什么叫糖尿病英语论文

Diabetes is a group characterized by high blood sugar and metabolic diseases. Hyperglycemia is due to defects in insulin secretion or action of biological damage, or both cause. Longstanding diabetes high blood sugar, leading to a variety of organizations, particularly chronic damage to the eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels, nerves, and of disease1. genetic factorsType 1 or type 2 diabetes are significant genetic heterogeneity. Diabetes onset familial tendency, 1/4 to 1/2 patients have a family history of diabetes. Clinically, there are at least 60 or more kinds of genetic syndromes may be associated with diabetes. Type 1 diabetes has multiple DNA sites involved in the pathogenesis, which DQ polymorphism loci HLA antigen genes most closely. In type 2 diabetes has found a variety of mutations in specific genes, such as the insulin gene, insulin receptor gene, glucokinase genes, mitochondrial . envirnmental factorEating too much physical activity to reduce obesity leads to type 2 diabetes is the most important environmental factors that make individuals with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes genetic morbidity. Type 1 diabetes patients with immune system abnormalities, after some viruses such as coxsackie virus, rubella virus, parotid gland virus infection leads to autoimmune reactions, destroy the insulin β manifestations1. Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and weight lossThe typical "little" severe symptoms of high blood sugar, more common in type 1 diabetes. When ketosis or ketoacidosis, "a little" more obvious . Fatigue, weakness, obesityMore common in type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes often before the onset of obesity, if not timely diagnosis, weight will gradually examination1. blood sugarIt is the Sole Criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes. Obviously "a little" symptoms, as long as the abnormal blood glucose level can be diagnosed once. Asymptomatic diabetes diagnosis requires two abnormal blood glucose level. Suspects to be done to 75g glucose tolerance . UrineOften positive. Positive urine when blood glucose concentration exceeds the renal threshold for glucose (160 to 180 mg / dl). Renal glucose threshold increased blood sugar even reach a diagnosis of diabetes can be negative. Therefore, urine is not measured as diagnostic . KetonePositive urine ketone ketosis or . Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)Is a non-enzymatic reaction of glucose and hemoglobin product of the reaction is not reversible, stable HbA1c levels reflect the average blood glucose level before taking the blood of two months. Analyzing the state of glycemic control is the most valuable . Glycated serum proteinIt is a non-enzymatic reaction with glucose serum albumin product of the combination, before taking reflect the average blood glucose level of 1 to 3 . Serum insulin and C-peptide levelsReflect reserve islet β cells. Type 2 diabetes early or obese normal or elevated serum insulin, as the disease progresses, islet function gradually decline, decreased insulin . LipidDiabetic dyslipidemia common in poorly controlled blood sugar especially. Expressed as triglycerides, total cholesterol, elevated LDL cholesterol levels. Reduce high-density lipoprotein cholesterol . Immune IndexesIslet cell antibodies (ICA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies are type 1 diabetes humoral immune abnormalities of three important indicators, which GAD antibody positive rate, long duration of 1 Great value diabetes diagnosis. In type 1 diabetes in first-degree relatives also have some positive rate, meaning there is prediction of type 1 . Urinary albumin excretion, RIA or enzyme-linked methodCan be easily detected by urinary albumin excretion, early diabetic nephropathy urinary albumin increased diagnosis usually is not difficult, fasting blood glucose greater than or equal to mmol / l, and / or two-hour postprandial blood glucose greater than or equal to mmol / l can be confirmed. After the diagnosis of diabetes to be typing: diabetesAge of onset of light, mostly <30 years, sudden onset, polydipsia and polyuria more food weight loss symptoms, high blood sugar levels, many patients with ketoacidosis as the first symptom, serum insulin and C-peptide levels low, ICA, IAA or GAD antibody positive. Oral medication alone is invalid, required insulin diabetesCommon in the elderly, a high incidence of obesity, often associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and other diseases. Insidious onset, early without any symptoms, or only mild weakness, thirst, blood sugar tolerance test were not obvious to be done to confirm the diagnosis. Serum insulin levels normal or increased early and late low.

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