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西方节日的研究论文

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西方节日的研究论文

近代中国的节日在短短的百余年间发生了深刻的变化,其主要原因是受到外来文化的影响,同时我们也应该注意到,尽管中国近代节日的演化与西方文化的传播分不开,但这种变化对中国传统节日的影响呈现出不平衡的特点。同时我们还应该注意到,近代节日的演变,特别是西方节日和生活方式的引入,对中国传统的节日文化造成了较大的冲击,这更应使我们注意在引进外来文化时不能对传统文化一概否定,而应该对其合理成分加以传承和发扬。随着现代社会的日新月异的发展,文化融合在更大范围的地域内扩展开来,受了西方文化理念影响的人们在欢天喜地的过着各式洋节的同时,中华民族的传统节日则受到了不小的忽视,究国人对中国传统节日与西方节日的差异与看法,探讨当今局势与人们庆祝中国传统节日的方式以及重视程度,从而研究出加深文化印记对我们的影响与应对方案。希望以此来使人们加重对传统节日的重视以及传统文化的理解。将这些无法用价值来衡量的精神财富很好的传承下去。时下,西方的圣诞节、情人节、万圣节等节日在中国大面积普遍的盛行起来,但与此同时,中国的如春节、端午节、中秋节等传统节日在我们本国的热度明显不高,年味也不如小时候来的重了,不禁让人感叹。我们在接收外来文化、文明的时候不能把我们自己本身的传统遗弃,而是应该去其糟粕,取其精华,摒弃掉传统节日中糟粕的东西,在传承中国传统节日的前提下,去感受、迎接西方节日的氛围,而不是一味地跟风,追求所谓的时尚。时下流行过“洋节”,研究其流行的原因、背景以及一些现实因素有助于我们更好地发展自己的传统节日。面对西方文化的强势冲击,我国的传统节日文化日益受到人们尤其是青少年的淡忘。西方的圣诞节、万圣节等节日新奇热闹的庆祝方式,更受到年轻人的喜爱,这不利于弘扬我国传统文化的时代要求,不利于更好地将我国文化推向全世界。我们应该加大对我们自己国家的节日文化的认可度和参与,这不仅仅是抵制过度的外来文化的入侵,更是一种中国传统文化的良好传承与发扬。

就算给了你也是抄的。自己去搜吧。

中西方节日的对比研究论文

这篇关于传统节日的春节英语作文:传统文化,是无忧考网特地为大家整理的,希望对大家有所帮助! 春节是我国的传统文化,它有着悠久的文化历史,到了这一天,人们要在一起吃饭、贴春联、贴倒福、放鞭炮,等活动。 在这一天,妈妈让我上街买春联和倒福,哇,街上到处都是卖春联和倒福的,有在超市卖的、有在商店卖的、还有在地上卖的,品种多的数不清。春联有?值模?薪鹱值模?厦嬗悬坝栉颐堑摹⒃廾狼锾斓?hellip;…比如接财接福接平安、迎喜迎春迎富贵的。福有金字黑边的﹑红边金字的、还有红边黑字,我挑了两幅对联,三副福字,把它们带回家。 我先把两幅对联贴到门上,再把福贴到窗子上,这时妈妈跑出来说“贴错了,”贴错了我说那怎么贴?妈妈说要倒贴,福倒福倒(到)福们家了,就到我们家来了,我说贴正也行,福正福正(挣)别人家的福就到我们家了! 过春节真是太好了,我爱过春节! 中西方节日差异 Will Christmas Replace the Spring Festival Christmas arouses increasing attention year by year in China. Christmas cards become popular with students. People hold Christmas parties and exchange Christmas girts. A lot or TV and radio programs about Christmas are on. Meanwhile the Spring Festival is less appealing to youngsters. Thus some people wonder whether Christmas will replace the Spring Festival. This worry is fairly unnecessaryg Why Ⅱ One reason lies that Christmas only affects Christians, college students and joint-venture (workers. Another reason is that Christmas is mostly celebrated in cities. Few people in countryside show extreme interest in this exotic festival. By contrast, the Spring Festival is the most influential traditional festival in every family. I think, it is natural that with increasing exchanges with the West, a lot of Western holidays have been gradually introduced into China. For us Chinese we should never neglect or even discard our own traditional festivals. For centuries Chinese have observed this traditional holiday to welcome the beginning of a new year. And we will treasure the Spring Festival forever.

中国和西方在地理上相隔很远,文化方面也是各有千秋。西方人觉得中国文化古老而神秘,中国人觉得西方文化新颖前卫。世界上每个国家都有自己的节日,中西方的节日在一些方面有共同点,比如一般都有特殊的历史事件为背景,或者是为了纪念某个人而设立。但是两方的文化差异还是多于共同点。下面是中国和西方节日文化的主要差异:一、中西方传统节日起源的差异中国是一个有着古老东方文明的国家。其悠久的历史和优良传统为传统节日的成长提供了肥沃的土壤。作为一个农业国,中华文化深深根植于农业,因此,农业活动使得节日更具有地方性色彩。如春节就与一些农业活动,如种植、收获,有着密切的联系。从另一方面来说,传统节日的形成过程,是一个民族或国家的历史文化长期积淀凝聚的过程。中国的主要传统节日都是由岁时节令转换而来的,具有浓厚的农业色彩,而西方的传统节日的起源都带有浓厚的宗教色彩。在西方国家,宗教是文化和社会的中心。人们的思想可以通过宗教来反应。与此同时,宗教通过人类对上帝或精神的信仰控制着他们。自从欧洲大陆被基督教文明浸染后,西方几乎所有影响最大的传统节日都与基督教有关,可以毫不夸张地说,宗教存在于各行各业。二、中西方传统节日庆祝方式的差异我们中国是礼仪之邦,再加上儒家思想的长期影响,我们的节日就特别注重仪式,比如清明祭祖,元宵节舞龙灯等活动成了我们不可缺少的庆祝形式。节日里,年轻人必须礼拜老人,全家要吃团圆饭,要阖家共庆,阖家节日。即使是春节的互相串门拜年,也基本是在亲属之间。一群陌生人在一起狂欢,那是没有的、不可想象的。即使是户外多人参加的扭秧歌活动,也只是一种表演性质的活动,没有全民狂欢的性质。方的节日的庆祝却强调内容的丰富多彩,比如,巴西狂欢节最富魅力、最精彩绝伦。每年的狂欢节一到,市民聚集到市区指定的主要街道或广场上,在鼓队和电子高音喇叭车播放的桑巴舞曲声中,或戴假面具,或画脸谱,或推着彩车,或不做任何化装,狂热地跳桑巴舞,自娱自乐。男女老少都跳起来了,整个城市欢腾起来了。三、中西方传统节日文化价值的差异在中国,人们尊重集体并把个人投入集体当中,他们重视集体而不是个人价值或个人的自由发展。因为是继承了儒家的集体主义,因此这些节日表现出对整体情况的考虑。而西方人却截然不同,他们尊敬人与自然,强调个人价值,并且追求自由主义和个人主义。中国的节日体现着中国人的美德和风尚,尊老爱幼,互叙亲情,这些是我们民族的优良传统,应该继续发扬,所以国人一直坚守着这些中国节的好习俗、好风气。即使喜欢过洋节的人,也没有谁想要摒弃中国节日。西方的传统节日体现了社会发展的需要、社会前进的必然,体现了人类社会的群体性、众人共同参与性,适应了现代社会人们渴望互相交流、群体参与、共同发泄情绪的愿望。它打破了封建的封闭形式,没有了上下级、老人与青年之间的等级束缚,体现了人人平等、自由表现自我的特点。小结:中国有着很悠长的历史,所以传统节日的根源可以追溯到非常早的时期,那时候的社会文化跟现在完全不一样,不像现在这么先进,所以有些传统节日在我们现在看来就太落后古板了。西方历史比较短,他们的节日形成时间离现在比较近,自然就显得更先进开放了。

中外节日作文

看看中国节日与西方节日,中国统称的所谓的节日如下,春节,除夕,中秋节,植树节.清明节-.重阳节.军人节等等而西方的节日如下:Christmas,Christmas Eve ,情人节 -Valentine's ,复活节-Easter,thanksgiving day,Vatentine's day,April Fools' day,万圣节-Halloween,母亲节-mother's day,父亲节-father's day。上述节日一列出来,你就会发现中国与西方有太多太多的差异。所有的中国节气中,都是依照古时历法所设定,什么春节啊,除夕呀,清明啊,重阳啊,却没有一个去强调人文关怀,新中国成立后所加的教师节,军人节,也只是对于一个职业的敬畏。而西方的节日,却充满了人文关怀,比如说情人节,父亲节,母亲节,感恩节,更具幽默,如万圣节,狂欢节。中西方文化的差异,从节日上你就可以看得出来。中国人更看重成功与失败对人的定义,今日所过的节日也是形而上的东西,而西方,却更多的从人性的本身出发。强调感情幽默,做人要有趣。所万幸的是,现在越来越多的年轻人,倾向于过西方的节日,越来越注重人的本身。

中西节日的研究论文

中外节日作文

《中西节曰比较的调查报告》一、调查背景 据权威资料表明,上海城里约有70%年龄在岁的年轻人在平安夜选择走出家门,狂吃狂欢。其中,90%的人会选择像“JJ”、“纽约客”等可容纳千人的大型迪斯科舞厅,去参加通宵达旦的化妆舞会,发泄旺盛的精力。情侣中的人会去排场不大的西餐馆享受一顿浪漫的西餐,而还有会选择在家看电视,共享二人世界。剩下的那部分因为这样那样的原因不能相聚。综上所述,年轻人向往在节日的气氛中,感受到他们所向往的另一种生活方式,另外一种文化氛围。上海的圣诞节普及着一种国际视野,文化占有率为70%。 二.调查方法 (一)调查形式 本文采用调查研究的方法,以内蒙古财经大学东校区大一、大二级学生为样本进行随机抽取的方式进行问卷调查,通过对收集的资料的统计分析,描述和分析了大学生过中西方节日的状况和对中国传统文化的态度。 (二)问卷设计 问卷的具体设计方面,我们根据所设计的题目对传统文化这一概念进行了操作化,每一个题目量化之后分为五个维度,列出了16个关于传统文化态度的问题,每题都采用1-5计分方式进行打分,根据总分的不同判断大学生对传统文化的态度,总分越低表明对中国传统文化的关注程度越高。本次调查设计了性别、年级两个变量,用以探究不同性别、不同年龄对中国传统文化态度的影响。 三、调查目的 (一)证实课题假设 调查从“了解度”、“参与度”、“认同度及主管观点”以及“大众传媒及文化产品对文化的影响力”四个角度出发,完成了测量,并通过SPSS数据图表和访谈文本进行描述和分析。对于不同变量对中国传统文化态度的影响进行了分析,以期较为准确的勾画出大学生对不同文化的态度。并对每一个题目进行了描述统计分析,以求得出支持本次调查假设的结果 (二)围绕课题深入分析 经调查研究表明,西方节日受到大学生的青睐的主要原因是受商家宣传和新鲜感的刺激。大学生对传统文化的态度与性别有关,且大学生对传统文化的态度总体来说较好,其中对节日背景知识的了解会影响大学生节日形式和节日目的的选择。 四.调查结果 (一)样本总体分析 据结果统计,调查对象62%为女性,32%则为男性。令有6%的问卷因未答完的原因被进行了作废处理。 (二)中西方节日受欢迎度 调查结果显示,大学生主要喜欢的西方节日,%的学生选择了圣诞节,另外还有%的学生选择了西方情人节。剩余样本中,有%的喜欢春节。而中秋节的受欢迎程度紧随其次。 (三)调查样本对中西方节日的态度 1.西方节日 %的人觉得之所以过西方节日是因为其有趣,庆祝形式多样,新颖时尚,能更好的彰显个性。并且很有氛围,是与亲朋好友联络感情的好机会。%的人觉得过那些西方节日很有代表性意义,例如:父、母亲节、圣诞节、西方情人节。另有%认为西方节日非常乏味,无非是人们为了自己的那些娱乐购物等活动找些借口,亦或纯属商业炒作。而剩余%对其态度比较冷淡,觉得和自己无关,终其背景不是发生在中国,更不了解其背后的文化,过了也没意义。 2.中国传统节日 90%的人表示绝对会过节庆祝。大部分人认为是这长久以来的风俗习惯、观念以及文化,更重要的是,它是家人朋友之间联络感情的一个机会。个别几个表示,大家都这么过,就跟着而已。3%的人表示因工作等原因不过节。另外7%显示为无所谓。 3.对现状的理解 45%认为,“洋节流行”只是表面现象,因为传统节日的庆祝形式严肃内敛,大学生才通过西方的节日增加娱乐、宣泄情绪,其实处于核心的中国传统文化并未动摇。虽然会有一定冲击,但不会影响中国传统节日的主导地位。25%认为,西方节日带来新鲜感,大学生喜欢尝试新事物,只是一时流行,商业文化,冲击很小。还有一部分认为,现在很多年轻人崇洋媚外,中国传统节日已被西方节日所取代,中国传统文化收到的冲击非常大,已经岌岌可危。 4.庆祝节日对自身的影响 西方:增加了向亲朋好友表情达意的机会;增加了娱乐开销;减少了对中国传统节日的关注。极少部分认为,没有影响。中国传统文化:很有必要,弘扬中国传统文化;没有实际意义,只是走形式而已;很好,有假期。 五.分析 (一)中西文化的历史渊源 中国自古就有对外的各方面交流,尤其在文化领域更是对世界各国产生了深远的影响。然而清末的闭关锁国政统治阶级的策闭目塞听却直接导致了我国逐渐落后。 (二)改革开放后的中西文化交流 改革开放作为中西方文化扩散的分水岭,自之后,外来风土文化纷至沓来,国人生活的各个领域都开始不同程度的受到外来文化的影响。看着日渐增多的外国商品品牌占据中国市场,外国语言在人群中流行,甚至连外国的生活方式也成为人们争相效仿的对象。对此现象,人们不禁忧心,这样下去,中国的本土文化将被至于何地,中国的传统会不会衰落?改革应该坚定不移地推行下去,然而,如何让中国的传统文化重新焕发生命力,一代代持续传承下去,已成为当今社会的现实问题。 (三)西方节日对当今社会的影响 当今社会,利益成为不可或缺的生存因素,面对西方节日成为时尚的现实,众多商家争先恐后地打出节日牌,一时间,圣诞节、情人节、感恩节等不属于我们中国文化的节日充斥着我们的生活,而传统的端午、中秋节却渐渐淡出了人们的视野。面对这样的事实,国人纷纷呼吁保护中国传统文化,国家也不得不及时采取相应的措施。法定节假日增加清明节、端午节、中秋节三个中华民族的传统节日即是明证。与此同时,过洋节也一夜之间风靡校园。

近代中国的节日在短短的百余年间发生了深刻的变化,其主要原因是受到外来文化的影响,同时我们也应该注意到,尽管中国近代节日的演化与西方文化的传播分不开,但这种变化对中国传统节日的影响呈现出不平衡的特点。同时我们还应该注意到,近代节日的演变,特别是西方节日和生活方式的引入,对中国传统的节日文化造成了较大的冲击,这更应使我们注意在引进外来文化时不能对传统文化一概否定,而应该对其合理成分加以传承和发扬。随着现代社会的日新月异的发展,文化融合在更大范围的地域内扩展开来,受了西方文化理念影响的人们在欢天喜地的过着各式洋节的同时,中华民族的传统节日则受到了不小的忽视,究国人对中国传统节日与西方节日的差异与看法,探讨当今局势与人们庆祝中国传统节日的方式以及重视程度,从而研究出加深文化印记对我们的影响与应对方案。希望以此来使人们加重对传统节日的重视以及传统文化的理解。将这些无法用价值来衡量的精神财富很好的传承下去。时下,西方的圣诞节、情人节、万圣节等节日在中国大面积普遍的盛行起来,但与此同时,中国的如春节、端午节、中秋节等传统节日在我们本国的热度明显不高,年味也不如小时候来的重了,不禁让人感叹。我们在接收外来文化、文明的时候不能把我们自己本身的传统遗弃,而是应该去其糟粕,取其精华,摒弃掉传统节日中糟粕的东西,在传承中国传统节日的前提下,去感受、迎接西方节日的氛围,而不是一味地跟风,追求所谓的时尚。时下流行过“洋节”,研究其流行的原因、背景以及一些现实因素有助于我们更好地发展自己的传统节日。面对西方文化的强势冲击,我国的传统节日文化日益受到人们尤其是青少年的淡忘。西方的圣诞节、万圣节等节日新奇热闹的庆祝方式,更受到年轻人的喜爱,这不利于弘扬我国传统文化的时代要求,不利于更好地将我国文化推向全世界。我们应该加大对我们自己国家的节日文化的认可度和参与,这不仅仅是抵制过度的外来文化的入侵,更是一种中国传统文化的良好传承与发扬。

在中西跨文化交际中,文化冲突的事例屡见不鲜,严重影响了交往的顺利进行,因此我们很有必要找出其深层次的原因,并采取一定的措施来培养跨文化交际的能力,避免文化冲突。 关键词 跨文化交际、文化差异、文化冲突 随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入,西方 社会 的人和事物越来越多地走进了我们的视野,在这种情况下,跨国域、跨民族、跨文化的经济 和社会交往将会与日俱增,这就为我们提供了许多与西方人接触和交往的机会,这对于加深我们的西方社会的理解是一件好事,但这并不是一件简单的事情,因为我们所面对的是来自陌生的文化和国家,思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人,在与之交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象。 1.中西跨文化交际中经常出现的文化冲突 在中西跨文化交际中会出现的文化冲突有很多种,在这里我们不可能一一叙述,只能列出比较常见的几种。 隐私方面的冲突 中国人的隐私观念比较薄弱,认为个人要归属于集体,在一起讲究团结友爱,互相关心,故而中国人往往很愿意了解别人的酸甜苦辣,对方也愿意坦诚相告。而西方人则非常注重个人隐私,讲究个人空间,不愿意向别人过多提及自己的事情,更不愿意让别人干预。因此在隐私问题 上中西双方经常发生冲突,例如:中国人第一次见面往往会询问对方的年龄,婚姻状况,儿女,职业,甚至收入,在中国人的眼里这是一种礼貌,但在西方人眼里则认为这些问题侵犯了他们的隐私。 时间观方面的冲突 西方人的时间观和金钱观是联系在一起的,时间就是金钱的观念根深蒂固,所以它们非常珍惜时间,在生活中往往对时间都做了精心的安排和计划,并养成了按时赴约的好习惯。在西方,要拜访某人,必须事先通知或约定,并说明拜访的目的、时间和地点,经商定后方可进行。而中国人则属于多向时间习惯的国家,在时间的使用上具有很大的随意性,一般不会像西方人那样严格的按照计划进行,西方人对此往往感到不适应。 客套语方面的冲突 中国人注重谦虚,在与人交际时,讲求“卑己尊人”,把这看作一种美德,这是一种富有中国文化特色的礼貌现象。在别人赞扬我们时,我们往往会自贬一番,以表谦虚有礼。西方国家却没有这样的文化习惯,当他们受到赞扬时,总会很高兴地说一声“Thank you”表示接受。由于中西文化差异,我们认为西方人过于自信,毫不谦虚;而当西方人听到中国人这样否定别人对自己的赞扬或者听到他们自己否定自己的成就,甚至把自己贬得一文不值时,会感到非常惊讶,认为中国人不诚实。 餐饮习俗方面的冲突 中华民族素有热情好客的优良传统。在交际场合和酒席上,热情的中国人常常互相敬烟敬酒。中国人宴客,即使美味佳肴摆满一桌,主人也总习惯讲几句“多多包涵”等客套话。主人有时会用筷子往客人的碗里夹菜,用各种办法劝客人多吃菜、多喝酒。而在西方国家,人们讲求尊重个人权益和个人隐私,所以他们不会做强人所难的事。吃饭的时候,绝不会硬往你碗里夹菜,自己想吃什么就吃什么,他们也不会用各种办法劝客人喝酒,不会非要你喝醉了为止。 2.造成文化冲突现象的原因探究 造成中西文化冲突现象的原因多种多样,究其根本,就是因为中西双方有着不同的文化、不同的 历史 背景,必然带来人们思想、行为等多方面的差异,甚至是冲突,下面我们就来具体看一下有哪些主要的原因。 思维模式存在差异 文化会影响人们对外界事物的看法和认识,不同的国家存在不同的文化,因此在思维模式方面必然存在差异,这一点在东西文化之间表现得尤为明显。西方文化的思维模式注重逻辑和分析 ,而东方文化的思维模式则表现出直觉整体性,这一点也是中国传统文化思维的特征。由于这种传统文化的影响,中国人往往特别重视直觉,注重认识过程中的经验和感觉,在交往中也往往以这种经验和感觉去“以己度人”。与西方人的思维模式相比,中国人的这种思维模式具有明显的笼统性和模糊性,久而久之,会形成一种思维定势,可以解释为识别和简化对外界事物的分类感知过程。从本质上说,思维定势往往忽视个体事物的差别,夸大与另外某一社会群体相关的认知态度,常常带有感情色彩,并伴有固定的信条。在所有的定势中,有些定势是正确的,而有些则是错误的,会直接影响跨文化交际,造成交际失误。 行为规范各不相同 行为规范的具体含义就是指被社会所共同接受的道德标准和行为准则,简单的说,就是告诉人们该做什么和不该做什么的一种规范。不同文化背景的人们在交际时,经常出现的一个现象就是套用自身所在社会的行为规范来判定对方行为的合理性,由于双方的行为规范存在差异,常常会产生误解、不快甚至更坏的结果。比如说中国人轻拍小孩子的头部表示一种友好,而在西方国家,这是一种极不尊重小孩子的做法,父母会对此非常愤怒。所以说在跨文化交际中是否能够正确地识别和运用行为规范是保证跨文化交际顺利进行的重要因素。要保障跨文化交际的顺利进行,就必须理解对方的行为规范,尤其是什么行为是被禁止的,最好的办法就是遵循入乡随俗的原则。 价值取向不同 人们的交际能力是在社会化的过程中产生的,必然与价值观念联系在一起。每一种文化都有自己特有的价值体系,这套体系能够帮助人们区分美与丑、善良与邪恶,这就是人们的处世哲学 、道德标准和行为规范。但是它不能脱离具体的文化而存在,每一种文化的判断标准是不同的,这种文化认为是好的,另一种文化可能认为不好,但是它们在自己的文化体系内都有其存在的合理性,绝不可以理解为一种价值标准先进,而另一种价值标准落后。以中西文化为例,在中国文化中,人们推崇谦虚知礼,追求随遇而安,不喜欢争强好胜,同时社会风气也往往封杀过于突出的个人,正所谓“行高于众,人必非之”。在中国文化中,集体取向占据主导地位,追求个人发展 被视为是一种严重的个人主义,必然会受到谴责。而西方文化则非常崇尚个人主义,“随遇而安”被看作是缺乏进取精神的表现,是懒惰、无能的同义语,为社会和个人所不取。人本位的思想根植于他们心中,人们崇尚独立思考,独立判断,依靠自己的能力去实现个人利益,并且认为个人利益至高无上。 语用迁移造成影响 人们对遇到的现象、事物和行为的评价和解释是建立在本身文化的基础之上的,在跨文化交际中也同样如此,因此往往会造成交际的障碍,其根源就在于忽略了语用的迁移。文化不同语言的使用规则就会不同,一种文化的标准规范只能在自身中按其特定条件加以解释,而不能以此为规范来描述另一种文化,否则必然会导致跨文化交际的失败,其深层原因就在于人们缺乏对社会 语言差异的敏感性,会无意识地进行语用迁移,而这种后果有时会很严重,甚至会招致巨大 经济 损失。我国的羊绒制品在国际上评价颇好,北方某厂曾出口一种“双羊”牌高档羊绒被,商标被译成英文 Goats,结果销路特别不好,原因就在于在英语中goat这个词除了本意“山羊”外,还有“色鬼”之意。有了这样的英文商标,无论这种羊绒被的质量有多好,用起来多舒服,那些妙龄女子、家庭主妇也不会愿意把它铺上床的。

西方节日对中国的影响的研究论文

无论是中国传统节日,还是外来的各种洋节,其文化内涵都被抽空了。我们离不开节日,不忍心看到所有节日都沦为购物节、吃饭节,我们需要在传统之中找回彼此交流的底气。我们的传统节日大都与古代的农业生产紧密相连,当我们告别农耕社会奔赴工业社会之后,传统节日在工业大生产时代功能开始式微,西学东进,西节也迅速在这片土地上枝叶繁茂起来,甚至有喧宾夺主之势头!圣诞节、情人节、复活节、万圣节、感恩节似乎已经成了光辉的“中国节”,商家的精明造势加上年轻一代的盲目追随则推波助澜——传统节日渐行渐远,西方节日大行其道。西方节日来势凶猛,但硬要说它们像当年的坚船利炮那么可怕或许有点夸大其词。西方世界的节庆文化虽然在基督教诞生之前就开始萌芽,其真正壮大则是在基督教君临天下之后。自利玛窦于万历十年(公元1582年)利用儒学经典在中国传播圣经算起,基督教来中国已经四个多世纪了。相比之下,中国传统节日却没有得到有力保护。1949年以后,大多数节日都被视为封建残余而废除,幸存下来的也只有春节、端午和中秋,其中只有春节被列入了法定节假日。1949年以来我们的全民放假日只有7天,直至1999年国务院发布《全国节及纪念日放假办法》才增至10天。这样的水平与中国宋代的69天、 日本的15天、 韩国的16天、澳门的22天和美国的23天相比,明显过于低下。传统节日的被贬与洋人节日的嚣张构成了这个时代最戏剧化的景象。出生在20多年之前的人还依稀记得每天翻页的老皇历上详细标注着的时令和节日的日期。翻开当下的很多日历,传统节日只剩下了春节。中秋、元宵花灯、清明祭祖、端午悼念、七夕乞巧、重阳敬老、上巳(三月三日)、夏至、中元、冬至、腊八、祭灶等重要的节日都从日历上消逝了。同时消逝的是农业祭祀、祖先崇拜、神灵崇拜、驱邪禳灾等特殊仪式。那些有着上千年辉煌和浪漫的仪式,后人难道只能在古籍中体验?不能否认传统节日如今确实存在水土不服的成分,但如若将之视为敝屣立刻投入洋节的怀抱无异于挥刀自宫。节日不仅仅是日常生活的调剂,更是维持民族认同感的纽带。有趣但也让人不爽的是,联合国教科文组织的世界教师节、美国的教师节、中国台湾和香港的教师节,都是定在孔子诞辰日,即9月28日,我们自己却有意回避这一天。为什么洋节大行其道而传统节日冷冷清清?学者们认为这是文化自轻和自我殖民。近代历史留给国人的不止是无尽怨怒,还有根深蒂固的自卑。落后与挨打成了人们对近代历史的习惯性总结,麻木自卑甚至憎恨因此成了大多数人对待自身文化的态度。人类本身只是进化树枝上一个偶然分杈,人类历史背后的如铁规律不过是人类中心论调支配下的一种癖好,现代化进程也不可能是人类历史上无法避免的归宿,更不可能成为解救人类的“上帝之城”,相反现代化进程所具有的侵略性对人类“文化生态”的打击却可能是毁灭性的。在这个看上去有点在劫难逃的境遇中,无论是中国传统节日,还是外来的各种洋节,其实都被抽空了,成为徒有其表的摆设而变了味道。比如圣诞节到了我们这里也就是一个消费日,或者时尚标签,不至于对中国传统节日造成多大的威胁。真正的危险反而来自我们自身,像中秋节这样温情的节日,却成为月饼商人炫技卖乖的秀场和无良政客们腐败和投机钻营的通道。费孝通曾经提出作为一个世界大国和文明古国,中国应有这样的文化胸怀和文化志向:“各美其美,美人之美,美美与共,天下大同”。这样的理想同样可以用来表达我们对待节日的态度,不卑不亢。在文化认同感严重缺乏的今天,不是变着法儿打着节的旗号来赚钱来消费,而是带着虔敬之心认认真真过好我们自己的传统节日,这或许才是我们的本分。节日假面下的诸神狂欢新周刊 文/李国庆节日是文化的一部分,而且是极为重要的一部分,它规定着一个人的文化身份,并以仪式化的方法维系着人与传统的关系。在全球化想象共同体下,人类的许多价值都在趋同,而节日可能是保持人们文化认同感的最后一道壁垒了。维护传统节日,并不是要以一种简单的排他的文化保守主义的姿态,来抵御圣诞节等洋节的“入侵”,并御洋节于国门之外,而是要防止全球化浪潮所造成的民族文化价值的空壳化、商业化倾向。即便我们早已丰衣足食,奔跑在小康的大道上,不再期待春节海吃胡喝一顿,甚至可以随时去亲吻欧洲的空气,东京的潮流,纽约的时尚,香港的迪士尼,但我们对于节日的渴求仍然处于某种饥渴状态——圣诞,元旦,情人节,元宵节,万圣节,中秋节,春节,愚人节,重阳节……时下节日之多堪用洪水猛兽这个词来形容,但人们对于节日的钟情并没有因为进入“娱乐至死”的诸神狂欢年代而有所消解。我们仍然有着绝对超全球化的姿态,对于传统的、舶来的、自定义的节日都乐此不疲,兼收并蓄。让社会学家们不安的是,至少从表面上看,传统节日已呈末路狂花之势,而舶来的节日却甚嚣尘上,如此的此消彼长,自然会引发知道分子们振聋发聩的“保卫春节”宣言!过中国节“所谓节日,就是大家在这一天放下手中的工作,放下心中的烦恼,高高兴兴地欢聚一堂。唱唱歌,跳跳舞,更少不了吃点喝点。当然,对于我这种不爱凑热闹的人来说,过节更是一个读书的好日子。”沈宏非写过一篇《过节》,文章开宗明义地谈论节日的精神意义。这样的解读有些平淡如水,歌舞升平,有华丽的精神意义,惟独缺失正面临着欲望消费冲击的物质意义,难以穿刺节日在中国的内核,对于喜新厌旧的中国人来说,节日的意义并非一成不变,也伴随着全民超女或周杰伦口齿不清的歌声在与时俱进。改革开放前的节日意义与今日之意义绝对不可同日而语。随便找一个六十岁以上的老人,他都会告诉你春节的意义是可以穿新衣,吃大鱼大肉。问问六七十年代生人,他们会告诉你春节的意义是放鞭炮,春节联欢晚会,回家过年。再问问80年代后,他们会告诉你春节的意义是relax,旅游,打机,收压岁钱。当全球都戴上一顶滑稽的圣诞老人帽子时,也隐喻着中国节正处于日益式微之势。我在Google上搜索到的中国重要传统节日有20个,包括中和节(二月二)、上巳节(三月三)、天贶节(六月六)、夏至节、七夕节、冬至节等,我相信很多人对这些节日的名字都鲜有所闻,更不用说参与其中,逢节必乐。所以,专家们很焦虑,觉得现代人已经遗失了传统。因为这些节日与我辈中华传人、龙子龙孙们都有着传承的渊源,例如与日月时令交会有关的春节、立春、元宵节、中和节、上巳节、清明节、天贶节、夏至节、七夕节、中秋节……而正月初七的“人胜节”、四月初八的“浴佛节(释迦牟尼生日)”、七月十五的“中元节(鬼节)”和十月十五的“下元节(水官大帝诞辰)”则来源于中国的传说、神话和宗教。由此从根源上分析,中国传统节日的产生乃至传承发展,都植根于千年的农耕文明,亦符合专家们慷慨陈辞的三大特征:服务于农业生产的中国农历历法为其刻画出具体的时令节点;中国人至为推崇的“天人合一”的哲学思想排除了这些时令节点之于古人的外在性和偶然性,并赋予它们更多形而上意义;为封建社会历代统治阶级所尊崇利用的儒家伦理学说丰富了节日的社会基础和实用意义以及实施形式。而随着这些具有特定历史内容因素的过时,传统节日所内涵的文化象征意义也就凸显了出来。保卫春节是保住中国人文化尊严和身份认同著名民俗专家高有鹏担任着河南大学黄河文明研究中心副主任一职,2005年圣诞节前夕,他在河南大学举办了一场以“保卫春节宣言”为题的报告会。据在场记者称,这个经过精心策划的报告会并没有引起校园学子的强烈兴趣,有1万多学生的大学只有百十人到场。《新周刊》:除去春节,中国还有中和节、上巳节、天贶节等传统节日,即便在西方节日进入中国之前,它们也不为人所知。问题出在哪里?高有鹏:你刚才说的那些算是中国最重要的传统节日,总数大约有20多个。如果把大大小小的节日加在一起,足足有300多个,连24节气也算节日。但的确,几乎没人知道它们的存在。应该说,传统节日一旦成为文化的符号系统,它就具备了特殊的节日功能,可以支撑它在一定阶段内的发展。造成它们弱势局面的原因很多,我认为最重要的一点是,近100年来,中国经历了从农耕社会到工业社会的转型,中国人的精神状态变得更加物质化。传统节日注重的“精神宣泄”的功能显得不再那么重要了,人们对它们感觉也很难像以前那么强烈了,而国外节日在这个时候以商业经济的形态挤了进来,很容易就能抢占空缺。现在,中国的所有节日都变成假日了,随便怎么搞都行,没一点文化。《新周刊》:有观点认为,这是社会发展的必然结果。中国影响世界,世界也改变中国,传统节日是在和外来文化的公平竞争中落后的。高有鹏:这个说法肯定不成立。首先强调一点,我不认为所有过圣诞节的中国人都是盲目和崇洋媚外的,追求新鲜本来就是人的天性,过度地保护传统会有负面作用。但民俗和传统不是单纯的文化形态,而是系统,这套系统维系的是民族历史和文化记忆。举个例子,我在一栋楼里住了几年,但还不知道我的邻居叫什么。这就是因为我和他身上都少了一些应有的传统和习俗,让我们之间缺乏价值观的共鸣和文化认同,所以互不来往。春节的意义就在于它为所有中国人提供一个机会,让一帮人聚在一起体验中国的文化内涵和民族意识,拉近彼此的距离。而圣诞节是不在中国的文化体系内的,你不可能在那里面找到归属感,闹腾过后,人和人之间的关系依旧是松散和冷淡的。在任何一个国家,本国节日肯定是最受重视的,只有中国的传统节日在全球化的负面影响下越来越衰败,这绝对不是社会发展的必然结果。《新周刊》:过什么节对于普通人是自由选择,必须要用“保卫”来要求他们选择传统节日吗?高有鹏:我在《宣言》里说:“欲灭其国,先灭其史”。可能有人觉得大题小作,说得过了,但我的确有这个担心。保护春节只是一个契机,真要保住的是中国人的文化尊严和身份认同。你可以想象一下,某一天所有的中国人都跑去过洋节了,没人理春节,如果真到那时候,估计我们的文化就散架了。《新周刊》:同样的背景下,日本和韩国对本国传统的保护却做得很好。你怎么看?高有鹏:日本和韩国的国民已过了冲动和浮躁期,中国人还处在不冷静、不理智的阶段,自信心不足,对本国文化的价值没有正确估计。所以申报“端午祭”为世界文化遗产的会是韩国人。《新周刊》:抛开文化的因素,你认为人们还有可能重新对春节产生兴趣吗?高有鹏:对春节的再开发将是一个很长的过程。国外节日,比如圣诞节,它充满了仪式感,有圣诞树、圣诞帽、唱诗班这样的符号让它能迅速地感染人。中国的传统节日没有足够的道具和符号,所以过春节的人群基本上已经断档了。目前要恢复中国人关于春节的记忆,是个很大的难题。

近代中国的节日在短短的百余年间发生了深刻的变化,其主要原因是受到外来文化的影响,同时我们也应该注意到,尽管中国近代节日的演化与西方文化的传播分不开,但这种变化对中国传统节日的影响呈现出不平衡的特点。同时我们还应该注意到,近代节日的演变,特别是西方节日和生活方式的引入,对中国传统的节日文化造成了较大的冲击,这更应使我们注意在引进外来文化时不能对传统文化一概否定,而应该对其合理成分加以传承和发扬。随着现代社会的日新月异的发展,文化融合在更大范围的地域内扩展开来,受了西方文化理念影响的人们在欢天喜地的过着各式洋节的同时,中华民族的传统节日则受到了不小的忽视,究国人对中国传统节日与西方节日的差异与看法,探讨当今局势与人们庆祝中国传统节日的方式以及重视程度,从而研究出加深文化印记对我们的影响与应对方案。希望以此来使人们加重对传统节日的重视以及传统文化的理解。将这些无法用价值来衡量的精神财富很好的传承下去。时下,西方的圣诞节、情人节、万圣节等节日在中国大面积普遍的盛行起来,但与此同时,中国的如春节、端午节、中秋节等传统节日在我们本国的热度明显不高,年味也不如小时候来的重了,不禁让人感叹。我们在接收外来文化、文明的时候不能把我们自己本身的传统遗弃,而是应该去其糟粕,取其精华,摒弃掉传统节日中糟粕的东西,在传承中国传统节日的前提下,去感受、迎接西方节日的氛围,而不是一味地跟风,追求所谓的时尚。时下流行过“洋节”,研究其流行的原因、背景以及一些现实因素有助于我们更好地发展自己的传统节日。面对西方文化的强势冲击,我国的传统节日文化日益受到人们尤其是青少年的淡忘。西方的圣诞节、万圣节等节日新奇热闹的庆祝方式,更受到年轻人的喜爱,这不利于弘扬我国传统文化的时代要求,不利于更好地将我国文化推向全世界。我们应该加大对我们自己国家的节日文化的认可度和参与,这不仅仅是抵制过度的外来文化的入侵,更是一种中国传统文化的良好传承与发扬。

时下流行过“洋节” ?D?D如何看待中国人的“洋节”情结 情人节、愚人节、母亲节、父亲节、万圣节、感恩节、圣诞节…… 一方面,当一些专家、学者纷纷动议要将中国沿袭了几千年的传统节日?D?D春节改到2月4日,在社会上引起轩然大波的时候,另一方面,国人中却有相当一部分摩登的、前卫的、新潮的新新人类,在赶西洋人的时髦,纷纷过起了洋节!面对这些光怪陆离、异彩纷呈的社会众生相,一些有识之士禁不住发出了这样的疑问:源远流长的中华民族怎么了?善良智慧的中国人民怎么了?历史悠久的中国传统文化怎么了?到底该怎样看待中西文化交流?中国人该不该钟情于西洋节日?西方人是否也像我们一样崇拜中国节日? 带着这些问题,我利用寒假半个月的时间,到图书馆、阅览室翻阅资料,到网上搜索相关信息,到社会上走访了各行各业的人士,现将主要观点整理报告如下: 一、 随着社会的发展,中西文化交流势不可挡,作为文化重要组成部分的节日文化的交流融合理所当然,自然而然。 现代社会的发展日新月异,高新科学技术尤其是网络通讯技术的发展更使“地球村”变得越来越小了。随着中国政治、经济、外交事业的发展尤其是中国加入WTO之后,在诸如香港、上海这些东西方文化水乳交融和剧烈碰撞的国际大都市里,西方文化理念和东方传统道德,在人们日常生活中融合得是那么自然。随着时间的推移,这种融合在更大范围的地域内扩展开来。受了西方文化理念影响的人们在欢天喜地的过着各式洋节的同时,中华民族的传统节日春节、端午节、中秋节,他们也过得热闹非凡。由此可见,中国人多一些畅快抒发心情的洋节有什么不好呢?不是有越来越多的年轻人在走近圣诞节、情人节的同时,也学会了在母亲节、父亲节给老人献上一份祝福了吗?谁说现代物质文明和精神文明不是相辅相成、多元文化共存的综合体呢? 二、 对待一系列西方洋节的正确态度,应该是坚持鲁迅先生的“拿来主义”原则:运用脑髓,放出眼光,取其精华,弃其糟粕,自己来拿! 在如何继承民族文化遗产这个问题上,毛泽东同志早就指出,我们既不能全盘否定,也不能照单全收,我们要运用马列主义历史地、辩证的哲学眼光和态度,去批判的吸收。在如何借鉴西方外来文化这个问题上,早在上世纪三十年代,鲁迅先生就在他的政论名篇《拿来主义》中明确指出:我们要运用脑髓,放出眼光,自己来拿!综其两端,我认为,对待一系列西方节日的正确态度,应该是:不盲目崇拜,不迷失自我;既不全盘西化,照单全收,也不全面否定,刀枪不入;而是取其精华,弃其糟粕!西方节日受历史宗教文化的影响,大都带有明显的宗教色彩,如万圣节、感恩节、圣诞节等。尽管宗教大都是劝人向善的,但毕竟在我们这个国度里崇尚宗教信仰自由,因此就不好对这些节日做出什么硬性规定。对于那些带有一定的西方生活情趣的节日如情人节、愚人节等,则完全可以随兴所至,“悉听尊便”,毕竟它可以给我们紧张、枯燥的生活带来一定的生活情趣,注入一丝活力。而对于那些既带有西方浓郁的浪漫情调又符合我们中华民族尊老爱幼传统美德的节日如母亲节、父亲节等,我们则要大力提倡,努力推广,以不断提高民族素质,加快社会文明进程! 三、 在崇尚西洋节日、热热闹闹过好洋节的同时,千万不要忘了弘扬中华民族悠久的、优秀的节日文化传统,千万不要在盲目崇拜中迷失了自我。 中华民族是一个历史悠久的民族,中国人民是文明、智慧的人民,中国文化是博大精深的文化,尤其是许多传统的节日文化,都积淀着厚重的民族文化的精华:春节是中华民族传统的喜庆团圆节日,人们辛勤忙碌了一年,在新的一年开始的时候,走亲访友,互致祝福,回顾过去,展望来年,老老少少,团团圆圆,全家幸福,和谐美满,该是多么愉快的节日呀!清明节,我们可以踏青、扫墓,缅怀革命先烈的丰功伟绩,寄托我们对已逝亲人的哀思;端午节,是专为纪念伟大爱国诗人屈原的,这一天,我们可以划龙舟、吃粽子、……一举两得,何乐不为?中秋节是继春节之后的又一个举家团圆的节日,我们可以再一次全家团圆在花前月下,赏菊花,吃月饼,品美酒,话别离,孝敬长辈,关爱晚辈,其乐融融,喜不自胜!……从某种意义上说,这些节日文化,彰显的不仅仅是某时某地的民情风俗,更重要的是它彰显了中华民族尊老爱幼、勤劳善良、勇敢智慧等传统美德和古朴纯正、博大精深的民俗文化。这些都是不可或缺的!而随着时代的发展,西风东渐,这些传统和文化或渐被遗忘,或日渐式微,或慢慢湮灭,若不及时加以抢救性的继承、弘扬、挖掘和开发,那么,真等到它彻底消亡的那一天

比方说元旦,本来就是西方的节日,民国初年曾只允许过元旦,不允许过春节,尤其是西式学堂,当时的许多知识分子不适应,如老舍先生就写过这样的杂文。至于外国人谈论这个问题的,多要找找外国的中国通,如大山之流,抑或可以找找到国外去的中国人,如黄仁宇之流。

中西节日文化差异的研究方法论文

1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史,无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧,都起源于民间,并与原始人祭祀神灵,欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史,它发展快,成就高,在世界上的影响很... 类别:毕业论文 大小:95 KB 日期:2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临,中国与外界的交流越来越频繁,特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界,如同一个大家庭,参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因,各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增,同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现,跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道,这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别:毕业论文 大小:96 KB 日期:2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征:儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗,宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰,以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线,在思想上追求人格的完美,以“谦谦君... 类别:毕业论文 大小:90 KB 日期:2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别:毕业论文 大小:88 KB 日期:2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年,西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天,中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别:毕业论文 大小:100 KB 日期:2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天,旅游业风风火火地发展起来了,作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来,且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世,这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机,但世界上酒店发展规模空前,...

【摘 要】中国民族的历史掀开第一页的时候,礼仪就伴随着人的活动,伴随着原始宗教而产生。礼仪制度正式为处理人与神,人与鬼,人与人的三大关系而制定出来的。从人类把对神、对自然力的恐惧和敬畏转向人类自身之后,随着人类社会生活的发展,人们表达敬畏、及时的活动日益频繁,逐步形成种种固定的模式……….终于形成为礼仪规范。 本文介绍了 中西方下载的独特差异,由来已久的历史渊源以及因“和而不同”引发的 现代中方前进方向。【关键词】礼仪文化 差异性 原因 方向一、中国礼仪文化演变简史自50万年前山顶洞人缝制衣服开始,文明同时也伴随着人类发展,“炎黄五帝礼理起于大一,礼事起于燧皇,礼名起于黄帝”之说。我国最早的秘书人员“史官”起,礼开始以正规的方式出现。父子有亲,君臣有义,夫妇有别,长幼有序,朋友有信,这”五典”已足够说明当时礼仪的规范体系。大约在夏商周三代,礼仪开始典制化。最早的秘书机构“太史寮”的建立,第一部记载‘礼’的典籍《周礼》的出现,“三礼”的盛行,标志着中国古代礼仪进入成熟时期。春秋战国时期,诸子百家对礼的大力推行,孔孟等思想家的礼仪思想构成了中国传统文化的基本精神,奠定了古代礼仪文化的基础。形成于秦汉时期的封建礼仪及“三纲五常”的提出,清末至民国时期,科学、民主、自尊、平等的观念和与之相适应的礼仪标准得到传播和推广。五四以来,中国的礼仪更注重吸收目前国际礼仪的长处,为我所用。二、西方礼仪文化演变简史爱琴海地区和希腊是亚欧大陆西方古典文明的发源地。约自公元前6千年起,爱琴海诸岛居民开始从事农业生产。此后,相继产生了克里特文化和迈锡尼文化。公元前11世纪,古希腊进入因《荷马史诗》而得名的“荷马时代”。古希腊哲学家对礼仪有许多精彩的论述。例如毕达哥拉斯(公元前580—前500年)率先提出了“美德即是一种和谐与秩序”的观点;苏格拉底(公元前469—前399年)认为,哲学的任务不在于谈天说地,而在于认识人的内心世界,培植人的道德观念。他不仅教导人们要待人以礼,而且在生活中身体力行,为人师表。公元476年,西罗马帝国灭亡,欧洲开始封建化过程,12至17世纪,是欧洲封建社会鼎盛时期。中世纪欧洲形成的封建等级制,以土地关系为纽带,将封建主与附庸联系在一起。此间制定了严格而烦琐的贵族礼仪、宫廷礼仪等。n14至16世纪,欧洲进入文艺复兴时代。17、18世纪是欧洲资产阶级革命浪潮兴起的时代,尼德兰革命、英国革命和法国大革命相继爆发。随着资本主义制度在欧洲的确立和发展,资本主义社会的礼仪逐渐取代封建社会的礼仪。资本主义社会奉行“一切人生而自由、平等”的原则,但由于社会各阶层经济上、政治上、法律上的不平等,因此未能做到真正的自由,平等。不过,资本主义时代也编撰了大量礼仪著作。例如,捷克资产阶级教育家夸美纽斯(公元1592—1670年)编撰了《青年行为手册》等;英国资产阶级教育思想家约翰·洛克于公元1693年写作了《教育漫话》。一直到近代,西方个方面实力的增长,对贫困国家的殖民,将他们的礼仪文化也带到被殖民国家,开始影响着世界的礼仪文化,成为世界礼仪文化的典范。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

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