选修课论文发表小说

个人认为如果是自己写的小说，80%机率是的，但很难说，要看查重那数据库的尿性，有时你写完全不一样的东西，可是那段有一半以上的字和某文章某段有相同就重复了。我写的就这样，除非你写的题材或者内容很偏，基本没人写过。

《老人与海》中桑提亚哥主体形象分析一、内在力量桑提亚哥是位以打鱼为生的古巴老渔夫，他历经风霜饱受艰难，岁月的流失在他身上留下了深刻的痕迹。他已连续84天没钓到一条鱼了，前几十天有一小孩陪着他出海，由于他的失败和背运，那个小孩被父母逼着跟另外的渔船钓鱼。如今老头孤独无援，厄运缠身。但他老而不衰，苍老的容貌与他充满活力的内心形成了鲜明的对比。海明威在描写桑提亚哥这一人物时，通过描述他的体貌和眼神，体现出了老人外表的苍老与内在的力量：The old man was thin and gaunt,with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep – creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of the scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert.Everything about him was old except his eye and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.除了老头那双充满活力的眼睛，海明威还通过小孩曼诺林的眼睛让读者看到桑提亚哥身体上其它有力的部分，从而使读者期待而不幻想，把注意力集中到桑提亚哥身上，他有力的肩膀，壮实的头颈无一不显示出他所蕴含的力量： They were strange shoulders,still powerful although very old,and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. 也正是这种老而不衰的体力构成了桑提亚哥支撑自信的基本力量之一。作为一个经常处于与大自然力量相抗争状态的渔夫，他知已至深，十分清楚自身的优势和胜算；对于他要面对的大鱼，他亦知彼至深，懂得如何运用技巧和耐力赢得一场公平的战斗。他对自己的能力不抱幻想，也不狂妄地自我吹嘘。只是等待机会证实自己的能力，所以，他对曼诺林的称赞反应并不十分强烈，只是淡淡的一句 “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” 显示出一个知已知彼的钓鱼高手在临战前的冷静和镇定，话说得虽少，却字字千钓，自有一股震人心魄的力量。 桑提亚哥的行动正如他的言语一样，简洁而精确，没有多余的动作。他的每个动作似乎经过精确计算，决不多浪费一点精力。如他脱衣睡觉的动作，轻捷而实用，读起来让人如身临其境： He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow,putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. 他简朴，贫困而不寒酸，谦卑而不低贱，动作之中自有一股尊严，令人敬仰。海明威在这一人物身上寄托了他对人性的深刻理解和信念。无论环境多么困苦艰难险恶，无论一个人的地位高低，保持人的尊严是最重要的。这种尊严不会由于财富的多寡，运气的大小而增减，它是真正美好的人性必不可少的一部分，Young指出这种认识境界也是海明威本人所能达到的高度，也是他这一作品最成功之处。 “The knowledge that a simple man is capable of the decency, dignity, and even heroism that Santiago possesses and that his battle can been seen in heroic terms is itself perhaps the greatest victory that Hemingway won.” 二、硬汉本色如果说桑提亚哥在其行动中显示了尊严，在遭到失败后还继续保持不败的精神则显示了他的硬汉本色，他与小孩曼诺林的友谊则显示了他性格中温暖的一面。他的忠诚和激情通过他的行动表达出来，如他独自一人在海上的时候多次提到小孩曼诺林，使人感觉到他对友谊和帮助的渴求。 但桑提亚哥这一人物的性格并非不存在任何缺陷，如他允许自己和曼诺林不断重复那段关于子虚乌有的米饭和鱼网的对话，暴露了他性格中非理智的一面： “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?”“No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the castnet?”“Of course.”“硬汉子”桑提亚哥在与马林鱼和鲨鱼的冲突中把自己的体能发挥到了极限。但在小说的结尾处，我们听到桑提亚哥和Manolin在谈论下次出海打鱼的计划： “Now we fish together again.” “No. I am not lucky. I am not luck any more.” “The hell with luck,” the boy said “ I’ll bring the luck with me.” ...... “We must get a good killing lance and always have it on board. You can make the blade from a spring leaf from an old ford. We can grind it in Guanabacoa. It should be sharp and not tempered so it will break. My knife broke.”桑提亚哥并没有被打败。此次捕鱼的失败只给他留下了疲劳和更多的经验或诀窍。同时，曼诺林的存在使他的失败又被赋予了一层新的意义。他发现他可以从自己失败的地方找到可以教导曼诺林的教训，现身说法，使这次失败在曼诺林身上产生更深远的价值，桑提亚哥的“硬汉”精神会在曼诺林身上得到延续和弘扬。正如Baker所言： “The winner takes nothing but the sense of having fought the fight to the limits of his strength，of having shown what a man can do when it is necessary like many of the rest of us，he is undefeated only because he has gone on trying.” 三、海明威主角模式卓绝的特质与阔远宁静的心理素质在桑提亚哥这一主体形象身上，不仅凝聚了海明威主角模式卓绝的特质，如压力下的冷静和优雅风度以及产生这种优雅感的自我控制力，还显示出了一种更加阔远宁静的心理素质。桑提亚哥对失败的反应已不再像其主角模式那样愤世嫉俗，他平静而坚定地接受了自己的命运，内心的信念并未因此而丧失。作为一个渔夫，连续数月捕不到鱼这种挫折对他来说既不是第一次，也不是最后一次。这一点从曼诺林口中说出，也说明了曼诺林对老人桑提亚哥的信心基础。在曼诺林的眼中，桑提亚哥是经受过考验的。对读者来说； The man who never encounters death,who never faces any danger at all, this man has not yet been tested; we don’t know whether he will withstand the pressures,whether he will prove to be a true Hemingway man.对桑提亚哥来说，更富有意义的是他已不止一次经受住了考验，他无论在道德上还是在勇气上都属于胜利者。 “He fights with dignity,against great odds,and though he loses the marlin,he survives and wins and moral victory for himself by daring the sea and the great fish. The fullest expression of his courage and his strength are tested-- and are triumphant.”另外，桑提亚哥作为胜者的意义不仅仅在于他在压力下所显示的巨大勇气和凛然的尊严，还在于他强大的意志力与其衰老的肉体强烈的反差对比，他体能上的弱势由于其娴熟的技巧得到部分弥补，但他作为一个个体在与生存环境的抗争中更富有深刻的寓意。桑提亚哥所显示的勇气和意志力于全人类无疑具有深刻的意义。四、结语作为文学作品中一个虚构的人物，桑提亚哥是“浑圆”的人物，他的内心和态度经历了变化，性格得到了进一步的发展。他意识到在向自己的极限的挑战中，他所能取得的成功由于其它对抗力量的制约而不能圆满，当他发现自己一直寻找或猎取的大鱼被毫无意义地吞食时，他意识到不仅伤害了对手，也伤害了自己。而在这以前，他还一直以为自己在一场公平的竞争中赢得了胜利，遭遇鲨鱼之后他才发现自己为这一胜利付出的代价多么惨痛。在他出海前，他满怀信心，认为凭借一已之力就可以捕到大鱼，但在与大鱼正面对抗时，他才意识到人与人之间的帮助是珍贵而必需的，这种帮助的意义还不仅仅在于体力上的帮忙，更重要的是给他以精神上的支撑。

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