首页 > 论文发表知识库 > 毕业论文内部控制外文参考文献

毕业论文内部控制外文参考文献

发布时间:

毕业论文内部控制外文参考文献

OA图书馆 。输入相应英语关键词搜索。

意思是该参考文献来自国外。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。

按照字面的意思,参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。然而,按照GB/T 7714-2015《信息与文献 参考文献著录规则》”的定义,文后参考文献是指:“为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。

参考文献的正确运用对学术论文的整体质量而言是至关重要的,但是,参考文献引用不当的问题还是层出不穷,严重影响了论文本身的质量,降低了基于此的各类评价指标的客观性和可信度。

扩展资料

参考文献的功能

参考文献是学术论文的重要组成部分,对于其本身有着不可替代的作用,相关论述已非常充分,在此不一一赘述了,只重申一下重点。

与作者而言,参考文献是论文科学选题的前提,是论证观点的有力支撑,是继承和传播前人研究成果的有效方式,保护和评价他人的劳动成果。

与学术期刊而言,参考文献可为编者审稿选稿提供参考借鉴,为自身的影响力扩散打造有利条件,可完成不同期刊之间的学术成果传递,节约宝贵有限的版面。

参考资料来源:百度百科-参考文献

参考资料来源:人民网-关于参考文献不当引用的表现及控制探析

[1] 财政部注册会计师委员会办公室.审计[Z].,2001..[2] 朱荣恩.内部控制的方式[J].中国审计,2002,(7):.[3] 李国盛.内控制度的现状、成因及对策建议[J].四川会计,:.[4] 张俊民.企业内部会计控制目标构造及其分层设计[J].重庆财会,:.[5] 王纬.COSO模型在会计控制中的应用[J].江苏财会,2002,(2):.

The enterprise internal control theory The internal control is an important symbol of modern enterprise management, through the practice of the conclusion is: to control is strong, weak, without control is controlled, disorderly. The new regulations "accounting law 27 units shall establish and perfect the system of supervision unit interior accountant. Unit interior accountant controls on the execution, the internal control is. What is the internal control The internal control is the formation of a series of measures to control functions, procedures, methods, and standardized and systematized, make it become a rigorous, relatively complete system. According to the control of the internal control can be divided into different purpose accounting control and management control. Accounting control and protection of assets is safe, the accounting information authenticity and integrity and financial activities related to the legitimacy of control, Management control means to ensure operation policy decision, implementation of business activities and promote the efficiency and effectiveness, and the effect of the relevant management to achieve the goals of control. Accounting control and management control and not mutually exclusive, incompatible, some control measures can be used for accounting control, and can also be used to control. The goal is to ensure that the internal control unit operations efficiency and effect, safety, economic information of assets and financial reports of reliability. Its main functions: one is to achieve target management policy and management, Second is the assets of safety protection unit is complete, prevent loss of assets, Three is to guarantee the business and financial accounting information authenticity and integrity. In addition, the legitimacy of the financial activities within the unit is the internal control goals. Good, although the internal control to achieve these goals, but whether the internal control design and operation, it is not how to eliminate its inherent limitations. This limitation must also be clear and prevention. Main show is: (1) the limited by cost benefit principle, (2) if the employee has different responsibility ignore control program, misjudgment, even the collusion, inside and outside, often cause in fraud internal control malfunction, (3) management personnel abuse, and to set up or Passover control of internal control ignored, also can make the establishment of internal control non-existing. Second, the basic structure of internal control The basic structure of internal control. Mainly includes control environment, accounting system and control procedures in three aspects: (a) control environment. Control environment refers to establish or implement a policy of various factors, which affect mainly reflects unit managers and other personnel to control the attitude, understanding and action. Specific include: management ideas and management style, unit organization structure, functions and managers of these functions, determine the powers and responsibilities of the manager monitoring and inspection method, the working personnel policy measures to control, and its implementation, this unit of various external business relations. (2) accounting system. Accounting system refers to establish accounting and accounting supervision procedure and method of business activities. Effective accounting system should do: 1, confirmed and record all real business, timely and detailed description of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports of economic business appropriately classified. 2 and measurement value of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports records in the appropriate monetary value. 3 and determine the time, business to business records in the appropriate accounting period. 4 in the financial and accounting reports, business and proper disclosure of expression related matters. (3) control procedures. Control program to formulate policy and managers to ensure a certain procedure. Specific include: business and economic activity approval, The relevant personnel division of responsibilities clear, and prevent fraud, The bill and certificates and use, should guarantee business activities and recorded properly, Property and its use to have documented exposure measures to protect, For registered business valuation, and to review, etc. Third, the basic way of internal control The basic way of internal control mainly has: organization planning control, authorized control, budget control, material control, cost control, risk control and audit control. (a) to organize the control. According to the internal control requirements, the unit in determining the organizational structure and improve the process, incompatible duties shall follow the principle of separation, the so-called incompatible duties, refers to those if by a man or a department, and may cheat yourself concealing its position of frauds. The economic activity of the unit can usually divided into five stages: namely, the approval issued by authorized, execution, and records. Normally, if each step by the relatively independent researchers (or department), can guarantee the separation incompatible duties, facilitating the function of the internal control. Organize and control mainly includes two aspects: 1 and incompatible duties of separation. If the accounting work of accountant and cashier incompatible duties, need to separate. Should be separate positions usually have an authorized: economic business duties to separation, Execute a business with the position of the post to review: Execution of an economic position and record the business to business position: Keep a record of the property of the position and position of property to separation etc. Incompatible duties separation is based on the assumption that two personal unconscious accomplice a possibility, but the possibility of a person gains more than two people. If this hypothesis, breakthrough incompatible duties of separation cannot play control function. [NextPage] 2, the organization's control. A unit of economic activities according to the needs of different departments and institutions set, the organization's set of responsibilities and should reflect the mutual control requirements. Specific requirement is: the responsibility and authority of the organizations must be licensed and guarantee the authority within the scope of authority without intervention, Each business must pass in operation of the department and guarantee in different departments concerned to check each other, In every business, should belong to was not inspectors, in order to ensure that the inspectors check out the problem was solved quickly. (2) authorized control. The authorized department of internal control unit to handle business or staff access control. Some departments or units within a clerk in the treatment of economic business, must be authorized or approved to, no approval. Authorized control unit can guarantee the implementation course and abuse. Authorized are generally authorized and particular authorized two forms: general mandate is to deal with average economic business level and the approval of the right conditions stipulated in the unit, usually in the internal control of clarifying, Special authorization of special economic business processing is the right level and approval conditions, such as when a prescribed amount exceeds the economic business department, only after approval within specific authorized to handle. Authorized the basic control requirement is: first, must be clear and specific license authorization of the general line and responsibility, Secondly, to clear the authorized business each program, Again, to establish the necessary examination system, to ensure that the processing after the authorized business working quality. Some current unit executes leadership "pen", with the approval of the internal control principles and requirements, should reform. Practice has proved, rights should be restricted, lose the right to restrict the corruption which easily. (3) budget control. Budget control is an important aspect of internal control, including financing, financing, purchasing, production, sales, investment and management activities. The economic business units to prepare detailed budget and plan, and through the authorized by relevant departments, the budget or plan implementation control, the basic requirements: first, the unit budget must reflect the management goal, and clear responsibility. Second, the budget shall be permitted by the authorized to budget adjustments to budget and more practical. Third, it shall timely feedback or regular budget implementation. (4) physical assets control. Physical assets control mainly include restrictions to control inventory control and regular two, this is the real assets of unit of safety control measures. There are two main: first, to limit to strictly control, to physical assets and the relevant documents of the physical assets, such as cash and bank deposit, securities and inventory, warehouse, the warehouser except cashier personnel and other personnel is limited, contact, to ensure the safety of assets. Second, regular physical assets inventory, guarantee the physical assets conform with the actual amount recorded book, such as accounts inconsistent, should investigate the cause and treatment. In addition to the above, physical assets control say from broad sense, also include the physical assets of purchase, storage, and shipping and sales process control. (5) cost control. Modern cost control can be divided into "extensive" and "intensive" two. Extensive cost control, refers to the production technology, product process under the condition of invariable, rely solely on reducing consumption materials, reasonable material to lower the cost of cost control, Intensive cost control, refers to raise the level of technology to improve the production technology, product process, thus reducing the cost control. These two kinds of methods, combining modern cost control. 1, extensive cost control, the cost of raw materials procurement control from the final product sold throughout, and is one of the most fundamental and most main control method. First, the raw materials procurement cost control. For bulk materials generally used to open ZhaoBiaoFa or according to manufacturer direct purchasing. Second, the use of materials cost control. Generally, there are two ways: one is the objective cost control, it is through the "target cost price - goals profits target =", which is obtained by cost method to control costs. Veto Second, it is the cost control of various assignments, and through the analysis of cost drivers, costs and expenses of the collection, not only more reasonable truly computational cost, and thus find income and cost ratio or not only put no gains, so can largely reduce costs. Third, product sales, cost control. Mainly propaganda cost control, notable is, advertising, promotional role played only product quality is the foundation of the user's trust. Therefore, we should grasp investment and expenses of the matching principle. [NextPage] 2 and intensive cost control. And can be divided into two types: one is to improve production technology by to reduce cost control. There are many ways to improve production technology, such as the introduction of new production line adopts high-tech products, etc. Two is improved by process to reduce the cost of cost control. Intensive cost control on intellectual achievements, it can make the excess profit achievements. (6) risk control. Risk is usually referred to as a result of the action, and the risk associated with another concept is uncertain. Some people only know beforehand action may result, but don't know they appear probability, or both all don't know, but only as a rough estimate. For example, enterprise test-manufacturing a new product, this product can certainly advance trial success or failure. But don't know these two consequences of possibility appeared. Business decisions are generally in uncertain circumstances. In practice, a result of action has many may not sure, risk, And as a result of the action, it is certainly not risk. The risk control is to prevent and avoid as far as possible adverse outcome. According to the reasons of the formation of risk and risk management can generally be divided into two categories: the financial risk, 1, management risk. Risk management refers to the production and business operation reasons for corporate profits to the uncertainty. Due to the production and operation of enterprises will be derived from many aspects of the external and internal factors, thus greatly, and the uncertainty of uncertainty, causes the enterprise profit margins or the changes, thus bringing risk. Operational risk changes from the external, nonetheless, enterprises should adopt the effective internal control measures to prevent. 2, financial risk. Financial risk and risk, it is to because debt and the enterprise's financial results for uncertainty. Companies operating in the capital, debt all except the part of self-capital, borrowed funds for enterprise self-capital affect profitability, At the same time, borrowed money to repay captital with interest, if unable to repay debts that are due, the enterprise will into financial difficulties or bankruptcy. When the enterprise rate than pre-tax profit margins funds borrowed funds rate, use borrowed money earn profits and residual interest except compensation and thus make the self-capital profitability improve. However, if the enterprise income tax profit margins than money borrowed funds, at this moment, use borrowed money to finance the profits are not pay interest, still need to use their own funds to pay interest on the part of the profit margins, thereby reducing the self-capital, make enterprise losses incurred, even the bankruptcy of the danger. The risk for financing risk. The size of the risk degree of self-capital by borrowing money, borrowed money ratio, the greater the risk degree proportion with smaller proportion, borrowed funds, risk degree also decrease. For financial risk control, the key is to ensure a reasonable capital structure, maintain the appropriate level of debt, should make full use of the debt management skill gain financial leverage income, improve the self-capital profitability, To avoid excessive debt caused by the financial risk, which is the important link of the enterprise internal control, must take the necessary measures to prevent fundraising risk. (7) auditing control. Audit control mainly refers to the internal audit, internal audit and control of accounting is to supervise. Accounting information to internal audit, internal control is an integral part of the internal control is a kind of special form. Internal auditing is an organization in all kinds of activities and the internal control system of independent evaluation to determine whether the policy implementation, establish the procedure is in compliance with the standard of resources utilization, whether reasonable, effective and unit of objectives achieved. Internal audit content is very extensive, generally include internal financial audit and internal management audit. Internal audit supervision of accounting information, and is not only the internal control is effective means to ensure that the accounting information is true and complete. According to the basic principle of internal control and accounting work in our country actual situation, the new "law" regulation, the unit shall in internal accounting supervision system of accounting information in the regular internal audit methods and procedures, in order to make the internal audit institutions or internal auditors of accounting information system and procedure of audit work. In addition to the above seven internal control, and documentation control. Performance control and worker quality control, etc. The new system of accounting supervision system on the unit interior, the main contents of the internal control system. Including: responsibilities, and strict procedures, truthfully record, regular check, etc. In practice, establishing and implementing internal control should also consider: enterprise scale, organizational system and the owners' rights and interests; etc. Business property, diversity and complexity, Transfer, processing, and the methods to information, Applicable regulatory requirements, etc. At present many enterprise internal control was not good, except knowledge level, the main reasons of the administration is to establish and implement effective internal control of power, pressure, coerce, enough. This change of the accounting law depends on the implementation of new science and the modern enterprise system and the establishment of corporate governance structure. To help enterprises to establish internal control, can consult other countries and regions, by the relevant departments of the internal control of some important industry and points for each unit, reference, and learning to use gradually perfect the internal control system, in order to promote the comprehensive enterprise in our country, and in essence.

内部控制论文参考文献

【摘要】文章对国内外企业风险评估的现状进行分析。根据企业的特点和发展趋势,指出进行内部控制风险评估的现实意义,并从全面风险管理目标、收集风险管理初始信息、风险识别、风险分析、风险评价、风险管理策略等方面,探讨了如何建立我国企业内部控制中的风险评估体系。 【关键词】内部控制;风险评估;管理策略为了加强和规范企业内部控制,提高企业经营管理水平和风险防范能力,根据国家有关法律法规,财政部会同证监会、审计署、银监会、保监会制定了《企业内部控制基本规范》。该规范自2009年7月1日起在上市公司范围内施行,鼓励非上市的大中型企业执行。我国《企业内部控制基本规范》提出我国内部控制的基本要素包括内部环境、风险评估、控制活动、信息与沟通和内部监督等五项,并在《基本规范》中单辟一章,就风险评估的有关内容进行了规定。这说明国家和企业已经意识到风险评估在企业内部控制中的重要作用,那么企业应该从哪些方面来加强识别企业风险,建立风险评估系统,进一步改善内部控制呢? 一、国内外企业风险评估体系研究综述国外对内部控制的研究已有很长的历史。1988年美国注册会计师协会发布《审计准则公告第55号》,该公告提出内部控制结构的三个要素:控制环境、会计制度、控制程序。进入90年代以后,COSO提出《内部控制—整体框架》的报告,将内部控制分为控制环境、风险评估、控制活动、信息与沟通和监督五个部分,实现了内部控制由三要素向五要素的飞跃。自此风险评估被纳入内部控制系统之中。最新内部控制研究结果表明,内部控制与风险管理愈发趋向目标一致,某些内容也有较大重合,COSO也于2001年起着手进行风险管理研究,从最初的将风险评估作为一个要素纳入内部控制整体框架中到目前的着手进行风险管理研究,足可以看出内部控制与风险管理的趋同性和风险这一因素在内部控制中的作用和地位越来越重要。 近年,我国理论界和实务界越来越重视内部控制的研究和应用,学者们在理论观念的引进和研究方面做了大量的工作。由财政部、证监会等五部委联合发布的我国第一部《企业内部控制基本规范》就是很好的证明。 二、进行内部控制风险评估研究的现实意义史学家汤因比曾说过:“一个国家乃至一个民族,其衰亡是从内部开始的,外部力量不过是其死亡前的最后一击”。企业的存亡又何尝不是如此呢。既然一个企业的衰亡也是从其内部开始的,那若要寻求企业的生存发展之路就必须从其内部抓起,内部控制正是基于这一点才得到了世界各国理论界和实务界的重视。同时,市场经济从微观角度来说是一种风险经济,企业作为市场的基本单位时刻置身于风险之中,越是开放发达的市场经济,其中蕴藏的风险和不确定性越大。随着市场经济的发展成熟和市场开放程度的加大,风险己经成为企业关注和管理的焦点,作为企业内部管理核心的内部控制要想发挥其应有的作用,必须不断充实和发展,以求跟上市场发展的步伐,正是基于这个基础,风险的概念逐步进入了内部控制的范围。减轻或避免风险是内部控制活动的目标,各种风险因素是内部控制的对象。所以,企业要实施有效的内部控制,就要识别和衡量它所面临的风险及其风险因素,这是采取有效控制活动的依据和前提,这里的识别和衡量风险就是风险评估。目前COSO整体框架和我国《企业内部控制基本规范》把风险评估作为一项基础要素纳入到内部控制框架之中,这一发展是理论顺应客观实际发展的必然结果。 进行内部控制和风险评估研究具有重要的现实意义:内部控制的缺失和不健全是导致会计舞弊泛滥的根本原因之一;内部控制制度的极度缺失和对风险的忽视是导致我国企业生命周期短的根本原因; 国有企业改革的成功离不开健全的内部控制制度及风险的管理和控制;风险评估是内部控制制度设计控制活动和发挥应有作用的基础。 风险评估是内部控制系统的基础组成部分,要使控制制度发挥其应有的作用,企业必须清楚所面临的风险,并对整个企业的风险进行定性或定量的评估,然后针对风险评估的结果采取相应的控制活动。其实内部控制也就是风险的管理与控制活动,如果毫无风险,也就不需耗费大量的人力财力物力去搞什么内部控制。既然风险的存在是控制的原因所在,进行风险评估就成为整个内部控制制度的基础和关键。无论是从国际大环境来看还是从我国的具体情况出发,内部控制的研究和应用都是非常重要的。但是,作为有效实施内部控制的基础条件的风险评估却还没有得到足够的发展,研究会计和审计的人都早已熟知制度基础上的审计,但风险基础上的控制观念还是个新概念,还没有建立起比较完善的体系。因此,进行内部控制和风险评估研究无疑具有非常重要的现实意义。 三、风险评估体系的构建鉴于风险评估在我国内部控制中的运用,笔者认为可以通过以下几个步骤来建立风险评估系统。 (一)确定全面风险管理目标 风险是指企业在未来经营中面临的、可能影响其经营目标实现的所有不确定性。风险评估是企业及时识别、系统分析经营活动中与实现内部控制目标相关的风险,并合理确定风险应对策略。全面风险管理是指企业围绕总体目标,制定风险管理策略,在企业经营管理的各个方面和业务过程中的各个环节进行风险管理的基本流程,落实风险理财措施,培育良好的风险管理文化,建立健全风险管理的组织体系、信息系统和内部控制系统的过程和方法。 企业目标是企业宗旨的具体化,是企业各项业务和管理活动所指向的终点。企业风险管理的首要任务,就是确定目标。只有先确立了目标,管理层才能针对目标确定风险并采取必要的行动来管理风险。确定全面风险管理目标要做到:企业风险管理目标的确定应与员工沟通;企业计划和预算与风险管理目标、战略计划及当前情况具有一致性;业务活动风险目标要具体;领导层参与制定企业风险目标并对其负责。 (二)收集风险管理初始信息 实施全面风险管理,企业应广泛、持续不断地收集与本企业风险和风险管理相关的内部、外部初始信息,包括历史数据和未来预测。应把收集初始信息的职责分工落实到各有关职能部门和业务单位。 1.在财务风险方面,企业至少收集以下信息 (1)负债、或有负债、负债率、偿债能力。(2)现金流、应收账款及其占主营业务收入的比重、资金周转率。(3)应付账款及其占购货额的比重。(4)成本和管理费用、财务费用、营业费用。(5)成本核算、资金结算和现金管理业务中曾发生或易发生错误的业务流程或环节。 2.在市场风险方面,企业至少收集以下信息 (1)产品的价格及供需变化。(2)产品供应的充足性、稳定性和价格变化。(3)主要客户、主要供应商的信用情况。(4)潜在竞争者、竞争者及其主要产品情况。 3.在运营风险方面,企业至少收集以下信息: (1)新市场开发,市场营销策略。(2)企业组织效能、管理现状、企业文化,中、高层管理人员和重要业务流程中专业人员的知识结构、专业经验。(3)质量、安全、环保、信息安全等管理中曾发生或易发生失误的业务流程或环节。(4)因企业内、外部人员的道德风险致使企业遭受损失或业务控制系统失灵。(5)企业风险管理的现状和能力。 企业对收集的初始信息应进行必要的筛选、提炼、对比、分类、组合,以便进行风险评估。 (三)风险识别 企业风险的识别应当以一种系统方法来进行,以确保公司的所有主要活动及其风险都被囊括进来,并进行有效的分类。根据企业实际情况和技术水平,风险识别主要以定性识别方法为主,适当结合定量识别方法,同时根据业务发展和管理水平的不断提高,逐步引进和加大定量识别方法。 企业应选择适当的风险识别方法,保证风险识别的规范性和科学性,具体措施有: 1.建立科学的风险识别方法体系,对企业和各职能部门随时关注企业活动中存在的风险提供指导。 2.对风险识别方法进行规范化和制度化,确保企业和各职能部门使用统一的识别方法体系对风险识别结果进行描述。 3.利用历史事件诸如违约支付、产品价格变动等,关注未来事件诸如人口变动、新市场条件以及竞争者行为等对风险进行趋势分析和关注。 4.建立损失事件数据库,通过事件列表、事件分类、内部分析、推动讨论和会谈、流程分析等方法进行风险识别,确定风险因素发展趋势和根源。 (四)风险分析企业风险分析评估的方法多种多样,采用定量分析方法,特别是利用数学模型进行风险分析,可以使风险管理建立在科学的基础上,并为最终的决策提供可靠的依据。风险分析及度量,需要充分地获得企业在历史年度内发生的各种风险的次数以及所导致的损失,统计时段越长,风险评估的准确性越高。风险评估不仅要了解历史上各种风险发生的频率,还要充分考虑风险的客观环境是否改变,如果有变化,就要在历史数据的趋势分析上进行修正。在实际操作中,许多风险发生的可能性实际上难以量化,它们至多只能定性地被描述为“大的”、“中的”、或“小的”风险。 企业在分析风险发生的可能性(或频率、概率)和风险发生的条件方面,可采取如下措施: 1.企业基于风险识别的结果对风险的发生概率进行分析评估,选择采用诸如预期估计或情况评价等术语来表达潜在的可能性,或采用数据或图表的形式来描述和评价风险发生的概率。2.企业建立风险分析模型,通过关键风险指标管理方法、压力测试和情景分析等定量技术手段和会谈、工作组会议等定性评价技术对风险发生的条件因素进行分析,以确定风险发生的具体条件。 3.企业自查与外部检查、事前与事后检查相结合。 4.企业引进技术手段,由日常业务数据、财务数据入手,按照既定的模型做预警提示。 (五)风险评价企业风险评价是在风险识别、风险分析的基础上,评估风险对企业可能产生的影响以及确定风险的重要性水平的过程。企业风险评价包括两个方面的内容,即分析风险可能产生的影响和确定风险的重要性水平。企业风险评价通常是和风险分析同步进行的,因而其方法也和风险分析相同。 企业风险评价的控制措施有: 1.企业对于重要事项面临的重要风险可能带来的重大影响,应当通过定量分析技术,确定各种可能性造成影响的数量,从而为企业采取恰当的风险对策提供科学的依据。 2.企业应当按照风险可能带来的影响程度的大小,对风险进行排序,明确重要风险和一般风险。 3.企业应当对重要风险予以特别的关注,避免重要风险可能给企业带来的重大损失。 (六)风险管理策略一般情况下,对战略、财务、运营和法律风险,可采取风险承担、风险规避、风险转换、风险控制等方法。 1.企业针对各种风险建立确定风险应对措施的程序和方法,对具有较高发生概率、影响重大的风险优先考虑。 2.建立一套广泛适应的风险决策判断标准,即根据风险严重程度和企业的风险承受程度确定不同的决策。 3.企业对降低风险水平所需成本进行合理分析,评估风险应对措施的成本与效益。 4.企业选定风险处理措施后,根据剩余风险重新校订风险。 5.企业要持续获得风险变化信息,有效地控制、管理风险,防范新风险的产生。 6.对重要风险进行实时监控。 四、结论企业风险评估是一个持续反复的过程,一次风险评估并不能一劳永逸。企业应当结合不同发展阶段和业务拓展情况,持续收集与风险变化相关的信息,进行风险识别和风险分析,根据情况的变化及时调整风险应对策略,以避免由于原来选择使用的风险应对策略无效而影响内部目标的实现。特别是当企业经营活动所处的外部环境发生变化时,企业必须保持应有的灵敏度,针对变化的外部环境进行相应的风险评估,以使企业的目标在变化了的外部环境中得以实现。我国企业只有建立比较完善的风险评估系统,才能真正完善我国企业的内部控制,真正促进我国企业的进一步发展。【参考文献】[1] 李玉环.内部控制中的风险评估[J].会计之友,2008 (10). [2] 马宏杰.企业内部控制制度存在的问题与对策[J].财会研究,2007(4). [3] 印发《企业内部控制基本规范》的通知[J].安徽水利财会, 2008(4). [4] 王立勇.企业内部控制中的风险评估研究[J].交通财会,2002(2).

我们也可以找到这样的参考文献,简单列举如下: 1 企业内部控制与企业档案管理的相关性分析——基于《企业内部控制基本规范》的档案话题 期刊:《档案学研究》 时间:2012年2期作者:覃兆刿;罗琴2,企业内部控制与财务危机预警耦合研究——一个基于契约理论的分析框架 期刊:《会计研究》 2012年5期作者:徐光华;沈弋 3,中国企业内部控制文化构建问题研究——详解《企业内部控制基本规范》中的文化因素 ,期刊:《会计之友》 2011年26期作者:彭妍喆;陈艺婷 5. 智能信息控制:物联网下企业内部控制的核心 期刊:《会计之友》 2012年7期作者:许金叶;韩玲 资料来源:学术资讯网希望能够帮到你。

内部控制的概念及作用探究论文

近几年来,企业舞弊现象层出不穷,在国际资本市场上形成很大的冲击,同时也让投资者对企业及其高级管理层的信任极度降低。以下是我收集整理了内部控制的概念及作用探究论文,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

摘要: 近年来,从“三鹿”、“中航油”到“华锐风电”等事件,引起投资者和监管层对企业现有内部控制制度的反思和重视。就此,提出完善内部控制环境、建立良好的信息沟通系统、建立风险预警系统等措施。

关键词: 内部控制;控制环境;风险预警

近几年来,企业舞弊现象层出不穷,在国际资本市场上形成很大的冲击,同时也让投资者对企业及其高级管理层的信任极度降低。这些现象的出现与企业内部控制的有效性有着直接与必然的关系。如何建立内部控制制度,并确保内部控制制度能够有效地执行是每个企业应该重视的问题。

一、内部控制的概念及作用

(一)内部控制的概念。

企业内部控制是指为了保证企业资料的完整性、真实性,由企业的董事会、监事会、高管人员和全体员工在充分考虑内、外部环境的基础上,通过执行内部自我调整、约束、评价制定的组织机制和实施程序。COSO委员会对内部控制的定义:“董事会、管理层以及其他人士为达到财务报告的可靠性、经营活动的效率和效果、相关法律法规的遵循”。中国企业关于内部控制,具体是指由企业董事会、监事会、经理层和全体员工实施的、旨在实现控制目标的过程。

从两者的概念上看,美国COSO委员会所定义的内部控制框架体系与我国的不尽相同,我国的是以会计控制为基础,但二者已是异曲同工。内部控制是一个规范的管理流程,它通过一系列具体的做法来限制规范企业的各个方面以及部门人员的操作流程,是一个操作系统规范。

(二)内部控制的作用

1、有利于建立岗位责任制。

国家自然科学委员会的一个小会计8年贪腐挪用公款亿元,最终判死缓。一个小会计竟然能挪用巨额资金,在于单位内部缺乏严密的内部控制制度。为达到监督控制的目的,企业应结合业务特点和内控要求设置内部的机构,并且为了使每个人正确行使职权,应当编制内部管理手册。同时,也应有相应的监督检查措施,比如不相容职务相分离,以便及时发现和纠正问题。

2、有利于建立现代企业制度,完善公司治理结构。

我国现代化企业改革的重点是建立现代化的企业制度,同时完善公司治理结构。完善公司治理结构的重要部分是建立科学有效的内控制度。为了考核经营者的业绩,可以通过完善有效的内控制度,完整反映经营者的业绩和经营行为。

3、有利于避免和降低各种风险,提高经营管理效率。

在越来越激烈的市场竞争中,企业的日常运营会有很多的风险,如法律风险、政治风险、操作风险、市场风险等。例如2004年11月30日,中航油(新加坡)股份有限公司,因为投机行为给企业造成亿美元的巨额亏损。从防范风险的方面讲,可以说企业的一种经营管理过程,也就是企业不断化解危机的过程。怎样最大限度地避免和降低各种风险,提高经营管理的有效运行,是经营管理者十分注重的问题,也是建立和实施有效的内部控制制度的有利保证。

二、企业内部控制存在的问题

(一)控制环境不完善。

控制环境决定了企业的基调,直接影响到企业员工的内控意识。是否有良好的控制环境对内部控制的实施的结果有很大的影响。上市公司治理的缺陷一般包括董事会结构不健全、高管人员考评激励机制不完善、人力资源建设重视程度不足、权责分配模糊、内部审计机构设置不到位、反舞弊机制欠缺等。

比如三鹿集团其股权结构组成是第一大股东石家庄乳业有限公司,第二大股东为新西兰恒天然集团,其持股比例分别是56%、43%。剩余1%由小散户持有。从持股比例来看其股权结构正常合理,但事实是,三鹿集团900多名老职工拥有96%左右的股份,从实际比例来看股权相当分散。而且田文华同时担任三鹿集团董事长和总经理的职务,实际工作中三鹿集团的控制人只有他一人,董事长与总经理之间的制衡根本是无稽之谈。因而个人独断专行不可避免,公司内部控制制衡机制形同虚设。

(二)风险管理意识不强。

风险管理是指能够对内部控制目标的实现进行及时辨别、评估和分析,并对管理过程中各种未知因素采取相应的措施降低风险,是实施内部控制的重要步骤。目前,中国大部分的上市公司对风险管理重视不足,没有建立健全的风险管理机制。风险管理应能准确识别内部风险和外部风险,即使建立了风险管理机制,也不能很好的执行,即风险监督机制不完善。例如郑百文事件,其风险意识不强主要反映在盲目扩张和信用销售两个方面,郑百文在上市时资产负债率已达,截至2000年已高达,在此期间它还盲目收购和扩建公司。

与长虹、建行的三角信用关系是郑百文高速发展的动力,同时也是最终导致其陷入困境。成也萧何败也萧何,正因此关系,厂商将销售风险转嫁给郑百文,最后造成公司资金回收困难,应收账款为76,264万元,其他应收账款达到26,万元。

(三)内部控制执行力不足。

内部控制是控制活动实施的具体方式。控制活动是管理层为了保证既定目标的顺利实现而制定的一系列的程序和实施方案。风险不一样,内部控制存在缺陷的形式也就不一样。控制的方式也就存在很大的差异。首先,上市公司应制定完善的内部控制设计,如果内部控制设计有缺陷,那么风险依然会存在。如果内部控制设计没有问题,那么就是执行缺陷。当一个内部控制规定不能很好地执行时,单纯地进行加强控制是不能防范风险的。

在上市公司日常经营活动中,按照流程进行生产经营管理是确保产品质量的一种最基本的控制手段,但三鹿集团在生产过程中违背业务流程的操作是证据确凿的,“早产奶”事件让消费者看到了三鹿高管对其流程违规操作的无所谓态度以及对消费群体利益的忽视,令人们对其品牌的信誉度产生强烈质疑。同时,奶粉事件发生后,三鹿集团采取了能推就推、能拖就拖、能瞒就瞒的处理方式,一再贻误战机,内部控制体系形同虚设,毫无执行力,最终导致事态恶化,一发不可收拾。

(四)缺乏有效沟通,信息流通不畅。

上市公司由于管理层级较多,在日常工作中经常会出现信息流通迟缓,高层管理者不能及时掌握公司信息,因此造成对内对外信息发布迟缓、员工反馈无法及时解决、公司决策不能按时执行,同时因上市公司信息披露不及时或披露有误而受到证监会、交易所处罚和谴责的情况时有发生,这在一定程度上都阻碍了公司的进一步发展。

比如被称为“散户绞肉机”的华锐风电通过伪造单据等方式,在2011年度提前确认收入,虚增2011年利润总额亿元,此金额占当年利润总额为37%。因其虚假陈述,2013年5月31日,证监会因华锐风电涉嫌虚增利润、虚转成本、虚增收入等违法违规行为对其正式立案。同年9月14日,因涉嫌制造和披露虚假信息、财务数据及经营情况未能在年报中如实反映,上海证券交易所给予华锐风电相关高管通报批评。 2015年11月20日,对于华锐风电信息披露违法一案,最终证监会做出行政处罚60万元,并对5名责任人员采取市场禁入措施的决定。

(五)内部监督体系不健全。

监督体系是保障上市公司内部控制得以顺利、有效执行的重要手段。上市公司一般包括自我监管、会计控制、内部审计、外部审计这四大监督。但在实际工作中内部监督并不能充分发挥其作用。为达到对上市公司内部的关键点的重点监督,可以通过对内控总体进行持续性的监管,如有问题及时提交检查报告,同时提出具体的整改措施。

例如中航油事件,新加坡公司基本上由陈久霖一人独断,在进行场外交易时不按照公司规章制度进行,集团公司无法对新加坡公司的`业务进行管理控制,无法通过财务报表发现他在公司运营中所动的手脚,对于他的各种违反公司制度的行为无法监督制止,对于陈久霖而言内控制度就是一个摆设,对其没有任何约束力,最终导致巨额亏损。

三、完善企业内部控制的建议

(一)完善内部控制环境。企业的基调由控制环境所决定,同时也影响企业全体员工的控制意识。控制环境是其他四要素的基础,提供了内部控制的基础结构和基本的规则。控制环境包括员工的诚信度、企业的经营风格和管理哲学、责任授权和划分方法、人事政策和实务、管理控制方法、内部审计等。上市公司治理主要是由高层领导者相互制约完成,如董事会、监事会、所有者和高级经理人组成。改善内部控制环境应从加强董事会的管理职能入手,如完善董事会结构、明确董事会职责和发挥独立董事作用、提高董事会的独立性等。

(二)建立有效的风险管理系统。

明确风险管理目标,设置独立的风险管理部门,对上市公司风险进行独立评估,引入专业事项识别方法,如故障树分析法、环境分析法等,建立完善的风险管理系统。对公司全体员工深入开展职业道德教育,强化其对风险的意识。对相关人员进行思想政治教育,对典型案例进行分析,强化他们的自我约束力,增强责任感。

为不断提高员工的专业知识和业务能力,可以开展持续有效的专业知识教育,最终达到各工作人员均能胜任本职位工作,业务处理过程减少操作错误的目的,同时培养他们对生产经营中异常情况的预警能力以减少风险损失。可以通过建立重大风险预警机制以及突发事件应急处理机制作为控制活动的特殊措施,同时制定相应的应急预案,来应对随时可能发生的重大风险或突发事件,这样可以使突发事件得到及时妥善的解决。

(三)提高内部控制制度执行力。

对于上市公司而言,再完善的制度,如果得不到严格彻底的执行,就是空有其谈。因此,必须制定一套完整、严谨、合理的内部控制制度,并能使之在日常经营中得到贯彻执行,否则制度将如一纸空文。上市公司应建立严格的问责机制或者责任追究制度,明确每一位员工的具体职责,责任到人,以便形成科学有效的制衡机制,也可以利用高科技手段提高内部控制效率。目前,利用网络内部控制已成为内部控制的高效实施手段,例如指纹识别、密码效验等。同时,对于内部控制中的关键点,要制定专项控制措施,为内部控制的完整全面执行做好准备。

(四)建立有效的信息沟通系统。

从广义来说,有效的沟通是信息全方位的传递,为保障信息传递顺畅,公司所有员工都应积极配合与参与,同时秉持谨慎性原则应对信息的准确性负责。高层领导也应与下属保持信息通畅,及时与员工沟通,了解他们的想法,倾听他们的意见及所给出的建议。明确内部控制相关信息的收集、整合与处理流程,保障公司信息沟通系统准确、及时、通畅。

(五)强化内部监督体系。

完善有效的内部控制监督是内部监督体系正常运行的保障。为实现对内控系统的监控,可通过持续性的监控行为、独立的评估和两者的结合来实现。审计部门应做好内部审计工作,审计目标必须明确且具有可行性,规范审计方式,增强内部审计的可信度,确保内部审计的独立性与权威性,同时还要进行事前审计和事中审计,保障信息的可靠性与完整性,以确保公司的每个阶段都能按照公司制度有条不紊的发展。强化高层领导管理理念,增强员工监督意识,建立有效的激励机制。

参考文献:

[1]黄会英,王金栋.从三鹿事件浅析我国上市公司内部控制存在的问题[J].企业技术开发,.

[2]宋云.浅析加强上市公司内部控制的应对措施[J].经营管理,.

[3]姚峰.上市公司内部控制的问题及对策[J].现代商业,.

企业内部控制毕业论文参考文献

[1] 姚琴; 企业财务风险预警系统研究[D]. 西安科技大学 2004 [2] 许燕; 企业并购的财务风险研究[D]. 西南财经大学 2001 [3] 王影; 并购的财务风险及其防范问题研究[D]. 东北财经大学 2003 [4] 郭敏; 我国企业财务风险与防范研究[D]. 四川大学 2002 [5] 杨帆; 石化企业财务风险预警系统的研究[D]. 武汉理工大学 2006 [6] 丁玉书; 企业财务活动中的风险管理问题研究[D]. 吉林大学 2004 [7] 冯静; 锦重财务风险防范研究[D]. 大连理工大学 2002 [8] 赵郁; 企业并购财务风险与管理[D]. 对外经济贸易大学 2004

摘要:我国中小企业由于自身实力薄弱、资金不充足等原因,在市场运作中应变能力差,因而迫切需要加强经营管理理念。中小企业可充分利用自身内部环境适应外部环境,增强风险意识,建立财务核心指标来衡量企业财务状况,建立健全内部控制制度,规避财务风险,防范财务危机的发生,以充分实现企业目标。 财务风险是指企业在特定的客观情况下和特定的期间内,在企业经营运作过程中,由于各种难以或无法预料、控制的企业外部环境和内部经营条件等不确定性因素的作用,使得企业资金运动(资金流)的效益性降低和连续性中断,进而使得企业的实际经营绩效与预计目标发生背离,从而对企业的生存、发展和盈利目标产生负面影响或不利结果的可能性。 中小企业由于自身实力薄弱、资金不充足等原因,在市场运作中应变能力差,因而迫切需要加强经营管理理念,加强风险防范意识,建立和健全中小企业的内部控制体系,建立中小企业的财务风险控制体系,形成一个可以遵循的财务风险防范系统,将近期利益与长远利益结合起来,努力提升可持续发展能力和创造长久价值的能力。 一、引发中小企业财务风险的因素 (一)外部环境。引发中小企业财务风险的外部环境包括经济因素、自然因素、法律环境、社会因素和科学技术因素。这些因素存在于企业之外,它对企业的经营管理、财务状况产生的巨大风险是难以准确预见和无法改变的。如当前国际金融危机对中国中小企业产生的冲击,许多中小企业面临财务瘫痪处境,威胁著中小企业的生存和发展。中小企业由于受经营理念、财力、物力、人力的限制,其财务管理不能适应复杂而多变的外部环境,必定会给中小企业带来财务风险甚至财务危机。 (二)内部因素。管理层风险意识缺乏导致财务风险。在现实工作中,我国许多中小企业的经营者、管理层和财务人员缺乏风险意识,认为只要把生产搞好,有经营利润,只要管好用好资金就不会产生财务风险。风险意识淡薄是财务风险产生的重要原因之一。 经营决策失误导致中小企业财务风险。我国许多中小企业的经营决策、财务决策普遍存在着经验决策及主观决策现象,财务决策失误的主要原因是缺乏科学合理的可行性分析,主观臆测严重,重大事项不经集体决策审批而个人单独决策。财务决策失误是产生财务风险的又一重要原因。 财务人员风险意识落后导致中小企业财务风险。由于长期以来在思想上受财务制度的束缚,财务人员风险意识落后,尚未树立时间价值、风险价值等科学概念,反映在财务管理目标上,就是未能确立起最优化思想。 企业内部控制、监管体系不健全导致财务风险。中小企业内部控制体系不健全,管理部门的约束机制不到位,审计监督乏力,甚至缺少必要的内部监控体系及制度,在资金管理、使用及利益分配等方面存在权责不明、管理混乱的现象,使得资金使用效率低下、资产流失严重,资金的安全性、完整性无法得到保证。 二、防范中小企业财务风险的措施 财务风险管理是指企业在充分认识其所面临的财务风险的基础上采取各种科学、有效的手段和方法,对各类风险加以预测、识别、分析、控制和处理,以最低成本确保企业资金运动的连续性、稳定性和效益性的一项理财活动。 (一)建立财务危机预警系统。企业财务危机预警系统,作为一种成本低廉的诊断工具可预知财务风险的征兆,当可能危害企业财务状况的关键因素出现时,财务危机预警系统能发出警告,以提醒经营者早作准备或采取对策以减少财务损失,控制财务风险的进一步扩大。中小企业的经营者、管理者应随时加强对财务风险指标的分析,适时调整企业营销策略,合理处置不良资产,有效控制存贷结构,适度控制资金投放量,减少资金占用,还应注意加速存货和应收账款的周转速度,使其尽快转化为货币资产,减少甚至杜绝坏账损失,加速企业变现能力,提高资金使用率。 (二)建立财务风险意识。中小企业要时刻关注国家巨集观政策的变化,关注国家产业政策、投资政策、金融政策、财税政策的变化,管理层应对企业投资专案、经营专案、筹藉资金、经营成本等方面可能产生的负面效应进行提早预测,以便及时采取措施。管理层要关注市场供需关系的变化,防止企业成本费用和资金需求增加使财务成本上升和资金链的中断而出现经营亏损或资不抵债的财务危机。企业经营者要根据政策因素变化及时调整经营策略和投资方向,避免企业步入财务危机。在销售方面注重产销衔接,以销定产,及时调整营销策略,积极开拓新渠道,培育新使用者,加速货款回笼,加强业务整合,提高企业整体抵抗风险的水平。 (三)建立企业内部监督制度。内部审计控制是一个企业内部经济活动和管理制度是否合规、合理和有效的独立评价系统,在某种意义上讲是对其他控制的再控制。内部审计在企业应保持相对独立性,应独立于其他经营管理部门,确保审计部门发现的重要问题能送达治理层和管理层。对于不具备条件的中小企业可聘请外部审计机构和人员进行内部审计。 (四)建立内部控制制度。要建立中小企业内部控制制度和会计控制制度,如对企业的货币资金控制、采购与付款控制、销售与收款控制、对外投资控制等。实施内部牵制制度,对不相容的岗位实行相互分离、相互制约;建立回避制度;会计负责人的直系亲属不得担任出纳人员;严禁擅自挪用、借出货币资金;严禁收入不入账;严禁一人保管支付款项所需的全部印章;不得由同一部门或个人办理采购与付款、销售与收款业务的全过程;销售收入要及时入账。 财务风险存在于财务管理工作的各个环节,任何环节的工作失误都可能会给企业带来财务风险,中小企业的经营者、管理者、财务人员必须将风险防范贯穿于财务管理工作的始终。及时了解企业财务运营的真实情况,优化财务结构,从而规避风险,改善不良经营状况,实现企业目标,确保企业的生存和发展壮大。

2 周爱丽. 企业财务风险浅析[J]财会研究, 2004,(03) . 3 王芳云; 上市公司财务风险的研究 [D];山东大学; 2005年 4 郑汉男; 民营科技企业创业的风险识别及控制研究 [D];吉林大学; 2006年 5 冉晓枫; 集团公司财务风险控制研究 [D];四川大学; 2006年 6 王淑琴; 浅议现代企业财务风险的成因及对策 [J]; 北方经贸; 2006年06期 7 陈文俊; 企业财务风险:识别、评估与处理 [J]; 财经理论与实践; 2005年03期 8 赵振钦,崔子栋; 风险管理的研究与教育 [J]; 北方经济; 2007年S1期 9 全晓红,康卫平; 企业财务风险形成原因及防范对策 [J]; 南华大学学报(社会科学版); 2007年03期 10 刘平,贺武; 财务风险成因及其控制策略研究 [J]; 广西社会科学; 2004年10期 11 范世森; 财务风险及其防范初探 [J]; 江苏经贸职业技术学院学报; 2004年02期 13 夏国栋; 企业财务风险控制与防范对策 [J]; 商场现代化; 2006年34期 14 欧阳能; 论企业集团财务风险及其防范 [J];广西青年干部学院学报; 2005年02期; 67-70 15 吴景杰 ,施绍梅; 财务风险的控制 [J];理财杂志; 2005年06期; 33-34 16 王淑琴; 浅议现代企业财务风险的成因及对策 [J];北方经贸; 2006年06期; 70-71 17 委胡华; 现代企业财务风险的成因及防范 [J];会计之友; 2004年01期; 54-55

你好。已上传附件内。

望采纳回答。

这个似乎有点难.我知道一个网站不错. 51mis 主要是学习财务的

1 the meaning of financial risk Ye at " *** all and medium-sized financial risk asses *** ent and control of research" that the financial risk is the possibility of corporate insolvency and shareholders, the proceeds of uncertainty, it is difficult because of enterprise funds, to adopt a different mode of financing brought about by risk. Starting from the *** ysis of financial risk on its meaning, characteristics and types of content; at this based on the causes of the financial risk to conduct in-depth *** ysis and detailed research, *** ysis concludes that the financial risks arising from internal factors and external aspects; in turn, establish a risk awareness, the establishment of an effective risk prevention mechani *** ; set up and improve the financial management system to meet the financial management of environmental change; set up the financial risk early warning mechani *** , strengthen the financial crisis management; improve the scientific level of financial decision-making to prevent due to poor decisions arising from the financial risk; through internal systems to prevent the establishment of binding mechani *** s to control and guard against financial risk in five areas of financial risk prevention measures as well as self-insurance, diversification of risk control, risk transfer, risk averse, risk reducing the five techniques. Only controlled enterprises to guard against and defuse financial risks, in order to ensure that enterprises in the fierce petition in the market in an invincible position. The causes of the financial risks (A) external causes 1, the national policy changes brought about by the financing risk. Generally speaking, *** all and medium-sized production and operation because of instability. A country's economy or moary policy changes, there may be *** all and medium-sized production and management, market conditions and financing forms have a certain impact. Beginning in 2007, our country has increased the intensity of macroeconomic regulation and control, the central bank to raise the fourth time the deposit reserve ratio, in particular, are ready to implement the difference beeen a direct deposit system to make *** all and medium-sized service-oriented *** all and medium-sized mercial banks to tighten credit, SMEs First of all, the capital supply disruption, the risk of inviting a lot of financing, SMEs also in urgent need of funds can not be forced to s production or the scale of downsizing. 2, bank financing channels for non-financial risks caused by fluid. Corporate sources of funds are nothing more than its own funds and external financing in o ways. In various modes of financing, the bank credit is also an important source of funds, but banks in the country's financial policies as well as their own sound system is not under the influence of such circumstances, the general enthusia *** for SME lending is not high, their loans more difficult to increase the the enterprise's financial risk. (B) internal factors one, blind expansion of investment scale. There is a considerable number of conditions are not ripe for the SMEs in the circumstances, only the experience of one-sided pursuit of panies to determine the expansion of the extension, ignore the pany's content and core petitiveness, resulting in a major capital investment wasted. 2, the investment decision-making errors. For business, the correct selection of industries are the starting point for the survival and development strategy. However, some industrial enterprises in the selection process, the often overlooked "industry is a dynamic selection process" concept, should not a keen grasp of industry trends and direction of evolution. 3, improper selection of investment partners. Enterprises to make investment decisions, we must give full consideration to qualified partners, reputation, and should have to bear the corresponding risks. 4, less than honest. Lack of SME credit is a mon situation. Therefore, *** all and medium-sized banks to provide loans or investments to *** all and medium-sized people had to step up investment on human resources in order to improve the quality of information collection and *** ysis. This respect has increased the investment bank or person lending and investment costs. On the other hand also give *** all and medium enterprises financing difficult. Ability to finance capital, to finance the number of funds, the financing of SMEs exist great uncertainties. 不知道可不可以帮到你

知网上有呀 1]李胜. 全面财务风险管理研究[D]. 湘潭大学: 湘潭大学,2005. [2]李春媛. 如何加强企业财务风险控制[J]. 价值工程,2010,(32). [3]冯艳. 非营利组织财务风险管理研究[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2007. [4]李红梅. 中国商业银行整体风险管理研究[D]. 辽宁大学: 辽宁大学,2010. [5]谢宁. 全面风险管理框架下的现代银行财务模式研究[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2010. [6]甘鹏. 甘肃省中小企业信用担保机构风险管理研究[D]. 兰州大学: 兰州大学,2008. [7]丁玉书. 企业财务活动中的风险管理问题研究[D]. 吉林大学: 吉林大学,2004. [8]李延德. 大学生在校期间风险管理研究[D]. 大连海事大学: 大连海事大学,2010. [9]敬永红. 达州翠屏山综合开发一期工程专案风险管理研究[D]. 西南交通大学: 西南交通大学,2009. [10]闫峰. 卓越·蔚蓝群岛开发专案风险管理研究[D]. 中国海洋大学: 中国海洋大学,2008. [11]杜晓玲. 基于风险管理的内部控制研究[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2008. [12]王小练. 航运企业财务风险管理研究[D]. 上海海事大学: 上海海事大学,2005. [13]杨秋利. 论银行的全面风险管理核心方法RAROC[D]. 对外经济贸易大学: 对外经济贸易大学,2006. [14]许娟. 跨国公司财务管理中的风险问题研究[D]. 首都经济贸易大学: 首都经济贸易大学,2005. [15]张星文. 集团公司财务风险管理研究[D]. 广西大学: 广西大学,2007. [16]王育宪. 企业管理的一个新分支——风险管理[J]. 管理世界,1985,(3). [17]李莉. 全面审计风险管理研究[D]. 湘潭大学: 湘潭大学,2005. [18]曹升元. 高校财务风险管理研究[D]. 中南大学: 中南大学,2008. [19]龚永兵. TA保险股份有限公司广西分公司风险管理研究[D]. 广西大学: 广西大学,2006. [20]张子超. 我国企业集团财务公司风险管理研究[D]. 武汉科技大学: 武汉科技大学,2008. [21]党雪. 论保险公司财务风险管理及策略[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2003. [22]王仲宇. 新华证券公司内部风险管理分析与证券公司内部风险评估[D]. 吉林大学: 吉林大学,2005. [23]李红侠. 企业纳税筹划风险管理探讨[D]. 首都经济贸易大学: 首都经济贸易大学,2006. [24]中国农业发展银行山东省分行 风险管理[A]. 李亚新 主编.[C].: 中国财政经济出版社,2005:70-71. [25]郭景阳. 建立保险企业全面风险管理框架的研究[D]. 对外经济贸易大学: 对外经济贸易大学,2002. [26]高军. 现代企业风险管理过程分析及对策研究[D]. 西南石油学院: 西南石油学院,2003. [27]范运. 私募房地产股权投资基金风险管理研究[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2009. [28]曹乐喜. 企业并购财务风险管理研究[D]. 厦门大学: 厦门大学,2007. [29]谢飞. 财务公司网上银行在企业集团内部资源配置中的功能和风险管理研究[D]. 武汉大学: 武汉大学,2005. [30]交通银行武汉分行 财务和风险管理[A]. .[C].: 湖北人民出版社,2006:60. [31]阚德梅. 江苏省农业发展银行的信贷风险管理研究[D]. 西南交通大学: 西南交通大学,2004. [32]李黎,齐中英. 风险理财在卫星运营企业风险管理中的运用[J]. 技术经济与管理研究,2005,(3). [33]沈隽. 船舶融资租赁的风险管理研究[D]. 上海交通大学: 上海交通大学,2010. [34]杨博. 压力测试方法及其在债券基金利率风险管理中的应用研究[D]. 新疆财经大学: 新疆财经大学,2007. [35]陈茂. 论财产保险公司承保前的风险管理[D]. 重庆大学: 重庆大学,2003. [36]李霞. 汽车信贷风险管理理论与实证研究[D]. 吉林大学: 吉林大学,2005. [37]高毅. 中国农业上市公司财务风险形成机理和控制研究[D]. 西南大学: 西南大学,2010. [38]简婷. 金融衍生工具及其风险管理研究[D]. 北京交通大学: 北京交通大学,2006. [39]甄珍. 山西票号风险管理研究与借鉴[D]. 山西财经大学: 山西财经大学,2007. [40]沈忠雷. 建行金融衍生产品的风险控制及应用[D]. 吉林大学: 吉林大学,2005. [41]常忠蛟. 我国高速公路专案投资风险管理[D]. 山东大学: 山东大学,2005. [42]周航,赵晓萌. 风险管理平衡计分卡的设计与应用研究[J]. 环渤海经济瞭望,2005,(12). [43]刘浩. 金融控股公司发展模式及风险管理研究[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2010. [44]唐海涛. 证券投资风险管理系统设计研究[D]. 吉林大学: 吉林大学,2005. [45]孙晓丽. 海尔集团财务有限责任公司风险管理[A]. 王敏 主编.[C].: 中国财政经济出版社,2009:194. [46]王霞. 中小银行风险管理研究[D]. 西安理工大学: 西安理工大学,2004. [47]张超. 论我国汽车金融服务业的消费信贷风险管理[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2010. [48]邵秋琪. 基于风险管理的衍生品运用对企业价值影响的实证研究[D]. 浙江工商大学: 浙江工商大学,2011. [49]吴子华. 企业集团财务公司的发展取向与风险管理[D]. 对外经济贸易大学: 对外经济贸易大学,2001. [50]陈力. 财务工程在企业财务风险管理中的应用[D]. 对外经济贸易大学: 对外经济贸易大学,2006.

[摘 要] 中小企业是推动国民经济发展,构造市场经济主体,促进社会稳定的基础力量。在确保国民经济适度增长、缓解就业压力、实现科教兴国、优化经济结构等方面,均发挥着越来越重要的作用。国家发改委中小企业司提出指导与扶持我国的中小型企业的发展已成为当前一项刻不容缓的战略任务。财务风险是现代企业面对市场竞争的必然产物,尤其是在我国市场经济发育不健全的条件下更是不可避免,试着从中小企业资金结构方面入手,利用财务杠杆原理对中小企业财务风险进行分析,提出了风险管理过程控制措施,建立预警分析指标体系,进行恰当的财务风险决策,提高中小企业的存续能力。 :51kj../news/20071103/ 多参考参考网上的报道及资料吧,除非有专人给你写,要不都是自己写的...

关于内部控制管理论文参考文献

在学习、工作中,大家都经常看到论文的身影吧,论文是我们对某个问题进行深入研究的文章。那么你有了解过论文吗?以下是我精心整理的内部控制管理论文参考文献,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

参考文献

1.王利彦、张继东 《企业内部控制》 机械工业出版社 XX年年8月出版;

2.示嫣红 《企业内部控制》 浙江大学出版社 2010年1月出版;

3.颜梦玉 《浅谈企业内部控制》 《企业家天地》XX年年第11期;

4.李连华 《企业治理结构与内部控制的链接与互动》 《会计研究》 XX年第2期;

5.张岳麓 《企业内部控制的创新》 《企业改革与管理》 XX年10月;

6.邹歆贤 《浅谈企业内部控制》 《大众科学》 XX年年第16期。

【拓展内容】

crm论文参考文献

[1]郭愈强,樊玮.数据挖掘技术在民航CRM中的应用[J],计算机工程,2005(31):169-171.

[2]刘彬,白万民.浅析数据挖掘技术在CRM中的应用[J].电子世界,2014,01(17):16-17.

[3]杨虎猛,朱汝岳.金融业分型CRM系统探索与应用[J].计算机应用与软件,2013,07(30):259-261.

[4]徐国庆,段春梅.数据挖掘技术在CRM中的应用研究[J].网络安全技术与应用,2012,02(12):38-40.

[5]王一鸿.体检中心CRM构建及数据挖掘的应用研究[D].华东理工大学,2011.

[6]潘光强.基于数据挖掘的CRM设计与应用研究[D].安徽工业大学,2011.

烟草论文参考文献

[1]柯晨丹《试析新时期我国烟草行业的现状及对策》

[2]《烟草控制框架公约》

[3]李景武《烟草行业实现可持续发展的思路及其对策》

[4]田蔚《自主创新:烟草行业可持续发展的前提》

[5]《烟草控制框架公约》

[6]钟陆文《论企业可持续发展的理论内涵》

[7]唐铭坚、谭礼萍《吸烟对健康的危害及控烟策略》

农业论文参考文献

[1]浙江省农业标准化“十二五”发展规划.浙发改规划(2012〕209号,2012.

[2]李苏.关于农业标准化问题的思考[J].农业现代化研究.1995(04) : 12-14.

[3]张洪程.农业标准化面临的新问题与对策[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.

[4]杨汉明.论中国农业标准化体系建设[J].中州学刊,2001(4) :46-50.

[5]孙晓康.现代农业标准化[M].北京:中国计量出版社,2013.

[6]阎寿根.标准化:农业和名牌战略的'基础[J].中国农村经济,2000(9):24-26.

[7]张灵光.我国农业标准化的现状与对策[R].国家标准管理委员会网站,2002.

[8]刘兵.农业标准化及其在农业发展中的作用[J].湖南农业科学,2007(6) :21-23.

[9]王林枫,谭学智.从“永胡”和“嵩胡”的兴衰谈农业标准化的重要性[J].大众标准化,2008(3) :51-53.

[10]章家恩,陈建军,骆世明.我国农业标准化面临的机遇、挑战及其战略[J].农业现代化研究,2004 (3) : 157-159.

[11]陈红金,何乐琴.浙江省农业标准化现状、存在问题与对策[J].浙江农业科学,2007 (4) :368-371.

[12]金仁耀,汪刚.浙江省农业标准化发展现状与对策建议[J].浙江农业科学,2011(2) :231-235.

[13]虞轶俊,白玲,王健,吴声敢,杨桂玲.浙江省加快推进现代农业标准化工作的实践和思考[J].农产品质量与安全,2013 (5) :30-33.

[14]骆浩文.广东省农业标准化研究与评价[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,.

[15]周洁红,刘清宇.基于合作社主体的农业标准化推广模式研究一来自浙江省的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2010 (6) :88-97.

[16]曾建民.发迖国家农业标准化发展及其效果评价[J].农村经济,2003(9) :45-47.

[17]杭州市农业概况.杭州市政府站一杭州农村经济情况一杭州市农业概况.

[18]关于加快推进杭州农业现代化的实施意见.中共杭州市委[2013]3号文件.

[19]赵敏.杭州市实施农业标准化提升农产品质量探讨[J].杭州农业科技,2012(增刊):7-11.

[20]杨敏.杭州农业发展现状和转型升级持续发展对策[J].农业现代化研究,2012 (11): 705—708.

[21]朱时建,潘贤春,杨欢欢.杭州市构建现代农业产业技术体系问题研究.杭州农业科技信息网一杭州市构建现代农业产业技术体系问题研究.

[22]王小刚.战略绩效管理最佳实践:实战案例解析[M].中国经济出版社,2013.

[23]Zahara Merican. The role of government agencies in assessing HACCP—theMalaysian procedure. Food Control,2000(11):371-372.

[24]陈晓丹.我国农业标准化问题研究[D].博士学位论文,浙江大学,2005.

[25]管志刚.常州市农业标准化现状及发展分析[D].硕士学位论文,南京农业大学’ 2007. 12.

[26]郭学考.成都市农业标准化建设研究[D].硕士学位论文,四川农业大学,2012. 6.

[27]熊明华浙江省发展农业标准化的对策研究[D].博士学位论文,浙江大学,2004. 4.

[28]林兰泸州市农业标准化建设状况的调查与思考[D].硕士学位论文,西南交通大学,2011. 5.

内部控制论文参考文献英文

The enterprise internal control theory The internal control is an important symbol of modern enterprise management, through the practice of the conclusion is: to control is strong, weak, without control is controlled, disorderly. The new regulations "accounting law 27 units shall establish and perfect the system of supervision unit interior accountant. Unit interior accountant controls on the execution, the internal control is. What is the internal control The internal control is the formation of a series of measures to control functions, procedures, methods, and standardized and systematized, make it become a rigorous, relatively complete system. According to the control of the internal control can be divided into different purpose accounting control and management control. Accounting control and protection of assets is safe, the accounting information authenticity and integrity and financial activities related to the legitimacy of control, Management control means to ensure operation policy decision, implementation of business activities and promote the efficiency and effectiveness, and the effect of the relevant management to achieve the goals of control. Accounting control and management control and not mutually exclusive, incompatible, some control measures can be used for accounting control, and can also be used to control. The goal is to ensure that the internal control unit operations efficiency and effect, safety, economic information of assets and financial reports of reliability. Its main functions: one is to achieve target management policy and management, Second is the assets of safety protection unit is complete, prevent loss of assets, Three is to guarantee the business and financial accounting information authenticity and integrity. In addition, the legitimacy of the financial activities within the unit is the internal control goals. Good, although the internal control to achieve these goals, but whether the internal control design and operation, it is not how to eliminate its inherent limitations. This limitation must also be clear and prevention. Main show is: (1) the limited by cost benefit principle, (2) if the employee has different responsibility ignore control program, misjudgment, even the collusion, inside and outside, often cause in fraud internal control malfunction, (3) management personnel abuse, and to set up or Passover control of internal control ignored, also can make the establishment of internal control non-existing. Second, the basic structure of internal control The basic structure of internal control. Mainly includes control environment, accounting system and control procedures in three aspects: (a) control environment. Control environment refers to establish or implement a policy of various factors, which affect mainly reflects unit managers and other personnel to control the attitude, understanding and action. Specific include: management ideas and management style, unit organization structure, functions and managers of these functions, determine the powers and responsibilities of the manager monitoring and inspection method, the working personnel policy measures to control, and its implementation, this unit of various external business relations. (2) accounting system. Accounting system refers to establish accounting and accounting supervision procedure and method of business activities. Effective accounting system should do: 1, confirmed and record all real business, timely and detailed description of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports of economic business appropriately classified. 2 and measurement value of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports records in the appropriate monetary value. 3 and determine the time, business to business records in the appropriate accounting period. 4 in the financial and accounting reports, business and proper disclosure of expression related matters. (3) control procedures. Control program to formulate policy and managers to ensure a certain procedure. Specific include: business and economic activity approval, The relevant personnel division of responsibilities clear, and prevent fraud, The bill and certificates and use, should guarantee business activities and recorded properly, Property and its use to have documented exposure measures to protect, For registered business valuation, and to review, etc. Third, the basic way of internal control The basic way of internal control mainly has: organization planning control, authorized control, budget control, material control, cost control, risk control and audit control. (a) to organize the control. According to the internal control requirements, the unit in determining the organizational structure and improve the process, incompatible duties shall follow the principle of separation, the so-called incompatible duties, refers to those if by a man or a department, and may cheat yourself concealing its position of frauds. The economic activity of the unit can usually divided into five stages: namely, the approval issued by authorized, execution, and records. Normally, if each step by the relatively independent researchers (or department), can guarantee the separation incompatible duties, facilitating the function of the internal control. Organize and control mainly includes two aspects: 1 and incompatible duties of separation. If the accounting work of accountant and cashier incompatible duties, need to separate. Should be separate positions usually have an authorized: economic business duties to separation, Execute a business with the position of the post to review: Execution of an economic position and record the business to business position: Keep a record of the property of the position and position of property to separation etc. Incompatible duties separation is based on the assumption that two personal unconscious accomplice a possibility, but the possibility of a person gains more than two people. If this hypothesis, breakthrough incompatible duties of separation cannot play control function. [NextPage] 2, the organization's control. A unit of economic activities according to the needs of different departments and institutions set, the organization's set of responsibilities and should reflect the mutual control requirements. Specific requirement is: the responsibility and authority of the organizations must be licensed and guarantee the authority within the scope of authority without intervention, Each business must pass in operation of the department and guarantee in different departments concerned to check each other, In every business, should belong to was not inspectors, in order to ensure that the inspectors check out the problem was solved quickly. (2) authorized control. The authorized department of internal control unit to handle business or staff access control. Some departments or units within a clerk in the treatment of economic business, must be authorized or approved to, no approval. Authorized control unit can guarantee the implementation course and abuse. Authorized are generally authorized and particular authorized two forms: general mandate is to deal with average economic business level and the approval of the right conditions stipulated in the unit, usually in the internal control of clarifying, Special authorization of special economic business processing is the right level and approval conditions, such as when a prescribed amount exceeds the economic business department, only after approval within specific authorized to handle. Authorized the basic control requirement is: first, must be clear and specific license authorization of the general line and responsibility, Secondly, to clear the authorized business each program, Again, to establish the necessary examination system, to ensure that the processing after the authorized business working quality. Some current unit executes leadership "pen", with the approval of the internal control principles and requirements, should reform. Practice has proved, rights should be restricted, lose the right to restrict the corruption which easily. (3) budget control. Budget control is an important aspect of internal control, including financing, financing, purchasing, production, sales, investment and management activities. The economic business units to prepare detailed budget and plan, and through the authorized by relevant departments, the budget or plan implementation control, the basic requirements: first, the unit budget must reflect the management goal, and clear responsibility. Second, the budget shall be permitted by the authorized to budget adjustments to budget and more practical. Third, it shall timely feedback or regular budget implementation. (4) physical assets control. Physical assets control mainly include restrictions to control inventory control and regular two, this is the real assets of unit of safety control measures. There are two main: first, to limit to strictly control, to physical assets and the relevant documents of the physical assets, such as cash and bank deposit, securities and inventory, warehouse, the warehouser except cashier personnel and other personnel is limited, contact, to ensure the safety of assets. Second, regular physical assets inventory, guarantee the physical assets conform with the actual amount recorded book, such as accounts inconsistent, should investigate the cause and treatment. In addition to the above, physical assets control say from broad sense, also include the physical assets of purchase, storage, and shipping and sales process control. (5) cost control. Modern cost control can be divided into "extensive" and "intensive" two. Extensive cost control, refers to the production technology, product process under the condition of invariable, rely solely on reducing consumption materials, reasonable material to lower the cost of cost control, Intensive cost control, refers to raise the level of technology to improve the production technology, product process, thus reducing the cost control. These two kinds of methods, combining modern cost control. 1, extensive cost control, the cost of raw materials procurement control from the final product sold throughout, and is one of the most fundamental and most main control method. First, the raw materials procurement cost control. For bulk materials generally used to open ZhaoBiaoFa or according to manufacturer direct purchasing. Second, the use of materials cost control. Generally, there are two ways: one is the objective cost control, it is through the "target cost price - goals profits target =", which is obtained by cost method to control costs. Veto Second, it is the cost control of various assignments, and through the analysis of cost drivers, costs and expenses of the collection, not only more reasonable truly computational cost, and thus find income and cost ratio or not only put no gains, so can largely reduce costs. Third, product sales, cost control. Mainly propaganda cost control, notable is, advertising, promotional role played only product quality is the foundation of the user's trust. Therefore, we should grasp investment and expenses of the matching principle. [NextPage] 2 and intensive cost control. And can be divided into two types: one is to improve production technology by to reduce cost control. There are many ways to improve production technology, such as the introduction of new production line adopts high-tech products, etc. Two is improved by process to reduce the cost of cost control. Intensive cost control on intellectual achievements, it can make the excess profit achievements. (6) risk control. Risk is usually referred to as a result of the action, and the risk associated with another concept is uncertain. Some people only know beforehand action may result, but don't know they appear probability, or both all don't know, but only as a rough estimate. For example, enterprise test-manufacturing a new product, this product can certainly advance trial success or failure. But don't know these two consequences of possibility appeared. Business decisions are generally in uncertain circumstances. In practice, a result of action has many may not sure, risk, And as a result of the action, it is certainly not risk. The risk control is to prevent and avoid as far as possible adverse outcome. According to the reasons of the formation of risk and risk management can generally be divided into two categories: the financial risk, 1, management risk. Risk management refers to the production and business operation reasons for corporate profits to the uncertainty. Due to the production and operation of enterprises will be derived from many aspects of the external and internal factors, thus greatly, and the uncertainty of uncertainty, causes the enterprise profit margins or the changes, thus bringing risk. Operational risk changes from the external, nonetheless, enterprises should adopt the effective internal control measures to prevent. 2, financial risk. Financial risk and risk, it is to because debt and the enterprise's financial results for uncertainty. Companies operating in the capital, debt all except the part of self-capital, borrowed funds for enterprise self-capital affect profitability, At the same time, borrowed money to repay captital with interest, if unable to repay debts that are due, the enterprise will into financial difficulties or bankruptcy. When the enterprise rate than pre-tax profit margins funds borrowed funds rate, use borrowed money earn profits and residual interest except compensation and thus make the self-capital profitability improve. However, if the enterprise income tax profit margins than money borrowed funds, at this moment, use borrowed money to finance the profits are not pay interest, still need to use their own funds to pay interest on the part of the profit margins, thereby reducing the self-capital, make enterprise losses incurred, even the bankruptcy of the danger. The risk for financing risk. The size of the risk degree of self-capital by borrowing money, borrowed money ratio, the greater the risk degree proportion with smaller proportion, borrowed funds, risk degree also decrease. For financial risk control, the key is to ensure a reasonable capital structure, maintain the appropriate level of debt, should make full use of the debt management skill gain financial leverage income, improve the self-capital profitability, To avoid excessive debt caused by the financial risk, which is the important link of the enterprise internal control, must take the necessary measures to prevent fundraising risk. (7) auditing control. Audit control mainly refers to the internal audit, internal audit and control of accounting is to supervise. Accounting information to internal audit, internal control is an integral part of the internal control is a kind of special form. Internal auditing is an organization in all kinds of activities and the internal control system of independent evaluation to determine whether the policy implementation, establish the procedure is in compliance with the standard of resources utilization, whether reasonable, effective and unit of objectives achieved. Internal audit content is very extensive, generally include internal financial audit and internal management audit. Internal audit supervision of accounting information, and is not only the internal control is effective means to ensure that the accounting information is true and complete. According to the basic principle of internal control and accounting work in our country actual situation, the new "law" regulation, the unit shall in internal accounting supervision system of accounting information in the regular internal audit methods and procedures, in order to make the internal audit institutions or internal auditors of accounting information system and procedure of audit work. In addition to the above seven internal control, and documentation control. Performance control and worker quality control, etc. The new system of accounting supervision system on the unit interior, the main contents of the internal control system. Including: responsibilities, and strict procedures, truthfully record, regular check, etc. In practice, establishing and implementing internal control should also consider: enterprise scale, organizational system and the owners' rights and interests; etc. Business property, diversity and complexity, Transfer, processing, and the methods to information, Applicable regulatory requirements, etc. At present many enterprise internal control was not good, except knowledge level, the main reasons of the administration is to establish and implement effective internal control of power, pressure, coerce, enough. This change of the accounting law depends on the implementation of new science and the modern enterprise system and the establishment of corporate governance structure. To help enterprises to establish internal control, can consult other countries and regions, by the relevant departments of the internal control of some important industry and points for each unit, reference, and learning to use gradually perfect the internal control system, in order to promote the comprehensive enterprise in our country, and in essence.

您可以来我们图书馆查找Wiley、SD、IEEE、Springer、nature这些数据库的高权文献,并下载,欢迎来咨询

关于内部控制管理论文参考文献

在学习、工作中,大家都经常看到论文的身影吧,论文是我们对某个问题进行深入研究的文章。那么你有了解过论文吗?以下是我精心整理的内部控制管理论文参考文献,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

参考文献

1.王利彦、张继东 《企业内部控制》 机械工业出版社 XX年年8月出版;

2.示嫣红 《企业内部控制》 浙江大学出版社 2010年1月出版;

3.颜梦玉 《浅谈企业内部控制》 《企业家天地》XX年年第11期;

4.李连华 《企业治理结构与内部控制的链接与互动》 《会计研究》 XX年第2期;

5.张岳麓 《企业内部控制的创新》 《企业改革与管理》 XX年10月;

6.邹歆贤 《浅谈企业内部控制》 《大众科学》 XX年年第16期。

【拓展内容】

crm论文参考文献

[1]郭愈强,樊玮.数据挖掘技术在民航CRM中的应用[J],计算机工程,2005(31):169-171.

[2]刘彬,白万民.浅析数据挖掘技术在CRM中的应用[J].电子世界,2014,01(17):16-17.

[3]杨虎猛,朱汝岳.金融业分型CRM系统探索与应用[J].计算机应用与软件,2013,07(30):259-261.

[4]徐国庆,段春梅.数据挖掘技术在CRM中的应用研究[J].网络安全技术与应用,2012,02(12):38-40.

[5]王一鸿.体检中心CRM构建及数据挖掘的应用研究[D].华东理工大学,2011.

[6]潘光强.基于数据挖掘的CRM设计与应用研究[D].安徽工业大学,2011.

烟草论文参考文献

[1]柯晨丹《试析新时期我国烟草行业的现状及对策》

[2]《烟草控制框架公约》

[3]李景武《烟草行业实现可持续发展的思路及其对策》

[4]田蔚《自主创新:烟草行业可持续发展的前提》

[5]《烟草控制框架公约》

[6]钟陆文《论企业可持续发展的理论内涵》

[7]唐铭坚、谭礼萍《吸烟对健康的危害及控烟策略》

农业论文参考文献

[1]浙江省农业标准化“十二五”发展规划.浙发改规划(2012〕209号,2012.

[2]李苏.关于农业标准化问题的思考[J].农业现代化研究.1995(04) : 12-14.

[3]张洪程.农业标准化面临的新问题与对策[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.

[4]杨汉明.论中国农业标准化体系建设[J].中州学刊,2001(4) :46-50.

[5]孙晓康.现代农业标准化[M].北京:中国计量出版社,2013.

[6]阎寿根.标准化:农业和名牌战略的'基础[J].中国农村经济,2000(9):24-26.

[7]张灵光.我国农业标准化的现状与对策[R].国家标准管理委员会网站,2002.

[8]刘兵.农业标准化及其在农业发展中的作用[J].湖南农业科学,2007(6) :21-23.

[9]王林枫,谭学智.从“永胡”和“嵩胡”的兴衰谈农业标准化的重要性[J].大众标准化,2008(3) :51-53.

[10]章家恩,陈建军,骆世明.我国农业标准化面临的机遇、挑战及其战略[J].农业现代化研究,2004 (3) : 157-159.

[11]陈红金,何乐琴.浙江省农业标准化现状、存在问题与对策[J].浙江农业科学,2007 (4) :368-371.

[12]金仁耀,汪刚.浙江省农业标准化发展现状与对策建议[J].浙江农业科学,2011(2) :231-235.

[13]虞轶俊,白玲,王健,吴声敢,杨桂玲.浙江省加快推进现代农业标准化工作的实践和思考[J].农产品质量与安全,2013 (5) :30-33.

[14]骆浩文.广东省农业标准化研究与评价[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,.

[15]周洁红,刘清宇.基于合作社主体的农业标准化推广模式研究一来自浙江省的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2010 (6) :88-97.

[16]曾建民.发迖国家农业标准化发展及其效果评价[J].农村经济,2003(9) :45-47.

[17]杭州市农业概况.杭州市政府站一杭州农村经济情况一杭州市农业概况.

[18]关于加快推进杭州农业现代化的实施意见.中共杭州市委[2013]3号文件.

[19]赵敏.杭州市实施农业标准化提升农产品质量探讨[J].杭州农业科技,2012(增刊):7-11.

[20]杨敏.杭州农业发展现状和转型升级持续发展对策[J].农业现代化研究,2012 (11): 705—708.

[21]朱时建,潘贤春,杨欢欢.杭州市构建现代农业产业技术体系问题研究.杭州农业科技信息网一杭州市构建现代农业产业技术体系问题研究.

[22]王小刚.战略绩效管理最佳实践:实战案例解析[M].中国经济出版社,2013.

[23]Zahara Merican. The role of government agencies in assessing HACCP—theMalaysian procedure. Food Control,2000(11):371-372.

[24]陈晓丹.我国农业标准化问题研究[D].博士学位论文,浙江大学,2005.

[25]管志刚.常州市农业标准化现状及发展分析[D].硕士学位论文,南京农业大学’ 2007. 12.

[26]郭学考.成都市农业标准化建设研究[D].硕士学位论文,四川农业大学,2012. 6.

[27]熊明华浙江省发展农业标准化的对策研究[D].博士学位论文,浙江大学,2004. 4.

[28]林兰泸州市农业标准化建设状况的调查与思考[D].硕士学位论文,西南交通大学,2011. 5.

内部控制论文英文参考文献

填补我国注册内部控制师专业人才空白之作——引进版《国际注册内部控制师通用知识与技能指南》策划出版有感 樊清玉企业的一切管理工作,从建立和健全内部控制制度开始;企业的一切决策,应统驭在完善的内部控制制度之下;企业的一切活动,都不能游离于内部控制制度之外。管理实践证明,得控则强、失控则弱、无控则乱。——题记一、情有独钟——关注“内控”不知为什么,我对内控方面的书情有独钟。也许是作为编辑的职业敏感和专业敏感,早在2000年前后内控研究在国内刚兴起时,我就策划、陆续出版了一套《现代内部控制丛书》,受到了读者和市场的一定关注。其中《企业内部控制管理操作手册》一书,从策划到出版,是最费心力之作,好在这本大部头的书籍至今还在“长销”。我认为,只有策划出版一些有份量的拳头产品,用一个选题推动一个系统工程,用一个系统工程培养一个出版社品牌,才能在激烈的市场竞争中站稳脚跟,出版社才有持续发展可言。我一直坚信这一点并为之努力。近十年过去了,内控这个话题方兴未艾。内部控制的重要性不言而喻,就像题记所说。事实证明,不论是国内还是国外,都到了不得不重视内部控制的时候了。编辑策划图书不仅要有前瞻性,还要跟踪时下重要的热点话题。我策划图书当然“情有独钟”地继续关注内控这类选题。2009年8月,经过一番努力,策划并首次出版了由国际内部控制协会著的《国际注册内部控制师通用知识与技能指南》一书。二、物有所值——“洋为中用”历史是螺旋式上升的。我们正处在内部控制的理论与实务发生巨大变革的时代,今天的内部控制与过去的内部控制有哪些不同与创新,又有哪些继承与发展?这是许多研究内部控制的专家学者正在思考和力图求证的一个重要问题。2008年6月,在借鉴和吸收国际监管新理念的背景下,我国财政部、审计署、证监会、银监会和保监会五部委联合印发了《企业内部控制基本规范》(以下简称《规范》)。这一被称为中国版《萨·奥法案》的《规范》是我国第一部加强和完善企业内部控制系统,提高企业经营管理水平和风险防范能力,促进企业可持续发展,维护社会主义市场经济秩序和社会公众利益的重要法规文件。根据《规范》的执行要求,时机成熟时将在上市公司中施行,并鼓励非上市的大中型企业参照执行。由于企业内部控制渗透于整个组织的一系列活动中,内部控制系统建设涉及公司治理、风险管理、质量管理、信息系统、审计监督、企业文化建设等领域,涵盖的知识面广,业务流程复杂,各种技能要求全面,测评方法和测评工具复杂细致。因此,在贯彻落实《规范》的过程中,无论对员工进行内部控制相关知识和技能的培训,还是在设计和执行内部控制信息系统与实施内部控制自我评估中,都需要参考借鉴和吸收国际权威机构有关内部控制的研究成果、流程框架体系、实务指南与评估工具等技术方法。借鉴和吸收国际内部控制领域的理论知识,特别是实务经验,可以为企业董事会、高级管理层提供可供参照借鉴的内部控制流程设计、文档管理建设、自我评估的指标体系及其评估工具,避免企业单打独斗的探索,减少大量的研发成本,节约时间少走弯路,有利于尽快顺利建立起我国内部控制系统,为企业防范风险、提高经营的效率和效果、增强财务报告的可靠性,促进合法合规提供合理保证的目标。正如国际内部控制协会会长威廉·E·佩里先生(Willian E Perry)在《国际注册内部控制师通用知识与技能指南》一书致辞中指出的那样:“全球从事内部控制相关工作的大多数个人都没有受过内部控制现代定义的适当教育或训练。值得注意的是,大多数的审计师,无论是独立审计师还是内部审计师,只是接受过内部控制财务定义方面的培训。管理层如何才能确保其组织内部控制系统的适当性和有效性,并确认哪些员工能胜任工作? 答案是聘用接受过内部控制专业组织良好培训和获得‘认证’的职业人士”。2008年6月,COSO在其征求意见稿中发布了附加指南:内部控制系统监控指南。COSO在这一指南中指出,组织需要这样一个架构,既能考虑管理层和董事会的监控作用,也需要使用具备适当能力,经授权进行客观评价的“评估师”(evaluators)。评估师可以是经过专门培训的专业人士,应当独立于运营活动(例如,内部审计师),或者是组织中相关工作领域的员工,他们负责监督流程,或监控某些控制措施的执行。评估师要求具备足够的专业技能、知识和权限,同时要对内部控制所管控的风险有足够的了解。那么,谁将成为这些未来的评估师?谁能够为这些未来的评估师提供所需的专业培训?谁又是最佳的认证机构呢?现在迫切需要接受过COSO内部控制定义培训的新型内部控制专家。目前,全球只有一个机构提供这种全面培训、考试和颁发国际注册内部控制师资格证书。这个机构就是国际内部控制协会(Internal Control Institute,英文缩写ICI)。正如此,中经安信息科技(北京)有限公司(以下简称“中经安”)与国际内部控制协会(ICI)结成合作伙伴关系,独家代理其内部控制与公司治理以及相关的产品和咨询服务。通过与ICI签订翻译协议,中经安可以组织力量翻译ICI开发的世界一流水平的内部控制和公司治理指南,包括控制流程设计、文档管理方法、量化评估工具等技术方法和解决方案。这项工作将为我国企业构建内部控制系统框架、标准和指南提供参照体系和实务操作技术方法,帮助企业开发基于信息技术环境下的内部控制系统。此外,中经安已经启动了向人力资源和社会保障部职业技能鉴定中心申报引进国际注册内部控制师职业资格证书的审核注册程序,力图通过提供适用的培训教材和完善的培训体系,开展国际注册内部控制师职业资格认证项目,为我国填补注册内部控制师专业人才的空白做出应有的贡献,促进我国内部控制实务与国际内部控制最佳实务惯例的趋同发展。本书是国际注册内部控制师资格认证项目的教科书之一,ICI设立该资格认证项目的目的是,建立全球内部控制职业人士最基本的资格标准和职业胜任能力持续改进的要求。ICI通过定义与内部控制职责相关的任务,整合企业管理的各种相关知识、法律法规、流程管理及信息系统的监管要求,形成了考核与认定国际注册内部控制师的八大专业知识与技能。书中的内容以《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》和COSO内部控制框架为基础,对每一技能分类进行了深入浅出、详尽细致的介绍,并配备了相关的实务案例、框架、图表、核查清单、治理模型等技术工具。ICI 力求通过系统化和规范化的培训,使全球的经济师、质量工程师、审计师、会计师、评估师和企业管理人员能系统全面地掌握内部控制设计、执行和保障以及流程管理与评估所需的知识和技能,成为董事会、审计委员会和监事会高度重视的复合型人才的内部控制专家。此书是一本难得的现代内部控制理论与实务相结合的教科书,以及流程管理与内部控制有效性评估的实务操作工具书。该书的出版发行不仅为开展国际注册内部控制师职业资格培训项目提供了适用的辅导教材,而且有利于为我国上市公司及大中型企业在控制流程设计、信息存档、披露和安全等方面构建新的基础设施,为内部控制系统的有效性评估提供参照借鉴的指标体系、框架模式、实务操作指南和解决方案,成而解决《规范》如何落地的问题。三、学有所得——复合人才引进和开展国际注册内部控制师资格证书项目,可以为企业提供全方位的内部控制教育流程培训,为培养我国的注册内部控制师提供适用教材和培训体系,进而填补我国注册内部控制师专业人才的空白。培养和造就具备企业管理、财务会计、信息系统和监控流程等知识和技能的复合型人才,是我国企业加强内部控制建设,促进相关行业结构调整和产业升级的必要条件;是贯彻落实科学发展观,以人为本,增强自主创新能力和完善现代企业制度的现实需要;也是促进我国内部控制实务与国际较成熟的内部控制实务趋同发展的内在需要。特别是在当前全球处于金融危机的形势下,本书的翻译与出版有其独特的十分重要的现实意义。除了以上所述对行业建设的重要性之外,从就业角度来看,在当前就业形势日趋严峻的情况下,选择本书,选择注册内部控制师,锻炼自己的综合能力,成为复合型人才,也可增加理想就业的砝码。相信有识之士慧眼识珠,在这全球内控时代活出自己的精彩!——中国内部控制网

[1] 财政部注册会计师委员会办公室.审计[Z].,2001..[2] 朱荣恩.内部控制的方式[J].中国审计,2002,(7):.[3] 李国盛.内控制度的现状、成因及对策建议[J].四川会计,:.[4] 张俊民.企业内部会计控制目标构造及其分层设计[J].重庆财会,:.[5] 王纬.COSO模型在会计控制中的应用[J].江苏财会,2002,(2):.

外文参考文献的写法

在学习和工作的日常里,大家都不可避免地会接触到论文吧,论文可以推广经验,交流认识。你写论文时总是无从下笔?下面是我帮大家整理的外文参考文献的写法论文,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。不同的参考文献,引用和标注的格式要求是不一样的,特别是对于英文参考文献来说,格式不对,很容易影响整篇论文的质量和查重率,下面是我整理的外文参考文献的写法,欢迎大家阅览。

单一作者著作的书籍:

姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.

Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.

两位作者以上合著的书籍:

姓,名字首字母., & 姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社. Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press. 文集中的文章:

Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books. 期刊中的文章(非连续页码):

Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.

期刊中的文章(连续页码):

姓,名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期,页码.

Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.

月刊杂志中的文章:

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

[1] Andrea H. Creating ‘buzz’:opportunities and limitations of social media for arts institutions and their viral marketing, International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,2012; 17(3), 173-182.

[2] Andreas M. K,Michael hearts in three-quarter time: How to waltz the social media/viral marketing horizons,2011,54(3),253-263.

[3] Angela D.,David T.. Controlled infection! Spreading the brand message through viral marketing. Business Horizons. 2005,3(48).143-149,

[4] Bowman D.,Narayandas D.. Managing customerinitiated contacts with manufacturers: The impact on share of category requirements and word-of-mouth behavior Journal of Marketing Research, 2001,38(3),281-297.

[5] Brown J. J., Reingen P. H.. Social ties and word-of-mouth referral behavior. The Journal of Consumer Research, 1987,14(3),350—362,

[6] Carmen C. Social and attitudinal determinants of viral marketing dynamics. Computers in Human Behavior,2011,27(6),2292-2300.

[7] Douglas Virus. New York;Ballantine Books,1994,3-16.

[8] Ennew C.,Banerjee A.. Li D..Managing Word of mouth communication: empirical Journal of Bank Marketing, 2000,18(2).75-83.

[9] Goldenberg J.,Libai B., Muller E.. Talk of the network: A complex systems look at the underlying process of word-of-mouth. Marketing Letters, 2001, 3(12).211-223.

[10] Hinz, 01iver, Strategies for Viral Marketing: An Empirical Comparison. Journal of Marketing,2011,75(6),55-72,

[11] Ho Jason ., marketing: Motivations to forward online of Business Research?2010,63(9-10), 1000-1006.

[12] Hoedemaekers, marketing and imaginary ethics, or the joke that goes too far. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society,2011,16(2),162-178.

[13] Jinshuang L.. Scalable Influence Maximization in Social Networks Using theCommunity Discovery Algorithm. Genetic and Evolutionary Computing(1CGEC), 2012 Sixth International Conference (25),284-287.

[14] Judith C. Dina M.. The effect of word of mouth on sales: Online book of Marketing . 43(3).345-356.

[15] Jure L, Lada A. A, Bernardo A. H. The dynamics of viral marketing. In ACMconference on Electronic Commerce,2006,pages 228-237.

[16] Joseph E. ,Regina L..Viral Marketing or Electronic Word-of-Mouth Advertising:Examining Consumer Responses and Motivations to Pass Along Email. Journalof Advertising Research,2004,12(44),333-348.

[17] Lucy H..Viral Marketing: Share index is measure of a viral's success,MarketingWeek,2010,5(4),24-32.

[18] M. J. S"Game Plan For Viral Marketing. Meetings and Conventions,2010,45(6),41-53.

[19] Malcolm G. The Tipping Point. New York: Little,Brown and Company,2000,5-20.

[20] Mani R. S.,Balaji R. Knowledge-sharing and influence in online social networksvia viral marketing. Communications of the ACM, 2003,46(12),300—307.

[21] Matt art of buzz; Viral marketing agency knows how to get a lot ofattention. National Post,2011,FP4.

[22] McConnell, Michael.'Viral' marketing's power - and time ,2011,80(6),5-20.

[23] Michalski, Radoslaw J.. Negative Effects of Incentivised Viral Campaigns for Activity in Social Networks. Cloud and Green Computing(CGC).2012,11(1-3),391-398.

[24] Palka, word-of-mouth - A grounded theory of mobile viralmarketing. Information Technology Journal,(2), 172-185.

[25] Pandit S.,Yang Y..Maximizing Information Spread through Influence Structuresin Social Networks. Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW), 2012 IEEE 12thInternational Conference on. 2012,12(10),258-265.

[26] Raei H. A New Algorithm for Positive Influence Dominating Set in SocialNetworks. Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (AS ON AM), 2012IEEE/ACM International Conference (26),253-257.

[27] Ralph . The Six Simple Principles of Viral Marketing. 2005-02-01.

[28] Scott, David M. The New Rules of Marketing and PR: How to Use NewsReleases, Blogs, Podcasting,Viral Marketing and Online Media to Reach BuyersDirectly, John Wiley &

[29] Sabrina H. Viral marketing-establishing customer relationships by 'word-of-mouse'. Electronic Markets,2000,10(3),158-161.

[30] Shapiro,Michael J.. Building Buzz:How Viral Marketing Promotes and Conventions,201045(6).36-42.

[31] Watts D., Peretti J.. Viral marketing for the Real Word. Harvard BusinessReview,2007,10(1),22-23.

[32] Wonyeol L.. CT-IC: Continuously Activated and Time-Restricted Independent Cascade Model for Viral Marketing. Data Mining (ICDM),2012 IEEE 12thInternational Conference on. 2012,12(10),960-965.

一、论文正文引用之处用圆括号作夹注,基本格式为“(作者,发表年份)”,同时将该引文详细信息列明在参考文献内。夹注中包含多篇文献时,各作者之间用分号隔开。

二、参考文献类型以字母方式标识:期刊J,专著M,报纸N,学位论文D,论文集C,报告R,标准S,专利P,数据库DB,计算机程序CP,电子公告EB。

三、电子文献的载体类型采用双字母表示:磁带MT,磁盘DK,光盘CD,联机网络OL。以纸张为载体的传统文献在引用时不必注明其载体类型。

四、参考文献列于文末,以“参考文献:”作为标志,先中文后外文,中文按照拼音前若干字母在字母表中的顺序排列;英文按单词前若干字母在字母表中的顺序排列。参考文献请标明序号,用数字加方括号表示,如“[1][2][3]”。

五、对于文献有多位作者的`,只标明前三位作者,以“,”分隔,从第四位开始用“等”或者“et al.”代替。

六、外文参考文献格式与中文参考文献相同,标题的首字母及各个实词的首字母大写。

七、各类参考文献条目的具体编排格式及示例如下:

1.期刊:

[序号]作者.文章标题[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.

[1]刘明辉,张宜霞.内部控制的经济学思考[J].会计研究,2002,(8):51-53.

[1] KANAMORI H.Shaking without Quaking[J].Science,2002,15(1):12-17.

2.专著:

[序号]著者.书名[M].出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码.

[2]张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1996:15-18.

[2]JONES R M. Mechanics of Composite Materials[M].New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1975.

3.报纸:

[序号]作者.文章标题[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).

[3]陈毓圭.修订完善审计准则 保持持续全面国际趋同[N].上海证券报,2010-9-20(10).

[3]GUO Ai-bing. Auto Show Revs up Customers' Desire[N].China Daily,2002-06-07(1).

4.学位论文:

[序号]作者.文章标题[D].地点:单位,年.

[4]朱刚.新型流体有限元法及叶轮机械正反混合问题[D].北京:清华大学,1996.

[4]Sun Study of Helicopter Rotor Aerodynamics in Ground Effect[D].Princeton:Princeton University,1983.

5.论文集析出文献:

[序号]作者.文章标题[C]//编者.文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码.

[5]张佑才.繁荣会计理论研究促进会计事业发展[C]//中国会计学会.1996年会计学论文集.北京:中国财政经济出版社,1997:537-548.

[5]Hunninghaks G W,Gadek J B,Szapiel S V,et al.The Human Alveolar Macrophage[C]//Harris C C.Cultured Human Cells and Issues in Biomedical Research.New York:Academic Press,1980:54-56.

6.电子文献:

对于非纸张型载体的电子文献,当被引用为参考文献时需在参考文献类型标志中同时标明其载体类型[文献类型标志/载体类型标志],如“[J/OL]”。对于载体为“OL”的文献,还应标明发表或更新日期(加圆括号,有出版年的文献可不选此项)、引用日期和网址。

[序号]作者.文章标题[文献类型标志/载体类型标志].(发表或更新日期)[引用日期].网址.

[6]王军.振奋精神 潜心研究 大力推进会计理论研究的繁荣与发展[R/OL].(2005-01-08)[2006-11-12]. .

[6]CHRISTINE M. Plant Physiology: Plant Biology in the Genome Era[J/OL].Science(S0036-8075),1998,281:331-332[1998-09-23].

可以到我的空间下载

  • 索引序列
  • 毕业论文内部控制外文参考文献
  • 内部控制论文参考文献
  • 企业内部控制毕业论文参考文献
  • 内部控制论文参考文献英文
  • 内部控制论文英文参考文献
  • 返回顶部