasingly difficult in a severe test. Since 1999, colleges and universities in China since the implementation of the expansion of enrollment, the number of college graduates rose year after year, in addition to the . sub-loan crisis of the financial tsunami, as well as the cost of the improvement of social life and many other factors, the employment of college graduates has become a hard fact , social and family under greater psychological pressure, the Government and the community has also become a focus of attention. 2009 graduates of the fact that the critical issue of employment, the employment status of college students study and explore some thinking to do it is of positive significance. Key words: college students; employment; the status quo; thinking

英语翻译专业论文感谢词模板

Acknowledge First and foremost, I appreciate my college which gives me a comfortable learning atmosphere. Second, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Miss Zhang, who has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her illuminating instruction and patience, this thesis could not have reached its present form. I am also greatly indebted to all my teachers who have helped me to develop the fundamental and essential academic competence. My sincere appreciation also goes to all my classmates, who are my proud of my life. Last but not least, I want to thank all my friends, especially my three lovely roommates, for their encouragement and support.

英语论文致谢词模板(精选5篇)

论文致谢是很多毕业生都必须要撰写的,用于感谢在论文写作过程中帮助过自己的所有老师、同学、家长及朋友,让我们坐下来好好写写论文致谢吧。你知道写论文致谢需要注意哪些问题吗?以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文致谢词模板,欢迎阅读,希望大家能够喜欢。

This thesis would not have been completed without much assistance,encouragement and support from many people. I want sincerely to avail thisopportunity to express my cordial thanks to those who have granted me invaluableinstructions during the process of thesis writing.

First and foremost, I extend my greatest gratitude to Professor Hongbo Song,myadvisor and supervisor, for his insightful guidance and earnest help. He advised me tothink over the selection of the subject and to carry out a series of relevant research at avery early time; and during the process of writing,he spent a lot of time guiding me ina right direction and provided many useful suggestions. It is under his strenuous helpthat I could complete this thesis in time.

Moreover, my sincere thanks go to my teachers in the School of ForeignLanguages at Zhejiang Gongshang University. They provide me with a wonderfullearning environment where I learn and grow up for their tireless instructions that willdefinitely exert a deep influence on my later life.

Besides, I express my gratitude to my friends and fellow classmates. They sharetheir knowledge with me and help me out when I am faced with any difficulties aboutthe thesis. They have tried their best to give me their precious suggestions during theprocess of writing the thesis.

Last but not least, I am deeply in debt to my beloved parents for theirencouragement, understanding and endless love during my life. They have created thebest environment for me to focus on the thesis writing during the winter holiday, andall this could not be possible without their selfless sacrifice and persistent support.

Based on the CET 4 and CET6 compositions extracted from the CLEC,the study aimsto reveal the relationship between the linguistic features and the writing quality by meansof the advanced software,namely Lexical Frequency Profile, and L2Syntactic Complexity Analyzer for the analysis of vocabulary, syntax and textual cohesion.

This study will be of great value mainly for the following two aspects:Firstly, theoretically speaking, the study is going to offer guidance and reference forthe teaching methodology of L2 writing. The study reveals the contribution of lexicaldiversity, syntactic complexity, textual cohesion to writing quality, reflects the mostdecisive factor of the writing quality and analyzes the mutual relationship between thelexical diversity and quality of writing, the syntactic complexity and quality of writing aswell as the textual cohesion and quality of writing. Hopefully, this research will shedsome light on the instruction of CET 4 and 6 writing and provide practical , practically speaking, the study demonstrates a new direction for thedevelopment of automatic assessment of the writing.

The study is to be carried out bothby means of software and labor work to comprehensively examine more than 28variables that might have an impact on writing quality and build the relation modelbetween these related variables and writing scores.

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor ******, my supervisor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.

Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor *******, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: ********who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.

Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms**, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of this thesis, she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.

Second, I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.

Last, I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.

Time is a bird forever on the wing. For the past two years' post-graduate study, Ireally had a fulfilling life here. Not only have I met many knowledgeable teachers, butalso truthful friends. I would like to give my deep gratitude to many of them.

First of all, Iam most grateful to Professor Zhang Ruwen, my supervisor, who offers me invaluableguidance and help both in my study and my life. Without her enlightening suggestions andinstructions, it would be a tough task for me to finish my thesis.

Besides, I also appreciatemany other teachers who have offered their useful suggestions and inspire me a lot. Mythanks also go to my parents, grandparents, my classmates and my loving friends. Their company is a great consolation to me. I wish everyone could live in peace and happiness.

英文毕业论文的Acknowledgement范本

First and foremost, I appreciate my college which gives me a comfortable learning atmosphere. Second, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Miss Zhang, who has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her illuminating instruction and patience, this thesis could not have reached its present form.

I am also greatly indebted to all my teachers who have helped me to develop the fundamental and essential academic competence. My sincere appreciation also goes to all my classmates, who are my proud of my life. Last but not least, I want to thank all my friends, especially my three lovely roommates, for their encouragement and support.

范本翻译

首先,我很欣赏我的大学,它给了我一个舒适的学习环境。第二,我想对我的导师张小姐表示最深切的感谢,她陪我走过了这篇论文写作的所有阶段。

如果没有她富有启发性的指导和耐心,这篇论文就不可能达到现在的形式。我也非常感谢我所有的老师,他们帮助我发展了基本的和必要的学术能力。我真诚地感谢我所有的同学,他们是我生命的骄傲。最后,我要感谢我所有的朋友,特别是我那三个可爱的室友,感谢他们的鼓励和支持。

找篇硕士论文,后面都有的,你可以参考一下

毕业论文摘要关键词怎么翻译

Since 1978, the resumption of university entrance examination, students on college students as the highest pursuit of post-graduate institutions of higher learning will be able to win the "golden rice." In order to improve the quality of the entire national, state colleges and universities in 1998, "merged", the expansion of enrollment in higher education from "elite education" to "mass education" into the past, "God's favored city" has become an extraordinary community, with the colleges and universities around the year-on-year expansion, the employment of university students have become increasingly conspicuous, especially in the current global financial crisis, under the influence can not be optimistic about the employment situation of university students, of course, but also by the central authorities, the State Council and the general concern of the community. Taking an overview of the status quo of China's university students, employment situation, social problems has risen for the near future, the CPC Central Committee and State Council issued a series of preferential policies for university students to encourage college students to entrepreneurship and grass-roots form of exercise to alleviate the social problems of employment of university students. 关键词:China's college students, the employment situation and the status quo, social issues, causes and countermeasures analysis

以下答复请楼主费心审阅,谢谢! A Study on Similiar MatrixAbstract: This article describes the definition, properties, and applications of similiar matrix, and summerizes the proving methods for similiar Words: similarity, similiar matrix,property of similiar matrix, proving of similiar matrix

Topic: The similar matrixs studies the Chinese abstract: This article elaborated similar matrixs's definition, the nature and the application, and have made the conclusion to similar matrixs's proof method. Chinese key word: Similar similar matrixs similar matrixs nature similar matrixs proof 参考一下吧

论文摘要体现了论文的关键核心内容,是论文翻译的重要内容。在翻译科技论文时,我们可以适当地使用被动语态,使整个文章更加客观。被动语态的表达方式可以扩大句子的信息量,突出相关的概念。同时,要注意论文涉及的关键词翻译要准确、经得起推敲。

期刊论文中摘要和关键词翻译

New University Mathematics and Applied Mathematics Programming Language Curriculum and Teaching Abstract: A programming language courses are Mathematics and Applied Mathematics of the basic course, set a reasonable course system is a new training model undergraduate colleges an important link in order to professional needs and the overall quality of students for the purpose, according to the current popular programming languages, from the course selection and setting, teaching materials, strengthening the practice of teaching and improving teaching methods, etc. have done a study.关键词:Applied Mathematics; courses; teaching materials; practice teaching; teaching methods

英语毕业论文我可以帮你写的,需要的话和我联系啊

摘要: Abstract 关键词: Key words 参考文献: Reference

论文英文摘要关键词格式模板

英文摘要格式

①首行居中打印论文英文标题(TimesNewRoman四号加粗)。

②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗)。

③下空一行打印摘要内容(TimesNewRoman小四,倍行距,两端对齐)。

④摘要内容后下空一行打印“KeyWords”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词,TimesNewRoman小四号)。除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写。各关键词之间用分号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。

中文摘要:

①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)。

②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(宋体小四号加粗),字间空一字符。

③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。

④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字(宋体小四号加粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个,宋体小四号),各关键词之间用逗号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

把握好内容的一致性

关于学术期刊论文中英文摘要的一致性,两"规范"都明确规定:英文题名应与中文题名含义一致,英文摘要的内容应与中文摘要相对应,中、英文关键词应一一对应。

可见,中英文摘要的一致性主要是指含义、内容、数量和顺序的一致性。英文摘要应忠实、准确地反映中文摘要的内容,不能随意更改或删去中文摘要的重点内容或重要信息,不能随意增补中文摘要中未提及的内容。

但这并不意味着英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,如果受汉语思维的影响生硬地按照中文字面意思直译或进行句对句、词对词的一一对译,一个词也不改动,这不仅会导致在表达上出现中式英语的现象,而且会使英文摘要用词重复累赘、句子繁杂冗长、语义不流畅。

学术论文英文摘要格式及写作技巧

随着国际学术交流活动的日益频繁和出版业的进一步规范化,英文摘要已成为国际间知识传播、学术交流与合作最直接的窗口,成为我国公开发行的学术期刊论文必不可少的组成部分。《中国高等学校社会科学学报编排规范》对英文摘要提出了明确的要求:"公开发行的学报,其论文应附有中英文摘要。"《中国学术期刊(光盘版)检索与评价数据规范》(CAJ-CD B/T 1-1998)也对英文摘要提出了具体的要求:"文献标识码为 A(理论与应用研究论文)、B(应用性成果学习经验总结)、C(业务指导管理类文章)3 类的文章均应有英文题名,其中 A 类文章还应附英文摘要和英文关键词。"为提高学术论文英文摘要的质量,更好地满足国际数据库的检索要求,掌握必要的英文摘要编辑技巧,对英语摘要的语言和结构进行修改与润色,使英文摘要规范、准确、简洁,就显得尤为重要。

1 英文摘要的组成

学术期刊论文的英文摘要主要由英文题名、作者名与单位、英文摘要内容、英文关键词 4 个要素构成,是国际重要检索系统中的核心内容。英文摘要质量的好坏直接影响着学术期刊论文被 SCI、EI 等国际权威检索系统收录的数量、被检索率和被引频次,继而影响到学术成果在世界范围内的传播和交流。

因此,对于学术期刊而言,英文摘要的质量就非常重要。高质量的英文摘要可增加论文被国际同行阅读和引用的机会、提高期刊的整体质量、扩大期刊的国际影响力。

2 英文摘要的编辑技巧

把握好格式的规范性。

了解主要标准规范。

关于学术期刊论文中英文摘要的规范性,目前的主要依据是两"标准"和两"规范".

两"标准"指的是国际标准 ISO214-1976《文献工作(E)》和国家标准 GB/T 6447-1986《文摘编写规则》。前者是国际标准化组织为了规范文献写作于 1976 年颁布的国际标准,是英文摘要编写的依据;后者是我国为了与国际接轨于 1986 年公布的国家标准,是中文摘要写作的准绳。

两"规范"指的是《中国学术期刊(光盘版)检索与评价数据规范》(CAJ-CD B/T-1998)和《中国高等学校社会科学学报编排规范》。它们对摘要的写作要求均是基于国际标准 ISO214-1976《文献工作(E)》和国家标准 GB/T 6447-1986《文摘编写规则》。

注意区分大小写。

英文题名的大小写。

学术论文英文题名的大小写要遵守一定的规则。一般来说,题名中第 1 个单词的首字母、每个实词的首字母均应大写,虚词(冠词、连词、介词)的首字母应小写,但 5 个字母及以上的虚词首字母应大写,如 Around,Between,Based on 等。有连字符的合成词只有第 1 个词的首字母大写,连字符后的词首字母应小写。

作者署名的大小写。

作者署名通常在题名之下,关于作者署名的大小写,按照两"规范"的规定,中国作者姓名按汉语拼音拼写,姓氏和名均不缩写,姓前名后,中间空 1 格。为了避免姓和名混淆,表示姓氏的拼音全部字母大写,复姓应连写,表示名字的第 1 个拼音字母大写,其余小写,双名中间宜用连字符隔开,以避免音节混乱。外国作者的姓名写法遵从国际惯例。

关键词的大小写。

关键词是反映论文主题概念的词或词组,一般每篇可选 3~8 个,除专有名词首字母大写外,其余均小写,除必须用复数形式外,一般均用单数形式,多个关键词之间用分号";"分隔。

正确使用英汉标点符号。

学术期刊英文摘要中标点符号使用不当的问题很普遍,主要原因是作者沿用汉语标点符号的习惯。

中英文标点符号在形式、功能和用法方面有许多差异,在进行英文摘要编辑时应特别注意以下几点。

(1)中文句号是个圈".",而英文句号是一个实心点".".

(2)中文省略号有 6 个点"……",而英文省略号有 3 个点"…".

(3)中文用顿号 "、"分隔同类的并列的事,而英文用逗号","表示。

(4)中文书名号用"《》"表示,而英文书名用斜体表示。

(5)中文表示数值的范围用浪纹线"~"表示,连接相关的数字,但英文中表示数值的范围用短破折号"-"表示。浪纹线"~"在英文中主要用于逻辑上或数学上表示否定、近似,或作为代字号用在词典和书籍中表示单词或短语的省略等。

(6)中文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号"-"分隔,而英文主标题与副标题之间用冒号":"分隔。

把握好内容的一致性。

关于学术期刊论文中英文摘要的一致性,两"规范"都明确规定:"英文题名应与中文题名含义一致,英文摘要的内容应与中文摘要相对应,中、英文关键词应一一对应。"可见,中英文摘要的一致性主要是指含义、内容、数量和顺序的一致性。英文摘要应忠实、准确地反映中文摘要的内容,不能随意更改或删去中文摘要的重点内容或重要信息,不能随意增补中文摘要中未提及的内容。但这并不意味着英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,如果受汉语思维的影响生硬地按照中文字面意思直译或进行句对句、词对词的一一对译,一个词也不改动,这不仅会导致在表达上出现中式英语的现象,而且会使英文摘要用词重复累赘、句子繁杂冗长、语义不流畅。

因此,在进行英文摘要的编辑时,要把握好中英文摘要内容的一致性,英文摘要应忠实地再现中文摘要的内容,但英汉 2 种语言的表达习惯不一样,英文摘要不应拘泥于中文摘要的形式,译文要通顺、得体,语言要简洁明了,尽量选择简短、语义具体明确的词汇,避免使用重复多余、容易引起歧义的词语和繁杂冗长的句子。此外,中英文关键词的数量和先后顺序也应保持一致。

把握好句法的简洁性。

英文题名以短语为主要结构。

题名是学术期刊论文的重要组成部分,是文章主题内容的直接反映,是检索论文的关键。题名应简明、具体、确切,语言务必要简练,不能太长。中文题名一般不超过 20 个汉字,英文题名通常为 10个实词以内,不宜超过 15 个词。

英文题名一般不用完整的句子,而是以短语为主要结构,常见的有 4 种类型。

(1)名词短语类。题名以表达论文核心内容的名词为中心词,前后加上前置和(或)后置定语进行修饰,前置定语通常是形容词,后置定语通常是介词短语。各个词的顺序很重要,前置定语或后置定语应与其所修饰的名词紧密相邻,词序不当会导致表达不准,影响读者正确理解题名的真实含义。

经统计发现,学术论文题名中使用频率较高的"中心词"有:研究(Research/Study on …)、试验/实证/案例研究(Experimental/Empirical/Case Study on …)、分析(Analysis of …)、可行性/可靠性/误差分析(Feasibility/Reliability/Error Analysis of)、探讨(Discussion on…)、调查(Investigation of…)、启示(Enlightenment of…)、影响(Effect of … on …)、比较(Comparisonof … with …; Comparison Between/Among … and …)、应用(Application of …in …)、变化(Change of …)、进展(Development of …)、作用(Role/Function of …)等,只要掌握它们较为固定的译法,题名翻译就容易得多。

(2)动名词短语类。由动名词加宾语构成,有时前后会有状语。

(3)介词短语类。由介词加名词或动名词短语构成。

(4)疑问句。一些评述性、综述性、驳论性文章或对于值得争议的问题,常用疑问句做题名,因为疑问句有探讨性语气,可以点明论文讨论的焦点,使题名显得比较生动,易引起读者兴趣。

英文题名和关键词可省略冠词。

在英文中,冠词分为定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a/an)2 种形式,当表示所指对象是特定的且能够识别时,便用定冠词(the)表示特指,即当使用定冠词(the)时,读者已经知道所指的是什么。由于汉语中没有冠词的用法,定冠词(the)在英文中很容易被误用或漏用,这一点在进行英文摘要编辑时需特别注意。

但是,由于冠词属于无实际检索意义的词,为提高论文的被检索率,英文题名和关键词中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可以省略,并且英文题名开头的第一个词前尽量少用冠词 The,An或 A.

尽量采用主动语态。

恰当使用语态是英文摘要的基本要素之一,也是摘要符合英语语法规则的前提。

相关研究和统计表明,在语态使用上,国内外期刊英文摘要相差较大,国内期刊论文英文摘要中被动语态占主导,主动语态使用相对较少;而国外期刊论文英文摘要中主动语态占主导,被动语态使用相对较少。

国内期刊英文摘要多使用被动语态,主要原因如下。

(1)与国家标准 GB/T 6447-1986《文摘编写规则》对中文摘要的规定有关,它规定中文摘要撰写要用第三人称,要采用"对……进行了研究"、"报告了……现状"、"进行了……调查"等,不必使用"本文"、"作者"等作为主语,受汉语思维的影响,很多作者在中文摘要译成英文摘要时往往使用被动语态;(2)被动语态不必强调动作的施行者甚至可以省略动作的施行者,可以避免使用"本文"、"作者"等作为主语,以减少主观因素,使行文显得客观;(3)被动语态可以使需强调的事物做主语而突出它们的地位,有利于说明事实。

而国外期刊英文摘要多使用主动语态,主要原因如下。

(1)与国际标准 ISO214-1976《文献工作(E) 》对语态使用的规定有关,它明确规定应尽量采用主动语态,因主动语态有助于文字的清晰、简洁及有力地表达。然而,在指示性甚至报道性陈述中,为强调动作承受者,也需采用被动语态,由此可见,主动语态比被动语态在结构上更简练,表达更直接有力;(2)过度使用被动语态将不可避免地造成英语句子头重脚轻,结构笨拙,影响读者的阅读效率。

可见,当前国外学术期刊英文摘要的写作趋势是主动语态多于被动语态,为了充分发挥英文摘要的导向功能、报道功能、检索功能以及促进科研成果的国际交流功能,国内学术期刊英文摘要应当与国际接轨,符合国际写作惯例。在符合英语语法规则、满足表达需要的情况下,我国学术期刊论文英文摘要应尽量使用主动语态,以"this paper"、"the author(s)"等作为主语,以更好地适应国际期刊发展的`主流趋势,满足国际数据库的检索要求。同时,为强调动作承受者,也可使用被动语态,需注意的是:

(1)为了保持句子结构的平衡,被动句的主语不宜太长;(2)当被动句的主语太长时,为避免出现"头重脚轻"的句子结构,可采用"It is+动词过去分词+that"的结构,用"it"作形式主语,代替句子的逻辑主语,把要强调的事物放在句子后部。

把握好语篇的连贯性。

衔接和连贯是语句成篇的重要保证,主要体现在结构和形式上。

汉语重意合,英语重形合。

汉语重意合,注重功能和意义的完整,主要通过语句的先后顺序与逻辑关系实现词语和句子的连接,很少借助连词,以神统形;句子之间的停顿靠标点符号来体现,逗号","表示一句话中间的停顿,顿号"、"表示句中并列的词或词组之间的停顿,分号";"表示一句话中并列分句之间的停顿,句号"."表示一句话结束后的停顿。

而英语重形合,注重句子结构的完整和形式的规范,以主谓框架为核心,以形显义;只要一个句子有完整的主谓结构,就用实心点"."表示一句话结束后的停顿;2 个或 2 个以上的句子之间若使用逗号,是需要用语言形式手段(连接词)将前后句子的语义联系起来,以清晰体现句子之间的逻辑关系和语义的连贯性。需注意的是,英语句子讲究主谓一致,即主语和谓语在人称(第一、第二或第三人称)和数(单数或复数)的形式上必须保持一致,意义为单数的主语后的谓语动词用单数形式,意义为复数的主语后的谓语动词用复数形式,这是一条最基本的语法规则。

恰当使用连接词使语义更连贯。

英语句子从结构来看有简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句是只有一个主谓结构的句子;并列句和复合句都包含由连词连接的 2 个或 2 个以上的句子,各句都有完整的主谓结构,所不同的是,并列句中各句可以独立存在,各句的意思一般可以单独理解,复合句由 1 个主句和 1 个或 1 个以上的从句构成,主句可以独立存在,而从句不能独立存在,主从句之间的意思是紧密相连的,不能简单地把主从句拆开来看,而必须将主从句综合起来进行理解。

英文摘要一般不分段,但句式结构多样且复杂。过多使用简单句会使句子结构显得松散,语义不连贯,而恰当使用连接词或过渡词作为语篇衔接手段可以使学术期刊论文英文摘要句子之间的衔接更紧凑、语义更连贯、译文更通顺、逻辑性更强。

在英文摘要中,常用表示对等、选择、时间顺序、转折、列举或解释说明、比较或对比、递进或增补、目的、因果、让步、总结的连接词或过渡词将语篇有机衔接起来。

(1)表示对等关系的连接词:and(和),both…and…(两者都),neither…nor(既不……也不……),aswell as…(也)等。

(2)表示选择关系的连接词:or(或者),either…or…(不是……就是……)等。

(3)表示时间顺序的连接词:first(第一),second(第二),third(第三),…finally(最后);first of all(首先),next then(其次),lastly(最后)等。

(4)表示转折关系的连接词:but/however(但是)等。

(5)表示列举或解释说明的连接词:for example/ for instance(例如),namely /that is/ in otherwords(即、也就是说),take…for example(拿……来说),such as(如)等。

(6)表示比较或对比的连接词:compared with/in comparison with(与……比较),on the contrary(正相反), different from(与……不同),in contrast with(相比之下),while(而)等。

(7)表示递进或增补关系的连接词:not only…but also(不但……而且),what's more(而且、更重要的是),what's worse/ worse still(更糟糕的是),besides(此外,还),in addition/moreover/furthermore(此外),on the other hand(另一方面),apart from(除了……之外),including(包括)等。

(8)表示目的的连接词:in order to/to(为了),so that(以便)。

(9)表示因果关系的连接词:because(因为,由于),so/ therefore/ as a result(因此、所以),because of/due to/owing to/ thanks to(多亏、由于),for this reason(由于这个原因)等。

(10)表示让步关系的连接词:though/although(虽然、尽管)。

(11)表示总结的连接词:in a word/ in short/ in a few words/ in brief/ briefly(简言之),onthe whole/in all/to sum up/ in summary(总之),generally speaking (一般说来)等。

需注意的是:(1)当连接 3 个及以上的句子时,只在最后 1 个句子前使用连词 and(和),否则容易造成结构与意义的混乱。(2)汉英 2 种语言中都有表示因果和让步的连词,但在用法上有所不同。在汉语中,表示因果的连词 "因为、由于(because)"与"所以、因此(so)"、表示让步的连词"虽然、尽管(though)"与"但是(but)"是要同时用的。但在英语中,当表达"因为/由于……所以/因此"的因果关系,以及表达"虽然/尽管……但是"的让步关系时,在 1 个句子中是不能同时用 2 个连词的,只能用其中 1 个连词。

3 结语

英文摘要作为学术期刊论文的重要组成部分,对其语言和结构的修改和润色是永无止境的,掌握一定的英文摘要编辑技巧对提高学术论文英文摘要质量具有十分重要的作用。英文摘要编辑应把握好格式的规范性、内容的一致性、句法的简洁性、语篇的连贯性,使我国的英文摘要在格式、语言和结构上都尽可能地遵循国际标准规范和通用惯例、符合英语语法规则和表达习惯,提高学术论文在国际权威检索系统中的被检索率和被引频次,促进学术成果的广泛交流与传播,更好地与国际期刊接轨。

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