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关于药学论文英文版

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关于药学论文英文版

药学方向的论文写法如下:

1、论文选题。基本要求:实验性,研究性均可。毕业论文选题方向大致分类为:分析研究、药物化学研究、药学研究、工艺验证及改进、中药炮制研究、中药资源研究、中药化学研究、制剂研究、生物制药研究、药理研究、医院药学研究,药物安全性评价等。

2、给毕业论文确定题目。简洁:中文题目最好不超过20个字;准确:题目需要准确反映论文的内容,避免文题不符、以大代小、以偏概全等。如:CK制剂与原研制剂溶出曲线对比;铁皮石斛中粗多糖研究;葛根提取物检测方法开发与市场提取物评价;苯扎贝特胶囊的工艺改进研究。

拓展资料:

药学是连接健康科学和化学科学的医疗保健行业,它承担着确保药品的安全和有效使用的职责。药学主要研究药物的来源、炮制、性状、作用、分析、鉴定、调配、生产、保管和寻找(包括合成)新药等。主要任务是不断提供更有效的药物和提高药物质量,保证用药安全,使病患得以以伤害最小,效益最大的方式治疗或治愈疾病。

业务培养目标。本专业学生应掌握药学各分支学科的基本理论和基础知识,接受药学科研方法和技能的基本训练。具备较扎实的基础和较宽广的专业知识。培养能从事药物化学、药物分析、药物评价、临床合理用药、医药经营及管理、新药研究与开发、药品生产与管理等方面工作的高级科学技术人才。

业务培养要求。本专业学生主要学习药学各主要分支学科的基本理论和基本知识,受到药学实验方法和技能的基本训练,具有药物制备、质量控制评价及指导合理用药的基本能力。主要课程。无机化学、有机化学,分析化学(化学分析、仪器分析)、物理化学、生物化学、药用拉丁语、药学英语、人体解剖学、生理学、微生物学与免疫学、生药学等。

稿件类型刊登的稿件包括展望与综述、研究论文、简讯、学术动态等栏目。来稿要求论点明确, 数据可靠, 结构严密, 层次分明, 文字精炼。论文全文 (包括中文摘要) 一般不超过5千字, 简讯不超过3千字, 综述在8千字以内。研究论文 报道具有原始性和创新性的研究成果。研究简讯 报道具有原始性和创新性的阶段性研究成果。学术动态 报道药学各领域的发展方向、学术会议及著名学者观点等。综述与进展 对当前药学各领域的研究热点和前沿领域, 结合作者在该领域的工作进行的总结、评述。投稿要求1. 来稿请发电子版 (word格式保存)、单位介绍信及保密审查意见的PDF文件。请勿一稿两投。来稿凡属基金项目、国家攻关项目, 请注明项目编号。来稿收取稿件处理费100元/篇, 通过邮局汇至本刊。编辑部地址: 北京市海淀区学院路38号, 北京大学药学院《中国药学》(英文版)编辑部, 邮编 100191。2. 稿件应包括题目、作者及单位、英文摘要、关键词、正文、图、表格、致谢、参考文献、图解摘要等, 并标注页码, 文章如有中文稿可附上以便于审阅时参考。论文请用 Times New Roman体五号字, 倍行距。请附上中文文题、作者及单位地址、摘要、关键词 (中英文一致)。请登录本刊查看样稿。3. 来稿一经受理即发稿件回执, 作者收到回执请签订论文版权转让授权书。一般2个月左右通知作者稿件审理情况。作者应及时按审阅专家提出的建议进行修改, 并将修改稿和对专家修改意见做答复说明返回编辑部。修改稿在1个月内未发回编辑部, 作自行退稿处理。修改稿通过审定稿后将通知作者按要求提供最终修改稿, 以便送国外英文编辑审阅。4. 文章发表前, 作者将收到校样和版面费通知。请作者仔细校对 (文责自负)。作者在收到校样2天内返回编辑部。依照《著作权法》有关规定, 编辑部对来稿有删改权。5. 来稿一经发表, 酌致作者稿酬, 并免费赠送当期期刊2本及论文的PDF电子版。本刊已编入《中国期刊全文专题数据库》等数据库, 作者著作权使用费与本刊稿酬一次性付给, 如不同意可在投稿时声明。稿件撰写要求文章题目 (Title) 简明确切地反映论文的特定内容, 不宜过长。文题首字母大写, 除专有名词外其余小写, 齐左。作者及工作单位 (Authors and affiliation) 作者应是参与来稿专题研究工作的主要科技人员, 应对全文的内容负责, 并能回答文中的问题, 是论文的法定著作权人和责任者。作者姓名间用逗号分开, 应注明责任作者 (*标出)。作者的汉语拼音名前姓后首字母大写(如: Li-Mei Zhang, Ping Wang)。外国作者的姓名写法遵从国际惯例。不同单位的作者在其右上角标出序号, 并在其相应单位前标出。脚注 (Footnotes) 包括基金项目 (注明项目编号), 责任作者的联系方式 (电话、传真和E-mail)。摘要 (Abstract) 摘要应简明扼要地用一段话叙述研究工作的目的、主要内容和结果, 不必做出评论和解释, 单独阅读摘要部分应对全文内容有概括性了解, 其详尽程度可参照CA (Chemical Abstracts)的模式。摘要中尽可能不要用参考文献以及非标准化的缩略语。图解摘要 (Graphical abstract) 作者应另页提供图解摘要, 用于本期目录编写, 以便于读者浏览。图解摘要应尽量用简明绘图方式表达提交论文的最核心内容, 不要求全面覆盖文章内容。如果需要可添加少量文字叙述。若无绘图时只用文字表述亦可。格式上应包括文章标题、全部作者姓名、绘图、必要的文字叙述 (少于50单词)。关键词 (Keywords) 关键词3~10个, 可从文题、摘要及正文中选取, 中英文一致, 应标注能反应论文特征内容、通用性较强的, 符合主题词表的术语。应避免使用特别泛指的词语, 宜选自《医学主题词注释字顺表(MeSH)》和《中医中药主题词表》。关键词首字母大写, 之间用分号相隔。正文部分 (The body of paper) 研究论文一般分为前言、实验 (实验材料、方法)、结果与讨论三大部分。层次标题用阿拉伯数字连续编号, 尽量减少层次。采用三级标题, 齐左。?1. 前言 (Introduction) 简明扼要地概述本论文的理论依据、研究思路、实验基础及国内外现状。明确提出本文目的, 尤其是本文的创新性。标出主要参考文献。要特别尊重和总结前人在此领域的研究工作。2. 实验部分 (Experimental or materials and methods) 本期刊包括药学研究领域各方面, 实验部分格式难以统一。建议包括通用方法、具体实验步骤、实验数据、数据处理和统计分析等部分。(1) 实验材料 应说明主要材料来源、品种及规格。药名采用国际非专利药名 (International Nonproprietary Names, INN), 以《中国药品通用名称》(国家药典委员会办公室编, 化学工业出版社, 1997)为准。若为国家食品药品监督管理局批准的新药, 则用批准的药名。少用代号, 尽量不用商品名。药名首次出现时应写出英文全称, 药名写在剂量前面。(2) 研究对象 动植物、微生物应注明拉丁学名, 植物标本应说明鉴定人及存放地点。实验动物应标明清洁级和合格证号, 报道的大鼠和小鼠至少应为清洁II级。实验动物或人的性别、年龄和实际测得的体重应该用均值±标准差 ()及可信区间表示。当实验以人或动物为研究对象时, 作者应当声明。只有符合机构责任委员会的伦理 (道德)标准或依照1975年制定的赫尔辛基宣言 (1983年修订), 才能进行人体实验。应该省略患者的姓名及医院号码。动物实验应该遵循相关机构提供的维护与使用说明。(3) 实验方法 尽量简洁明了, 数据报道注意有效数字位数和精度。凡文献已有记述的方法, 一般可引文献。对新的或有实质性改进的方法要写明改进处。如果是自己创新的方法, 则宜详述, 以便他人重复。理论计算中采用的计算程序、来源及计算机型号、语言应予以注明。(4) 计量单位及符号 计量单位一律采用以国际单位制为基础的中华人民共和国法定计量单位(简称法定单位)。请参阅《量和单位》(北京: 中国标准出版社)。(5) 国际代号与缩写 文中尽可能采用国际代号与缩写。如果不是常用缩略词, 应在第1次出现时给出定义。如: s (秒), min (分钟), h (小时), d (天), t (时间), IU (国际单位), P (概率), UV (紫外), . (静脉注射), . (肌内注射), . (腹腔注射), . (皮下注射), . (脑室内注射), . (动脉注射), . (口服), . (灌胃), in vivo (体内), in vitro (体外)。(6) 数字 作为量词与序数词一律用阿拉伯数字, 数字符号按国家标准执行。单位符号前的数字最好在, 必要时改用适当的词头符号, 如: M, m或以10n, 10-n表示。数字的增加可用倍数, 减少则用分数或百分数表示。2-6%应写为2%-6%, 2-6×104应写为2×104-6×104 或 (2-6)×104, 2×3×4 mm 应写为2 mm×3 mm×4 mm。(7) 有效数字 测量数据不能超过其测量仪器的精密度。任何一个数字, 只允许最后一位有误差, 前面的位数不应有误差。在一组中的 (), 应考虑到个体差异, 一般以s的1/3来定位。如: (4820±) g, s的1/3超过100 g, 平均值波动在百位, 应写为 (±) kg。(±) mm, s 的1/3超过 mm, 平均值波动在十分位, 应写为 (±) mm。有效位数以后的数字修约数小于5则舍, 大于5则进, 如等于5, 则前一位数逢奇则进、逢偶 (包括0)则舍。数字修约只可一次完成。(8) 表和图 图表要设计合理, 即使单看图表就能大体了解实验内容(图注和表注应适当简述实验内容)。图表中量和单位应是量的符号在前 (斜体), 单位符号在后, 如: t (h) (表示以h为法定单位的时间)。图表都应用阿拉伯数字依次编号, 只有1个时, 仍用表1或图1表示。图表分单栏 (8 cm宽) 和双栏 ((10~17) cm宽)放置。图 若是数据图请用Origin或是Excel原图 (或者是右键可以编辑的图), 化学结构式请用ChemDraw; 图片请提供单独的原始图片 (jpg格式), 像素至少300dpi分辨率。要求准确、清楚。照片(黑白或彩色)必须反差鲜明, 清晰易辨; 显微照片内应画长度标尺, 必要时以↑标明上方位。图坐标值不超过3位数或小数点后不多于1个零, 必要时作处理, 如: 1×10n, 1×10-n。图中标值要圆整化, 图已有标值则坐标轴末尾不应有箭头。谱图一般不用列出; 如果用简洁的文字不能完全表达, 可列出谱图或其相应片断; 文章在解释谱图、谱带的形状、精细结构时, 也可列出。曲线一般应经曲线拟合, 并尽可能直线化, 例如通过对数(lg)、倒数(reciprocal)、概率单位(probit)、算出单位(logit) 等转换。表格 用三线表, 栏目项不应有空缺。卧表无论双页码或单页码, 表方位为顶左底右。表内尽量不用或少用标点符号, 数字对齐(如“±”号对齐, 小数点对齐等)。表注依次用a, b, c等表示, 写在右上角。(9) 在药物化学和天然药物化学类研究论文中出现的已知化合物, 标出报道文献。对于未知的新化合物, 需要提供该化合物的相关数据, 推荐顺序为: mp; [α]D; Rf; 光谱数据 (UV, IR); 1H NMR; 13C NMR; MS。按照以下的格式列出:1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ: (d, 1H, J Hz, NHCO), (m, 2H, NHCO)… 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: (s, NHCO), (s, NHCO) …HRMS calcd. for C15H20O3SNa (M+Na)+: ; found …3. 结果与讨论 (Results and discussion) 主要阐述本文的新发现及得出的结果和观点, 说明实验不足之处, 尤其是(试验)条件难以或未能控制之处。不要重复已在前言结果中叙述过的内容, 讨论中应联系实验(试验)的目的与结论, 结果与其它结果。避免不成熟的论断或资料不足得出的结论。致谢 (Acknowledgments) 注明基金项目来源, 对本文有贡献的其他人员, 如协助工作或提供资料、材料者, 可放在致谢项, 对文稿帮助审阅修改者则不列入。参考文献 (References) 限作者阅读过的2013年1月以前发表的主要原始文献, 内部资料勿引, 已被采用尚未刊出的稿件可引入, 不可引用非公开出版或发表的文献, 不能引用其他文章中引用的但未经核对原文的文献。在引文处按引用文献出现的先后顺序用阿拉伯数字依次编号, 对相同项目不得用“同上”或“ibid”表示。按照SCI收录要求, 所引参考文献全部用英文表示, 不能用中文、日文、俄文等。已被采用而尚未刊出的稿件可列为参考文献, 但在期刊名后用括号注明“in press”。作者对所引文献的准确性和完整性负责。

一、Elsevier(sciencedirect)是荷兰一家全球著名的学术期刊出版商,每年出版大量的学术图书和期刊,大部分期刊被SCI、SSCI、EI收录,是世界上公认的高品位学术期刊。scienceDirect是爱思唯尔公司的全文数据库平台,是全球最大的科学、技术与医学全文电子资源数据库,提供2500余种学术期刊以及37000余种图书的全文内容。包括全球影响力极高的CELL《细胞杂志》、THE LANCET《柳叶刀杂志》等。

二、Embase数据库是Elsevier旗下综合医学信息检索平台。前身为“荷兰医学文摘”。包含源自8300种期刊的4200万条生物医学记录,来自每年7,000个会议的295万条会议信息(自2009年开始收录),及已被确定接受但还未最终印刷出版的手稿(article-in-press)。覆盖各种疾病、药物和医疗器械信息。

特点:1.比Pubmed覆盖的期刊更多(欧洲,亚洲期刊覆盖率多30%);2.检索主题词库远大于Pubmed,且更新迅速,检索最新医学文献信息更全面;3.检索界面便捷,文摘分类工具多样;4.更专业的循证医学类文献检索,PICQ分类检索等;5.更专业的医学,药学,医疗器械文献检索模块。

三、文献党下载器()大型文献检索下载平台。几乎整合了所有中外文献数据库资源,覆盖全部学科,关于医学文献数据库的有:Web of Science、Elsevier(sciencedirect)、PubMed(生物医学)、Emerald(生物医学)、Ovid(医学库)、ClinicalKey、UpToDate、万方医学网、知网、中华医学期刊全文数据库等等,还有世界顶尖期刊《柳叶刀》The Lancet、《新英格兰医学期刊》NEJM、《美国医学会杂志》JAMA、《英国医学期刊》BMJ等等,特点:只要有互联网在哪里都可使用该网站下载文献。

四、ClinicalKey临床精钥是信息分析公司爱思唯尔(Elsevier)推出的一个临床决策支持工具,帮助医生快速获取准确、简洁、世界前沿的循证医学知识。临床精钥包含了经本地专家参与审阅编辑的基于最新证据及实践指南的临床综述,并收录了如Braunwald’s心脏病、罗森急诊医学等经典图书,涵盖超过25000种中国临床用药信息,并有400多种医学评分工具等。ClinicalKey还有一优点提供中文界面,可以用中文关键词检索,系统自动匹配英文,从而检索到自己需要的英文文献。

五、Ovid隶属于威科集团的健康出版事业集团,与LWW、Adis等公司属于姊妹公司。Ovid发展到今天,已经成为全球最受欢迎的医学信息平台。Ovid在医学信息服务领域,无论在技术领先性、数据质量以及用户检索体验等等上,均为排在全球第一。

六、UpToDate临床顾问数据库是用于协助临床医生进行诊疗上的判断、决策的循证医学数据库。UpToDate覆盖了常见的 25 个临床专科,涵盖了诊疗全流程和全生命周期的绝大多数疾病及其相关问题,目前已收录11,000多篇临床专题,全部专题皆由 UpToDate在全球范围内招募的6700多位临床医师,浏览了高质量期刊、文献证据后加上个人专业经验和意见撰写而成。除了核心的临床专题外,UpToDate还提供多平台访问、智能搜索、图表导出生成PPT、重要更新、诊疗实践更新、患者教育、计算器和药物专论等多项功能。

七、Wiley 作为全球最大、最全面的经同行评审的科学、技术、医学和学术研究的在线多学科资源平台之一,“Wiley Online Library”覆盖了生命科学、健康科学、自然科学、社会与人文科学等全面的学科领域。有1600多种经同行评审的学术期刊,20000本电子图书,170多种在线参考工具书,580多种在线参考书,19种生物学、生命科学和生物医学的实验室指南(Current Protocols),17种化学、光谱和循证医学数据库(Cochrane Library)。

八、PubMed 是一个免费的搜寻引擎,提供生物医学方面的论文搜寻以及摘要的数据库。它的数据库来源为MEDLINE。其核心主题为医学,但亦包括其他与医学相关的领域,像是护理学或者其他健康学科。PubMed 的资讯并不包括期刊论文的全文,但可提供指向全文提供者(付费或免费)的链接。

九、Cochrane library(考克兰图书馆)是the Cochrane Collaboration的主要产品,由美国Wiley公司出版发行,汇集了关于医疗保健治疗和干预有效性的研究。它是循证医学的黄金标准,可以帮助参与卫生保健决策人员及时了解最新证据,为他们提供有关现有治疗方法和新治疗方法的高品质信息。主要面向临床医生、决策者、研究人员、教育者和学生等用户。

十、Karger医学电子期刊是由瑞士Karger出版社出版,每年出版约80余种高质量的学术期刊,大部分以英文出版,内容涵盖了整个生物医学领域,包括传统医学以及最新的医学热门课题。Karger电子期刊被Google全文索引,并且被收录在所有著名的二次文献数据库,例如MEDLINE、CAS、Current Contents、Reference Update、让用户可以轻易的在网络上找到Karger出版的医学文献。

十一、BMJ Best Practice(BP)是英国医学杂志(BMJ)出版集团于 2009年2月出版的升级版循证医学数据库资源,它在BMJ Clinical Evidence(临床证据)中的治疗研究证据的基础上,增添了由全球知名学者和临床专家执笔撰写的,涉及个体疾病的诊断、预防、药物处方、国际临床指南和随访等重要内容。此外,BP中还提供了大量的病症彩色图像和数据表格等资料,有效解决了医生在临床工作流程的各个环节需要的关键信息和知识。

十二、世界医学顶尖期刊:《柳叶刀》The Lancet、《新英格兰医学期刊》NEJM、《美国医学会杂志》JAMA、《英国医学期刊》BMJ

专业药学论文翻译 长期online QQ No: one zero three nine two seven three six.

关于药学的论文英文版

药学方向的论文写法如下:

1、论文选题。基本要求:实验性,研究性均可。毕业论文选题方向大致分类为:分析研究、药物化学研究、药学研究、工艺验证及改进、中药炮制研究、中药资源研究、中药化学研究、制剂研究、生物制药研究、药理研究、医院药学研究,药物安全性评价等。

2、给毕业论文确定题目。简洁:中文题目最好不超过20个字;准确:题目需要准确反映论文的内容,避免文题不符、以大代小、以偏概全等。如:CK制剂与原研制剂溶出曲线对比;铁皮石斛中粗多糖研究;葛根提取物检测方法开发与市场提取物评价;苯扎贝特胶囊的工艺改进研究。

拓展资料:

药学是连接健康科学和化学科学的医疗保健行业,它承担着确保药品的安全和有效使用的职责。药学主要研究药物的来源、炮制、性状、作用、分析、鉴定、调配、生产、保管和寻找(包括合成)新药等。主要任务是不断提供更有效的药物和提高药物质量,保证用药安全,使病患得以以伤害最小,效益最大的方式治疗或治愈疾病。

业务培养目标。本专业学生应掌握药学各分支学科的基本理论和基础知识,接受药学科研方法和技能的基本训练。具备较扎实的基础和较宽广的专业知识。培养能从事药物化学、药物分析、药物评价、临床合理用药、医药经营及管理、新药研究与开发、药品生产与管理等方面工作的高级科学技术人才。

业务培养要求。本专业学生主要学习药学各主要分支学科的基本理论和基本知识,受到药学实验方法和技能的基本训练,具有药物制备、质量控制评价及指导合理用药的基本能力。主要课程。无机化学、有机化学,分析化学(化学分析、仪器分析)、物理化学、生物化学、药用拉丁语、药学英语、人体解剖学、生理学、微生物学与免疫学、生药学等。

研究论文中国药理学报2010年6月31期 746-752页 【数字对象唯一标识符】:吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌的临床研究范云,李能明,马胜林,罗吕红,罗芳,黄志宇,于海峰,吴凤琴摘要目的:对未接受过化疗的III期和IV期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者,静脉注射吉西他滨,d1、d5,顺铂 d1,以研究吉西他滨(dFdC)的药效学药和药代动力学。方法:一个联合治疗周期,吉西他滨1250 mg/m2,静脉输液30 min,d1、d5,每三周静脉输液一次顺铂75mg/m2,d1。两次注射间隔1hr。观察该方案的毒性反应。此外,第一次输液周期中监测不同时期的吉西他滨(dFdC)及其代谢产物(dFdU)的血药浓度。使用药代动力学软件(PKS)评价吉西他滨及其代谢产物(dFdU)药代动力学参数。结果:共有28名患者参与此项研究,平均年龄54岁(介于27~75岁之间),大多数病人的临床表现良好。27名患者接受了2个或以上的治疗周期。临床总有效率为。中位生存期13个月。估算的肿瘤进展时间(TTP)中位天数为个月,1年生存率为。毒性反应总的较轻。主要毒性为骨髓抑制;的病人出现3/4度血液学毒性,而的病人出现3/4度非血液学毒性——常见的胃肠道反应。吉西他滨及其代谢产物(dFdU)药代动力学参数在注射吉西他滨d1、d5前后无差异。在注入吉西他滨d5前,dFdU(2,2'—双氟脱氧胞嘧啶核苷)的最低浓度为± μg/mL,而吉西他滨未检测到。结论:该方案是治疗未接受过化疗的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)晚期患者的有效方案,总体临床耐受性良好。在静脉滴入吉西他滨,d1、d5后,吉西他滨及其代谢产物(dFdU)药代动力学参数较之前无差异,而在注入吉西他滨d5前,dFdU(2,2'—双氟脱氧胞嘧啶核苷)浓度最低。

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原文31岁的药理药效上746-752学报中央(2010年六月)|往颇具声望二期临床试验的吉西他滨+顺铂患者在先进的非小细胞肺癌云的球迷,Neng-ming林,Sheng-lin马,Lu-hong咯,罗芳、Zhi-yu黄,Hai-feng禹和Feng-qin吴文摘目的:药效学和药代动力学研究的dFdC吉西他滨(d)日中在1个月和5 +顺铂日中在d阶段1患者希望加及第四期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)。方法:在每一种组合后的第一个周期,吉西他滨是一剂1250毫克/ m2作为一个30分钟静脉(四)灌注对d 1个月和5,紧随其后的是顺铂在一剂量的75毫克/ m2作为3小时iv灌注对d每个3个星期。(四)之间的两种浸剂1小时。临床治疗效果和毒性的方案进行了观察。此外,血浆浓度吉西他滨(dFdC)及其代谢产物(dFdU)不同时间点的检测在第一个循环的效果。药代动力学软件(战)是用来估计的药代动力学参数及其代谢产物的dFdU吉西他滨。结果:一共有28个病人被纳入本研究。人的平均年龄是54岁(范围27-75年),大多数病人在良好的临床状况。27例患者接受两种或两种以上的治疗周期。整体的临床反应率为。整体的生存时间的中位数是13个月。平均估计时间肿瘤进展(待)是个月,1年生存率率和。容忍的毒性作用。myelosuppression;主要毒性的3 / 4的患者有品位血液学毒性和级的3 / 4 non-hematologic毒性,胃肠道反应被普遍。药物代谢动力学参数和dFdU dFdC没有差异的售前和post-administration在d 1和5.吉西他滨是最小的dFdU±μg( /毫升)之前在d溶入吉西他滨是5,和吉西他滨是不存在。结论:该训练是活跃且耐受性良好的非小细胞肺癌患者在加先进。日中在d吉西他滨是后1个月和5、药代动力学参数的显示和dFdU dFdC前没有区别,dFdU输注前吉西他滨是最小日中在d是5。

关于医学论文10篇英文版

去PubMed检索,列表后面有fulltext提示,部分新发布的论文免费提供全文。旧刊全文收费不便宜,一篇几美金到20多美金不等。

你可以去创新医学网上看看,而且还有翻译服务。

【关键词】  医学英语论文; 标题写作; 修辞原则; 策略Abstract:As an important component part of a medical research paper,the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles:focuse on subject,be accurate,be concise,be words: Medical English research paper;   Title writing;   Rhetorical principle;   Strategy人们读书看报,首先要看的是标题,题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好,简练又吸引人,才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首,句文之要”,被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展,医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁,在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”,国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此,学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能,指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能[1]。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略,以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能,促进学术交流。1  突出主题原则及修辞策略    题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点,是读者最先得到的直接信息,即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此,标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求:简练和反映论文主题,英文标题应切题准确,反映文章的中心内容,便于索引,利于论文广泛流通。    好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用,还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题,在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此,在标题英译时,应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略:    在信息传递上,要充分反映论文的创新内容,重要内容前置,突出中心;准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题,在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上,多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当,重要的词放在文题的起始,如association, application, determination,effect,detection,establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2  准确规范原则及修辞策略    准确是修辞的基本原则,也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则,因为学术研究特别强调准确,不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征[2]。医学英语除了具备以上特征外,它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此,在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行,必须忠实地传达原文的内容,保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法:    首先,格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写,其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写,专有名词的首字母大写);也可采用标题首字母大写,其余实词首字母大写,虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写);排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式;书名应用斜体表示。    其次,选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比,医学英语术语特征相对明显,专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此,熟知医学英语术语,选择专业词汇,避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如,“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”;“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”,而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面,科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确,忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点,在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词,如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。    此外,用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语,应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中,对缩写词的使用非常谨慎,对非公认的缩略词语,第一次出现必须先写全名,缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人:hepatitis C virus (HCV),维甲酸:all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。    语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中,有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配,在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意,以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式,常见的搭配如:patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。    例: The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris (针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响)    “影响”为中心词,但它在文中的意思为“疗效”,因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法,“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语,应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”,“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示,译文准确而明晰。[3]3  简明有效原则及修辞策略    好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上,用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度,不可夸大其词,以偏概全,也不可缩小研究范围,以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手:    在信息处理上,遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果,即“作者应该写的都能写出来,读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”[4]。    在选词用语上,文题力求语言精炼,中心词突出,一般在10个单词以内,通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略,但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名,医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有:名词+动词不定式;名词或名词短语+过去分词;现在分词短语;介词短语结构;名词或名词短语+介词短语;以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。    由于医学英语要求客观和精确,一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是,医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞,如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容,应注意到语法结构上的对称,即名词与名词并列,动名词与动名词并列,不要混杂使用。例如:The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children(关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用)宜改为:The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列,既简化了文字,符合修辞原则,而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果,不仅使主题更加突出,而且还富有美感,引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子:例1:“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2:“Socioeconomic status,standard of living,and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感,也明确了与中心词的修饰关系,既美观又醒目;例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确,读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4  得体原则及修辞策略    一个修辞行为的有效性,还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范,是否符合言语交际环境的规定,是否符合社会交往的礼仪,是否符合文化的习俗,是否符合双方的审美倾向。[5]如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点,保持文体的严肃性,是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致,包括风格的一致,语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此,在医学论文标题英译时,要考虑其语法、修辞特点,尽可能体现出英语的固有风格,避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。    英文标题的写作可以不拘一格,但应突出主题,服从英语的表达习惯,避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如,汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊,而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值,缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料,不必谦虚客套。    汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号,而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中,在英语中大多放在副标题中,如:Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases (输血后肝炎60例报告)。    由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响,在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语,题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语,使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。    名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态,这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中,定语置于中心词之前,而在英语中,“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如:葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效:Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo;心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定:Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease;严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择:Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。    总之,标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容,提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题,作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度,还要掌握专业英语知识,熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点,熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法,在正确理解论文主旨的基础上,力求重点突出,行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。

这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.

关于心脏病的论文英文版

告诉你扣号是1135开头的,中间是452,结尾是139。就等你去体验了。他们能帮你写的。

那些用机器翻译的人会为了这200分帮你翻的, 不过对于有些像我一样手工翻译的人是绝对不会费尽去翻译那10页的东西的。 只能帮你找论文。。。。

Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseaseChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread concern of public health, the incidence increased gradually, at the same time brought about serious consequences and problems. We note that the patient's renal failure is dialysis and kidney transplantation, but few scholars concerned about CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) relationship. Now that CKD with CVD-related, and progress than acute renal failure more likely die of cardiovascular disease, CVD is the most common CKD the cause of death [1]. Recognized that CKD is a risk factor for CVD that is very important. Only in this way will it be possible to conduct an in-depth, and then search for the prevention and treatment of related measures to ensure greater benefits for these patients. CKD is defined as biopsy or the markers of renal damage confirmed> 3 months, or GFR <60ml / ()> 3 months. Cause of disease and the general based on credits for the diabetic and non-diabetic renal disease and transplantation. Renal dysfunction by renal biopsy or related markers such as proteinuria, abnormal urinary sediment, abnormal imaging to diagnose and so on. Proteinuria is not only to prove the existence of CKD, renal disease may also become an important basis for the type of diagnosis and the severity of kidney disease and cardiovascular disease-related. Urinary albumin and creatinine ratio or total protein and creatinine ratio can be used to assess proteinuria. GFR <60ml / () renal damage as a critical value, which indicates the level of GFR is often the beginning of renal failure, including increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and the degree of risk. GFR <15ml / () will need dialysis treatment. GKD especially terminal kidney disease (ESRD) patients, CVD risk of a marked increase in general through the vascular tree to achieve. ESRD with atherosclerosis may be a causal relationship to each other, on the one hand, accelerated atherosclerosis in kidney disease progress, on the other hand, ESRD is the deterioration of many of the traditional atherosclerotic risk factors [2]. In general, CVD is the basic types of vascular disease and cardiomyopathy, the two subtypes of vascular disease is atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling, and CKD are the role of these two subtypes. Atherosclerotic plaque formation and the main obstruction in the main, CKD in atherosclerosis and the high incidence of a much wider range of diffuse atherosclerosis in a marked increase in cardiovascular disease mortality and accelerated deterioration of renal function. Atherosclerosis can lead to arterial wall thickening and myocardial ischemia matrix. In CKD patients, ischemic heart disease such as angina, myocardial infarction and sudden death, and cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure are more common. Initially that the dialysis patients may be secondary to ischemic heart disease in easy to overload, left ventricular hypertrophy and small artery disease, resulting in reduced oxygen supply. However, studies have found that EPO in the former region, the low level of hemoglobin that also may be associated with ischemia-related. CKD patients the incidence of major vascular remodeling is higher, can lead to vascular remodeling in pressure overload, through the wall and the cavity wall thickening and increased the ratio of traffic overload, or to achieve, but mainly to increase the diameter and the wall thickness of main. Vascular remodeling in arterial compliance often dropped, resulting in increased systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure increased, left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced coronary perfusion [3,4]. Decreased arterial compliance and increased pulse pressure in dialysis patients are cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors independent [5].水钠潴留period as a result of dialysis treatment by ultrafiltration, dialysis patients with the diagnosis of heart failure more difficult, but the decline in blood pressure, fatigue, loss of appetite and other signs of heart failure diagnosis can be used as an important clue; On the other hand, more水钠潴留inappropriate to reflect the ultrafiltration rather than heart failure or heart failure combined ultrafiltration inappropriate. In fact, during dialysis ultrafiltration is inappropriate for one of the reasons why high blood pressure, heart failure often prompts. Therefore, dialysis patients with heart failure is an important indicator of poor prognosis, which often prompts the patient is in progress of cardiovascular disease. 1 chronic kidney disease risk factors of cardiovascular disease Is well known that patients suffering from kidney disease increase in cardiovascular disease mortality, largely attributable to high blood pressure caused by kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and anemia, but may lead to the causes of plaque rupture is not clear. Light to moderate CKD patients significantly increased the risk of vascular events, and when GFR <45ml / () at the risk greater. Recent studies suggest that due to ACEI (such as captopril, etc.) can reduce chronic kidney disease patients after myocardial infarction risk, if there is no clear contraindication, it is recommended conventional [6]. In normal circumstances, the application of chronic kidney disease treatment of ACEI or ARBs should be careful, it is necessary to understand the benefits of the application, but also take into account blood pressure, renal function, blood electrolyte changes, and possible interactions between drugs, such as the decline in renal function occur, increased serum potassium, etc. must be stopped [1]. In CKD in CVD risk factors to be divided into two types of traditional and non-traditional, traditional risk factors are the main means used to assess symptoms of ischemic heart disease factors such as age, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and low HDL - C and so on, these factors and the relationship between cardiovascular disease and most people are the same. And define the non-traditional risk factors need to meet the following conditions: (1) to promote the development of CVD rationality biology; (2) the risk factors increased with the severity of kidney disease-related evidence; (3) reveals the CKD and the risk of CVD factors relevant evidence; (4) risk factors in the control group after treatment to reduce CVD evidence. Has been identified in non-traditional risk factors are mainly Hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid levels, and atherosclerosis-related increase in markers of inflammation [7]. Recent study found that dialysis patients with oxidative stress and inflammatory markers significantly higher than the general population. Oxidative stress and inflammation may become the basic medium, while other factors such as anemia and cardiac disease, and calcium and phosphorus metabolic abnormalities and vascular remodeling and a decline in vascular compliance. Failure cardiovascular disease CVD mortality in dialysis patients than the general population 10 to 30 times, and the emergence of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction and high mortality rates, myocardial infarction within 1 to 2 years up to 59% mortality ~ 73%, significantly higher than the general crowd, and the Worcester heart Attack Study found that 3 / 4 males and 2 / 3 of women suffering from acute myocardial infarction in diabetic patients still alive after 2 years. At the same time hemodialysis patients atherosclerosis, heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy abnormally high incidence of nearly 40% of the patients of ischemic heart disease or heart failure. Cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation Renal transplant patients, 35% ~ 50% of CVD death, CVD mortality than the general population of high 2-fold, but was significantly lower than that in hemodialysis patients. The most likely reason is acceptable from a kidney transplant and dialysis-related hemodynamic abnormalities and abnormal toxins. CVD after renal transplantation is the multiple risk factors, and not only include traditional factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and have a decline in GFR of the non-traditional factors such as hyperhomocysteinemia, as well as immune suppression and exclusion. of cardiovascular disease in diabetic nephropathy Early diabetic nephropathy is mainly expressed in microalbuminuria, and progression of cardiovascular disease. Although type 1 diabetes patients with normal blood pressure, but was found in 24h at night to monitor the existence of "Nondipping" mode, may lead to microalbuminuria. "Nondipping" is identified the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, microalbuminuria with the diabetic patients are more vulnerable to dyslipidemia, blood glucose and blood pressure difficult to control. The study has confirmed that microalbuminuria with CVD have a clear relationship between the two types of diabetes in both the presence, but because of the age factor in type 2 diabetes in the more significant. Microalbuminuria is now considered that the prognosis of diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease and other factors in the risk of death indicators point of view can be explained as follows: (1) traditional microalbuminuria individual a higher incidence of risk factors; (2) micro - proteinuria can reflect the endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular permeability, abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis system; (3) and inflammatory markers related; (4) are more vulnerable to end-organ damage. Prior studies suggest that the recent high blood pressure and vascular endothelial dysfunction, and therefore these patients may further aggravate the endothelial damage. However, the mechanism is not entirely clear at present that may be related to L-arginine transport by endothelial cells to damage, which led to the cell matrix of the lack of NO synthesis. Non-diabetic renal disease cardiovascular disease We mainly albuminuria and decreased GFR as a sign of chronic kidney disease, proteinuria than at the same time that microalbuminuria is more important, because whether or not there is diabetes, nephrotic syndrome and cardiovascular disease are related to the existence of the abnormal changes, such as serious hyperlipidemia and high blood coagulation status, etc. This explains the importance of reducing proteinuria. At present, we risk groups were divided into 3 groups, has been suffering from CVD, other vascular disease or diabetes as a high-risk groups; with traditional CVD risk factors such as high blood pressure, age, etc., as the crowd in danger; the community known as the low-risk group members 翻译.. 慢性肾病是心血管疾病的危险因素慢性肾病(CKD)是值得广泛关注的公共健康,发病率逐渐上升,同时带来了严重的后果和问题。我们注意到肾衰病人的主要是透析和肾移植,但是很少有学者关注CKD与心血管疾病(CVD)的关系。现已认为CKD也与CVD有关,且比急性进展中的肾功能衰竭更容易死于心血管疾病,CVD是 CKD最常见的死亡原因〔1〕。认识到CKD是CVD的高危因素这一点,是很重要的。只有这样,才有可能进行深入,进而寻求相关的预防和治疗措施,使这些病人获得更大益处。 CKD是指由肾活检或有关的标志物证实的肾功损害>3个月,或GFR<60ml/()>3个月。一般依据病和病因学分为糖尿病性、非糖尿病性和移植后肾病。肾功能损害可通过肾活检或相关的标志物如蛋白尿、异常尿沉积物、影像学异常等来诊断。蛋白尿不仅可以证明CKD的存在,亦可成为肾病类型诊断的重要依据,并与肾脏疾病的严重程度和心血管疾病的有关。尿白蛋白与肌酐比率或总蛋白与肌酐比率可用于评估蛋白尿。GFR<60ml/()作为肾功损害的临界值,该水平GFR往往预示肾衰的开始,其中也包括增加心血管疾病的发生及危险程度。GFR<15ml/()则需要透析治疗。 GKD尤其是终末肾病(ESRD)患者,CVD危险明显增加,一般通过血管树来实现的。ESRD与动脉粥样硬化可能互为因果关系,一方面粥样硬化加速肾病进展,另一方面ESRD恶化是许多传统粥样硬化的危险因素〔2〕。一般而言,CVD的基本类型是血管疾病和心肌病,血管疾病的两种亚型是动脉粥样硬化和大血管重塑,而CKD对这两种亚型均有作用。动脉粥样硬化主要以斑块形成和闭塞为主,CKD中动脉粥样硬化发生率很高而且范围更广,弥漫的粥样硬化明显增加心血管疾病死亡率和加速肾功能恶化。动脉粥样硬化可导致动脉壁基质增厚和心肌缺血。在CKD病人中,缺血性心脏病如心绞痛、心梗和猝死,以及脑血管疾病、外周血管疾病和心衰都是比较常见的。最初认为透析病人出现缺血性心脏病可能继发于容易超载、左室肥厚和小动脉病变,导致氧供减少。但是后来的研究发现,在前促红素区域,血红蛋白水平低,说明亦可能与缺血有关。CKD病人大血管重塑发生率亦较高,血管重塑可导致压力超载,通过管壁增厚和管壁与内腔比值增高或者流量超载来实现,但主要以增加的管壁直径和厚度为主。血管重塑常常使动脉顺应性下降,导致收缩压增加、脉压增大、左室肥厚和冠脉灌注减少〔3,4〕。动脉顺应性下降和脉压增大均为透析病人心血管疾病(CVD)的独立危险因素〔5〕。由于透析期间水钠潴留可通过超滤得到治疗,透析病人心衰的诊断比较困难,但血压下降、疲劳、食欲减退等征象,可作为心衰诊断的重要线索;另一方面,水钠潴留更能反映超滤不合适,而不是心衰或心衰合并超滤不恰当。实际上,透析期间超滤不合适的原因之一就是高血压,往往提示心衰。因此,心衰是透析病人预后不良的重要指标,这往往提示病人心血管疾病正在进展。 1 慢性肾病的心血管疾病危险因素 众所周知,患肾脏疾病的病人心血管病死亡率增加,很大程度上归因于肾病所致的高血压、血脂异常和贫血,但可能导致粥样斑块破裂的原因还不是很清楚。轻到中度CKD病人血管事件危险明显增高,而当GFR<45ml/()时这种危险更大。近期有关研究认为因 ACEI(如卡托普利等)可降低慢性肾病病人心梗后的危险,如没有明显禁忌证,建议常规〔6〕。而在一般情况下,慢性肾病应用ACEI或ARBs治疗要慎重,既要了解应用的益处,又要考虑到血压、肾功能、血电解质变化和可能的药物间相互作用,如出现肾功能下降、血钾增高等就必须停药〔1〕。 在CKD中把CVD的危险因素分为传统和非传统两种,传统的危险因素主要指用于评估有症状缺血性心脏病的因素,如年龄、糖尿病、收缩性高血压、左室肥厚、低HDL-C等,这些因素与心血管疾病的关系与一般人是一致的。 而界定非传统危险因素需要满足如下条件:(1)促进CVD发展的生物学方面的合理性;(2)危险因素升高与肾病严重程度相关的证据;(3)揭示CKD中CVD与危险因素关系的相关证据;(4)有对照组中危险因素经治疗后CVD降低的证据。目前已确定的非传统危险因素主要有高同型半胱氨酸血症、氧化应激、异常脂血症、与粥样硬化有关的增高的炎症标志物〔7〕。近来研究发现,透析病人氧化应激和炎症标志物水平明显高于一般人群。氧化应激和炎症有可能成为基本的介质,而其他因素如贫血与心肌病有关,钙磷代谢异常与血管重塑和血管顺应性下降有关。 肾衰中心血管疾病 透析病人中CVD死亡率比普通人群高10~30倍,而出现急性心梗和心衰后致死率很高,心梗后1~2年死亡率达59%~73%,明显高于一般人群,而Worcester heart Attack研究发现,有3/4男性和2/3女性糖尿病病人患急性心梗后仍存活2年以上。同时血液透析病人动脉粥样硬化、心衰和左室肥厚发生率异常增高,有接近40%的病人出现缺血性心脏病或心衰。 肾移植后心血管疾病 肾移植病人中有35%~50%因CVD死亡,CVD死亡率比普通人群高2倍,但明显低于血液透析病人。最可能的原因是接受肾移植后免除了与透析有关的血流动力学异常和毒素异常。肾移植后CVD的危险因素是多重的,既包括传统因素如高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、左室肥厚,亦有与GFR 下降有关的非传统因素如高同型半胱氨酸血症以及免疫抑制和排斥。 糖尿病肾病的心血管疾病 糖尿病肾病的早期主要表现为微量白蛋白尿,与心血管疾病进展有关。尽管1型糖尿病病人血压正常,但在24h监测中发现夜间存在 “Nondipping”模式,可能导致微量白蛋白尿。“Nondipping”是已确认的心血管疾病的危险因素,伴有微量白蛋白尿的糖尿病病人也更易出现血脂异常、血糖难以控制和血压升高。有关研究已证实微量白蛋白尿与CVD有明确关系,在两种类型糖尿病中均存在,但由于年龄因素在2型糖尿病中更显著。现已认为微量白蛋白尿是糖尿病病人心血管疾病预后和其他致死因素的危险指标,可通过如下观点来解释:(1)微量白蛋白尿个体传统危险因素发生率更高;(2)微量白蛋白尿能反映内皮功能异常、血管渗透性增加、凝血纤溶系统异常;(3)与炎症标志物有关;(4)更易出现终末器官损害。最近Prior研究认为高血压与血管内皮功能异常有关,因此在这类病人中可能进一步加重内皮损害。但有关机制不完全清楚,目前认为可能与L-精氨酸转运至内皮细胞受到损害有关,进而导致细胞内合成NO的基质缺乏。 非糖尿病性肾病的心血管疾病 我们主要把蛋白尿和GFR下降作为慢性肾病的标志,同时认为蛋白尿比微量白蛋白尿更重要,因为无论是否存在糖尿病,肾病综合征均存在与心血管疾病有关的异常改变,如严重高脂血症和高凝血状态等,这就说明降低蛋白尿具有重要意义。目前我们把危险人群分为3组,已经患CVD、其他血管病或糖尿病作为高危人群;具有CVD传统的易患因素如高血压、年龄等作为中危人群;将社区人员称为低危人群

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Surfactants may affect drug dissolution in an unpredictable fashion. Low concentrations of surfactants lower the surface tension and increase the rate of drug dissolution, whereas higher concentrations of surfactants tend to form micelles with the drug and thus decrease the dissolution rate.表面活性剂可以影响药物溶出是一种不可预测的方式,低浓度的表面活性剂降低表面张力和提高溶出率,然而高浓度的表面活性剂趋于与药物形成胶团,因此降低药物溶出速率。Introduction of Nucleic acidsNucleic acids are polyanionic molecules of high molecular weight. These polymers are composed of sequence of subunits or nucleotides so that the whole is usually termed a polynucleotide. The nucleic acids are of two main varieties, ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA). DNA is found primarily in the chromatin to the cell nucleus, whereas 90% of RNA is present in the cell cytoplasm and 10% in the nucleolus. The two classes of nucleic acids are distinguished primary on basis of the five-carbon atom sugar of pentose present. Two general kinds of bases are found in all nucleic acids. One type is a derivative of the parent compound purine. Principle examples are guanine and adenine. The second class of bases found in all nucleic acid is derived from the parent compound pyrimidine. 介绍核酸核酸是超高分子量聚阴离子分子。这些聚合物组成,亚基或核苷酸,使整个通常称为多核苷酸序列。核酸有两种,主要品种核糖核酸(RNA)和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的。 DNA是主要存在于细胞核内的染色质,而90%的RNA在细胞质现在和10%的核仁。核酸类的两个主要的区别在于对目前的五个戊糖碳原子的糖基础。一般两个种基地发现,在所有核酸。一类是母体化合物嘌呤的衍生物。原理是鸟嘌呤和腺嘌呤的例子。在所有发现核酸碱基第二类是来自母体化合物嘧啶。

药物药理学文献:Abstract: detoxification Vitamin Tablets (approval of the text: State Yao Zhunzi Z20026566) is a composition of compound ingredients Shisan Wei, head of its function as "Qingrejiedu, replenishing liver and kidney. Heat for leukemia drug Yung-sheng, liver and kidney Card and a lack of radiotherapy and chemotherapy-induced blood cells to reduce Dengzheng "In order to better guide clinical treatment, according to the symptoms of such disease and the characteristics of the drug, focusing on 27 and retrieval of leukemia related to pharmacology literature, and all experiments And the use of oral compound related to administration, including oral mice, gavage and in vitro experiments, the compound used in medicines and Shi Sanwei the experimental leukemia treatment. The results showed that: Liuwei with killing leukemia cells, with 10 flavor increase immune function, improve the shamisen with hematopoietic system, Bawei can inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and the taste of the two anti-fatigue effect. This is the "antidote Viacom film" The clinical application provided further evidence. Key words: "detoxification Vitamin Tablets", pharmacology, leukemia, immune function, blood system, pathogenic microorganisms, anti-fatigue, Summary Leukemia is a malignant hematopoietic system diseases. Characterized by bone marrow or other blood organizations, the WBC and a series of naive cells unrestricted dysplasia (known as leukemia cells). Invasion of the body organs and blood into the liquid, caused clinical manifestations and the surrounding blood leukocyte change. In order for patients suffering from the early, according to "Quxie, centralizer, to improve efficiency, and detoxification" Pharmacodynamic study of requirements, we antidote to Viacom-prescription medicines Shi Sanwei in the composition of the 627 study of literature, summed up the specific Are as follows: • anti-tumor effect (A), the Northeast "Guanzhong": the extract on a variety of transplanted animals inhibited the tumor, research shows that the Guanzhong B is part of an effective anti-tumor. Films detect oxygen electrode, Guanzhong B P 388 significantly reduced oxygen consumption rate of leukemia cells, mitochondria may be its anti-tumor effect of a target cell [1]. Northeast Guanzhong extract of the Northeast Guanzhong suppression of DNA synthesis, Lewis lung cancer in mice and P 388 leukemia effective. The compound used in the "Mian Ma Guanzhong" to the same family belong to the substitutes, and has since been contained in the 2000 Pharmacopoeia. (2), Qingdai: its active ingredient indirubin has anti-tumor activity, is on the clinical treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) of effective drugs. Use of radionuclide tag (3 H-TdR, 3 H-uR, 3 H-leucine), respectively incorporation of the tumor DNA, RNA and protein research shows that the method, indirubin can inhibit the slow tablets and tablets of urgency Patients with leukemia cells, W 256 solid tumors in rats, mice liver and ascites EAC cancer cell synthesis of DNA metabolism, a slight suppression of RNA synthesis, protein synthesis no significant impact [3-5]. (3), Hedyotis diffusa: its crude preparation, in vitro only in high concentration under the EAC cancer, leukemia Yoshida sarcoma and a variety of cancer cells inhibited [6-8]. (4), Scutellaria barbata: Blue Screening test-tube experiments show that the tablets cell acute leukemia (AML) have mild blood cells inhibited use of respirators screening experiments show that the blood cells of AML inhibitory rate of more than 75 % [9]. (5), Wumei: The main ingredients of this compound for chronic, such as cervical cancer tumors have a certain effect, to further confirm the anti-tumor activity on its composition and role of an effective mechanism, it was the people of the original giant leukocyte (HIM eg ) And human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL 60) for the study, conducted in vitro. Counting from living cells and cloning experiments can be seen its rate of water and alcohol extracts of the HIMeg and HL 60 cells have a direct role in inhibiting the growth [10]. (6), artesunate: The row with law and in vitro cloning research artemisinic acid and derivatives of the four artesunate B - compounds A, B, C, D on a variety of cell lines cytotoxicity. When the four kinds of compounds concentration of 5 μ g / ml, its P 388 mouse leukemia cells inhibited the rate of more than 85% [11]. Artemisinic acid (Ⅰ) of hydroxyl in the derivatives after a ene-a-lactone of a pair of six Central to the poor vary purchase of (Ⅱ, Ⅲ), Ⅱ after a reduction in a heterogeneous in Ester (Ⅳ, Ⅴ), Ⅱ further oxidation in a post-hydroxy-lactone (Ⅵ). Compounds Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅵ in vitro small P 388 leukemia cells have anti-tumor activity, and Ⅰ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ no. The concentration of 10 μ g / ml and 1 μ g / ml when, Ⅱ P 388 to inhibit cell growth rate of 100% and 42%; Ⅵ inhibition rate was 100 per cent and 47 per cent [14]. • immune function of (A), Qingdai: its active ingredient indirubin 200 mg / kg sc, for 6 d, to enhance tumor-bearing rats were swallowed up by macrophages in the role of chicken red blood cells [12]. (2), Hedyotis diffusa: mice fed with aqueous extract of its crude 0, 6g (Pharmacognosy) / only to enhance the peritoneal fluid swallowed up by white Staphylococcus leukemia in the ability of [13]. Rabbit in the ability of interleukin engulfed in bacteria, fed with water decoction group than the control group increased more than three times [14, 15]. In vitro tests can enhance people in the blood of the WBC, Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosis [16]. (C), Scutellaria barbata: The goods were obtained from the polysaccharides in vitro can promote the concanavalin A (ConA) spleen cells in mice induced lymphocyte transformation, the optimal concentration of 400 r / ml [17]. (4), Astragalus: decoction of 50%, / only ig, can accelerate the mice injected into the blood plasma protein marker 131 I dissection of the role that their organizations giant嗜the liver and spleen cells could enhance the role of phagocytosis [18 ]; Decoction of the goods 100% ml / only ig, can promote mice嗜phagocytic giant chicken RBC role [19]; decoction of the goods 25 g / kg ig, giant嗜will enhance the role of phagocytosis [20] ; Decoction of the goods 10 μ g / ml concentration of cell culture cancer patients, rats injected into the skin, significantly enhancing its local graft-versus-host reaction, that the goods on the T-cell immune function is to promote the role [21]. (5), Chinese wolfberry son: an ultra-dose sheep red blood cells (SRBC) immunoassay (SOI) show that the appropriate dose of old mice LBP inhibit T cells (Ts) significantly regulation, enhance the activity of Ts cells [22 ]. Through the Yc Rose and EA rosette forming the rate of confirmed LBP10mg/kg gavage to mice, for 7 d, can significantly increase the macrophage C 3b and the Fc receptor number and vitality, and can weaken into acetic acid Hydrocortisone on macrophage C 3b Fc receptor and the inhibition [23]. (6), artemisinin: its suspension 450 mg / kg ip, for 6 d, the sheep red blood cells in mice sensitized enhance the role of delayed-type hypersensitivity; 300 ~ 600mg/kg ip, Rose specific immune suppression in mice Flower forming, inhibit hemolytic plaque formation for the suspension of the , , in vitro and promote transformation of lymphocytes, immune cells that promote the humoral immunity and are inhibited [24]. (7), the LDC Fuling; the humoral immune response without inhibition, but the option of inhibiting cell immune response. Its water extract of the antigen sensitization after the attack and after treatment were significantly curbed Picryl chloride (pc) mice contact dermatitis and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by the reaction of the foot, when the role of administration after the attacks more Strong. In addition, the goods on the formation of antibodies in mice SRBC cells had no significant impact, but its hemolytic plaque clearly than the control group, at the same time, the level of serum hemolysin not decreased, and was an upward trend in [25]. Fuling compound soil water, alcohol extract of gavage can inhibit the rat egg white and Carrageenan foot swelling [26]. (8), Cistanche: decoction of oral prednisolone to enhance the low Yang mice humoral and cellular immune function [27]; enhanced single-core - macrophage phagocytosis [28]; their water extract of 50 mg / kg, 100mg/kg gavage to mice, can significantly increase the weight of the spleen and thymus, enhanced macrophage phagocytosis, increase hemolysin and hemolytic plaque value, increase lymphocyte transformation rate, 3 H-TdR incorporation The increase in lymphocytes, enhanced mice delayed hypersensitivity, but also increased peritoneal macrophages in the CAMP level, lower level of CGMP, CAMP / CGMP ratio increased, this may be its enhanced peritoneal macrophages Phagocytosis one of the reasons [29]. (9), Dodder: its extract / kg ig, for 6 d, burn mice can be enhanced macrophage phagocytosis, an increase of serum antibody hemolysin spleen cells and enhance the proliferation of ConA [30]. (10), Bajitian: Wen Jinji 64 g / kg / day orally, can minors thymus atrophy, 10g/kg / day intraperitoneal injection, the thymus atrophy is also very significant, Bajitian 50 percent ethanol extract Of 60 g / kg / day of oral also make a minor thymus atrophy [31]. Its decoction, for delivery 10 days, but can inhibit the thymus atrophy and increase the number of leukocytes in the blood of the function [32]. . Microbial resistance of the role of (1), Mian Ma Guanzhong: decoction with test-tube dilution, 1: 800 to 1: 160 pairs of various types of influenza viruses have different degrees of inhibition [33]; decoction of its chicken test in 1: 104-105 Concentration of PR8 strain of influenza A virus, A virus in Asia have a strong effect [34]. (2), Qingdai: ethanol extract g / ml concentration in vitro test for Bacillus anthracis, pneumonia bacteria, Shigella dysentery bacteria, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus aureus are white inhibition [35]; effective Effects of one element of wool-like Microsporum, breaking the Xuanjun, red Xuanjun, floc inhibit epidermal Xuanjun, the minimum inhibitory concentration for 5 μ g / ml [36]. (C), Hedyotis diffusa: In vitro antibacterial activity is not significant, only Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella are weak role [37]. High concentrations can inhibit the water decoction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Proteus the growth of many other common pathogenic role of the weak [38]. The rabbit test appendicitis a better effect [39]. (4), Scutellaria barbata: 50% decoction with flat-ditch, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella's blessing, typhoid bacteria, pus antibacterial Green, E. coli inhibit [40]. (5), Wumei: Screening of in vitro found that inhibit a variety of pathogens such as E. coli-dysentery, typhoid bacteria, Bacillus paratyphoid, whooping cough bacteria, such as meningococcus [41-45]. (6), Astragalus: decoction of 50% / only ig, for 2 d, with parainfluenza virus type Ⅰ (Sendai) BB 1株attacks continue to take 5 d, a protective role in mice, the mice can significantly reduce Mortality [46]. Decoction of percent of their concentration. The Sindbis virus, Newcastle disease virus, follicular stomatitis virus and influenza viruses have antiviral activity [47]. (7), artemisinin: water suspension , , / embryo, the embryo infected with influenza virus A 3-Beijing Section 79 - two inhibit [48]. Agar plate method to test for Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, streptococcus B, pneumococcal the LC 50 (mg / ml) of its decoction were , , ,> 200: ethanol extract of their respective To , , , ethanol extract of goods were , , , The drug acid on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus white, enterococci, Bacillus subtilis the minimum inhibitory concentration, respectively , ,> , [49]. The flooding of soft artesunate 1: 3 concentrations in vitro on XU Lan Huang's Xuanjun, Aodu Ang's small Bacillus Xuanjun, the star's card slaves Jundeng skin fungus, have different degrees of inhibition [50 ]. (8), Bajitian: ethanol extract, in vitro to inhibit Bacillus subtilis [51]. Bajitian ethanol extract of in vitro to inhibit the hepatitis B virus [52]. . The impact of the hematopoietic system (A), Astragalus: decoction of 20 g / kg, a total of 10 d, anemia and bleeding on acetylcholine PHENYLHYDRAZINE hemolytic anemia are caused by blood can increase the red blood cells and haemoglobin, cyclophosphamide caused by the WBC and platelet reduce Promote their recovery, would increase the number of reticulocyte and the number of bone marrow cells [53]. (2), Chinese wolfberry: normal mice monthly ig10% decoction of ml for 10 d, WBC will increase. Healthy people and cancer patients taking po wolfberry nuts 50 g / d, even serving 10 d, can significantly increase the WBC [54, 55]. LBP 10 mg / () ip, for 3 d, can promote mouse bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell proliferation, increased significantly tablets single progenitor cells, promote their differentiation to the tablets [56]. (C), Dodder: the suppression of cyclophosphamide tablets progenitor cells (CFU-D) to promote the growth of [57]. . Anti-Fatigue Effect (A), Wumei: dry goods can eliminate fatigue, citric acid in the body the energy conversion process is indispensable to the material, physical fatigue in the blood lactate divided into CO 2 and H 2 O and from in vitro, thereby preventing lactic acid and muscle Protein binding, to avoid cell and vascular sclerosis [58]. (2), Cistanche: water decoction of the pharmacological experiments conducted in vitro studies showed that the inhibition of rat liver homogenate LPO and the formation of strong anti-fatigue and anti-anoxia role [59]. Decoction of gavage Cistanche mice, mice can extend the time for swimming, sports load serum creatine kinase reduce the rate of increase, indicating the increase in physical goods is on the basis of its role in the anti-fatigue [60]. Conclusion: After the "antidote Vitamin Tablets," Shi Sanwei prescription medicines in the analysis, summarized the following five aspects of the effect: 1. Shiwei drugs on immune function, namely: Qingdai, Hedyotis diffusa, Scutellaria barbata, astragalus, Chinese wolfberry son, artesunate, soil Fuling, Cistanche, Dodder, Bajitian. 2. Bawei Chinese medicine against pathogenic microbes inhibit, namely: Mian Ma Guanzhong, Qingdai, Hedyotis diffusa, Scutellaria barbata, Wumei, astragalus, artesunate, Bajitian. 3. Liuwei drugs to kill leukemia cells, namely: Mian Ma Guanzhong, Qingdai, Hedyotis diffusa, Scutellaria barbata, Wumei, artesunate. 4. Shamisen Chinese medicine on hematopoietic function, namely: Astragalus, Chinese wolfberry son, Cuscuta. 5. The fight against drug taste of the role of fatigue are: Wu Mei, Cistanche. According to this analysis, for detoxification vitamin tablets provide further clinical application of the reference. 我给你一个英文药理文献网,里面有你说需的!:

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