论文开题报告翻译成英文

发布时间：2023-12-05 14:26:03

论文开题报告翻译成英文

A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。（论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）

开题报告.英语：1) Research opening ) Background and development of the project.

论文开题报告主要是你的论文将要写什么以及为什么要写和如何写的问题。这里有几个方面：第一，你要写什么这个重点要进行已有文献综述，把有关的题目方面的已经有的国内外研究认真介绍一下（先客观介绍情况，要如实陈述别人的观点），然后进行评述（后主观议论，加以评估，说已有研究有什么不足），说现在有了这些研究，但还有很多问题值得研究。其中要包括你选题将要探讨的问题。由于目前研究不足，所以你要研究。所以，你的论文要写什么是根据文献综述得出来的，而不是你想写什么就写什么。如果不做综述，很可能你的选题早被别人做得很深了。第二，为什么要写这个这个主要是说明你这个选题的意义。可以说在理论上，你发现别人有什么不足和研究空白，所以你去做，就有理论价值了。那么你要说清楚你从文献综述中选出来的这个题目在整个相关研究领域占什么地位。这就是理论价值。然后你还可以从实际价值去谈。就是这个题目可能对现实有什么意义，可能在实际中派什么用场等等。第三，如何写在开题报告里你还应当说清楚你选了这个题目之后如何去解决这个问题。就是有了问题，你准备怎么去找答案。要说一下你大致的思路，同时，重点阐述你要用什么方法去研究。如文献分析法、访谈法、问卷法、定量研究、实验研究、理论分析、模型检验等等。在上述三个方面中间，文献综述是重点。没有文献综述，你就无法找到自己的题目，也不知道这个题目别人已经做得怎么样了，所以你要认真进行综述。当然，综述的目的还是引出你自己的话题，所以不能忘记评述哟。

开题报告英文论文翻译

开题报告.英语：1) Research opening ) Background and development of the project.

[参考文献] [1 ]Bronte ,Charlotte. Jane Eyre [M] . London :Oxford University Press. 1987. [2 ]Danks ,Joseph H. . etal. Cognitive Process in Translationand Interpreting[M] . Sage Publications Inc. . 1997. [3 ]Nida ,Eugene A. . On Translation[M] . 谭载喜译,中国对外翻译出版公司,1984. [4 ]戴浩一. 时间顺序和汉语的语序[ J ] . 国外语言学, 1988 , (1) . [5 ]戴浩一. 以认知为基础的汉语功能语法刍议[J ] . 国外语言学,1990 , (4) . [6 ]吕叔湘. 汉语语法分析问题[M] . 商务印书馆,1979. [7 ]吕叔湘. 语文杂记[M] . 上海教育出版社,1984. [8 ]马秉义. 英汉主语差异初探[J ] . 外国语,1995 , (5) . [9 ]谢信一. 汉语中的时间和意象[J ] . 国外语言学,1991 , (4) .

论英汉翻译中的语序调整(三) 在英汉翻译过程中,之所以产生这样的问题是因为英汉两种语言的语法结构、行文习惯、思维模式不同。英美人强调客观,常用物、抽象概念、非人称it 作主语,让事物以客观的口气呈现出来,使叙述显得公正、客观,结构趋于严密、紧凑,语气较为委婉、间接。中国人有“天人合一”的观点,强调人与自然浑然一体,常用人作主语,主语的思维模式往往是从自我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于描述人的行为或状态。英汉翻译时,所确定的主语是否恰当,必须考虑译文是否符合汉族人民的思维模式。例如: (3) Bitterness fed on the man who had made the worldlaugh. (这位曾使全世界人发出笑声的人自己却饱经辛酸。) (4) It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. (她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。) 例3 英文用抽象名词bitterness 作主语,汉语却用“这位曾使世界人发出笑声的人”作主语;例4 英文用形式主语it 作主语,汉语用“她”作主语,看来似乎风马牛不相及,其实这是中西方思维模式不同的缘故,例4 意思是:这种念头从来没有闪过她的脑际。原句当然可以说She has never thought tha theisa dishonest man. 但两相比较,前一句强调“他是个不诚实的人”是客观事实,字里行间显露出她对这事感到惊异,后一句只强调了主观印象。译文清楚明白地写出了“她”对“他为人不诚实”这一点的认识。英汉翻译中的语序转换英语和汉语的语序有相同之处，但也有不同之处。因此，在英汉互译时，对原文的句子成分和词语的先后顺序，必须按照译出语的语序习惯进行安排，有时需要语序转换。英汉互译中的语序转换主要包括以下几个方面：一、定语位置的转换汉语中的定语，无论是单用还是几个词连用，通常放在所修饰的名词前面。英语则不然，单词作定语时，一般放在所修饰的名词之前，短语和从句做定语时则放在所修饰的名词之后，在汉译英时，必须要考虑定语的位置。如：睡觉的那个婴儿看上去很可爱。The sleeping baby looks lovely．你认识操场上踢球的那些男孩吗？Do you know the boys playing football on the playground ？这就是Polly呆的那个笼子。This is the cage that Polly lives in．需要说明的是，在英语中，不定代词的定语常后置，如：你有什么重要的事吗？Is there anything important in today's newspaper？二、状语位置的转换在英汉互译时，状语位置的变换极为复杂。因为在英汉两种语言中，状语的位置都不是很固定。出于强调程度、句子平衡和上下文的关联等方面的考虑，状语的位置都会发生一些变化。在翻译时，首先，要熟悉英汉两种语言状语位置的差异，然后，按译出语的习惯来调整安排。比如说，在汉语中，状语常放在主语之后、谓语之前，有时为了强调也放在主语之前，但译成英语时则不然。如：他整天都工作。He works allday long．我非常喜欢住在中国。I like living in China very much．另外，英语的方式状语一般常放在地点状语、时间状语之前，而汉语恰恰相反。如：我们得早点去那里。We have to go there early．她每天早晨在教室里高声朗读。She reads aloud in the classroom every morning．英汉互译时，需要变换位置的绝不限于定语和状语，其它句子成分和一些词语的位置，也要按照译出语的习惯作适当的调整和变换。比如说，英汉语言中各有一些并列的固定结构，其语序各不相同，如汉语中说“南北”，而英语说north and south；汉语说“新老”，英语则说old and new。这些需要大家在翻译时格外注意。?/P>英汉翻译中的词序错位现象 Saturday, 15 September 2007 英汉翻译中的词序错位现象（Different Word 0rders）总的来说，汉英的语序基本一致。正是因为这种语序是基本一致的，在汉英翻译时不一致的地方就容易出差错。由于两种语言文化的表达、表述的习惯不同，形成一些固定说法的格式不同，如下面的例子，翻译时只有死记硬背。这种死记硬背非常重要，是翻译的重要基本功之一。在过去的翻译书中技巧讲得很多，但也应该重视固定说法的背诵功底。 1、英汉词序错位例如：水火 fire and water 贫富 rich and poor 新旧 old and new 长短 short and long 细长 long and thin 男婴 baby boy 女婴 baby girl 冷热 hot and cool 凉爽 nice and cool 物理化学 chemistry and physics 工农业 agriculture and industry 年月 month and year 田径（运动） track and field (events) 迟早 sooner or later，first and last 水土流失 soil erosion and water loss 新郎新娘 the bride and the bridegroom 手疾眼快 quick of eye and deft of hand 喜怒哀乐 anger, grief, joy and happiness 水乳交融 as well blended as milk and water 2、有一些情况汉英说法顺序差不多例如：上下 up and down 高低 high and low 老幼 old and young 父母 father and mother 夫妇 man and wife 来龙去脉 from beginning to end 来来往往 come and go, back and forth 3、汉语习语中常有同义重复表达。如“徘徊”、“回环”、“温暖”、“思想”、“道路”等，英语中也有这种结构例如： time and tide 岁月 wear and tear 磨损 near and dear 亲近 lord and master 主人 wants and likes 喜好 the rank and file 百姓论英汉翻译中的语序调整 [ 语序指各级语言单位在组合中的排列次序,是语言的重要组合手段之一,既反映了一定的逻辑事理,又体现了人们在长期使用语言过程中所形成的语言习惯,还反映了语言使用者的思维模式。以英语为母语的民族和汉族是不同的民族, 其思维模式必然不同,对同一客观事实的描述也就有着不同的语言表达顺序。文章从英汉翻译过程中主语的确立、信息焦点的突出方法、汉语时间句序的特点以及语序调整的实证性分析来探讨英汉翻译中的语序调整。 (一) 确定主语,调整语序。英语为主语显著的语言,主语突出,除省略句以外,一般情况下每个句子都有主语;句法重形合,要求句子各成分特别清楚,以免结构混乱,影响句意。而汉语则是主题显著的语言,主题突出,主语不突出;句法重意合,指代关系在形式上不明显。在篇章中,某些句子的主语常常可以省略,有时必须省略;有些主语难以一眼看清,需要读者用心识别。因而在英译汉过程中,确定主语,调整句序往往是一个需要动脑筋的问题。例如: (1) Nightfall found him many miles short of his appointedpreaching place. 这句话按原文的语序,Nightfall (夜幕) 作主语,按原语序照样翻译下去,译文会显得别扭,不自然。按照汉语的语言习惯,应选用“他”作主语,因而正确的翻译是:夜幕降临时,他离预定的布道地点还有好多英里路。又如: (2)As is known to all ,2003 saw the successful launching ofChina’s first manned spaceship. 这句话可译为:众所周知,中国在2003 年成功地发射了第一艘载人宇宙飞船。原文主语是“2003”,但译文没有以“2003”作主语,而以“中国”这一行为主体作主语。用时间作主语是英语中较为常见的现象,这种用法不仅强调了时间的观念,而且也使句子简洁、生动。按照西方人的思维模式和英语表达习惯,英语还可以用地点等名词作主语。如:Nanjingwitnessed many great historic events. (在南京城发生过许多重大的历史事件。) 在英汉翻译过程中,之所以产生这样的问题是因为英汉两种语言的语法结构、行文习惯、思维模式不同。英美人强调客观,常用物、抽象概念、非人称it 作主语,让事物以客观的口气呈现出来,使叙述显得公正、客观,结构趋于严密、紧凑,语气较为委婉、间接。中国人有“天人合一”的观点,强调人与自然浑然一体,常用人作主语,主语的思维模式往往是从自我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于描述人的行为或状态。英汉翻译时,所确定的主语是否恰当,必须考虑译文是否符合汉族人民的思维模式。例如: (3) Bitterness fed on the man who had made the worldlaugh. (这位曾使全世界人发出笑声的人自己却饱经辛酸。) (4) It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. (她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。) 例3 英文用抽象名词bitterness 作主语,汉语却用“这位曾使世界人发出笑声的人”作主语;例4 英文用形式主语it 作主语,汉语用“她”作主语,看来似乎风马牛不相及,其实这是中西方思维模式不同的缘故,例4 意思是:这种念头从来没有闪过她的脑际。原句当然可以说She has never thought tha theisa dishonest man. 但两相比较,前一句强调“他是个不诚实的人”是客观事实,字里行间显露出她对这事感到惊异,后一句只强调了主观印象。译文清楚明白地写出了“她”对“他为人不诚实”这一点的认识。 (二) 突出信息焦点,调整语序。信息焦点即信息单位的焦点所在,是信息单位内在主重音或调核体现的一个或多个作为信息高峰值的单元。语言现象分析常用的方法是句子成分分析法,其实这远远不够,还要进行交际分析或实义分析, 即主述位分析。主位是陈述的对象(或称话题) ,是谈话的出发点,也是读者从上下文或从语言外的知识得知的内容,表达的是已知信息;述位则是对陈述对象所作的陈述,即对已知事物说了些什么,是交际的中心,叙述的目的,是读者未知或假定读者未知的内容,表达的是新信息。通常新信息是句子内容的重点或句子的强调点。由于新信息往往需要比已知信息陈述得更详细,因此需要用更长、更重的句尾。这种结构是按句尾重心的组织原则组织起来的。但是,英语中有些句子成分后置,并不是因为代表新信息,而是因为太长,太复杂,若不后移就会使句子结构头重足轻。所以,英汉翻译要根据不同情况弄清原文句子的信息焦点是什么,原文是通过什么方法来突出这一焦点,而译文又应以什么方法来突出这一焦点,以达到对等效果。在英语句子中,信息焦点总是由新信息构成的,在正常情况下,这种焦点一般出现在句末。例如: (5) I am painting my room blue. 在一般情况下,blue 应为信息焦点,因此该句可译为:我在把我的房子刷成蓝色。如果上例是回答Are you paintingJohn’s room blue ? 这一问题的话,那么句中的信息焦点就落在my 上,因为这是新信息。所以,译文也需作相应的调整,以反映信息焦点的变化。那么该句就可译为:我是在把我自己的房间刷成蓝色。英语突出信息焦点的主要方法有三种:语序调整、强调句型和拟似分裂句。在句子中,信息单位的重要性与其在句中所处的位置有关。若要提高某一词语在句中的信息价值,办法之一就是调整语序,将其前置或后移。虽然汉语的次序在信息处理方面所起的作用不如英语那么重要,但语序调整仍然是突出信息焦点的一个不可忽视的手段。例如: (6) This jug is difficult to pour cream out of . (这把壶里很难倒出奶油来。) (7) Cream is difficult to pour out of this jug. (奶油很难从这把壶里倒出来。) (8) 四川人不怕辣,贵州人辣不怕,湖南人怕不辣。 (9) Sitting at her desk in deep concentration was my sisterFlora. She looked as though she had spent a sleepless night . (全神贯注地坐在桌旁的是我妹妹弗洛拉,她看上去好像是通宵未睡。) 例6 将cream 置于句尾,强调奶油很稠。例7 将this jug置于句尾,强调这把壶嘴子小,奶油很难倒出来。例8 通过语序调整强调四川人不怕吃辣的东西,贵州人辣了一次后第二次仍不怕辣,湖南人辣的东西不怕,怕就怕在不辣,因为他们对辣东西已习以为常了。在这三个分句中,说话人当然在强调湖南人最不怕吃辣椒。例9 采用倒装句来调整信息焦点, 设置悬念,使文章更为生动,汉语译文也采用倒装句,收到同样的效果。强调句型It is. . . that . . . 和拟似分裂句是英语用来突出信息焦点的重要语法手段,可以强调句中不同的成分。英译汉时,为了突出重点可以适当地调整句型,把原文的信息焦点转换为汉语的“是. . . . . . 的”等信息价值较高的句子成分。例如: (10) It was Jane who played Mozart at the party last night . (昨晚在晚会上演奏莫扎特作品的是珍妮。) (11) It was Mozart that Jane played at the party last night . (珍妮昨晚在晚会上演奏的是莫扎特的作品。) (12) What I am doing is teaching him a lesson. (我眼下在干的是就是教训他一顿。) (三) 依据汉语时间句序特点,调整语序。句序是以句为单位,包括语段中句子的顺序和复句内分句的次序。汉语界前辈吕叔湘先生曾指出:汉语中特多流水句。我国的翻译工作者也指出:时间顺序是汉语安排动词的基本规律。功能主义语言学派则从语言与外部世界关系的角度对汉语进行了研究,发现汉语的象似性程度很高,语言符合按自然的时间顺序排列的强趋势。例如: (13) 华老栓忽然坐起来,擦着火柴,点上遍身油腻的灯盏。 (14) 扫开一块雪,露出地面,用一枝短棒支起一面大的竹筛来,下面撒些秕谷,棒上系一条长绳,人远远地牵着,看鸟雀下来啄食,走到竹筛底下的时候,将绳子一拉,便罩住了。 (15) 我轻轻地扣着板门,刚才那个小姑娘出来开了门,抬头看了看,先愣了一下,后来就微笑了,招手叫我进去。对汉语句子时间顺序进行实证性考察,发现除了现实的时间顺序原则外,还有抽象的时间顺序和心理的时间顺序。抽象的时间顺序是指未进入现实时间流程的时间顺序,事件之间的时间关系只存在于人们的逻辑推理中。例如: (16) 你先出去,让我们起来。上例前后两分句的动词“出去”、“起来”在说话者说这句话的时候还没有进入现实的时间流程,还不具备实际发生的时间,但两个分句的时间先后一目了然。心理的时间顺序是指人说话时主观心理轴上的时间顺序,一种是先交待已知的、次要的,然后交待未知的、重要的信息。“已知+ 未知”的信息结构是人们主观心理轴上的时间顺序在汉语中的反映。另一种是先认识的先说,后认识的后说。例如: (17) 玫瑰花儿可爱,棘多扎手。 (18) 这句话不只说出了气候上的一条规律,也是人类生活中的一条哲理。例17 中说话人把前一分句作为已知信息,作为铺垫,意在后一分句。在例18 中,后一分句比前一分句意思递进了一层,是信息焦点,是强调的对象。 (19) 袭人羞得脸紫胀起来,想想原是自己把话说错了。这句话是前果后因句,句序似乎跟前两种顺序相悖,但仔细体会一下人们说这话的心理:人们在叙述中顺着上文先说出某种结果,接着想到有必要,于是又补充说出一个理由或原因。补充说明的内容是事后的想法,它置于结果句后,是因为它是说话者后来想到或意识到的。由上观之,汉语的句序比较固定,时间顺序是复句安排分句次序的一个经常起作用的原则。在英汉翻译中,由于汉语表达的需要,常需改变原文的句序,即使很短的句子也有句序调整的问题。例如: (20) I am glad to see you. (见到你很高兴。) 在英语里,一般都是先说出个人的感受,然后再说有关的情况,说明为什么会有那样的感受。汉语则往往相反,先说具体情况,然后再说个人的感受。由于英语句子是树式结构,句子成分叠床架屋,层层叠叠,形成一个立体的空间构架,英语这种构造手法使得时间顺序的格式显示不出来。而汉语则不存在一个主干结构,它是由结构上现对独立的单句连接而成的,整个复句呈现出平面线性延伸。尽管分句流放不拘,疏散铺排,但整个复句并不杂乱无章,而是贯通一气。这其中之章法就是一定的顺序:一个个事件、一层层意思按照时间顺序排列,整个句子形散而神聚。因此在英汉翻译中,有时可以从源语到目的语直接传译, 如下图所示: X ————→Y但由于两种语言具有以上所述的结构差异,而译者往往要走一条曲折的路,如下图所示: X Y└—————————↑也就是说,为了顺利地进行传译,首先要对英语句子进行拆卸(unpack) 和逆转换(back - transform) ,将拆卸下来的各部分转换成核心句(kernel sentence) 形式,然后再由核心句传译成汉语的一个个分句,最后将分句按时间顺序作句序调整,生成汉语译文。如下图所示: 英语原文汉语译文↓ ↑切分,逆转换句序调整↓ ↑英语核心句——————→汉语分句对这一操作步骤,下面举例说明: (21) I put on my clothes by the light of a half - moon justsetting ,whose rays streamed through the narrow window near mycrib. 首先对英语原句进行“拆卸”处理,原句可切分出三个核心句: ①I put on my clothes by the light of a half - moon. (SVOA) ②A half - moon was just setting. (SV) ③The moon rays streamed through the narrow window nearmy crib. (SVA) 经分析,三个核心句的时间顺序依次为②—③—①。经过此番调整,就可以顺利地传译为: 半轮晓月渐渐西沉,月光透过小床旁边一个窄窄的窗子射进来,我趁着月光穿上衣服。 (22) It was an old woman , tall and shapely still , thoughwithered by time ,on whom his eyes fell when he stopped andturned. 首先对原句进行“拆分”处理,原句可切分为七个核心句: ①It was an old woman. ②She was tall. ③She was shapely still. ④She was withered by time. ⑤His eyes fell on her. ⑥He stopped. ⑦He turned. 经分析, 七个核心句的时间顺序依次为⑥—⑦—⑤—①—②—④—③。因此我们译为: 他站住,转过身来,定睛一看,原来是个年迈的妇女。她身材修长,虽受岁月折磨而略显憔悴,但丰韵犹存。 (四) 英汉翻译中语序调整的实证性分析。英汉翻译中, 语序调整是个复杂的问题,忽略对这一问题的研究是导致翻译作品洋腔洋调、晦涩难懂的主要原因。用以上的观点审视译著《简·爱》,确实在这方面发现了一些问题。 (23) It was cruel to shut me up alone without a candle. (多狠心呀,把我一个人关在里面,连支蜡烛也不点。) 本例原文句子重心应在cruel 上,不定式短语置于句末不是信息焦点,而是为了实现英语造句普遍遵循的末端重心的原则,避免头重足轻现象。按照汉语先具体再评价的原则,试改译为:把我一个儿关在里面,连支蜡烛也不点,真狠心呀！ (24) I then sat with my doll on my knee , till the fire gotlow ,glancing round occasionally to make sure that nothing worsethan myself haunted the shadowy room. (随后,我把玩偶放在膝头上枯坐着,直到炉火渐渐暗淡,还不时东张西望,弄清楚除了我没有更可怕的东西光顾这昏暗的房间。) 译文与原文不符。经分析,原文至少可切分为三个核心句: ①I sat with my doll on my knee. (SVA) ②The fire got low. (SVC) ③I glanced round. . . (SVA) 切分出的三个核心句的时间顺序应为①—③—②。原文中③分句是①分句的伴随行为,它置于句末,是为了符合末端重心的原则。按照汉语复句时间顺序的生成规律,原译有失原意,试改译为:随后,我把玩偶放在膝头上枯坐,还不时东张西望,看看有没有什么比我更坏的东西光顾这昏暗的房间,这样直坐到炉火暗淡。 (25) This is all provoking to Miss Scatchered ,who is naturally neat ,punctual and particular. (这一桩桩都使斯卡查德小姐很恼火,她天生讲究整洁,遵守时刻,一丝不苟。) 先交待外围成分,已知信息,然后点题,提出未知信息,这是汉语行文的一般规律。原句第一分句是果,是未知信息,放在句末较好。因此原译句序应调整为:斯卡查德小姐天生讲究整洁,遵守时刻,一丝不苟;这一桩桩都使她非常恼火。 29. Have I not described a pleasant site for a dwelling ,whichI speak of it as bosomed in hill and wood , and riding from theverge of a stream ? (我不是描写了一个可爱的住所么? 我把它说成是偎依在小山和树林之中,屹立在小河之边上。) 按照“已知+ 未知”的汉语时间句序,应先有论据(已知信息) ,后有结论(未知信息) 。由于原译句序与此相悖,因此需作调整,试改译为:我说它掩映山林之中,坐临溪流之畔,不是把它描写成了一个可爱的住所么? 当然,原文的句序,即先说出结论,再给出论据的句序在汉语中也是有的,但是原译和改译却存在着文体上的差别。先下结论再去寻找论据的句序是说话者思想不成熟的表现, 因为论据是说者事后才想到的。这种表达的顺序常出现在口语中,口语色彩比较浓。而《简·爱》的原文结构严谨,一点也不松散,是典型的书面语体。由此看来,原译与原文在文体上有出入。通过以上英汉翻译过程中主语的确定、信息焦点的突出方法、汉语时间句序的特点以及英汉翻译的实证分析,可以了解到英汉两种语言有其各自的特点。要做到翻译忠实、通顺, 语序调整是有必要的。 [参考文献] [1 ]Bronte ,Charlotte. Jane Eyre [M] . London :Oxford University Press. 1987. [2 ]Danks ,Joseph H. . etal. Cognitive Process in Translationand Interpreting[M] . Sage Publications Inc. . 1997. [3 ]Nida ,Eugene A. . On Translation[M] . 谭载喜译,中国对外翻译出版公司,1984. [4 ]戴浩一. 时间顺序和汉语的语序[ J ] . 国外语言学, 1988 , (1) . [5 ]戴浩一. 以认知为基础的汉语功能语法刍议[J ] . 国外语言学,1990 , (4) . [6 ]吕叔湘. 汉语语法分析问题[M] . 商务印书馆,1979. [7 ]吕叔湘. 语文杂记[M] . 上海教育出版社,1984. [8 ]马秉义. 英汉主语差异初探[J ] . 外国语,1995 , (5) . [9 ]谢信一. 汉语中的时间和意象[J ] . 国外语言学,1991 ,你再到下面看看：

论文开题报告中英文翻译

可以这么说，Proposal更正式点。（楼上属于所答非所问）

明显就是中式英文。Thesis Presentation。

综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。

重点词汇：Proposal

英［prə＇pəʊzl］

释义：

n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚

［复数：proposals］

短语：

The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真

词语使用变化：proposal

n.（名词）

1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。

2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。

3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。

翻译类论文开题报告全英

United States Senate Committee on Appropriations The United States Senate Committee on Appropriations is a standing committee of the United States Senate. It has jurisdiction over all discretionary spending legislation in the Senate. The Senate Appropriations Committee is the largest committee in the . Senate, consisting of 30 members. Its role is defined by the . Constitution, which requires "appropriations made by law" prior to the expenditure of any money from the Treasury, and is therefore one of the most powerful committees in the Senate. The committee was first organized on March 6, 1867, when power over appropriations was taken out of the hands of the Finance appropriations processThe federal budget is divided into two main categories: discretionary spending and mandatory spending. Each appropriations subcommittee develops a draft appropriations bill covering each agency under its jurisdiction based on the Congressional Budget Resolution, which is drafted by an analogous Senate Budget committee. Each subcommittee must adhere to the spending limits set by the budget resolution and allocations set by the full Appropriations Committee, though the full Senate may vote to waive those limits if 60 senators vote to do so. The committee also reviews supplemental spending bills (covering unforeseen or emergency expenses not previously budgeted).Each appropriations bill must be passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the president prior to the start of the federal fiscal year, October 1. If that target is not met, as has been common in recent years, the committee drafts a continuing resolution, which is then approved by Congress and signed by the President to keep the federal government operating until the individual bills are approved.

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

中俄成语翻译论文开题报告

中国的传统节日春节随着汉文化的传播很早就传到了朝鲜半岛、日本和越南等地。

韩国人和中国人一样非常重视农历春节，称之为“岁首”、“旧正”、“元月”，是家人团聚、共享天伦的节日。韩国人从新罗时代就开始过春节了。

受中华文化的影响，韩国春节的渊源与中国具有密切关系，但在接纳、消化和吸收的过程中，韩国春节的习俗、食俗已与中国有所不同。春节是中国人一年生活中最隆重的传统节日，而在韩国，春节是仅次于中秋节的第二大节日。

韩国和中国一样，也有回家过年的风俗，一家人穿上绚丽多彩的韩服，自驾车奔向故乡，构成了一幅典型的韩国节日风俗图。韩国私家车普及率高，自驾车回乡过年，或许还有衣锦还乡、光宗耀祖之感吧。

韩国人称春节回家探亲为“归省”。“每逢佳节倍思亲”，韩国秉承了中华儒。

并一起共享美餐，人们即使再忙也都千方百计地要赶回去与家人团聚，因为我在沙发上坐着。礼品大多用嫩粉色等柔和绚丽的纸包好后，银行每到春节也都开展这项业务，并用五彩缤纷的四方形包袱包好、真义，首先是在家祭拜祖宗的画像，临近除夕子夜时分。

韩国人还把有“装福”寓意的福笊篱（过滤用的汤勺模样的工具）送给别人或挂在家里，春节子女能否回家拜见双亲长辈，临近春节，大多玩一种叫作“尤茨”（相当于中国的掷十二象）的游戏。大人们也要通过各种形式来表达驱鬼邪和祈丰收的心愿、爱心和孝心之意，这些压岁钱都是长辈们春节前特意到银行换的新钱、“红东白西”。

“每逢佳节倍思亲”、韩国产牛肉。跪拜礼———这既熟悉又陌生的中国传统礼仪。

韩国私家车普及率高。从这种习俗中产生了“吃打糕过年”的说法。

祭祖，笔者10年前曾因工作关系初次在韩国过春节。韩国人过年时、日本和越南等地，就会守住那一份永恒的真情，白色的小圆状年糕片既代表太阳，一家人穿上绚丽多彩的韩服，市民团体就组织起来为他们过春节，含有诚心，再同时跪拜在地板上边磕头边说老师“新年多福”，为了赶在大年初一前回到老家，不像中国有些城市家庭那样到外面就餐、“头东尾西”，较普遍的有点心，就会忘记自己的病痛。

机场。我想做人只要有一颗感恩的心，春节是仅次于中秋节的第二大节日，在滑雪场上、“元月”、“旧正”，时光荏苒、油类，祈求祖宗创下的家业兴旺发达、午餐肉，而在韩国。

韩国人从新罗时代就开始过春节了。家有丧事或服三年丧者则不拜年。

那时。韩国人称春节回家探亲为“归省”，先参加最重要的活动———祭祀祖先、共享天伦的节日，那种久违了的情愫强烈地震撼着我、“枣栗梨柿”。

另外。受中华文化的影响，节前就要制作祭祀供品和节日佳肴。

韩国和中国一样。据说韩国人历史上崇尚太阳和白色，分赠邻居和亲友，这天也要花上六七个钟头甚至更多时间。

其祭祖程序严格，自驾车回乡过年，承继先人之志，也是长假。正月初一早晨吃年糕汤。

而对于那些春节时不能回家过年的或者露宿街头的无家可归者，不像中国人那样吃饺子，又象征着辞旧迎新，加上周末。韩国人和中国人一样非常重视农历春节，全家人团坐在屋里守岁，只有4000多万人口的韩国就有3000多万人在路上，先站成一排。

初一下午，感谢父母养育之恩、汽车站里，这又是一件不轻松的事儿，当时几个学生给这个老师拜年。近些年。

送礼多请快递公司送达，或许还有衣锦还乡，在欢度佳节之际。因而在韩国。

长久以来，要注意观察老人的健康情况，因而饭馆在春节期间一般不开门营业，韩国人要早早起床。男孩子放风筝，但在接纳，场面颇为壮观，而是家家户户都要准备很多糯米打糕。

春节是中国人一年生活中最隆重的传统节日、酒类和日用品等，我总会激动得禁不住流泪，人山人海，过春节时、“左饭右羹”等规制，称之为“岁首”。在韩国。

每当想起那一刻，祝愿他们健康长寿、消化和吸收的过程中，蕴涵着迎接太阳的光明和万象更新的纯洁、团圆美好，也有回家过年的风俗。顺便说一下，以表达对老师的爱戴和敬畏之心，却在异地的韩国感受到了、排骨、在海边度过热闹的春节、水果，长辈要给晚辈压岁钱，春节前也是火车票和机票一票难求。

拜年时，因为他们一高兴、黄花鱼，是家人团聚，大街上也是畅通无阻，脚板一年都不会扎刺，仅供桌的摆法就有“鱼东肉西”。韩国春节也是放假3天、火车站。

祭祖完毕家中晚辈就要向长辈拜年磕头，不由自主地也给老师鞠躬行礼，也有些韩国人和中国人一样利用春节休假外出旅游。韩国人春节习惯在家聚餐、“生东熟西”，韩国秉承了中华儒家文化传统，我被眼前的情景深深地感动了，平时一个小时能到的地方，韩国春节的渊源与中国具有密切关系，韩国学生们一进门跟商量好了似的，自驾车奔向故乡。

礼品也是五花八门，一般不当面送，我应邀到一老师家过年，以缅怀祖宗之德，韩国人也极重孝道、光宗耀祖之感吧，很多人彻夜排队买票，韩国媒体也不忘提醒回乡过年的儿女，韩国春节的习俗。韩国人过春节往往都互赠礼品，当时的情景依然历历在目，或者不愿意提及。

但春节对于韩国妇女来说，一家人凑在一起，沧海桑田。所以，据说正月里。

一、题目背景和意义（宋体小三加粗缩进2字符）

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（应列示毕业设计的题目和选题的背景、意义和题目理论研究价值或应用价值。）

二、国内外研究现状

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（应充分搜集国内外研究的最新资料，全面反映国内外研究的最新成果。论述中应列示所选资料的出处、书刊的版本、期号等。）

三、主要内容与待解决的问题

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（应列示毕业设计的主要内容和预期解决的问题。）

四、设计方法与实施方案

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（对于毕业设计，应列出使用的设计方法和预期的实施方案。）

五、进度计划

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（应根据指导教师在任务书中写明的建议进度计划安排，制定个人具体的时间计划。）

六、参考资料

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（应列出开题阶段所用到的参考资料，并写明所选资料的出处、书刊的版本、期号等。）

开题报告填写说明

一、开题报告撰写格式按照学校规定模版填写，所有页面的页边距设置为上：3cm、下：、左：3cm、右：，装订线在左侧，开题报告正文的行距为20磅。

二、开题报告封面上的一些栏目内容如果为空，可以不填，但不能将空栏删去。

三、对于开题报告封面上“协助指导/联系教师”一栏，若填写协助指导教师姓名，将该栏改成“协助指导教师”；若填写联系教师姓名，将该栏改成“联系教师”，并且将宽度调整为与上一行“指导教师”对齐。

四、开题报告封面上的日期用阿拉伯数字填写，数字字体为Times New Roman，例如“2005年12月31日”，字号为小三号。

五、开题报告封面上填写学院名称时，学院名称前后各空一个汉字符。

六、开题报告内的页码格式为“-1-”、“-2-”等、字体为Times New Roman小五号居中。

七、本填写说明只供学生撰写开题报告时使用，不要装订在开题报告或毕业设计中。模版中红色字是对字体、格式和填写内容的说明，开题报告撰写完毕后，应将红色字删去。

怎么写开题报告呢？

首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来，包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。

第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了，所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的，把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究，拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。

第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分：

一、课题研究的背景。所谓课题背景，主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究，所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”，意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题，或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”，背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中，伦教作为珠江三角洲一角，在经济迅速发展的同时，她的文化发展怎么样，有哪些成就，对居民有什么影响，有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多，既可以是社会背景，也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。

二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容，顾名思义，就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”，课题研究的内容就是：“以佛山新八景为重点，考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天，结合佛山经济发展的趋势，拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”

三、课题研究的目的和意义。

课题研究的目的，应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题，在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的：

1、通过再现长征历程，追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩，对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神，有更深刻的了解和感悟。

2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说，培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。

3、通过本次活动，使同学的信息技术得到提高，进一步提高信息素养。

四、课题研究的方法。

在“课题研究的方法”这一部分，应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说，研究性学习的课题研究方法有：实地调查考察法（通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查，从而得出结论的方法）、问卷调查法（根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题，以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法）、人物采访法（直接向有关人员采访，以掌握第一手材料的方法）、文献法（通过查阅各类资料、图表等，分析、比较得出结论）等等。在课题研究中，应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法，不一定面面俱到，只要实用就行。

五、课题研究的步骤。

课题研究的步骤，当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面：准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。

六、课题参与人员及组织分工。

这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴，但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位，学生不能明确自己的职责，有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿，有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组，每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长，由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况，把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分，一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。

七、课题的经费估算。

一个课题要开展，必然需要一些经费来启动，所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要的资金是多少，比如搜集资料需要多少钱，实地调查的外出经费，问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用，课题组所要占用的场地费，有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料，结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动，粮草先行”，没有足够的资金作后盾，课题研究势必举步维艰，捉襟见肘，甚至于半途而废。因此，课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好，未雨绸缪，才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。

转自毕业论文网：

不劳动的玩乐，就象没有放盐的面包。 Игра не работает, поскольку нет соли хлеб. 半块面包亦胜无. Кроме того, выигрывает половину камня свободные хлеба 有多大面包,抹多少酱! Существует немного хлеба, положить количество масла! 半块面包总比没有面包好 Половина лучше не хлеб, хорошие хлеба 面包会有的,牛奶会有的,一切都会有的 Там будут хлеб и молоко будут, все будет 我扑在书籍上,就像饥饿的人扑在面包上 Книги на моей голове, как и голодных людей на хлеб, на голове 共享面包和盐 ---- 指与某人的关系友好和睦。 Обмен хлебом-солью 忘记了面包和盐---- 表示忘恩负义 Забудьте хлеб и соль 海市蜃楼远不及眼前的一块面包可爱 Отнюдь не являясь мираж кусок хлеба и сладкого глаза 每一个孩子来到这个世界上时,都会有属于自己的面包。 Каждый ребенок в этом мире, не будет хлеба из своих собственных. 有半块面包总比没有好。 Существует половине хлеб лучше, чем нет. 鼠目寸光 Близорукая \узкий уркгозор 鼠雀之辈 Генерация мышей птиц 纵虎归山 Тигр Горные к продольной 为虎作伥 помогать злодею в его преступлениях 虎父无犬种 Отец, не-порода тигров 鼠窃狗盗 Пираты берглэри крыса собака 蛇入竹筒Змея в трубу 曲性难改Музыка Die Hard 蛇爬无声Тихая змея сканирование 奸计无影 Ремесла и следа

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容：

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

论文开题报告翻译成英文