题目定了么，格式给我。
可写 Introduction 或 Background 介绍写论文的目的 或 研究的目标
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
英语专业开题报告范例
想学好一篇英语专业的论文，需要先写好开题报告，那么英语专业开题报告该怎么写呢？下面给大家提供一份英语专业开题报告，一起来看看吧！
1、选题意义和背景。
选题背景：
（一）对当前英语学习现象的考问
（二）理论学习的熏陶
选题意义：
理论意义
本研究从现象学的角度定义“学习状态”,学习状态是一种意识，这种状态是整体的、自上而下。学生在学习英语的过程中是不断的发展变化的，他们的语言意识品质是逐渐地养成。每一阶段的教育都要有意识的形成，而每一个意识的形成都需要有可以接纳它的内在前提。中学生在中学六年的英语学习过程中，每一个阶段都为下一个阶段的学习提供内在前提，这就是我们所说的中学生的英语学习状态的变化。通过对此的研究，我们能够明确教师的“教”就是使得学生逐步地形成他们的英语语言意识品质，养成其英语素养。这样的一种理论理解，带有根本性的变革的意义。
教育归根到底是“一种意识品质的养成”,意识是最原初的形态，它是人的觉察状态，蕴含着“知、情、意、行”最初始的合而未分的胚芽。一旦教育使学生具有了某种意识，它就会像种子拥有的生命基因那样作用于学生的心灵，在一个个与之相合的具体情境之中一次次地生根发芽，舒枝展叶，它外显于人的形状、姿态就是素养的体现，就是意识品质养成的结果。
由此可见，英语课堂不再是英语知识的传递而是英语语言意识品质的养成。英语课堂不是单。纯的听说读写技能的训练，而是英语素养的养成。这种理论依据的寻找在方法论上也是一种新的探索，它不仅丰富了英语教育的研究，而月为中学英语教学设计提供了经过论证的建议，同时也为现存的教育实践活动提供理论借鉴与支撑。
实践意义
首先，本研究笔者致力于寻求英语教学的理论依据，从分析学生的语言学习状态入手，明确中学英语教学的基点。然后再分析语言是什么，明确英语作为一门语言的意义和作为一门中学课程的意义，形成对中学英语教学内涵实质的理解。
中学英语教师的“教”就是使得学生养成他们的英语素养：语言意识品质。这一理解不仅丰富了当前的英语教育理论和英语教学研究，同时也能够为教育实践者提供理论借鉴。
其次，本研究通过对中学生入学初的英语学习状态和高三毕业时的学习状态的把握形成对中学英语教学的理解。教师要做到就是在六年的教学中，让学生从最开始的状态达到高三毕业时应有的状态，这也就明确了中学英语教学就是要形成学生的英语语言素养。在此基础上，呈现的课例体现着学生从最初拥有的英语学习状态到高三毕业时的英语学习状态的自然的、整体的过渡。这些能够为中学英语教与学提供更有效的具有借鉴意义的具体措施。
并且本研究对我自身的教育理论和实践也具有较强的训练意义，对以后投入中学英语教育有很大的实践和理论指导意义，让我能够自信、有理、有据地从事中学英语教学。
再次，英语教师专业发展需要有一个根本的追求，本文的研究能够为其提供一个明确的解答：英语课堂不是英语知识的传递而是英语语言意识品质的养成。这样的一种理解，可以使得我们英语教师在日常的教学实践中不至于陷入“语言工具论之争一”和“题海战术”之中。
对英语教的依据的明确，使得教师的教学是直接拿着英语本身去感染学生，学生拥有的是英语语言本身，而不是单词的累积、语法的机械记忆等等。学生养成的是英语素养，而不是解英语题的技巧或是听说读写的技能。
作为英语教师，我们可以在中学六年的日常教学实践中实现学生英语语言意识品质的养成。让学生真正学懂英语，让英语学习不再成为一种负担，让英语本身的语言力量去感染他们。并且使得他们对使用英语这门语言来理解和表达所思所想充满热切的愿望，对英语及其蕴含的文化充满着新奇。这也是作为一名英语教师应该努力的方向，也是实现教师专业化发展的重要表现。
2、论文综述/研究基础。
（一）关于“学习状态”的研究在对学生学习状态的相关文献进行分析梳理时，笔者发现国内外的关于学习状态的研究主要是从心理学的'角度展开的。国外在这一方面的研究，在提到learning state时，更多的指的是远程学习中的学习状态，与国内所指的学生课堂或者学习过程中的学习状态是迥然不同的。在查阅到的相关文献中，学习状态多指的是在课堂或是课堂之外的学习过程中的学习状态。
（二）关于中学生英语学习的研究在中国知网中，输入“中学生英语习得”这一关键词共检索出5篇文章，其中一篇《略论语法翻译法在我国中学英语教学中的积极意义》从我国英语教学的具体情况谈起，谈及了中学英语学习的特点，认为在《新课程标准》背景下，语法翻译教学法仍具有重要的意义。
文中并没有涉及中学生语言习得的内容，仅论述了语法翻译法这一教学方法在中学英语教学中的意义。剩余的四篇中的两篇文章《课堂教学环境下如何创设语境培养中学生英语习得的能力》和《善用朗读，促进中学生英语习得》探讨的是如何通过创设语境和善用朗读这些具体的英语教学方法来促进学生语言的习得。
他们只是从微观的视角来阐述具体的英语教学方法，并未对学生英语习得做整体的分析。《语言迁移对英语语法习得的影响》这篇硕士论文以影响语言习得的一个重要因素-语言迁移中的一可加工理论为切入点，通过实证调查的方式探讨了这一理论对中学生英语语法习得的影响。
最后一篇《论语意与形式兼顾理论在中学英语课堂教学中的应用》作者选取国内外二语习得和外语教学研究的一个热点课堂教学中兼顾语义与形式的教学模式，探讨这种教学模式在中国中学英语教学中应用的可能性，讨论若干可操作的教学方法与步骤。认为语意与形式兼顾教学结合了纯语言形式教学和纯交际教学的优点，有利于提高学习者语言的流利性和准确性。
（三）关于中学英语教学的研究对此研究的关注，只是想了解当前的中学英语教学中教师是依据什么来设计教学促进学生英语语言意识品质的养成。
3、参考文献。
著作类：
[1]海德格尔着。孙周兴译。林中路[M].北京：商务印书馆。1996.
[2]海德格尔着。孙周兴译。在通向语言的途中[M].北京：商务印刷馆。1997.
[3]梅洛庞蒂。知觉现象学[Ml.北京：商务印刷馆。2001.
[4]帕默尔着。李荣译。语言学概论[M]北京：商务印书馆。1983年。
[5]刘永富。胡塞尔现象学·海德格尔本是学引论一从所知学的角度重新解解读胡塞尔与海德格尔[M].西安：西北大学出版社。2000.
[6]涂纪亮。现代欧洲大陆语言哲学[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社。1994.
[7]洪堡特。论人类语一言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响[M].北京：商务印书馆。2004.
[8]胡塞尔着，倪良康译。逻辑研究[M].海：上海译文出版社。第2卷。第一部分。
[9]伽达默尔着。洪汉鼎译真理与方法下卷[M].上海：上海译文出版社。2004.
[10]伽达默尔着。洪汉鼎译。真理与方法下卷[M]. 上海：上海译文出版社。2004.
[11]伽达默尔着夏镇平，宋建平译。哲学解释学[M].:上海上海译文出版社。2004.
期刊类：
[1]蔡哗，阎辉。关于艺术类专业学生学习状态的调查[J].艺术教育。一17.
[2]陈水生。不同生源类型高职生学习状态的调查与思考[J].职业教育研究。2006. 6:36一37.
[3]陈迎明，贺志军。当前培养大学生学习状态的思考与建议[J].长沙铁道学院学报（社会科学版）。 2007.
[4]高波。“追蝴蝶”一儿童学习状态之愿景[J].山东教育学院学报。一26.
[5]高常营，金延。工具还是存在-伽达默尔语言观探析[J].唐都学刊。2003（4）
[6]葛明。中学生英语学习策略水平及其与英语学业成绩的相关研究[J].心理科学。（2）：41-453.
[7]韩晓玲，陈忠华。解读洪堡特关于语言本质和语言“世界观”问题的哲学思想[J].烟台大学学报（哲学社会科学版）。2009第1期。
[8]姚小平。洪堡特-人文研究和语言研究[J].北京：外语教学与研究出版社。1995
[9]康静涵从学生的学习状态看教师的教学效果-兼评王文丽《五彩池》课堂教学[J].小学教学参考。2002.第10期。P8.
4、论文提纲。
绪论
一、研究缘起
（一）对当前英语学习现象的考问
（二）理论学习的熏陶
二、研究目的与研究意义
（一）研究目的二
（二）研究意义
三、理论界定
（一）学习状态
（二）语言学习状态
（三）英语作为中学课程意味着什么
四、文献综述
（一）关于“学习状态”的研究
（二）关于中学生英语学习的研究
（三）关于中学英语教学的研究
五、研究设计与论证
（一）研究设计与论证
（二）研究方法
第一章中学生的英语学习状态一中学英语教学的基点
一、中学生入学前的语言学习状态
二、中学生毕业时应该有的英语素养
第二章英语是什么？
一、语言是什么？
二、英语作为一门语言的意义
三、英语作为一门中学课程对学生的意义
（一）英语作为中学课程意味着英语语言的使用
（二）英语作为中学课程意味着一种世界观的养成
（三）英语作为中学课程意味着一种异域文化的熏陶
第三章中学英语教什么？
一、中学英语学习现状分析及其原因
（一）听说读写技能技巧训练下的中学英语教学
（二）“工具论至上”理念下的中学英语教学
（三）“像母语一样学习英语”理念下的中学英语教学
二、中学英语教学的内涵实质
第四章课例呈现中学生英语学习状态和索养的养成
一 、“让There be深深的存在学生的脑海中”-语法课应该这样上
二、直接读懂英文文本一英语阅读课的内涵实质
（一）特殊的友谊
（二）英语的历史
5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容。
我的研究设计主要是怎样根据学生的英语语言学习状态设计研究序列使中学英语教学得到整体体现。论证它有完整覆盖和代表性，并体现学科性质特点和英语学习的特点；论证它可以养成学生的英语语言意识品质；论证它是教的依据。 本文的研究在一般意义上也会采用文献分析的研究方法来获取本研究的学术动态，通过访谈法跟观察法来获取研究中关于中学生母语语言状态和英语语言学习状态的最真实的研究资料。但我的最主要的研究方法将采用以下的方法：
1理论研究
本研究主要从现象学的理论视野出发，确定“学习状态、语言学习状态”的内涵实质。学习状态其实就是一种意识状态，它具有意识所有的特点。它是教的起点，也是一切教育进行的基点。那语言学习状态就是一种语言运用的意识状态，英语教学的实质就是养成学生的英语语言意识品质。英语学习是学生在习得母语的条件下进行的，而目_母语是一直参与其中的。因此要研究中学生的英语语言学习状态，必须首先明确其母语语言的学习状态。这样，我就很容易的形成了中学生一入学时的英语学习状态。我的研究也就以此开始，进而通过高考复盘和高中英语课程标准的解读，把握中学生在高只毕业后应有的英语学习状态。这样我就对中学生一开始的英语学习状态和高三毕业后应有的英语学习状态有整体的、系统的理解。在通过对英语作为一门语言和作为一门中学课程的意义的理解，明确了中学英语教学的根本。那么作为一名老师，我要做的就是设计教学设计使得学生能在六年的中学学习中逐步的养成这种英语语言的意识品质，这种理论研究使得我确定了我要研究的对象的内涵实质。
2叙事研究
通过理论研究，理论上我己经明确了要研究的对象的内涵实质。学习状态实质上就是一种意识状态，是学生拥有英语语言意识品质的内在前提。它既不独立在学习活动之外，也不需要临时构造，它总是伴随在学习活动之中，从未超出。这种意识状态是通过“意义”来体现的。因此，凡是在我的研究中涉及到“意义”的，我都将通过描述性的语言来呈现。意义是用语言描述出来的，不能用概念来达到。并且这种描述是不带任何先入之见的、仅以直观为依据Zz,直观的、具体的呈现其“意义”.这也是现象学作为描述性的科学的最主要的特点。本研究将采用描述性的语言来呈现内涵实质。
3行动研究
行动研究是本研究中采用的最主要的研究方法，理论研究确定了本研究的内涵实质，叙事研究用描述性的语言呈现本研究的内涵实质。明确中学英语教学的根本就是养成学生的英语语言意识品质，即英语素养。在此基础上，设计我的教使得学生逐步的养成他们的英语语言意识品质。设计教的依旧是中学英语教学的内涵实质和不同阶段学生的不同学习状态。行动研究就是在实践之中做。教育是实践的，实践是具体的，具体的是有内容的。实践只以自身为目的。我的教学设计要具体的进行实践，实践就是我的教使得学生养成他们的英语语言意识品质。拘泥于自身和现实的条件，在具体的实践过程中，不可能将每一个教学设计都能具体的得到实践。因此，我会选择其中的一些节点课进行实践，然而这些节点课不是盲月的选择的，是依据学生不同的语言学习状态、新课程标准以及英语学习本身的性质特点和中学生英语学习特点等要素选取的，这些节点课都是代表性比较强的课，能够从其中看到我想要展示的学生语一言学习状态的一个逐步发展变化的过程，这一过程是整体的、自然的，体现着英语语言学习的特点，朝向英语木身，用英语木身去感染学生，最终养成学生的英语语言意识品质。
6、研究条件和可能存在的问题。
（一）听说读写技能技巧训练下的中学英语教学，从课堂实录来看，大部分时间都是教师在指一导学生进行句型的操练。虽然采取了各种不同的活动方式，但是其本质都是在进行直接引语变间接引语句型的操练。而未对直接引语是什么或是间接引语是什么进行解释说明。
（二）“工具论至上”理念下的中学英语教学，把英语一概而论为工具，不当语言的使用的教学违背了英语作为一门语言的特性。这种教学形式下的英语不是作为一门语言，而是成为了一种使用工具。工具论下的英语教学只看到了英语作为一门外语的特性，却忽视了其本身作为一门语言的特性。这样的教学方式下的一个严重后果就是英语学习只注重听、说，读、写的训练或语言、词汇和语法规则的传授却对语言文化的背景不甚了解。
（三）“像母语一样学习英语”理念下的中学英语教学，中学生的英语语言学习不是自然习得的，是在教师的教之下慢慢的学习的。因此，“像母语一样学习英语”虽然有一定的借鉴意义，但这样的一种教学方式在中学课堂中是不可取的。
上述所说的三种方式都未能很好的体现出英语是另外一个民族的母语这样的一种特性，同时也忽略了中学生英语学习的特质以及中学英语学科的内涵性质特点。因此，要把握中学英语教学的内涵实质，必须既要注意到它的语言特性，又要注意到它的外语特性。
7、预期的结果。
一、分析出中学生入学初的英语学习状态和高三毕业时的应该有的学习状态，形成了对中学生最初的英语语言学习状态和高三毕业时应该养成的英语语言素养的理解。
二、通过对语言脉络的梳理，找回语言的本体论地位。语言是存在的表达，英语作为一门语言，亦是存在的表达。只不过不是我们民族存在的表达，它是英语民族存在的表达。英语作为一门中学课程，有其特殊的意义。
三、学习英语就是学习另外一个民族如何使用它们的母语，中学英语教学就是教学生学会使用英语这种存在的表达，通过六年的中学英语教学逐步的养成学生的英语学习状态和英语语言素养。
8、论文写作进度安排。
英语发展史资料查询
中小学英语理论教学建模
提交论文初稿
确定论文终稿
论文答辩
可写 Introduction 或 Background 介绍写论文的目的 或 研究的目标
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
英语翻译论文直接找北京译顶科技就行了啊，省时省力，对接也方便。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
英语专业开题报告范例
想学好一篇英语专业的论文，需要先写好开题报告，那么英语专业开题报告该怎么写呢？下面给大家提供一份英语专业开题报告，一起来看看吧！
1、选题意义和背景。
选题背景：
（一）对当前英语学习现象的考问
（二）理论学习的熏陶
选题意义：
理论意义
本研究从现象学的角度定义“学习状态”,学习状态是一种意识，这种状态是整体的、自上而下。学生在学习英语的过程中是不断的发展变化的，他们的语言意识品质是逐渐地养成。每一阶段的教育都要有意识的形成，而每一个意识的形成都需要有可以接纳它的内在前提。中学生在中学六年的英语学习过程中，每一个阶段都为下一个阶段的学习提供内在前提，这就是我们所说的中学生的英语学习状态的变化。通过对此的研究，我们能够明确教师的“教”就是使得学生逐步地形成他们的英语语言意识品质，养成其英语素养。这样的一种理论理解，带有根本性的变革的意义。
教育归根到底是“一种意识品质的养成”,意识是最原初的形态，它是人的觉察状态，蕴含着“知、情、意、行”最初始的合而未分的胚芽。一旦教育使学生具有了某种意识，它就会像种子拥有的生命基因那样作用于学生的心灵，在一个个与之相合的具体情境之中一次次地生根发芽，舒枝展叶，它外显于人的形状、姿态就是素养的体现，就是意识品质养成的结果。
由此可见，英语课堂不再是英语知识的传递而是英语语言意识品质的养成。英语课堂不是单。纯的听说读写技能的训练，而是英语素养的养成。这种理论依据的寻找在方法论上也是一种新的探索，它不仅丰富了英语教育的研究，而月为中学英语教学设计提供了经过论证的建议，同时也为现存的教育实践活动提供理论借鉴与支撑。
实践意义
首先，本研究笔者致力于寻求英语教学的理论依据，从分析学生的语言学习状态入手，明确中学英语教学的基点。然后再分析语言是什么，明确英语作为一门语言的意义和作为一门中学课程的意义，形成对中学英语教学内涵实质的理解。
中学英语教师的“教”就是使得学生养成他们的英语素养：语言意识品质。这一理解不仅丰富了当前的英语教育理论和英语教学研究，同时也能够为教育实践者提供理论借鉴。
其次，本研究通过对中学生入学初的英语学习状态和高三毕业时的学习状态的把握形成对中学英语教学的理解。教师要做到就是在六年的教学中，让学生从最开始的状态达到高三毕业时应有的状态，这也就明确了中学英语教学就是要形成学生的英语语言素养。在此基础上，呈现的课例体现着学生从最初拥有的英语学习状态到高三毕业时的英语学习状态的自然的、整体的过渡。这些能够为中学英语教与学提供更有效的具有借鉴意义的具体措施。
并且本研究对我自身的教育理论和实践也具有较强的训练意义，对以后投入中学英语教育有很大的实践和理论指导意义，让我能够自信、有理、有据地从事中学英语教学。
再次，英语教师专业发展需要有一个根本的追求，本文的研究能够为其提供一个明确的解答：英语课堂不是英语知识的传递而是英语语言意识品质的养成。这样的一种理解，可以使得我们英语教师在日常的教学实践中不至于陷入“语言工具论之争一”和“题海战术”之中。
对英语教的依据的明确，使得教师的教学是直接拿着英语本身去感染学生，学生拥有的是英语语言本身，而不是单词的累积、语法的机械记忆等等。学生养成的是英语素养，而不是解英语题的技巧或是听说读写的技能。
作为英语教师，我们可以在中学六年的日常教学实践中实现学生英语语言意识品质的养成。让学生真正学懂英语，让英语学习不再成为一种负担，让英语本身的语言力量去感染他们。并且使得他们对使用英语这门语言来理解和表达所思所想充满热切的愿望，对英语及其蕴含的文化充满着新奇。这也是作为一名英语教师应该努力的方向，也是实现教师专业化发展的重要表现。
2、论文综述/研究基础。
（一）关于“学习状态”的研究在对学生学习状态的相关文献进行分析梳理时，笔者发现国内外的关于学习状态的研究主要是从心理学的'角度展开的。国外在这一方面的研究，在提到learning state时，更多的指的是远程学习中的学习状态，与国内所指的学生课堂或者学习过程中的学习状态是迥然不同的。在查阅到的相关文献中，学习状态多指的是在课堂或是课堂之外的学习过程中的学习状态。
（二）关于中学生英语学习的研究在中国知网中，输入“中学生英语习得”这一关键词共检索出5篇文章，其中一篇《略论语法翻译法在我国中学英语教学中的积极意义》从我国英语教学的具体情况谈起，谈及了中学英语学习的特点，认为在《新课程标准》背景下，语法翻译教学法仍具有重要的意义。
文中并没有涉及中学生语言习得的内容，仅论述了语法翻译法这一教学方法在中学英语教学中的意义。剩余的四篇中的两篇文章《课堂教学环境下如何创设语境培养中学生英语习得的能力》和《善用朗读，促进中学生英语习得》探讨的是如何通过创设语境和善用朗读这些具体的英语教学方法来促进学生语言的习得。
他们只是从微观的视角来阐述具体的英语教学方法，并未对学生英语习得做整体的分析。《语言迁移对英语语法习得的影响》这篇硕士论文以影响语言习得的一个重要因素-语言迁移中的一可加工理论为切入点，通过实证调查的方式探讨了这一理论对中学生英语语法习得的影响。
最后一篇《论语意与形式兼顾理论在中学英语课堂教学中的应用》作者选取国内外二语习得和外语教学研究的一个热点课堂教学中兼顾语义与形式的教学模式，探讨这种教学模式在中国中学英语教学中应用的可能性，讨论若干可操作的教学方法与步骤。认为语意与形式兼顾教学结合了纯语言形式教学和纯交际教学的优点，有利于提高学习者语言的流利性和准确性。
（三）关于中学英语教学的研究对此研究的关注，只是想了解当前的中学英语教学中教师是依据什么来设计教学促进学生英语语言意识品质的养成。
3、参考文献。
著作类：
[1]海德格尔着。孙周兴译。林中路[M].北京：商务印书馆。1996.
[2]海德格尔着。孙周兴译。在通向语言的途中[M].北京：商务印刷馆。1997.
[3]梅洛庞蒂。知觉现象学[Ml.北京：商务印刷馆。2001.
[4]帕默尔着。李荣译。语言学概论[M]北京：商务印书馆。1983年。
[5]刘永富。胡塞尔现象学·海德格尔本是学引论一从所知学的角度重新解解读胡塞尔与海德格尔[M].西安：西北大学出版社。2000.
[6]涂纪亮。现代欧洲大陆语言哲学[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社。1994.
[7]洪堡特。论人类语一言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响[M].北京：商务印书馆。2004.
[8]胡塞尔着，倪良康译。逻辑研究[M].海：上海译文出版社。第2卷。第一部分。
[9]伽达默尔着。洪汉鼎译真理与方法下卷[M].上海：上海译文出版社。2004.
[10]伽达默尔着。洪汉鼎译。真理与方法下卷[M]. 上海：上海译文出版社。2004.
[11]伽达默尔着夏镇平，宋建平译。哲学解释学[M].:上海上海译文出版社。2004.
期刊类：
[1]蔡哗，阎辉。关于艺术类专业学生学习状态的调查[J].艺术教育。一17.
[2]陈水生。不同生源类型高职生学习状态的调查与思考[J].职业教育研究。2006. 6:36一37.
[3]陈迎明，贺志军。当前培养大学生学习状态的思考与建议[J].长沙铁道学院学报（社会科学版）。 2007.
[4]高波。“追蝴蝶”一儿童学习状态之愿景[J].山东教育学院学报。一26.
[5]高常营，金延。工具还是存在-伽达默尔语言观探析[J].唐都学刊。2003（4）
[6]葛明。中学生英语学习策略水平及其与英语学业成绩的相关研究[J].心理科学。（2）：41-453.
[7]韩晓玲，陈忠华。解读洪堡特关于语言本质和语言“世界观”问题的哲学思想[J].烟台大学学报（哲学社会科学版）。2009第1期。
[8]姚小平。洪堡特-人文研究和语言研究[J].北京：外语教学与研究出版社。1995
[9]康静涵从学生的学习状态看教师的教学效果-兼评王文丽《五彩池》课堂教学[J].小学教学参考。2002.第10期。P8.
4、论文提纲。
绪论
一、研究缘起
（一）对当前英语学习现象的考问
（二）理论学习的熏陶
二、研究目的与研究意义
（一）研究目的二
（二）研究意义
三、理论界定
（一）学习状态
（二）语言学习状态
（三）英语作为中学课程意味着什么
四、文献综述
（一）关于“学习状态”的研究
（二）关于中学生英语学习的研究
（三）关于中学英语教学的研究
五、研究设计与论证
（一）研究设计与论证
（二）研究方法
第一章中学生的英语学习状态一中学英语教学的基点
一、中学生入学前的语言学习状态
二、中学生毕业时应该有的英语素养
第二章英语是什么？
一、语言是什么？
二、英语作为一门语言的意义
三、英语作为一门中学课程对学生的意义
（一）英语作为中学课程意味着英语语言的使用
（二）英语作为中学课程意味着一种世界观的养成
（三）英语作为中学课程意味着一种异域文化的熏陶
第三章中学英语教什么？
一、中学英语学习现状分析及其原因
（一）听说读写技能技巧训练下的中学英语教学
（二）“工具论至上”理念下的中学英语教学
（三）“像母语一样学习英语”理念下的中学英语教学
二、中学英语教学的内涵实质
第四章课例呈现中学生英语学习状态和索养的养成
一 、“让There be深深的存在学生的脑海中”-语法课应该这样上
二、直接读懂英文文本一英语阅读课的内涵实质
（一）特殊的友谊
（二）英语的历史
5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容。
我的研究设计主要是怎样根据学生的英语语言学习状态设计研究序列使中学英语教学得到整体体现。论证它有完整覆盖和代表性，并体现学科性质特点和英语学习的特点；论证它可以养成学生的英语语言意识品质；论证它是教的依据。 本文的研究在一般意义上也会采用文献分析的研究方法来获取本研究的学术动态，通过访谈法跟观察法来获取研究中关于中学生母语语言状态和英语语言学习状态的最真实的研究资料。但我的最主要的研究方法将采用以下的方法：
1理论研究
本研究主要从现象学的理论视野出发，确定“学习状态、语言学习状态”的内涵实质。学习状态其实就是一种意识状态，它具有意识所有的特点。它是教的起点，也是一切教育进行的基点。那语言学习状态就是一种语言运用的意识状态，英语教学的实质就是养成学生的英语语言意识品质。英语学习是学生在习得母语的条件下进行的，而目_母语是一直参与其中的。因此要研究中学生的英语语言学习状态，必须首先明确其母语语言的学习状态。这样，我就很容易的形成了中学生一入学时的英语学习状态。我的研究也就以此开始，进而通过高考复盘和高中英语课程标准的解读，把握中学生在高只毕业后应有的英语学习状态。这样我就对中学生一开始的英语学习状态和高三毕业后应有的英语学习状态有整体的、系统的理解。在通过对英语作为一门语言和作为一门中学课程的意义的理解，明确了中学英语教学的根本。那么作为一名老师，我要做的就是设计教学设计使得学生能在六年的中学学习中逐步的养成这种英语语言的意识品质，这种理论研究使得我确定了我要研究的对象的内涵实质。
2叙事研究
通过理论研究，理论上我己经明确了要研究的对象的内涵实质。学习状态实质上就是一种意识状态，是学生拥有英语语言意识品质的内在前提。它既不独立在学习活动之外，也不需要临时构造，它总是伴随在学习活动之中，从未超出。这种意识状态是通过“意义”来体现的。因此，凡是在我的研究中涉及到“意义”的，我都将通过描述性的语言来呈现。意义是用语言描述出来的，不能用概念来达到。并且这种描述是不带任何先入之见的、仅以直观为依据Zz,直观的、具体的呈现其“意义”.这也是现象学作为描述性的科学的最主要的特点。本研究将采用描述性的语言来呈现内涵实质。
3行动研究
行动研究是本研究中采用的最主要的研究方法，理论研究确定了本研究的内涵实质，叙事研究用描述性的语言呈现本研究的内涵实质。明确中学英语教学的根本就是养成学生的英语语言意识品质，即英语素养。在此基础上，设计我的教使得学生逐步的养成他们的英语语言意识品质。设计教的依旧是中学英语教学的内涵实质和不同阶段学生的不同学习状态。行动研究就是在实践之中做。教育是实践的，实践是具体的，具体的是有内容的。实践只以自身为目的。我的教学设计要具体的进行实践，实践就是我的教使得学生养成他们的英语语言意识品质。拘泥于自身和现实的条件，在具体的实践过程中，不可能将每一个教学设计都能具体的得到实践。因此，我会选择其中的一些节点课进行实践，然而这些节点课不是盲月的选择的，是依据学生不同的语言学习状态、新课程标准以及英语学习本身的性质特点和中学生英语学习特点等要素选取的，这些节点课都是代表性比较强的课，能够从其中看到我想要展示的学生语一言学习状态的一个逐步发展变化的过程，这一过程是整体的、自然的，体现着英语语言学习的特点，朝向英语木身，用英语木身去感染学生，最终养成学生的英语语言意识品质。
6、研究条件和可能存在的问题。
（一）听说读写技能技巧训练下的中学英语教学，从课堂实录来看，大部分时间都是教师在指一导学生进行句型的操练。虽然采取了各种不同的活动方式，但是其本质都是在进行直接引语变间接引语句型的操练。而未对直接引语是什么或是间接引语是什么进行解释说明。
（二）“工具论至上”理念下的中学英语教学，把英语一概而论为工具，不当语言的使用的教学违背了英语作为一门语言的特性。这种教学形式下的英语不是作为一门语言，而是成为了一种使用工具。工具论下的英语教学只看到了英语作为一门外语的特性，却忽视了其本身作为一门语言的特性。这样的教学方式下的一个严重后果就是英语学习只注重听、说，读、写的训练或语言、词汇和语法规则的传授却对语言文化的背景不甚了解。
（三）“像母语一样学习英语”理念下的中学英语教学，中学生的英语语言学习不是自然习得的，是在教师的教之下慢慢的学习的。因此，“像母语一样学习英语”虽然有一定的借鉴意义，但这样的一种教学方式在中学课堂中是不可取的。
上述所说的三种方式都未能很好的体现出英语是另外一个民族的母语这样的一种特性，同时也忽略了中学生英语学习的特质以及中学英语学科的内涵性质特点。因此，要把握中学英语教学的内涵实质，必须既要注意到它的语言特性，又要注意到它的外语特性。
7、预期的结果。
一、分析出中学生入学初的英语学习状态和高三毕业时的应该有的学习状态，形成了对中学生最初的英语语言学习状态和高三毕业时应该养成的英语语言素养的理解。
二、通过对语言脉络的梳理，找回语言的本体论地位。语言是存在的表达，英语作为一门语言，亦是存在的表达。只不过不是我们民族存在的表达，它是英语民族存在的表达。英语作为一门中学课程，有其特殊的意义。
三、学习英语就是学习另外一个民族如何使用它们的母语，中学英语教学就是教学生学会使用英语这种存在的表达，通过六年的中学英语教学逐步的养成学生的英语学习状态和英语语言素养。
8、论文写作进度安排。
英语发展史资料查询
中小学英语理论教学建模
提交论文初稿
确定论文终稿
论文答辩
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
英语文学是英语专业学生的一门重要的课程,对于英语学生的自身能力的提升具有十分重要的意义,下面是我为您带来的英语文学开题 报告 范文 ，欢迎阅读! 英语文学开题报告范文篇1 题 目 An Analysis of the Character Portia in the Merchant of Venice 一、本课题的研究目的及意义 (一)研究目的 莎士比亚作为英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的艺术大师，被马克思称之为“最伟大的戏剧天才”。透过似真似幻的舞台和匠心独具的 故事 ，莎翁塑造了一系列不朽的人物典型。尤其是塑造了众多而鲜明的人物形象。在莎士比亚的剧作中出场的女性人物有一百多人，在众多的女性人物中上至贵族，下至平民百姓，几乎是各不相同。而《威尼斯商人》中的鲍西亚更是被公认为莎士比亚笔下别具风采的女性形象。众多评论家认为莎士比亚戏剧中刻画的女性形象大都非常贴近生活，具有巨大的认识价值。。在这一讽刺喜剧《威尼斯商人》中鲍西亚美丽、善良、机智、自信、富有才华和胆识，正体现了莎士比亚从男性的视觉自发塑造的理想中的新女性。作为新女性的鲍西亚，具有一定的判逆性格，不甘于被命运摆弄做逆来顺受的“家庭天使”，在一定程度上体现了莎士比亚对人文主义精神的追求。然而，从女性主义的视角来分析，在男性为中心的社会里，鲍西亚绝非真正具有女性的自我意识，而是甘于向父权社会妥协的不完美的新女性。本课题通过对《威尼斯商人》中鲍西亚形象的分析，让读者了解鲍西亚思想上、性格上的先进性与局限性，对现代女性起到一定的启示作用。 (二)研究意义 莎士比亚通过对生活细致入微的观察，对人性深刻的剖析，创作出《威尼斯商人》这部极具讽刺性的喜剧。在莎士比亚的笔下，女性的感情与理智平分秋色，女性是以与男性平等的形象出现的。这在鲍西亚这一角色身上表现最为突出。鲍西亚美丽温柔、忠贞不渝、善良可爱、机智勇敢、足智多谋。她掌握着自己的命运，不仅在自主选择丈夫方面，而且在与夏洛克的斗争中起到了关键性的作用。在当今的现实生活中，鲍西亚光彩照人的女性形象也可以带给人们启迪和借鉴。鲍西亚在金钱和爱情的杠杆上，选择了爱情。在她的内心深处爱情价更高，是金钱、物质所无法取代的。她对于爱情忠贞不渝和执着，值得现代生活中个别只追求物质享受的女人去学习。在现实生活中，个别人不应该由于自己的优越条件而歧视别人，更要学会不用有色眼光去看待别人。在法庭上，讲义气、才智非凡的鲍西亚女扮男装以法律博士的身份出场，使剧情有了戏剧性的转折，使夏洛克一步步在不知不觉中陷入她的计策。她成功的妙计足以显示出其学问深厚，机智敏锐，有胆有识的特点，这种女性形象也是我们所认同和赞赏的。《威尼斯商人》中的鲍西亚人物形象具有生动鲜明，栩栩如生，有血有肉等特点。本文通过对《威尼斯商人》主要人物鲍西亚的分析，力图从新的视角去尝试发觉人物的真实性和人物的多面性，给现实生活中的人们以启迪和借鉴。 二、已了解的本课题国内外研究现状 (一)国外研究现状 欧洲的14到16世纪，是人类 文化 发展史上的一个重要时期。发源于意大利的强大的人文主义运动很快席卷欧洲各国。它从反对封建专制，教会权威和禁欲主义的历史要求出发，肯定人的价值，赞美人的理性和智慧，提倡人对现世幸福的追求和个性自由。这一时期的欧洲戏剧以英国和西班牙为主流，其中莎士比亚的许多剧作是世界戏剧宝库中珍品。从17世纪开始，莎士比亚戏剧渐次传入了德、法、意、俄、美等国，对各国戏剧产生了深远的影响。他虽说生活在400多年前，直到今天各国都有许多研究、评论莎士比亚和他作品的学者，评论家。17世纪有德莱登;18世纪有卜普、约翰生和莫尔根;19世纪有兰姆、柯勒律治;20世纪有道登和布雷德莱。世界各国许多著名的文学家和文艺评论家如德国的歌德，法国的伏尔泰、雨果，俄罗斯的普希金、托尔斯泰等人，都对莎士比亚作品有过精彩的评论。英国著名文学评论家萨缪尔.约翰逊认为莎士比亚的戏剧是生活的镜子，“谁要是被其他作家们捏造出来的荒.唐故事弄得头昏眼花，读一下莎士比亚用凡人的语言所表达的凡人思想感情就会医治好他的颠三倒四的狂想”。《威尼斯商人》的一大成就，就是在轻松的喜剧描写中不忘反映时代，并非只在台词里述说介绍，而是通过情节、人物和人物关系等几个方面，来显示时代风貌和生活要求。 (二)国内研究现状 莎士比亚的名字是由传教士在1856年介绍过来的。清末，我国思想界代表人物严复、梁启超等都在译著中提到莎士比亚的名字。而他的戏剧直到1919年五四运动以后，才用白话文和戏剧的形式翻译过来。新中国成立以后，特别是20世纪50年代，出现了许多新译本，其中就有方平译的《威尼斯商人》，也是在这一时期我国学者开始阐释并莎士比亚及其作品《威尼斯商人》中的____文化内涵，这不仅是我国莎学研究的进一步补充与完善，更是与国际学术接轨的重大举措，是理性沉思后的再审视。20世纪60年代方平先生在他的莎学研究中仍然突出了意识形态与阶级斗争。他认为，莎士比亚的喜剧《威尼斯商人》所表现的“积财就是积富”和“守财就是进财”，表明资本主义经济势力开始在历史舞台上露头，构成了它的互为补充的两套道德教条。而自1985年到2005年的20年来我国大陆的莎士比亚喜剧研究像《威尼斯商人》，发现大致可分为三个方面，喜剧本质研究、人物形象的研究和比较研究。对莎翁喜剧本质关注的角度主要在于探讨其喜剧体现出来的喜剧精神、喜剧艺术、喜剧美学。人物研究集中在对夏洛克和女性人物分析，主题定位于爱和友谊。 三、本课题的研究内容 摘要 (一) 本课题研究的目的及意义 (二)本课题相关的研究综述 (三)本课题研究的基本思路和主要内容 简单介绍《威尼斯商人》中的作者背景和历史背景 对《威尼斯商人》中女性人物鲍西亚的分析 鲍西亚的本质 鲍西亚的人文主义精神 鲍西亚的女性自我意识 三、《威尼斯商人》中女性局限性的表现 (一)父权社会对女性的控制 (二)以丈夫为中心 (三)社会对女性的忽视 四、威尼斯商人对现代女性的启示 (一)夫妻间的两性关系 (二)爱情独立性和平等性的探求 (三)社会对女性的压力 五、对课题《威尼斯商人》的 总结 四、本课题研究的步骤、 方法 及进度安排 研究的步骤：1.审理清楚课题的意思和研究方向 2.了解课题的研究现状和查找相关的资料 3.在图书馆和网络上收集相关的书籍和资料，整合资料并做好笔记 4.拟写开题报告 5.拟写大纲 6.着手写正文 7.论文修改与定稿 研究的方法：文献法、理论研究法(到图书馆查找纸质及电子资料) 讨论法(与同学讨论相关的研究内容) 实证研究法(通过相关的例子又发思考) 进度安排： . 选题 定题 查找资料，初定提纲和开题报告 论文初稿并修改 论文修改并定稿 五、主要参考文献 [1]Jameson. Shakespeare’s Heroines. London: Longman, 1961. [2]Wilson, John Dover. Shakespearian Comedies. Chicago: Northwest University Press, 1962. [3]方平. 和莎士比亚交个朋友吧[M]. 成都：四川人民出版社，1983. [4]郭元波, 唐爽. Humanistic Interpretation of the Merchant of Venice [J]. 辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版)2006(3):94—96. [5]胡健生，朱祖林. The Excel lent Use of “Abrupt Turn” and the Elaborate Construction of “Behind—the—Screen characters”—A Novel Interpretation of the Artistic Features of the Venice Merchant[J].宝鸡文理学院学报(社会科学报), 2000 (2):42-46 [6]黄必康. 莎士比亚名篇赏析[M]. 北京：北京出版社，2005. [7]栗沙. 亦喜亦悲两相宜-《威尼斯商人》解释[J].贵州师大学学报:1998(2). [8]黎会华. 从《威尼斯商人》的女性人物塑造看莎士比亚的女权主义倾向[J].浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版)，2003 (2):23-26. [9]欧华恩. 论夏洛克性格的多元组合[J]. 邵阳学院学报(社会科学版)，2005(4):16-19. [10]王述文. On Images of Heroines in Shakespeare’s Four Greatest Comedies[J].四川外语学院学报, 2000(4)：16. [11]王佐良，祝钰. European Culture An Introduction[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2004. [12]温祖荫.世界名著介绍与欣赏[M].福州：福建 教育 出版社.1983. [13]肖四新.论莎士比亚的人性观[J].宁夏大学学报(社会科学版), 2006(2):12. [14]张祥和，杨菲翡. Function of Disguise in Shakespeare’s Comedies [J]. 南京工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2004 (3):27-29. [15]智量.外国文学名作自学手册[M]. 上海：上海艺术出版社，1985. 英语文学开题报告范文篇2 一、 选题的目的和意义： 当今世界高校的大学英语( 非英语专业的 英语学习 ) 都相继走上了ESP 教学的道路( 蔡基刚，20xx， 20xx)，而我国大学英语却始终停留在General English( 普通英语) 上( 蔡基刚，20xx) ，我们河南理工大学地质工程的大学英语教学还处于普通英语教学时期，虽然开设了一门《地球科学》双语课程，但是没能实现大学英语教学与双语教学的融合，这方面没有老师进行专门用途英语教学的实践。 本篇论文首先对我国高校地质工程专业大学英语教学现状进行调研，并分析阻碍本专业大学英语由普通英语( GE) 向专门用途英语( ESP) 转移的因素。通过本次调研可以让我们更清晰的认识到我国地质工程专业的大学英语的教学现状，为本 专业英语 教学由普通英语( GE) 向专门用途英语( ESP) 转移提供参考数据。 《上海市大学英语教学参考框架(试行)》以获得上海市教育委员会批准，上海市专门用途英语( ESP)又向前迈进了一大步;地质是矿业的基础，作为我国矿业高等学校的发源地的河南理工大学，更要做矿业方面专门用途英语教学的开拓者甚至领头羊，我们学校应该加大这一学科的探索研究。河南理工大上学地质工程专业的《地球科学》双语课在20xx年已经建成为国家级双语教学示范课程，地质工程专业大学英语教学与双语教学融合为专门用途英语教学的探索可能是这一平台将来的发展方向。我呼吁我们学校外国语学院与资源环境学院尽快进行沟通合作，这也是我写这篇论文的目的。本篇论文的提出不仅对我校地质工程大学英语教学走向专门用途英语教学有促进意义，同时对其他专业也有借鉴参考作用。 二、 国内外研究综述： 我国大学英语教学大致分为三个阶段： 第一阶段是从建国后到七十年代末，起初我国的外语教育以俄语为主，62年开始推广英语教学，当时的英语教学是典型的传授式以传统系统知识为目的，后因“”刚刚开始的公共英语教学也就此折腰; 第二阶段是从改革开放初至世纪末，一批归国学者从国外引进了二语习得 、语言共核 、功能意念 、语言技能 、English for General Purposes (EGP ) 等当时的先进理论，形成以培养学生阅读能力为主的教学模式。 1986年末 ，国家教育部高等教育司开始筹备大学英语教学的评价系统一一大学英语四 、六级考试，并沿用至今。 第三阶段是从21世纪初至今，新世纪以来 ，随着国际国内形势的不断变化 、高科技的发展 、 网络技术 的普及 ，社会对大学生的英语 水平及语言应用能力又有了更高的要求 。明确了大学英语的教学目 标是：“培养学生的英语综合应用 能力 ，特别是听说 能力 ，能用英语有效地进行交际 ，同时增强其自主学 习能力”。大学英语四 、六级考试在20xx年和20xx年也进行了改革，以适应这一要求。 国际专门用途英语起源于第二次世界大战之后， 时间大致是二十世纪的六十年代， 其标志是年月于英国伦敦召开的一次关于二语教学作为影响亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲国家和地区发展的一个因素的国际性会议)。(周平。《山东农业大学学报(社会科学版)》20xx年02期)。国际专门用途在研究领域方面，不管是学术论文还是书评，占主导地位的研究方向是语篇分析。而在专门用途英语类别方面，还是以学术英语和经贸英语为主。在英语技能方面，大多数研究者主要关注写作方面的研究。(张维军。《中国ESP研究》20xx年01期) 我国专门用途英语 的教学研究起步较晚，直到20 世纪70 年代末才开始，大致经历了3 个发展阶段： 第一阶段是从20 世纪70 年代末至80 年代末。这一阶段国内的专门用途英语教学以科技英语为主。 第二阶段大致为20 世纪90 年代。这一阶段以介绍推广专门用途英语教学的理念为主。随着国内外经济交往的频繁，商务活动的增多，对 商务英语 的教学研究在这一时期逐渐取代科技英语研究成为主流。另外还产生了对金融、旅游和医学等领域英语教学的研究。 第三阶段从2000 年至今， 专门用途英语研究在中国全面扩大和深入。随着中国加入世贸组织，对外交流扩大到了整个社会，扩大到了科学技术经济的各个领域……一般的外语技能已很难满足市场需要，社会对专门用途英语教学的需求比以往任何时候都更迫切了。随着我国经济高速发展， 专门用途英语教学迎来了全新的发展时期。 地质工程专门用途英语是专门用途英语的一部分，其专门用途英语教学正处于起步发展阶段。地质工程专业英语教育发展较迅速，但是真正的地质工程专门用途英语教学的发展还处于萌芽阶段。 三、 毕业 设计(论文)所用的主要技术与方法： 图书馆查阅资料，网上下载论文，在河南理工大学、中国矿业大学和中国地质大学实地调研，通过整理调研资料对数据进行分析。网上下载本专业大学英语课程及双语课程视频。翻译地质工程《地球科学》双语教材，从翻译实践中总结理论。与学校老师及管教学的领导交谈，整理分析交谈笔记。 四、 主要参考文献与资料获得情况： [1] 郭剑晶。专门用途英语 . 北京：知识产权出版社，. [2] 蔡基刚。我国第一份以学术英语为导向的大学英语教学指导文件的制定与说明[J]. 外语教学理论与实践，20xx(04)。 [3] 蔡基刚。误解与偏见：阻碍我国大学ESP教学发展的关键[J]. 外语教学，20xx(01)。 [4] 蔡基刚。高等教育国际化背景下的外语教学评价体系调整[J]. 外语电化教学， 20xx(01)。 [5] 蔡基刚。专业英语及其教材对我国高校ESP教学的影响[J]. 外语与外语教学， 20xx(02)。 [6] 蔡基刚。解读《上海市大学英语教学参考框架(试行)》[J]. 中国外语，20xx(02)。 [7] 申婷。大学英语教学发展历程[J]. 中国共产党贵州省委党校学报，20xx(02)。 [8] 张维军。 国际学术界ESP 研究历史与现状：《国际专门用途英语》期刊论文分析[J]. 外语教学理论与实践，20xx(03)。 [9] 严玲。 中国专门用途英语的教学发展趋势 [J]. 长江大学学报，20xx(04)。 五、 毕业设计(论文)进度安排(按周说明) 第一阶段：确定论文题目，收集资料，尽可能多的收集相关书籍、 文章 、期刊等; 第二阶段：20xx年3月7日(第二周)前完成选题，交论文开题报告; 第三阶段：20xx年4月18日(第八周)前完成初稿，交导师审阅; 第四阶段：20xx年5月9日(第十一周)前接受论文中期检查; 第五阶段：20xx年5月19日(第十二周)前 完成修订初稿，交导师审阅; 第六阶段：20xx年5月23日(第十三周)前完成论文终稿，交稿。 六、 指导教师审批意见： 指导教师： (签名) 年 月 日 英语文学开题报告范文篇3 the Application and Innovation 一、选题的意义和研究现状 1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。 本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的 想象力 , 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。 根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。 二、研究方案 1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果(大纲) 研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 预期的结果(大纲): Survey of Gothic Definition of Gothic the Origin of Gothic Novels Historical Reasons Folklore in Germantic Nationality Drama in the Renaissance the Bible and Legends in Christianity Development of the Novel Itself Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism Sublime and Beautiful 2. Emily’s Gothic Heritage Theme Good and Evil Revenge Characters Description Villain-hero Delicate Young Girl Atmosphere, Environment and Plot Terror Mystery Supernatural ’s Gothic Innovation Combination of romanticism and Realism Change of the Background Use of Symbolism Stream of Consciousness Illusion and Subconsciousness . Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference 2.拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法 3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题 研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料; 可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足; (2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。 三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见 1.研究进度安排 (1)论文指导第一周(学期第八周)：学生完成初稿。 (2)论文指导第二周(学期第九周)：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。 (3)论文指导第三周(学期第十周)：学生交论文第二稿。 (4)论文指导第四周(学期第十一周)：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。 (5)论文指导第五周(学期第十二周)：定稿 (6)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周)：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。 (7)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周)：本周星期五至论文指导第七周(学期第周)星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。 (8)论文指导第七周(学期第十四周)：星期三至论文指导第八周(学期第十五周)开展答辩工作。 2. 应收集资料及主要参考文献 [1] Bronte, Charlotte. 1907. Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 20. [2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University Press. [3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts. ed. handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 83. [4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 6. [5] 方平. 1993 .希望在人间—论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M]. 上海译文出版社. 第24页. [6] 盖斯凯尔夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M]. 张淑荣等译. 北京: 团结出版社. 第11—12页. [7] 肖明翰. 2001. 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期. 看过“英语文学开题报告范文”的人还看了： 1. 英语专业开题报告范文 2. 英语论文开题报告范文 3. 英语专业论文开题报告 4. 关于英语专业开题报告范文 5. 文学论文开题报告范文
提供一些英语专业翻译方向的论文题目，供参考。商务合同英汉互译技巧英文品牌汉译知识对于翻译的重要性中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏跨文化交际与商标翻译中式菜肴的命名与翻译浅谈英语电影片名的翻译英文电影片名的翻译策略英文化妆品广告之美学翻译数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究论语境在英汉翻译中的作用浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则中英服饰广告的翻译论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性论译者的风格与译风经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译
题目是论文内容的高度概括，它对读者具有影响力，可使读者首先明确论文研究的主题。下面我给大家带来翻译方向论文题目选题参考2022，希望能帮助到大家!
↓↓↓点击获取更多"论文"相关内容↓↓↓
★ 优秀论文题目2022 ★
★ 毕业论文答辩发言稿 ★
★ 毕业论文答辩致谢词 ★
★ 大学毕业论文评语 ★
翻译硕士论文题目选题参考
1、《中国古代 足球 》古汉语专名与古诗词的英译处理
2、英文合同汉译中规范性的实现策略
3、以目 标语 读者为导向的 广告 翻译策略研究
4、盐城旅游文本中特色词汇的翻译问题
5、从接受美学视角探究文学作品中模糊语言翻译
6、法律文献中专业术语英译的探讨
7、扬州旅游文本里 文化 因素的翻译
8、网络辅助下英语缩略语的翻译策略研究
9、有道词典在翻译中的应用
10、 英语 散文 120篇汉译项目 报告
11、徐州景点 导游词 翻译中文化负载词的处理
12、徐州特产食品 说明书 汉英翻译研究
13、从文本功能的角度探究报刊时政新闻的汉译
14、英语长句的英译汉翻译策略实证研究---以<基于语料库的英语教学>为例
15、《物华名胜》中复合式翻译 方法 的运用
16、《苏斯 儿童 绘本汉译过程中儿童语言的处理》
17、目的论指导下企业介绍的英译研究
18、新闻发布会口译项目报告
19、目的论视角下看中国高校宣传片的字幕翻译策略
20、《杨澜访谈录》同声传译项目报告
21、VOA经济报道口译过程中顺句驱动法运用的实践报告
22、预测在英语 财经 新闻口译活动中运用的实践报告
23、中国饮食文化词的口译技巧—《舌尖上的中国》口译实践报告
24、影响英汉交替传译中笔记有效信息筛选障碍的项目报告——以VOA时事新闻口译实践为例
25、视译停顿形成因素及解决方法报告
26、外事口译中译者主体性的把握
27、学生译员汉英交传训练中停顿现象研究
28、商务合同英汉互译技巧
29、英文品牌汉译
30、知识对于翻译的重要性
31、中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响
32、英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译
33、<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析
34、从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿
35、关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏
36、跨文化交际与商标翻译
37、中式菜肴的命名与翻译
38、浅谈英语电影片名的翻译
39、英文电影片名的翻译策略
40、英文化妆品广告之美学翻译
41、数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探
42、浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性
43、英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究
44、论语境在英汉翻译中的作用
45、浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则
46、中英服饰广告的翻译
47、论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性
48、论译者的风格与译风
49、经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译
50、从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译
51、翻译中的文化因素
52、影视字幕翻译的原则
53、影响长句翻译的因素
54、例析英译汉中形象语言的处理
英语专业 毕业 论文翻译方向题目
1、 图里规范理论视角下的《四洲志》翻译研究
2、 翻译伦理视域下杨曙辉和杨韵琴《喻世明言》英译本研究
3、 《围城》英译研究
4、 余华小说《兄弟》中的文化专有词英译研究
5、 汉语形容词重叠式及其基式英译对比研究
6、 英汉交流虚构运动事件中路径和方式表征的对比研究
7、 汉语情态动词“能”字结构的翻译
8、 英汉运动事件表征方式对比研究
9、 顺应论视角下视觉动词的汉英互译研究
10、 语用顺应论视阈下汉语听觉动词的英译研究
11、 基于交往能力理论的翻译主体间性实证研究
12、 目的论视角下的电气英语翻译
13、 从符号视角看翻译中视觉非语言符号的信息处理
14、 功能对等理论视角下政府公文英译策略研究
15、 女性主义视角下影视字幕翻译策略研究
16、 操纵论视角下政治文本的汉英翻译研究
17、 从功能对等原则看中国上古神话中神话意象的翻译
18、 从德国功能派翻译理论视角分析领导人演讲口译
19、 文化翻译理论指导下《黄帝内经》英译策略研究
20、 四字格中医术语动词的英译对比研究
21、 《红楼梦》服饰文化翻译研究探析
22、 英文传记汉译实践报告
23、 生态翻译视角下：《尘埃落定》英译本的研究
24、 奈达的功能对等理论在Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secrets两个译本中的体现
25、 描写性翻译理论框架下《西敏寺》译文的风格分析
26、 目的论视角下张爱玲《金锁记》自译本的比较研究
27、 从功能理论视角看戴译本《边城》中文化负载词的翻译策略与方法
28、 英译诗歌韵律的定量对比分析
29、 功能对等理论视角下鲁迅小说《药》《孔乙己》《风波》两个英译本的对比研究
30、 奈达功能对等视角下对《瓦尔登湖》两个中译本的对比研究
31、 语义翻译/交际翻译视角下文化特色语的翻译
32、 从关联理论看《了不起的盖茨比》的两个汉译本
33、 目的论视角下的《三体》英译研究
34、 性别与翻译：从女性主义翻译观对比分析《飘》的两译本
35、 目的论指导下的《舌尖上的中国》菜名英译策略
36、 功能对等理论视角下的美国情景喜剧字幕翻译
37、 功能对等理论视阈下的商标翻译研究
翻译理论与实践论文题目
1、德国功能翻译理论的宏观性及其对教学的启示
2、翻译美学的文化考量
3、解构视角下翻译中的二元对立分析
4、传教士翻译与晚清文化社会现代性
5、跨文化传播视域下的翻译功能研究
6、英语专业本科翻译教学主体交往体系建构研究
7、许渊冲唐诗英译研究
8、论英汉翻译写作学的建构
9、 文章 学视野下的林译研究
10、口译研究的生态学途径
11、郭建中翻译思想与实践研究
12、跨文化语用学视角下的外宣翻译策略研究
13、文学文本中的视觉翻译
14、外宣翻译研究体系建构探索
15、异化翻译思想探究
16、翻译的修辞学研究
17、新月派文学观念研究
18、文章学视野下的林纾翻译研究
19、翻译批评原则的诠释学研究
20、蒯因的翻译不确定性及其对英汉互译的启示
21、近代中国 留学 生 教育 翻泽研究(1895~1937)
22、叙事学视域下的外宣翻译研究
23、修辞劝说视角下的外宣翻译研究
24、中国传统翻译理论观照下的林少华文学翻译研究
25、易学“象”视角下的译学研究
26、对比语言学元语言系统的演变研究
27、俄语本科翻译教材研究
28、情境翻译与翻译情境
29、西班牙语委婉语的多元翻译
30、从《哥儿》林译本的 句子 结构调整看奈达功能对等翻译理论
31、功能对等理论与信达雅翻译论的比较研究
32、《翻译理论与实践》(第二章)翻译报告
33、从中国文化语境视角出发解读西方女性主义翻译
34、证券翻译理论与实践
35、叶维廉汉诗英译研究
翻译方向论文题目选题参考相关文章：
★ 翻译方向论文题目选题参考
★ 英汉翻译论文选题题目参考
★ 2021英语专业论文选题与题目参考
★ 翻译英语专业毕业论文选题
★ 英语专业毕业论文选题文化
★ 英语专业文化类方面毕业论文题目选题
★ 本科英语专业毕业论文题目选题
★ 优秀英语毕业论文题目参考
★ 英语专业论文开题报告范文精选5篇
★ 2021英语专业的硕士论文题目
学术堂提供了十五个好写的英语翻译论文题目，供大家参考：1、谈英语谚语的翻译2、谈英语幽默的翻译3、英语汉译技巧初探4、地方名胜古迹汉译英5、翻译中常见错误分析6、中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响7、会话含义的推导与翻译8、词汇的文化内涵与翻译9、语境在翻译中的作用10、翻译技巧探索11、商标词翻译12、广告语言的翻译13、论英汉互译中的语义等值问题14、英汉文化差异对翻译的影响15、英汉谚语的理解和翻译
翻译是高校作为培养大学生英语综合能力的一个重要组成部分。下面是我为大家整理的英语翻译方向论文，供大家参考。
英语翻译方向论文 范文 一：高职 商务英语 翻译课程改革分析
[摘要]本文结合我院的实际情况，以就业为导向，从课程定位、教材改革和教学模式等方面着手，探索高职《商务英语翻译》课程的改革方向，以期优化该课程教学设计，有效提高教学质量，为学生的就业岗位需求服务。
[关键词]高职;商务英语翻译;课程改革
1引言
根据《高等职业学校专业教学标准(试行)》，《商务英语翻译》课程是“高等职业学校商务英语专业学生的职业技能课”，在整个专业课程设置框架及人才培养体系中的地位不可忽视。然而，目前该课程普遍存在“课程设置和教学内容本科化、缺乏职业针对性、师资学科型”的问题。(江晗，2010)针对这些问题，本文结合东莞职业技术学院(下称“我院”)的实际情况，就课程定位、教材改革和教学模式等方面进行初步探讨，提出高职《商务英语翻译》课程的改革方向。
2课程定位
高职英语专业翻译课容易走入定位不清的误区。有的学者提出“现有高职、高专已经成立的翻译系或翻译方向最好主要以证书培训为主要目标”(穆雷，2008);有的院校干脆将课程目标单纯定位为通过全国商务英语翻译考试、获取证书。但是，通过走访我院用人企业得知，外语等级证书和翻译证书都不是企业所看重的指标或用人条件，真正的实践应用能力和职业素养才为用人单位所器重。因此，不适合将考取翻译证书作为该课程的定位和目标，但可作为辅助手段，提高学生的学习兴趣和动力。笔者认为，高职《商务英语翻译》课程的定位，取决于学生自身的能力水平及 毕业 后的就业岗位所需。一方面，高职学生的外语水平基础较差，特别是双语转换能力较弱，即使经过一学期或一学年的翻译课程学习，也难以胜任高端的会议交替传译，更不用说同声传译，只适合进行初级的口、笔译工作;另一方面，就我院以往毕业生的就业情况来看，没有专门从事翻译行业的专职译员，所以不能照搬培养专职译员的外语专业本科或研究生人才培养模式来对高职学生进行教学，而应该按实际情况来做出切实的课程定位，以指导该课程的开展，培养毕业生工作所需的相应翻译能力。通过对我院应用外语系2015届毕业生就业统计及个别访谈得知，我系毕业生就业单位主要是小微涉外跨境企业，而这些企业基本上没有设置专职翻译岗位。毕业生从事的岗位群主要集中在外贸业务员、外贸跟单员、跨境电商岗位操作员、跨境电商岗位推广及运营专员，从事销售、采购、跟单、商务策划、接待、客服等工作，他们在工作中的翻译活动主要包括涉外商务谈判、商务营销、接待应酬、国际会展、公司及产品介绍、日常文书和邮件处理等。这些工作任务的性质，突出了高职翻译的交际功能，决定了高职学生需要的翻译是一种初级实用型商务翻译;毕业生身兼数职，既要做好本职工作又要在涉外场合兼顾翻译的角色，也决定了高职商务英语专业所培养的学生是“复合型译员”。(姚嘉五，2012)根据这两点，我院高职商务英语专业的翻译课程应定位为中英双向初级商务文本笔译和一般商务情景的涉外陪同口译，课程培养目标是能胜任小微涉外企业与翻译有关工作的复合型人才。
3教材改革
高校的传统翻译教材编排，一般沿用两条主线，一为“专题型”，关注的重点是不同专题的内容及表达;二为“技能型”，关注的重点是技巧训练。“专题型”教材包含的某些专题，如政治外交演讲、政府会议、时事、科技、体育方面的材料，或难度偏高或与高职毕业生的实际就业岗位关联较小，不适合用于高职的翻译教学;“技能型”教材对学生的技能训练要求过高，往往超出他们的能力范围，容易让学生产生挫败感和畏难情绪。以上两种教材，都不太符合高职 教育 “实用为主，够用为度”的原则。回顾笔者所使用过的翻译教材，存在纰漏、拼写或语法错误等，部分内容要么过于陈旧，要么缺乏与区域经济相符合的素材，而且缺少音频或视频，也没有配套的教师用书，口译对话练习并不是英汉穿插而是全英或全中文，并不适合用来做翻译练习。基于以上现状，教材改革势在必行。首先，在难度上，要贴近高职学生的能力水平，“重信息传递、淡化翻译技巧”(曾昭涛，2009)。传统的翻译教材对翻译史、翻译理论和技巧有较为详尽的阐述，但这往往对注重实用和实践操作的高职生缺乏吸引力，因此应该淡化，转而关注高职翻译的核心交际功能，即“信息传递”，不苛求翻译技巧的处理。其次，在内容上，应该对接 职场 ，摒弃政府 报告 、外交辞令、大型会议翻译的题材，选取与学生就业岗位需要相吻合的口、笔译素材，体现当地区域经济特点，融入当地特色行业元素。以东莞为例，作为广东三大展览基地之一，该城市每年举办各种展会30多个，因此将会展口译纳入高职翻译教材很有必要。东莞还有明显的特色经济，已形成电子信息、电气机械、纺织服装、家具、玩具、造纸及纸制品、食品饮料、化工等八大支柱产业，所以翻译内容也要考虑选取与这些行业相关的文本，以体现翻译教材的行业性。再次，在章节编排上，不宜把主题安排得过于广泛，应遵循典型翻译工作任务流程，把翻译课程项目化、模块化，这样既符合高职“工学结合”的教育内涵，又体现高职教材的特色。教材改革的重担落在高职院校一线任课教师身上，教师可以在原教材的基础上，有所取舍，再扩展补充与区域经济、特色行业相关的内容，也可重新编写出符合学生学情又满足就业需求的教材。教材的改革需要教师积极到企业单位进行调研和实践，了解实际翻译情境需要，收集具体岗位工作可能接触到的语言素材，编写真正实用的课本，更好地服务于教学。
4教学模式改革
由于高职翻译课的老师多为科班出身，上课容易落入本科翻译教学的俗套，即采取老师讲授、学生练习、老师点评的方式，课程模式比较僵化，学生没有真正参与到知识构建中来，同时脱离了真实的商务翻译情景，学生学习兴趣低，容易产生倦怠情绪，自然难以取得理想的教学效果。根据高职学生的学情和人才培养目标，商务翻译课程应以典型翻译工作流程来设计教学环节，真正将职业能力的培养和岗位需求结合起来。例如，以会展陪同翻译这一模块为例，可安排以下仿真商务活动流程：国际名家具(东莞)展览会与外宾初次接触——参观家具厂、了解产品——商务合作洽谈——合同签订——庆功宴会——机场送行。实践教学中可穿插项目化教学法、模拟情景教学、角色扮演和合作学习法等，各种 方法 各有侧重、相互渗透、灵活多变，从“以教师为中心”转为“以学生为中心”，从注重“理论教学”转为“实践教学”，从“被动学习”转为“主动学习”，真正凸显高职教育特色。此外，还应加强语音室和口译实训室的建设，设立校企合作实训基地，做到教学、实践、服务一体化，为学生提供真实的职业氛围，让翻译教学更贴近实际、贴近市场、贴近岗位。
5结语
社会和市场对翻译人才的需要是多层次、多元化的，既需要能担当国际会议的同声传译，更需要能胜任企业基层工作、懂商务又懂英语翻译的人才。高职英语专业的商务翻译课应该走出自己的特点，积极探索具有高职特色的翻译教学改革，采用切实的定位、合适的教材和有效的 教学方法 ，才能优化翻译教学，培养出优秀的高职高专实用性、复合型翻译人才，服务于社会各行各业。
参考文献
[1]江晗.高职翻译课程设置与教学内容改革研究[J].顺德职业技术学院学报，2010(4):53.
[2]教育部职业教育与成人教育司.高等职业学校专业教学标准(试行)[M].北京：中央广播电视大学出版社，2012:123.
[3]穆雷.建设完整的翻译教学体系[J].中国翻译，2008(1):43.
[4]姚嘉五.工具-公文-公式：高职应用翻译专业的定位[J].中国科技翻译，2012(3):55.
[5]曾昭涛.论高职应用翻译理论[J].上海翻译，2009(1):50.
英语翻译方向论文范文二：高校英语翻译中西方 文化 论文
一、中西方文化在英语翻译方面的差异性
宗教文化也是众多文化中的一种表现形式，其也会因信仰的不同而产生一定的差异。中国的宗教门派众多，但是主要的可以分为道家、佛家和儒家这三个主要的流派。不同的教派具有不同的教义，如中国道家主张人和神仙是可以相互转化的;佛教则主张佛祖则是至高无上的神，其法力无边，这也可以从我国古代语言中明显看出。汉语中有“天命不可违”、“借花献佛”和“不看僧面看佛面”等的语言表达。而西方则主要以__为主，他们只承认上帝是万事万物的主宰，其无所不能，这在西方语言中也可以明显的看出来。如“Manproposes,Goddisposes”(谋事在人，成事在天)、“GodiswhereHewas”(上帝无所不在)和“Heavenisaboveall”(上帝高于一切)等。因此，为了达到翻译忠实原意的目的，我们必须要充分了解中西宗教文化的差异性。
二、提高高校英语翻译质量的策略
(一)导入异国文化
中西翻译的差异性。因此，为了提高学生对于英语翻译的认识度和理解度，教师需要在英语翻译教学的过程中为学生们导入到量的异国文化。通过将英语翻译与文化学习二者进行有机地结合来提高学生们英语翻译的水平。但是特别需要注意一点就是，教师在导入异国文化的过程中要始终本着由易到难、由浅入深的原则。此外，教师除了要为学生们普及一些西方文化知识外，还需要为学生们普及一些西方文化习俗的来源。例如，英语中有“raincatsanddogs”的习语，这句话用汉语可以表述为“倾盆大雨”，但是如果按照直白的翻译就会理解为“下猫跟狗”，这样就明显偏离了翻译的本意。这句习语主要来源于北欧的神话 传说 ，传说猫跟狗对于风和雨等天气具有很强的预测能力。又如“asstrongasahorse”(壮如牛)，但是如果单纯的按照意思来理解则成了“壮如马”了等。如果学生对于这个文化背景不了解，则会出现上述可笑的误译现象。
(二)介绍英汉语言结构上的差异性
英语结构区别于汉语结构，其重视主题句和主体结构的构成以及 句子 结构连接过渡词的作用，并且侧重用介词和连词来表示句子和词组之间的逻辑关系，这种现象在汉语中则很少用或几乎不用。另外，英语表述中特别忌讳重复，如果出现重复的问题，通常用省略、替换或代词的形式来加以表示，但是我们汉语中常用重复来表示强调。
(三)讲解一些常用的翻译技巧
在学生掌握了上述英语翻译的基本知识之后，教师需要为学生讲解一些常用的翻译技巧，从而让学生们学会如何通过删减或增加词语来使语句变得更加通顺。常用的翻译技巧主要包括词类转换、增删词语以及拆分语句等手段。首先，词类转换作为一种有效的翻译手段，其主要是将那些由动词转化来的名词或具有动作意义类型的名词后接of的形式按照汉语中动宾 短语 来进行翻译即可。其次，英语和汉语之间的结构表述有所不同，只有通过增加或删减词汇才能够使意思更加忠实原文的含义。总之，中西文化差异性对于英语翻译具有重要的影响。为了提高学生英语翻译能力，教师必须要在教学实践中让学生充分地了解西方的文化传统，从而使学生做到“知己知彼”，然后并要在基础上教授给学生英语翻译的一些技巧，从而达到提高高校翻译教学质量的目的。
英语翻译方向论文相关 文章 ：
1. 外语翻译论文
2. 毕业论文用英语怎么说
3. 关于学术论文中文摘要英语翻译的思考论文
4. 英语论文
5. 文化对影片翻译的影响--外语翻译论文
6. 科技英语的语言特点及文体翻译
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日