The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity.1.1 Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one book.Fantasy was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of Byron.Brief stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single pupil.In 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in 1850.In the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the world.1.2 Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with Cathy.On one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering Heights.Catherine’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to Edgar.Six months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Linton.Unfortunately Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and emotion.Then Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately sad.After Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering Heights.Thirteen years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the tale.The story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was earthy.1.3 Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of humanity.1.4 Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.2. LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine mind.Love in the novel is manifested in many respects.2.1 Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. Mr.Earnshaw, a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from sympathy.2.2 Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and violence.2.3 Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor lass.2.4 Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.
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朋友，我其实极其同意2楼童鞋的说法，做人还是脚踏实地为好啊
从文学空间的角度试析《呼啸山庄》中凯瑟琳的个性摘 要：世界名著《呼啸山庄》这部小说历来得到文学研究者与爱好者的充分关注批评，一百多年来掀起阵阵研究热潮，颇受关注，本文章从不同的批评视野，采用不同的批评方式，解析这一经典名著，本文试从文学空间的视角来解读女主人公凯瑟琳独特的复杂个性。关键词：《呼啸山庄》；文学空间；女主人公；个性。A Brief Analysis of the Hero Catherine in Wuthering Heights from the Perspective of Space in Literary MeaningCHENG Ming-xiaAbstract: The world famous novel Wuthering Heights has received enough attention and review from the researchers and lovers ofliterature. It has unfolded a vigorous campaign for making researches on it from time to time during more than one hundred years.Various articles analyzed this classic novel from different visions and ways. This paper tries to dig out the positive and negativeaspects of Catherine’s character.Key words: Wuthering Heights; space of literary meaning; heroin; character.1《呼啸山庄》是艾米莉•勃朗特独具创造性的小说,其气势磅礴、充满激情，出版后一直被人认为是英国文学史上一部“ 最奇特的小说”,是一部神秘莫测的怪书，原因在于它一反同时代作品普遍存在的伤感主义情调, 而以强烈的爱、狂暴的恨及由之而起的无情的报复, 取代了低沉的伤感和忧郁,具有震撼人心的艺术力量，毫无愧色地奠定了她在英国及世界文坛上的重要地位。2戴维•塞西尔说:“在维多利亚时代的小说中,《呼啸山庄》是唯一一部没有(即使是部分地)被时间的尘土遮没光辉的。”自发表以来，评论界从未停止过对这部作品的关注。历代批评家对《呼啸山庄》有着不同的批评视野,并采用不同的批评方式（如传记式、心理分析式、女性主义分析及神话原型批评式等）进行了分析,每一种批评方式都有其解读方式。而我们则试从文学空间的角度评析小说中主人公凯瑟琳的个性。空间既可因被视为具体的物质形式而被标示、被分析、被解释，同时又是精神的建构，是关于空间及其生活意义表征的观念形态。列斐伏尔第一空间认识论,此一思维方式的认识对象主要是感知的、物质的空间，第一空间认识论偏重于客观性和物质性...包括人与自然的关系...。对于一种文本文学空间可以从两个层面上来阅读：一是空间分析的原始方法，就对象进行集中的准确的描绘，一是移师外围，主要在社会、心理和生物物理过程中来阐释空间。文学空间的地域描写意味深长，远远超出其统计学上的意义，不单纯反映外部客观世界，文学空间展示了一种生动有机的地域文化身份，它包括自然空间、社会空间和心理空间。艾米莉不遗余力地描写呼啸山庄和画眉山庄乡野景观和乡野生活方式，她其实是在叙写主人公的生存空间——自然空间、社会空间和心理空间，烘托主人公形象、刻画主人公的性格。3小说中的主要人物希斯克利夫 (Heathcliff) 这个名字由Heath 和Cliff 两部分组成,Heath 意为荒地, 尤指石楠荒地;Cliff 指的是悬崖峭壁。Heathcliff 这个名字就体现并加强了希斯克利夫这个人物桀骜不驯、狂野暴烈的性格。呼啸山庄(Wuthering Heights) 和画眉田庄(Thrushcross Grange) 这两个名字,一则生动地呈现了希斯克利夫、林敦等居住的截然不同的自然环境,二则体现了生活在这两个地方的人物完全不同的人物性格。因此,这些富有空间感的名字大大地加强了对人物的刻画。4 艾米莉通过对呼啸山庄和画眉山庄这两个主人公感情纠葛的主要文学空间的对比描写, 刻画了两类个性相反的人物——暴风雨式的和风平浪静的。呼啸山庄位于荒野高地之上, 常年经受风吹雨打,呼啸是当地的方言, 即风啸雨吼, 它是原始、自然、野性、狂暴的生存空间，代表着暴风雨似的陈明霞：从文学空间角度试析《呼啸山庄》中凯瑟琳的个性生活，而主人公个性狂野、又如烈火般富有激情、桀骜不驯,喜怒哀乐溢于言表。与此相对应的画眉山庄座落于鸟语花香的山谷, 这样平静、文明、理性的生存空间给主人以豪华、舒适、高贵、典雅的生活， 那儿的人们柔弱温顺、举止文雅,敏感被动，较为自制和理智。处于两个世界的卡瑟琳就象是月光交织闪电、冰霜糅合火焰, 其内心的巨大冲突和矛盾借助于这一外在自然力空间的叙写得以现。5小说中女主人公凯瑟琳是一个复杂, 难以捉磨的人物,“ 宛如来自其它星球”她不仅自始至终联系着希思克利夫这一复仇的灵魂，而且是全书的关键所在。6 孩童时的凯瑟琳在呼啸山庄这个原始封闭的世界里生活, 我们看到的, 是她身上与大自然浑然一体的原始天性,单纯、善良、野性、顽劣是她性格中最本质最原始的一面：“ 再说，我相信她的心眼儿到底是不坏的；她一旦把你当真弄得哭出来，她很少不陪你一起哭闹的，让你不得不制住了哭反而去安慰她。” [1]当希思克利夫被欣德利关起来后, 凯瑟琳食不下咽, “ 脸蛋涨得通红, 泪水从上面滚滚而下”。凯瑟琳除了单纯善良、天真无邪外，浑身上下还洋溢着与山庄一样的野性与顽劣：呼啸山庄从头到尾是乡土气息的，它带着荒原色彩, 野性, 像石南的根一样虬结多节。同龄的女孩子们都在玩布娃娃的时候, 凯瑟琳却以骑马为乐。父亲去利物浦前问孩子们要什么礼物时, “那时她才只六岁，可是马房的马儿没有哪匹她骑不上去，她便提出要一根马鞭子”。[2]“她一天里也不止五十次地把我们招惹地按捺不住。从她起身下楼直到上床睡觉，我们没有一分钟拿得稳她不会淘气捣蛋。”[3]“在一起玩儿的时候，她最得意的是扮小主妇，差遣她的同伴，打起人来，出手可快呢。”[4]“她最快乐的时候就是我们一起赶去骂她，让她摆出一副满不在乎的神气，用一张难不倒的利嘴来跟我们周旋应付。”[5]呼啸山庄里, 一年到头都流动着清新的空气。特别是在风雪肆虐的天气里, 那狂风怒吼的情景让人惊心动魄。凯瑟琳最爱的游戏场所就是大自然。因为大自然符合了她的天性,大自然也让她那激情、自由、奔放以及一种不含杂质的野性美的性情得到了更好的发挥。凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫黄昏时刻荒野赛跑的情景足以彰显其自由奔放、激情十足的性情：“我们（凯瑟琳和希斯克利）从山庄的高顶往下冲，一口气奔到他们的林苑；这一场赛跑，凯瑟琳可完全比输了，因为她是光着两只脚呢。明天你得到沼地找鞋子。我们从一个破篱笆里钻了进去，沿着园路一路摸索，来到宅子外面......”[6]呼啸山庄是美丽生动的：“山上吹来的每一股气息都是如此洋溢着生命，仿佛无论谁吸进了它，即使是气息奄奄的人，也会复活起来。”“轻柔的暖风，和煦的阳光，还有快溶化的雪”以及“天是蓝的，百灵在歌唱，小河小溪都涨满了水__风吹得这么惬意”“山谷里那涨满了的水溪传来的潺潺流水声，非常悦耳，这美妙的声音代替了现在还没有到来的夏日树叶簌簌声，等到树上生了果子，这声音就湮没了田庄附近的那种音乐。呼啸山庄附近，在风雪或雨季之后的平静日子里，这小溪总是这样响着的。”这些描述展现了生动美好的大自然，在这人间乐园凯瑟琳找到了许多开怀的乐趣。“他们（凯瑟琳和希斯克利）最大的乐趣就是两人一块儿一清早就奔到荒原上去玩一整天，至于事后的惩罚变得无非是让他们好笑的事儿罢了......只消两个人聚到了一块儿，他们立刻把什么都忘了——至少当他们想出了一个什么调皮捣蛋的报复的计划时，就什么都记不得了。”[7]在那漫无边际,长满各种野草的、广袤粗犷、狂风呼啸的荒原里, 他们俩一同嬉戏, 一同疯狂，他们自由奔放、野性粗犷。7然而，呼啸山庄并不总是宁静、温柔、友善的，它有冷峻、冷酷、狂野的一面，是有喜怒哀乐各种情绪和脾气的。作者在说明呼啸山庄名称由来之时写到：呼啸是一个意味深长的内地形容词，形容这个地方在风暴的天气里所受的气压骚动。气压骚动、风暴的狂野和凯瑟琳的火药桶脾气是同型的。山庄上突显的空间标志是瘦削的荆棘,过度倾斜的矮小的枞树,混杂的天空和群山,使人窒息的大雪；山庄外面是一望无际的灰暗的荒原,山庄里面则因为缺少光线而显得昏暗阴郁。荆棘、枞树、雪、雾......这样和生命相通的自然空间的描写让我们感觉到凯瑟琳的任性执拗、坚韧顽强；“那一排瘦削的荆棘都向着一个方向，伸展枝条，仿佛在向太阳乞讨温暖...” 我们仿佛看到她对生命曙光的渴望、对爱情的执着顽强——象原始生命力那样不可摧毁。当凯瑟琳得知心灵的朋友希斯克利夫愤然离开了呼啸山庄时，有一段生动的暴风雨的描写, 震撼灵魂 ，映射出凯瑟琳恰如闪电火焰般的脾性。“象千军万马般的狂风暴雨降落到山庄上来了, 只听得又是风吼, 又是雷轰, 接着一声巨响, 宅子一角的一株大树倒下来了——也不知是狂风吹折的还是遭了雷劈；那粗大的树枝压在屋顶上，把东边的烟囱打开了一个大缺口，砖石、煤灰，哗啦啦地落到了厨房间的炉灶里。”[8] 作者以自然界的狂风暴雨来衬托卡瑟琳内心的巨大悲痛，卡瑟琳心中的恐惧、悔恨及矛盾心理外化为自然界的狂风暴雨, 暴风雨及轰然巨响的雷声又应合了卡瑟琳原始、狂暴的性格。在此，任何言语和行动在自然力的的描写面前都会变得苍白无力，因为“荒野的重要意义用冷冰冰的逻辑语言是不能表现出来的(这并不意味着它是不合逻辑的)。”艾米莉借用大自然之力来表达人性中那些巨大的沉睡的激情。[9]费吉妮亚•伍尔芙说“艾米莉和夏洛蒂她们笔下的风景, 她们笔下的荒原, 她们笔下快人的夏日绿野, 都不是用来点缀一页沉闷乏味的文字,或卖弄作者观察力的装饰品——它们饱含着情绪, 显示了全书的主旨。”[10]《呼啸山庄》中文学景观的描写不仅仅作为背景而存在，不仅仅提供某种客观的地理知识，而且它还提供某种情感的呼应，另一方面还烘托人物形象、揭示人物的性格。8如果说在呼啸山庄凯瑟琳与自然空间达到物我统一的境界，她的性格是原始单纯、自由奔放、野性粗犷、激情热烈；那么在画眉山庄这个资产阶级文明、理性所规范的社会空间里，她又有怎样的个性呢？我们不妨把故事发生的空间切换到画眉庄。9当凯瑟琳第一次来到画眉山庄时,就被这里安详、文雅、富足的生活方式深深地吸引住了。“我们两个站在垫脚的石盆上，手扒着窗台，都能够直望进室内；而我们看见的是——啊，真是美哪！——出色的房间，铺着大红的地毯，椅子、桌子铺着大红的绣布；纯白的天花板，围着金边，玻璃吊灯上的玻璃坠子像下雨般从中央的银链子上挂下来，闪烁着一支支柔软的小蜡烛。”[11] 当她走进林敦家那金碧辉煌的大客厅时,她的人格精神和力量显示出了她性格的另一面——虚荣。她发觉自己无法抗拒画眉田庄里优雅生活的吸引,背弃了自己野性粗犷的真正本性,为了那尘世浮华,她嫁给了文雅殷勤的林敦,因为嫁给希斯克利夫会降低她的身份。10克朗指出，对小说空间的描写不光是故事和情节从中展开的一个场景，同样也表现了关于社会和生活的信念。文学空间有地理空间、精神空间和社会空间之分，社会空间更是一张纷繁复杂的大网，不同的社会阶层构筑了不同的阶级观念、价值关念，甚至风土人情、社会心理，它形成一个牢固的堡垒，界限分明，人处在社会之中，必然要受到社会意识的影响和束缚，而个人的自我追求和情感追求往往要受到社会意识的阻碍。凯瑟琳生活在世俗等级观念横行的社会，这样的社会讲究的是身份和地位。在画眉山庄，空间经验的转移使她的价值观和生活的信念发生了巨大的变化，她无法抵御资产阶级的文明和理性的诱惑, 上流社会的生活激发了她强烈的虚荣心和名利欲：在见识了画眉山庄的教养和礼仪之后, 对自己粗鲁的行为也产生了羞耻感， 想要改变自己的行为举止, 让自己尽可能看起来斯文有礼, 暂且隐藏作为地域文化身份的野性, 在外人面前扮成一个举止高雅的淑女, 在呼啸山庄才舒展出自己野性, 不可驯服的一面。久而久之,这种不断变脸的行为形成了她的双重人格。
】：《呼啸山庄》已被公认为世界文学史中的经典之作。长期以来,她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜,人们视作者为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。《呼啸山庄》男主人公希斯克利夫的心灵世界谜团重重,情感汹涌起伏,许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究,得出了不同的结论。 本文运用弗洛伊德精神分析学中“防御机制”的理论来解析和阐释希斯克利夫的内心世界及其在小说中的作用,同时着力探讨希斯克利夫的心理活动,及其对其他人物和小说结局的影响。本文分为五个部分：绪论、主体(三个章节)及结论。 “绪论”部分简要论述了艾米莉·勃朗特的生平、创作、《呼啸山庄》的批评史,并着力论述了国内外相关文献的基本观点、本文的批评视角及其理论。 第一章主要从内外两个方面来探讨希斯克利夫心理防御机制的形成：作为外部因素的维多利亚时期的社会、文化氛围,与作为内部因素的主人公自身的苦难经历。两种因素合谋,决定了希斯克利夫的防御机制,其基本特点就是一旦受到侮辱,即刻进行报复。第二章仔细分析了希斯克利夫心理防御机制的表现形式：没有其他发泄途径时,否认、压抑、复仇等就都成了他防御机制的作用方式。第三章进一步阐释了希斯克利夫心理防御机制与其悲剧的关系,认为他的悲剧是其另一个自我(凯瑟琳)的死亡及其心理防御机制的崩溃的必然结果。 最后,“结论”部分指出希斯克利夫的悲剧源自其心理防御机制的畸形发展,及这类机制在敌人不存在时表现出的疯狂。可以说,希斯克利夫的疯狂和死亡是艾米莉无意识中对爱情的忧虑的外化。
The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity.1.1 Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one book.Fantasy was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of Byron.Brief stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single pupil.In 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in 1850.In the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the world.1.2 Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with Cathy.On one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering Heights.Catherine’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to Edgar.Six months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Linton.Unfortunately Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and emotion.Then Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately sad.After Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering Heights.Thirteen years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the tale.The story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was earthy.1.3 Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of humanity.1.4 Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.2. LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine mind.Love in the novel is manifested in many respects.2.1 Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. Mr.Earnshaw, a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from sympathy.2.2 Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and violence.2.3 Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor lass.2.4 Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.
艾米莉·勃朗特的确拥有这样的能力，她可以轻易的把一系列概念转换为具体的形象，在她的思想中，希望是一个“羞怯的友伴”；理性是一个不断责问自己的审判者；而幻想则是一个可为自己辩护的朋友……而在她短暂的生命中唯有荒原是她最可依赖的，而这个朋友便显然幻化成她唯一一部小说《呼啸山庄》。在戴维·塞西尔关于《呼啸山庄》杰出的评论中曾提到如此观点，无论希剌克厉夫或者林顿可以看作自然界精神元素的表现：风暴以及宁静。然而这里的工作只能进一步，再把如此的观点前进，两人本身便是自然，希剌克厉夫是自然，林顿也是自然。否则我们甚至无法设想如此可怕的力量如何充斥着希剌克厉夫的心中，而林顿的平静与温和也同样不可思议，在小说中倒是有这样的话：“无疑的，凯瑟琳在这一个进来，另一个出去的当儿，看出来她对两个朋友态度的截然不同。犹如你刚看完一个荒凉的丘陵产煤地区，又换到了一个美丽的肥沃山谷。”这自然不是小说中有关二人最精彩的阐述，然而那些最激烈最昂扬的阐述总会适当的发生的，这里我们必须首先明确无论希剌克厉夫或者林顿便是自然，是分属不同层次的和谐，而凯瑟琳当然是游移于他们之间的精灵，肆意用她的情感打破着一切和谐。我们曾多次听到希剌克厉夫是一个外来的破坏者，若再去细想的话，除了凯瑟琳，谁又能担当一场又一场“抗争与和谐”场景的幕后导演呢？《呼啸山庄》便是如此的一部书，它在你读第一遍的时候，你已经全然理解了她整体的印象，虽然可能于此整体无话可说，然而其深刻性已经刻在你血脉之中，然而你再接着去读第二遍、第三遍，却发现她越来越难以理解了，当你试着去用合适的语言来表达自己对于小说或者作者本人的理解的时候，其实往往已经发生了偏差。本文自然也会落入如此的怪圈。于是再换一个角度，小说本身无可置疑的、全然是一首诗，这首长诗有着精微的结构，酣畅的抒发，还潜在的暗示了作者于人类先验的意识，然而这样的意识却不是艾米莉自觉的去创造的，而是一个独特个体，一个渴望自然的人类个体投身永恒的必然历程，也是她必然承担的责任。一、《呼啸山庄》的主题以及展开方式洛克乌德，这个闯入呼啸山庄的陌生人，或许有些傻气，却和艾米莉·勃朗特一样是为寻求永恒之爱而来，为此洛克乌德听了一个长长的故事，而艾米莉则挣扎着在这个故事中、不断前进的自我叙述中去阐述此“永恒”的存在，它要抛开“表面变化的和琐碎的外界事物”，而在艾米莉把这样的爱都倾注到一个个具体的个体生命之中时，她为得便是去证明其存在，这便是《呼啸山庄》的主题，而其展开方式则是在“和谐”不断的建立与破坏之中（机制），自然中残酷元素与宁静元素的抗争之下（动力），永恒是如何得以存在的。从来艾米莉不是一个关注世界变化的人，她不像夏洛蒂甚或安妮那样对于身边的一切保持敏感，她并没有足够得善良和宽容，然而她却从来渴望永恒的一切，这种对于永恒的渴望是一种人类的本性，而艾米莉发展得却是如此近乎偏执，她把大自然的一切、把最原始的本能都融入到她对于永恒的理解之中。她对于一切他人看来美好的事物都保持着足够的冷静，她眼中的美景都隐含着死亡的预言：“在心中我无法理解自己的双眼为何用满布乌云去致意那世间的欢乐”在文中最初是由洛克乌德提出如此概念的，在她听丁耐莉的故事讲到凯瑟琳从林惇家归来的时候，洛克乌德这样说道：“我能想象在这儿，几乎存在着一种终生的爱；而我过去却死不相信会有什么爱情能维持一年。”这段话在整篇小说中有关永恒的论述中显得微不足道，然而却体现了一个局外人是如何去改变自己并且接受这样的永恒。而这样的永恒如何让人真正的接受，艾米莉选择了自然，借自然的永恒塑造人类的情感，或者不应该说是艾米莉有意去借助自然，而是她本身就从自然中发现的永恒，并且深信如此永恒存在于人类之中，同时以自然界的伦理和情感去取代人世间的伦理和情感，以自然界的和谐（破坏与重建）去取代人类的和谐，便是如此艾米莉得到了永恒在自然中向人世的映射，或者可以这么去说：为了证明人类中永恒之爱的存在，艾米莉诉诸自然的永恒，在她的人物中蕴涵着所有一切自然的元素，当自然的一切以人世间的世俗方式得以呈现之时，艾米莉便以此得到了她心中的永恒之爱，而这也是艾米莉·勃朗特自己认知永恒的过程。如此写作历程似乎并无危险，或者说艾米莉必然会成功得到自己的论断，然而她必然会面对这样的问题，首先艾米莉如何让她的人物去取代自然中的元素（其中包含伦理以及情感），其次人世间的和谐如何与自然的和谐进行映照，而后在纵向上，在时间的纬度中如何实现和谐的破坏与重建。下面便简要叙述一遍如此主题的展开过程，也同样把小说的主体轮廓进行一遍复习。1771年之前的呼啸山庄是一个相对和睦的家庭，恩萧家族是一个古老的以务农为生的家族，恩萧先生与妻子还有两个孩子凯瑟琳和辛德雷以及老佣人约瑟夫、女仆和女仆的女儿丁耐莉生活在一起，日子平淡而快乐。这生活具体情况如何小说并未详细说明，只是在恩萧出门询问孩子们想要什么礼物的时候还是流露了一点线索：“辛德雷说要一把小提琴，然后就问凯蒂小姐（凯瑟琳的昵称）。她还不到六岁，可是她已经能骑上马厩里任何一匹马了，因而挑了一根马鞭。她也没有忘记我（耐莉），因为他有一颗仁慈的心，虽然有时候有点严厉。他答应给我带回来一口袋苹果和梨……”小提琴自然显示了辛德雷从小接受的良好的教育，而凯瑟琳选择的马鞭则让我们想到了艾米莉·勃朗特小时候的一个故事，在艾米莉小时候（大约六岁）父亲为了锻炼孩子们的表达能力，让孩子们戴上一个假面具来如实表达心中所想，在问到艾米莉如何对付哥哥勃兰威尔的淘气的时候，小艾米莉说应该给他讲道理，如果他还是不听话，他就会用鞭子抽他。话说回来，凯瑟琳选择了马鞭自然意味着她体内的一种野性，加之良好的教育，一种矛盾的品性便是如此在她体内成长。接着一种不安的因素被引进了，这便是恩萧先生从利物浦带回的弃儿希刺克厉夫，他带来最初的破坏便是压碎了辛德雷的小提琴，还有致使恩萧先生遗失了凯瑟琳的马鞭，尽管希刺克厉夫的到来引发了一系列破坏以及人们的嫌恶，此时的呼啸山庄依然是和谐的，这种和谐必然归功于恩萧先生的慈爱、宽容以及严厉，这有些近似上帝的形象，正是在这样一种强大力量的看护之下，庄园保持着冲突之间的和谐，辛德雷“已经学会把父亲当作一个压迫者而不是当作朋友，而把希刺克厉夫当作一个篡夺父亲情感和他的特权的人。”任性而活跃的凯瑟琳则非常喜欢希刺克厉夫，“惩罚她最厉害的一着就是把他俩分开。”而希刺克厉夫也并不是一个完全值得同情的形象，他的某些行为（例如他利用恩萧先生的宠爱去抢得辛德雷的小马）并不值得赞赏，他是一个“忧郁、能忍耐的孩子，也许由于受尽虐待而变得顽强。”至此一些自然最初得形象便依稀可见了，只是仍不够清晰，艾米莉在这里希望表达的是孩童的成长是如何渐渐去契合自然的本性。1777年老恩萧先生的去世导致第一个和谐的破坏，此时辛德雷20岁，正在大学读书，凯瑟琳15岁，希刺克厉夫也约莫这个岁数。尽管恩萧对希刺克厉夫宠爱有加，却在离世之时并未留下对他足够有利的遗嘱（这似乎并不合情理），而辛德雷很快从大学回来接管了呼啸山庄的一切，并且使得辛德雷与希刺克厉夫的矛盾当然的激化起来，希刺克厉夫被剥夺了应有的地位以及教育等等特权，而这些本应是他也拥有的。此时的和谐虽然短暂被打破，却因为凯瑟琳与希刺克厉夫之间默契的情感而得到化解：“起初这孩子还能忍受他的降级，因为凯蒂把她所学的都教给他，还陪他在地里干活或玩耍。他们都一心希望能像粗野的野人一样成长……从清晨跑到旷野，在那儿待一整天，这已成为他们主要娱乐之一，随后的惩罚反而成了付之一笑的小事罢了。”于是第一次破坏并未真正造成对于“永恒”的真正威胁，相反却在塑造着希刺克厉夫的本性，那个受尽虐待却依然顽强的生存，犹如亘古不变的岩石形象。真正的破坏却是来自大自然另一方面力量的介入，那便是一次偶然事件中被卷入的画眉山庄的林惇家族所代表的自然之宁静与温情。显然凯瑟琳被这种自然的力量所吸引了，她不自觉的在体内容纳了自然两种冲突的力量，这则是她后来痛苦的真正根源，在最初的容纳过程之中，一切并未显得多么不和谐，一方面凯瑟琳接受了林惇一家的改革计划，成了一个“非常端庄的人”，然而另一方面她依然深爱着希刺克厉夫，她甚至渴望希刺克厉夫能够成为和她与林惇一样的人！在耐莉的叙述中，凯瑟琳甚至养成了一种“双重性格”，她此时并未懂得自然的本性是如何不容更改的，希刺克厉夫虽然也试图使自己有所改变以适应新的凯瑟琳，然而这一切必然失败，而希刺克厉夫此时也同样并未真正理解永恒的元素在体内是如何成长的。如此朦胧的冲突在他们体内生长着，凯瑟琳无疑是其中最大的痛苦者，她本真的接纳着自然的残酷与温情，她此时仍然不懂得如何抉择，于是一种原始的和谐（凯瑟琳与希刺克厉夫之间的仿佛原始的情感）被林惇的介入而破坏了，而这才是对于永恒之爱真正的威胁，这最初的和谐破坏之下，处于残酷的一方退却了，希刺克厉夫在得知凯瑟琳接受了林惇的求婚之后黯然离开了呼啸山庄，至此一种崭新的宁静和谐在林惇与凯瑟琳之间形成了，然而在凯瑟琳体内依然蕴涵着对于自然原初力量的渴望，只不过在甜蜜而平静的生活中被暂时压抑下来了。然而软弱且宽容的林惇也在这样的和谐下却必然面对他可悲的命运，“我想，可没法挽救他了，他已经注定了，而且朝着他的命运非去了！”那也是艾米莉·勃朗特为此设定的结局。我们当然有绝对的理由相信，凯瑟琳便是艾米莉·勃朗特自己，她在通过凯瑟琳阐述自己对于永恒的认知过程。新和谐的建立，是基于希刺克厉夫的离家以及凯瑟琳压抑了心中荒蛮而原始的冲动的结果，而埃德加·林惇同时表现了足够的宽容与温情来维持这样的和谐，这段时间持续了三年的时间，1780～1783，在此期间，希刺克厉夫成为了一个懂得各种手段的有钱人，终于他回来了，带着自己已经完善的性格、荒原一般的气质回来破坏这一切。他利用赌博赢得了辛德雷在呼啸山庄的一切财产，并残酷的折磨他，而对于画眉山庄的林惇一家，他无情的引诱了林惇的妹妹成婚，对于希刺克厉夫，世俗的伦理从来不能约束他，对他而言，婚姻只是获取画眉山庄财产的一条捷径而已，他已经没有怜悯，只剩下最原始的大自然冷酷的力量，是“一片长着金雀花和岩石的荒野”，可以轻易吞噬所有美好的事物，而凯瑟琳在温和自然中的生活也被彻底破坏了，或者说希刺克厉夫呼唤了凯瑟琳心中荒蛮的力量，凯瑟琳真正开始反思自己真正需要的是什么：“我想着，苦苦地想发现到底是些什么。最奇怪的是，过去我生活中地整整七年变成了一片空白！我想不起是否有过这段日子，我还是一个孩子，我父亲才下葬，由于辛德雷命令我和希刺克厉夫分开，我才开始有了悲痛……一下子就成了林惇夫人，画眉山庄的主妇，一个陌生人的妻子：从此以后从我原来的世界里放逐出来，成了流浪人。你可以想象我沉沦的深渊是什么样子！……我心里象火烧一样！但愿我在外面！但愿我重新是个女孩子，野蛮、顽强、自由，任何伤害只会使我大笑，不会压得我发疯！”凯瑟琳的思索渐渐使她逐渐获得平静，“她是在望着四周的东西，看来总是在凝视远方，遥远的地方——你可以说是望着世外。”而同时埃德加·林惇所代表的自然温和的力量也渐渐放弃了抗争，“因为他确信自己是无能为力的了。”新的和谐逐渐要建立了，然而，这新的和谐不能就一种平静的状态中完成，那代表自然荒蛮力量的希刺克厉夫仍在不断冲击着凯瑟琳心中的和谐，凯瑟琳容纳这一切只有通过死亡，从而在尘世间泯灭了两种悬殊力量之间的争斗。她终于获得了平静，在与荒原的一次剧烈融合中，“我将无可比拟地超越你们，在你们所有的人之上。”随着凯瑟琳的离世，破裂的和谐再次建立了，而永恒也便在死亡中诞生了，从此“有一种无止境、无阴影的信心——他们所进入的永恒——在那儿，生命无限延续，爱情无限和谐，欢乐无限充溢。”然而，自然残酷与宁静之间的斗争并未停止，希刺克厉夫与林惇两人依旧支撑着两种力量，而凯瑟琳死后新的力量结合体在后一代的身上再次体现出来，这便是小凯蒂以及小林惇还有那个在希刺克厉夫培养下的哈里顿——辛德雷的儿子。正如凯瑟琳的联结之下两种力量在第一代人之间开始对抗，小凯蒂则牵引了新的对抗。显然艾米莉·勃朗特在小凯蒂身上倾注了新的希望，她是林惇与凯瑟琳的结合体，她体内既有林惇家族的宽容与善良，同时继承了母亲的“过度敏感与活跃的心，她的愤怒从来不是狂暴的；她的爱也从来不是炽烈的，而是深沉温柔的……还有倔强的意志。”这显然是艾米莉·勃朗特的一种希望，在世间能有这样一个完美的结合体会实现她对于人性的希望；小林惇则是一个有些畸形的结合体，他完全是自然的残酷与温和强行结合而生成的奇异果实，他极度敏感、脆弱、自私和冷酷，敏感与脆弱显然来自林惇家族而自私与冷酷则是来自希刺克厉夫的血液，显然这里艾米莉·勃朗特对于两者之间的情感曾经抱有一些期望，然而小凯蒂和小林惇之间却彻底失败了，究其原因，在小林惇的体内所缺乏的是一种永恒的元素，这种永恒的元素显然不是天生而来的，正如希刺克厉夫残酷而顽强的气质来自后天的磨难，这也正如荒原经受种种自然的摧残之后所拥有亘古不变的特性一样，否则人本性中的恶则转化为小林惇那样极度的自私；这一点在哈里顿身上却得到了真正的体现，哈里顿自小变经受了希刺克厉夫锻造，“我们要看看用同样的风吹扭它，这棵树会不会象另外一棵树长得那样弯曲！”希刺克厉夫自己却没有料到：“当我在他脸上寻找他父亲时，却一天天找到了她！见鬼！哈里顿怎么这样象她，我简直不能看他。”于是在一颗畸形的果实消亡之时，另一个希望中的人物诞生了，这就是小哈里顿，这个在希刺克厉夫的残酷虐待下成长起来的孩子却同时拥有了自然顽强与温和的气质。虽然艾米莉·勃朗特在小凯蒂与哈里顿身上寄托了一种世俗与自然原始气质相结合的希望，然而只有在那两个死去的人身上才真正蕴涵着艾米莉所有对于永恒的理解，那就是凯瑟琳与希刺克厉夫的鬼魂在荒原永久的流浪，拒绝天堂与人世，真正的与自然融合。于是在文章的最后，两个结局同样完满，一种是自然与世俗的融合，另一种则是与自然永远的合一。
艾米莉·勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》被誉为维多利亚时期小说中最伟大的作品之一，是一部足以与莎士比亚的伟大戏剧相辉映的杰作，具有永久的艺术魅力。自《呼啸山庄》出版一百多年来，小说以其丰富的主题和独特的视角而备受评论界的关注。评论家们从社会学，心理学，伦理学，宗教等诸多角度对《呼啸山庄》的主题，人物形象，结构，女权主义，现代主义因素等进行了探讨。但迄今为止还没有一部专著从文体学的角度对该小说的文体进行系统的研究。基于此，本文从文体学这一全新的角度对小说中若干具有代表性的文体风格进行分析。文体学注重探讨作者如何通过对语言的选择来表达和加强主题意义和美学效果。论文通过描写和分析作者选择的视角和语言成分及其产生的特定的文体效果，为挖掘文本的美学价值提供了客观依据，并使我们能够更好地理解和鉴赏文本的意义和艺术价值。同时本文在拓展语篇的文体分析方法上做出了新的尝试，从而证明语用学的发展为小说的文体分析提供了一套崭新的分析理论和方法，也为我们理解和欣赏文学语篇提供了新的依据。本论文由三个部分组成：绪论，正论和结论。绪论部分比较全面地综述了关于《呼啸山庄》的批评现状，尤其是关于小说的叙述风格和语言风格方面的评论。并对论文的结构布局作了说明。第一章着重探讨了小说独特的视角及其产生的特定的文体效果。文章指出，小说中多重叙述视角尤其是复视角的运用使这部古典文学作品更接近于二十世纪的现代艺术，对小说中所讲述的故事尤其具有特别的作用。本文作者还将长期受评论界所忽视的叙述人洛克伍德提到与小说的主要叙述人耐利同等重要的位置，详细分析了他的叙述视角及其在小说中特定的文体意义；第二章分析了小说卓越的语言风格。本文作者从传统的文学文体学的分析方法入手，对小说中具有浓郁乡土气息且高度精练，富有诗意，能让读者产生无限想象空间的语言特征作了比较详细而全面的分析。此外，作者在运用语用学的有关理论进一步探讨小说语言的含蓄特征及其言外之意的同时，也为此小说的研究和鉴赏提供了一条新的思路；结论部分对论文作了概括，并重申了其主要观点。
叙事视角是常用于文学研究与批评中的术语，指叙事者站在什么角度、处于什么位置来观察故事，角度是固定的还是变化的等，它回答的是叙述者与故事之间某一方面的关系问题。不同的视角，拥有着不同的特点与作用，作者在选择一部作品常用的叙事视角时，绝不是随意而为，叙事视角与作品的内容、特点、风格、整体构思、作者参与的意图、人物设置等方面都是紧密相关的。 视角的类型根据视角承担者与故事之间的距离与关系来划分，可以划分为人物视角与叙事者视角。 叙事者视角可以分为两种，全称视角与戏剧视角。全称视角，即“叙述者站在故事之外，鸟瞰着整个故事的布局与进程。叙述者无所不在、无所不知。”，方便纵览全局，叙述上十分灵活。戏剧视角与全称视角有共同点，但区别是，戏剧视角的叙事者是局外人，不介入故事，而且视点被严格限制在局外人所能观察的范围里。 人物视角通常也被称为限知视角，即“叙述者的位置在故事之内，叙述者一般由作品中的人物充当”。人物视角的叙事更加亲切、自然，方便进入作为叙事者的人物的内心世界，但是叙述的故事受限于人物的认知以及活动范围，它无法更细致地触及到故事方方面面，尤其无法进入故事叙述者以外人物的内心世界。同时叙述者与作者之间也存在较大距离，因为作者此时必须以人物的眼光去叙述故事，但某种意义上而言，限知视角也有利于作者将自己的声音隐藏起来，让读者拥有更丰富的个体阅读感受。同时，人物视角也可以再次进行分类。从观察对象的角度，可以分为内知型与外知型，前者观察点主要落在自己身上，后者观察点则主要落在周围人物及环境身上。从视点的承担者的角度，人物视角可以分为固定式、多重式以及多点式。 《呼啸山庄》所采用的叙事视角，显然是人物视角，并且主要是固定式人物视角，主要叙事者是纳莉·丁恩太太，但是艾米丽·勃朗特还精心挑选了另一位叙事者，洛克伍德先生，通过纳莉太太给洛克伍德讲故事，而洛克伍德又用日记将故事记录下来，再转述给读者的方式，实现了固定视点上的多层嵌套，给文本注入了极为复杂而极具内涵的精神艺术魅力。同时文中还存在多重式的人物视角，多重式与多点式的区别就在于多点式一般是从几个视点叙述几个不同的对象，或是同一对象的几件不同事情，多重式则是不同视点叙述同一对象。例如凯瑟琳下葬时, 希斯克利夫和辛德雷之间发生了一场争斗, 这场争斗在伊莎贝拉眼中充满了恐惧与暴力，但是在希斯克利夫本人口中却只是一句短而平静的叙述句“我记得我让他停下来，把他踢得喘不过气”。多重角度的故事复现，能够更好地展示了人物真实的内心, 让形象更加地丰满与立体。 洛克伍德与纳莉都不是故事中的主要人物，属于外知型人物视角。故事开头（1-3章），洛克伍德以一个局外人的姿态进入到主要场景“呼啸山庄”，此时距离呼啸山庄内发生的第一段爱情故事缘起缘灭已经过去30年。前三章中注视着荒芜、凄厉的山庄与性格古怪的山庄主人们的，不仅仅是洛克伍德，还有我们读者。读者跟随着一无所知的洛克伍德一头撞进了这段陈年往事的纠葛中，能够留下悬念，大大引起读者的好奇心。 而另一位叙事者纳莉太太，她是小说中的一个次要人物, 见证了呼啸山庄与画眉田庄的兴衰历程，她参与在事件中，但同时又游离在事件边缘，成为故事忠实的记录者与讲述者，纳莉太太串联起了所有故事的核心人物，并且从不同人物口中、信件中得到并补全了故事丢失的重要碎片。这一定程度上补全了人物视角无法深入叙事者以外人物内心世界的限制，使读者能够从其他途径来揣测与感受人物微妙的心理与想法，使得故事在引人入胜的同时，也更具说服力。 但有一点值得关注，纳莉太太在叙事时不可能是采取一种纯客观的角度，难免会沾染上人物独特的眼光与感情色彩，例如文中纳莉对凯瑟琳的态度是比较复杂的，她评价少女时期的凯瑟琳“变成了一个高傲的、任性的小东西!”，并且她承认“自从她长大成姑娘以后, 我就不喜欢她了。我老是压她的傲气, 因此老是惹恼她”1。当凯瑟琳答应埃德加·林顿的求婚，为此心中烦闷不安，嚷着要找纳莉说话，说出她心中对希斯克利夫火热的爱情时，纳莉的态度很冷静，甚至带着几分谴责，要凯瑟琳“尊重埃德加的爱情”。纳莉和凯瑟琳之间无疑存在着某种情谊，她们之间是有着温情的，因为她们相处了多年时光，但文中很明显体现出了纳莉与凯瑟琳之间观念、性格的不合，同时也受等级观念的影响，凯瑟琳对于纳莉态度有时是可以说悄悄话的知心朋友，有时是可以依恋的姐姐，但她生气时，纳莉就成了仆人，态度盛气凌人，甚至带些野蛮，例如凯瑟琳与希斯克利夫发生争吵时（第8章），她的怒气波及到了纳莉身上，她对正在打扫房间的纳莉没有好声气，嚷着要她到外面去，还在纳莉手臂上恶狠狠地拧了一把，又打了她一个耳光；再到后来，凯瑟琳嫁到画眉田庄，一定要把纳莉也带过去，可是纳莉心中对幼小的哈里顿充满了不舍，奈何拗不过凯瑟琳哭诉下埃德加与辛德雷的共同要求……这些事情在纳莉的心中真的没有留下任何痕迹吗？从这个角度来考虑，纳莉眼中的凯瑟琳与真实的凯瑟琳又相差了多远的距离，也许同样值得玩味。
The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity.1.1 Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one book.Fantasy was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of Byron.Brief stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single pupil.In 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in 1850.In the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the world.1.2 Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with Cathy.On one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering Heights.Catherine’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to Edgar.Six months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Linton.Unfortunately Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and emotion.Then Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately sad.After Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering Heights.Thirteen years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the tale.The story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was earthy.1.3 Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of humanity.1.4 Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.2. LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine mind.Love in the novel is manifested in many respects.2.1 Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. Mr.Earnshaw, a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from sympathy.2.2 Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and violence.2.3 Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor lass.2.4 Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.
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The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity.1.1 Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one book.Fantasy was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of Byron.Brief stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single pupil.In 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in 1850.In the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the world.1.2 Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with Cathy.On one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering Heights.Catherine’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to Edgar.Six months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Linton.Unfortunately Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and emotion.Then Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately sad.After Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering Heights.Thirteen years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the tale.The story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was earthy.1.3 Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of humanity.1.4 Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.2. LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine mind.Love in the novel is manifested in many respects.2.1 Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. Mr.Earnshaw, a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from sympathy.2.2 Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and violence.2.3 Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor lass.2.4 Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.
《呼啸山庄》是艾米丽.勃朗特 一生中唯一出版的一部小说 。在生活里离群索居、不善言辞的艾米莉却有着一个情感层次极为丰富的内心世界，拥有一种神秘如火的力量。一 、自然天性与世俗文明的冲突是这场爱情悲剧的根源 （一）自然天性下成长起来的爱情 “‘呼啸’是当地一个意味深长的形容词，用来描绘在狂风暴雨肆虐的天气，它坐落的处所那种喧嚣躁乱的情景。” 呼啸山庄坐落在荒凉的小山包上，在那里寒气砭人肌骨，不远处是石楠荒地和一片片泥淖。呼啸山庄未受城市文明的影响，保留着原始自然的乡村景象。在呼啸山庄里的人粗野蛮陋却也保留着自然的天性，呼啸山庄里的人都生命力旺盛。而小时候的希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳正是在这样一个充满自然天性的环境中成长起来的。 小时候的凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫主要的乐趣就是一大清早就跑到荒原去，在那玩上一整天，事后的惩罚不过一笑了之。荒原之一意象在书中有着重要的意义。在那里，凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫可以无限地亲近自然，释放她们的自然天性。 凯瑟琳无时无刻不在调皮捣蛋，然而在奈莉眼中 她的眼睛最有神，笑容最甜蜜，脚步最轻灵。人的自然天性奔放而纯真，凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫共同的自然天性，让他们的爱成为了超越世俗的灵魂之爱。 把凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫分开，就是对凯瑟琳最严重的惩罚。 （二）世俗文明改造了凯瑟琳，冲突开始发生 转折发生在十三岁的凯瑟琳来到了画眉山庄。在画眉山庄，凯瑟琳对世俗文明产生了强烈向往，而自然天性和世俗文明的冲突便成为了这场爱情悲剧的根源。画眉山庄坐落在绿树成荫的地方，里面富丽堂皇，体现了资本主发展下极度富裕的物质生。经人工精心雕琢的画眉山庄与原始的未加改造的呼啸山庄截然不同。 在画眉山庄居住的日子，让凯瑟琳对世俗生活产生了强烈的向往。 归来后的凯瑟琳经过了世俗文明的改造，不再是只有自然天性的凯瑟琳了，然而希斯克利夫依然保留了全部的自然天性。在归来后的这段时期，世俗文明和自然文明开始逐渐发生冲突。自世俗文明和自然文明下的冲突的潜在表现就体现在凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫的外貌不同。回来时的凯瑟琳光彩照人，穿着方格绸长袍像一个尊贵的贵族小姐。而希斯克利夫厚厚的头发任它自然生长，从来不梳理，脏兮兮的手也像蒙上了泥油。蓬头垢面的希斯克利夫在光彩照人凯瑟琳面前是那么丑陋不堪。 就像希斯克利夫以为归来的会是那位和自已一样蓬头垢面，保留了自然天性的伙伴。可他看到的确是一个经过世俗文明改造后看起来与自己宛若云泥之别的凯瑟琳。 凯瑟琳本是希斯克利夫的黑暗生活里的全部光芒和希望，难以想象在凯瑟琳呆在画眉山庄的五个星期对希斯克利夫而言是多么漫长的折磨。可看到许久不见的凯瑟琳，希斯克利夫的选择却是躲起来。当凯瑟琳和许久不久的希斯克利夫握手时，凯瑟琳担心希斯克利夫会弄脏他的衣服，这时希斯克利夫第一次猛然抽回自己的手，冲突渐渐发生了。 （三）自然天性与世俗文明的冲突难以调和，导致了爱情悲剧 如果说当随着当自然天性与世俗文明发生冲突，凯瑟琳与希斯克利夫渐行渐远，他们的感情浓度渐渐变淡，也就无所谓后来的悲剧。 “对以往所钟爱的，她坚贞不移。” 冲突已经开始发生，可是埃德加依然无法像希斯克利夫那样占据他在凯瑟琳心中的地位。凯瑟琳认为希斯克利夫甚至比她更像自己， 谁又能轻易抛弃另一个自己呢？ 凯瑟琳的灵魂被自然文明和自然天性疯狂拉扯撕裂，当凯瑟琳选择嫁给埃德加之后，冲突到达了高潮。凯瑟琳虽然接受了世俗文明的改造，但她内心保留着自然的天性，而她与希斯克利夫的爱正蕴藏这种自然天性下。 在世俗文明与自然天性的冲突下，凯瑟琳选择了象征世俗文明的埃德加，抛弃了象征自然天性的埃德加，可凯瑟琳知道在她的灵魂深处，爱的仍是希斯克利夫。 而在嫁给了埃德加之后，她依然还试图寻求在他们两者间的平衡，而自然天性和世俗文明的冲突又是不可调和的，凯瑟琳无法承受这样的冲突，最终也早早离开了人世。 二、希斯克利夫偏执的性格也是这场爱情悲剧的主因 （一）畸形的环境决定了希斯克利夫偏执的性格 小说一开始，出现在我们眼前的希斯克利夫便是一个郁郁寡欢，爱恨深藏不露的阴郁角色。他很多时候都沉默寡言，从不向别人表露他的心迹，却对凯瑟琳爱得偏执。 “他爱得发狂 , 恨得也发狂 。” 而正是畸形的环境决定了希斯克利夫如此偏执的性格。 小说的背景是18世纪的英国社会，当时的社会大背景是英国的资本主义经济正在蓬勃发展，然而社会贫富差距不断扩大，阶级界限分明而不可逾越，人们疯狂的追名逐利，将金钱奉为圭臬。在这样环境下的人们是腐烂了的人，如同行尸走肉般的人，而希斯克利夫正出生这样一个畸形病态的社会。希斯克利夫的出生十分特别，他是被凯瑟琳的爸爸在利物浦捡到的孤儿，他是一个被文明社会抛弃的人，而这出身设定暗示了希斯克利夫终将和世俗文明所不容。 童年经历对一个人影响深远，很多心理问题都根植在童年。而在了利物浦当孤儿的经历注定了年幼的希斯克利夫看过太多人间的丑恶，这为他偏执阴郁性格的形成埋下了种子。 希斯克利夫在被老肖恩收养后他的成长环境依然是畸形的，他被人折磨欺负，太太也不会帮他说话，老爷的儿子欣德利更是对他恨之入骨，把他当做剥夺了自己父亲感情的敌人。在老肖恩死后，希斯克利夫的境遇更加糟糕，欣德利把他当做仆人使唤，还常常对他拳打脚踢，在这样艰难的生存环境中，他很难体会到爱是什么，希斯克利夫逐渐形成了他偏执得发狂的性格。 （二）偏执的性格让希斯克利夫成为疯狂的复仇者，导致了爱情悲剧 偏执的性格让希斯克利夫变成了疯狂的复仇者。为了报复和埃德加结婚的凯瑟琳，他勾引埃德加的妹妹伊莎贝拉，并设法得到埃德加的财产，最终却又将伊莎贝拉无情抛弃。一开始希斯克利夫对凯瑟琳的爱是纯粹而真挚的，如狂风暴雨般强烈，当狗咬住凯瑟琳的脚踝时，希斯克利夫不顾一切地和恶狗拼命。后来希斯克利夫对凯瑟琳的爱里还包含了偏执的复仇， 除了娶一个自己并不喜欢的女人，他还想要悲剧再次发生在凯瑟琳的女儿和自己的儿子身上。极度的爱，极度的恨，在偏执中燃烧着希斯克利夫的生命。可以说归来后的希斯克利夫对凯瑟琳强烈的心理折磨是导致凯瑟琳死亡的重要原因。而在当时阶级界限泾渭分明难以逾越的时代背景下，凯瑟琳是大小姐，希斯克利夫是仆人， 客观上他们也是很难结合的，难道凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫结婚后也要过上物质生活极度贫乏的苦日子吗, 那时他们的爱又该如何维续呢?而希斯克利夫却偏执地想要得到凯瑟琳，并对实施了一系列及其残忍的报复计划。 他极端地去爱，极端地去恨，偏执地成为了人间一个孤独的恶魔，自己也备受这种偏执性格的折磨。 即使成功地实施了他的复仇计划后，他也没有丝毫的快乐，他睁眼闭眼都是凯瑟琳的鬼魂，他多么偏执地希望凯瑟琳再出现，当洛克伍德说屋子闹鬼时，隐忍阴郁的他打开窗户却抽泣起来好，呼喊着凯瑟琳的归来。当他快要死亡时，他注视着不到两码远的东西，好像注视着卡瑟琳的鬼魂，带给他极度的快乐也带给他极度的痛苦。 他偏执地去爱，却忘了爱的本身就意味着宽容;他偏执地去恨，却忘了这种仇恨本身也不断折磨他自己。 参考文献： 1、（英）勃朗特：《呼啸山庄》，张玲、张扬译，北京：人民文学出版社，1999年版 2、（英）毛姆 ：《巨匠与杰作》，孔海立、王晓明译，上海：华东师范大学出版社,1987年版 3、张岩,王双：《自然生态与精神生态的双重变奏——艾米利·勃朗特〈呼啸山庄〉生态意蕴论析》，《同济大学学报》，2018年第5期 4、罗昱豪：《浅析〈呼啸山庄〉中环境影响下的凯瑟琳的爱情观》，《北方文学》，2018年第3期 5、方平：《爱和恨,都是生命在燃烧——试论〈呼啸山庄〉中的希克厉》，《外国文学研究》,1989年第2期 6、陈和芬：《论〈呼啸山庄〉中凯瑟琳和希克历之间的超人间的爱》，《浙江学刊》,1999年第3 期 呜呜呜喜欢请点赞 关注 码字不易 你的支持是对我最大的鼓励哟～