New car problem Nowadays more and more families own their private people would find it hard to think what life could look like without a cars have led us to a better life,they have also brought us many new problems. Cars produce wasted gases and smokes,which pollute air polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to our the increasing development of cars,cities are becoming more and more is not enough room for cars to be still,more traffic accidents happen in big cities,even in the countryside. More cars need more resource will run out one day if more gas is the same time,some old and damaged cars are thrown away as will cause another new pollution. Plastic surgery. As megical technics has been improved,plastic surgery has became more and more porpular. You can always this on your magzin:One of those celebrities was discovered going to a famous plastic surgery maybe this phenomenon does not only belongs to celebrities,maybe one day,you bump into a stranger who claims knowing you turn out to be your high school friend,and out of the blue,she did a plastic surgry. I cannot help asking myself:What is wrong with this world?Why do people become so desperate to change something that is given by nature?After all,i'm against plastic surgery. First,in my opnion,plastic surgery is a waste of 's the point of making so many doctors and nurces around you when there are so many people in somewhere else are wating for doctors to save their lives? Seoconly,beauty is skin deep,one can never change into a better person only by changing his/her apearence! At last,i wanna say to all these who are eger to do a plastic surgery:If you use your money to save people who need it,you will find yourself become to a person not only beautiful by the cover,but also deep inside. Trees Are Important to Use Trees are very useful to provide us with wood and other give us shade and they help to prevent drought and floods. Unfortunately,in many parts of our country,people haven't realized the importance of cut them down at are usually too lazy or too careless to plant and look after new a result,the forests continue to disappear. Where there are no trees the rain falls on the surface,causing floods,and carries away with the rich topsoil,in which crops grow so all the topsoil is gone,nothing remains but worthless deserted. The big floods of 1998,in parts of China,have already taught us a good every one of us must love trees,protect forests,and keep on planting trees each year.
有很多的同学在写英语 作文 的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，我整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular,everyyear,wecanseemanyhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’’youthareaboutfighting,’intention,’syouth,forwhichtheydon’.
【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春，这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点，那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家，恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图，他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的，存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的，真正的青春是关于学习，至少，大部分人是如此努力的学习，为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春，对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导，对于青少年来说，他们的工作是学习，这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
’’tworryaboutlosingface,.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先，培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始，我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕，只留英文。渐渐地，我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次，背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三，完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法，我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此，尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸，因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
(this)(inanyway).Forthisreason,wemay(can)saythattimeismorevaluablethanmoney.
(this)(keep)inmindthatwastingtimeisequaltowastingyourlife.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说，时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么？因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱，但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由，我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。
英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能，恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场，开启话题，可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文，给大家作为参考，欢迎阅读!
英语议论文范文篇1
My opinion on copying others' homework
It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.
In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the should be honest and work hard to get high we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.
英语议论文范文篇2
Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.
If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.
英语议论文范文篇3
In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.
They copy them without the fear that they might be a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.
So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.
翻译
在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼，在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然，作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行，有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。
他们抄袭他人作品，不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少，现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格，而且污染学术风气，它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延，破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是，这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。
New car problem Nowadays more and more families own their private people would find it hard to think what life could look like without a cars have led us to a better life,they have also brought us many new problems. Cars produce wasted gases and smokes,which pollute air polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to our the increasing development of cars,cities are becoming more and more is not enough room for cars to be still,more traffic accidents happen in big cities,even in the countryside. More cars need more resource will run out one day if more gas is the same time,some old and damaged cars are thrown away as will cause another new pollution. Plastic surgery. As megical technics has been improved,plastic surgery has became more and more porpular. You can always this on your magzin:One of those celebrities was discovered going to a famous plastic surgery maybe this phenomenon does not only belongs to celebrities,maybe one day,you bump into a stranger who claims knowing you turn out to be your high school friend,and out of the blue,she did a plastic surgry. I cannot help asking myself:What is wrong with this world?Why do people become so desperate to change something that is given by nature?After all,i'm against plastic surgery. First,in my opnion,plastic surgery is a waste of 's the point of making so many doctors and nurces around you when there are so many people in somewhere else are wating for doctors to save their lives? Seoconly,beauty is skin deep,one can never change into a better person only by changing his/her apearence! At last,i wanna say to all these who are eger to do a plastic surgery:If you use your money to save people who need it,you will find yourself become to a person not only beautiful by the cover,but also deep inside. Trees Are Important to Use Trees are very useful to provide us with wood and other give us shade and they help to prevent drought and floods. Unfortunately,in many parts of our country,people haven't realized the importance of cut them down at are usually too lazy or too careless to plant and look after new a result,the forests continue to disappear. Where there are no trees the rain falls on the surface,causing floods,and carries away with the rich topsoil,in which crops grow so all the topsoil is gone,nothing remains but worthless deserted. The big floods of 1998,in parts of China,have already taught us a good every one of us must love trees,protect forests,and keep on planting trees each year.
有很多的同学在写英语 作文 的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，我整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular,everyyear,wecanseemanyhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’’youthareaboutfighting,’intention,’syouth,forwhichtheydon’.
【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春，这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点，那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家，恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图，他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的，存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的，真正的青春是关于学习，至少，大部分人是如此努力的学习，为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春，对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导，对于青少年来说，他们的工作是学习，这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
’’tworryaboutlosingface,.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先，培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始，我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕，只留英文。渐渐地，我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次，背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三，完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法，我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此，尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸，因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
(this)(inanyway).Forthisreason,wemay(can)saythattimeismorevaluablethanmoney.
(this)(keep)inmindthatwastingtimeisequaltowastingyourlife.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说，时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么？因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱，但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由，我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。
在全球化时代,随着国际交流日益增多,中国对高质量英语人才的要求也达到了前所未有的高度。英语教学在中国高等 教育 体系中占据着举足轻重的地位,也肩负着社会培养高质量人才的重任。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于 毕业 英语论文 范文 大全的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!毕业英语论文范文大全篇1 浅谈老水手的心理历程——《苦舟子咏》 读后感 [摘要]：《苦舟子咏》是英国19世纪湖畔派诗人柯勒律治的一首长诗。全诗是一个充满了奇幻之美的的航海 故事 。全诗探索人生的罪与罚问题，诗人把热爱宇宙的万物泛神论思想和____思想结合起来，宣传仁爱和基督____罪思想。诗中的水手的心理活动刻画得细致入微，水手杀掉信天翁表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物，他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物，也就除掉了对这个世界的感情，最后水手内心发生转变，以新的态度对待自然，为此他才得以解脱出来。 [关键词]：老水手;道德;内疚;痛苦;赎罪 Abstract: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s masterpieces. It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballads .The poem can be approached as a dream voyage to another realm, as a story of sin and expatiation, or as the quiet essential representation of the alienated isolated modern individual. 一、作者简介 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)1772年10月21日生于英格兰西南部德文郡一个乡镇牧师的家庭。9岁丧父，被送往伦敦基督慈幼学校上学，熟读希腊、罗马文学。19岁入剑桥大学，与骚塞相识。当时两人都同情法国革命，但又都害怕革命暴力，于是设想去美洲建立乌托邦社会。计划失败后柯尔律治移居英格兰部西部湖区，致力于写诗，并与华兹华斯结成密友。他憎恶资本主义城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系，于是远离城市，隐居于昆布兰湖区，寄情山水或缅怀中世纪的宗法社会。他们创作出歌颂大自然的或美化宗法制农村生活方式的诗篇，以抵制丑恶的资本主义现实。因此被称为“湖畔派诗人”。1798年，两人合作出版著名的《抒情歌谣集》。同年他与华兹华斯兄妹到德国 留学 ，被康德的哲学和耶拿派的诗歌理论和创作所吸引。回国后继续居住于湖区，与华兹华斯保持往来。柯尔律治年青时代即患有风湿痛等多种疾病。为求镇痛他长期服食鸦片竟至上瘾，故健康大受损害。晚年他贫病交加，1834年7月25日逝世于海格特。柯尔律治的作品以真的细节描绘超自然的神秘事物，令人甘愿暂时不去考虑普通情理而信以为真，并在领略到一种怪异的美的同时获得教益或良知的觉醒。柯尔律治的创作实践和理论建设，不仅影响过他的同时代人，也影响了包括和他政治态度相左的拜伦、雪莱和济慈，而且，对于时至今日的诗歌艺术探索者，仍具有重要的借鉴价值。他在英国文学史上有重要地位，是浪漫主义思潮的重要代表。 二、《苦舟子咏》简介 《苦舟子咏》是柯尔律治唯一一部完整的长诗。这部长625行的叙事谣曲是一个神秘恐怖的浪漫故事：一名老水手对一个赴结婚宴的客人讲述了他自己的可怕的故事。客人想走开，赶快去赴宴，却为老水手眼中的特殊表情所吸引住，不得不站在那里把这个故事听完了。老水手和同伴们坐了一艘船出海去。一路上很平安。然后遇到了一阵暴风，暴风过后，这位水手却无端地射杀一只了航海者认为好运象征的信天翁。因此，厄运又降临了。船驶进静海中，那里没有风也没有浪;太阳如火如荼地照耀着。海水绿绿地满载着腐物。船停在那里不动，老水手被视为这次厄运的造因者。水手们都渴得要死去，仿佛有一只船要驶进救他们却又消失不见了。那是一只幻船，水手们一个个都死在甲板上，每个死者的眼光都注定在这位杀死信天翁的水手身上。全船的人，只有他没有死。后来，他对于自所做的恶罪觉得悔恨。于是天使们可怜他的悲苦，使死尸们站了起来，仍去做水手们的职务。他们开上了帆。虽然没有风，船却渐渐地移动。于是，这船一直驶到了老水手的故乡。一个领航者离了海岸，出来迎接。但在他到这船之前，它却突然地沉下了，留下了这位老水手在海波中与死神挣扎着。他被领航者所救。后来，他一想起那时受的言之不尽的痛苦，便不能忍。他的心在体内烧着，一直到了把这可怕的故事说了出来，方才觉得舒服。 三、分析老水手的心理历程 “自由、平等、博爱”是资产阶级道德重要规范。“自由、平等、博爱”的 口号 是资产阶级革命时期提出来的。它既是资产阶级的政治主张，又是资产阶级道德的重要内容。这一口号的提出不仅在政治上曾经起过推动历史进步的作用，而且在人类道德发展史上也是一个巨大的进步，因为它否定了人身依附关系，肯定了人身自由;否定了等级特权，肯定了人的平等;否定了把人不当人的非人道主义的博爱思想。一句话，肯定了人的尊严、价值以及个人对幸福的追求。所以，它对个性的张扬和自我意识的发展，对人们挣脱禁欲主义、蒙昧主义、等级主义的枷锁都起到了巨大的革命作用。 西方____的万物泛神论主张神无处不在，万物都是神的表象。这种主张认为：上帝就等于万事万物;任何个别事物就是上帝;世上的事物实际上都是虚无的。 在这两种思想的支配下，作者把信天翁认为是基督____徒。老水手无端地射死了信天翁，表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物，他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物，也就除掉了对这个世界的感情。老水手违反上天的指意，违反自然规律，射死了无辜的信天翁，必然要受到惩罚。于是，灾难来了：风停了，船无法前进，阳光酷热，水手们口干舌燥。这时候，有人指责老水手——“你怎敢放肆，将神鸟射死!是它引来了南风。”此时，老水手开始意识到自己行为的错误。于是，他开始不断地感到内疚。心理学认为，在道德情感系统中，羞耻感是其中的一个元素。毕达哥拉斯要求人们对自己言行进行反省以后，就应该在内心里对卑劣的行为感到羞耻、悲哀和恐惧;对善良行为感到欣喜。沙莆慈伯利认为，道德上的善恶主要取决于感情系统中的羞耻感。他说：“凡出自不公正的情感所作的，就是不义恶行和过失;如果情感公正、健全、良好，并且情感的内容有益于社会，而且还是以有益于社会方式施行，或有所感动，这就必定在任何行动中构成我们所说的公平和正直。”不义、恶行和过失将引起人们的羞耻感。羞耻感是个人的自我道德意识的一种表现，表示一个人对自己的行为、动机和道德品质的谴责时的内心体验。良心是羞耻感的的主要作用机制，常表现出焦虑、羞愧和内疚等情绪。道德焦虑是一种复合情绪。其中，痛苦和畏惧是主要构成“因子”。但它仅以避免外在处罚为目的，是低级形式的羞耻感，可又是羞耻感发生的基础。那么，羞耻感的真正作用是什么?是内疚，只有内疚才是高度的主体意识的产物，它激活潜在的思维和力量，专注与对过失的懊悔和追悔的行为，促进个体的心理成熟。如果个体内疚匮乏，那他将对道德不屑一顾，达不到“有羞知格”的认识。同时，羞耻感要以自尊为前提，一个没有自尊的人是不会知耻的，更不会自责。自尊体现了对自我社会话的切近，没有自尊的防卫，就不可能有自责的意识和行为的发生。老水手对自己的不道德行为知耻，惭愧和悔恨。老水手真是由于良心发现才深感自己行为的错误，于是惶惶终日，不断自责自己。 事态进一步发展，在他忏悔和祈祷下挂在脖子下的鸟掉下来了，但是同行的水手都因为缺水而一个个地死去，只有老水手一个人活着。这似乎是上帝对他的又一个惩罚。他一方面觉得自己的罪行深重，导致了其他水手的死亡——痛苦;另一方面在茫茫大海中，一条船上就他孤零零的一个人——恐惧。于是他的内心又经历了一场痛苦与恐惧的考验。良心是每个人自身内部的道德评析，是自己对自己行为道德价值的认识、认知、判断、态度、感情、体验、意向、意志、动机等一切心理反应活动。老水手不断对自己惊醒良心谴责。良心的基本因素是感情，感情是对需要的体验，是心理的动力因素。它一方面产生良心的认知因素，推动自己去判断自己行为的道德价值;另一方面则产生良心意志因素，推动自己做出改过迁善的选择。在行为过后，良心对行为的后果有影响和评价作用。对于履行了道德义务并产生了好后果的影响和行为，它便于进行自我谴责，使人感到内疚、惭愧和悔恨。这种自我谴责，往往能形成一种力量，促使人们改正自己的行为。 后来，老水手虔诚地祈求海蛇破开魔法，他才获救得以回家。人非圣贤，孰能无过?人生在生活中不免发生道德过失。道德反省就是通过对道德过失的追悔，从而激励人们采用新的道德行为去补救已经酿成的道德不幸，并且通过对道德过失的觉醒为将要开始的道德行为提供罗盘。道德反省的实质在于主体对自己已作的道德选择进行批判性的分析，是在主体已经体验到自己的道德行为存在着过失的情况下，从而进行的对自己内心的深刻 反思 。通过反思，要为今后的行为提供新的路线和方案，明白来者可追，逝者可补。在今后的行动过程中，要用千倍的补偿替代原有的损失;通过反思，主体对自我发展和自我需要与社会道德的系统会领悟得更加深刻。 故事的最后，老水手回到了家。于是出现了开篇的那一幕：他极力拉住去赴婚宴的人，让他们听他讲这个离奇的故事——他想寻找听众，承认自己的错误，说出自己的故事，解除内心的痛苦——赎罪。尽管老水手已经虔诚忏悔，但还是有种负罪感难以释怀，于是他渴望被人理解，宣泄出来以排除内心的痛苦。生活也是这样，当我们遇到困难、痛苦的时候，不要封闭自己，找一个忠实的听众，把自己的苦恼说给他听。这是一种释放压力的好 方法 。 总之，柯尔律治的这首诗歌以神秘、怪诞著称，其中的心理描写可谓是典范!诗歌探讨了罪与罚、善与恶，生与死等哲学问题，宣传了一切生物皆上帝听造的教义。但诗歌的真正价值并不在故事本身或它所包含的哲理上，而在以造型艺术的精确性和音乐的流动感为读者创造了一幅幅神奇的海洋画面：时而风平浪静，沉寂安宁;时而风暴骤起，一片喧嚣。在写作此诗时，柯尔律治并不熟悉大海，但他能凭借想象，使真实的情形与幻想的景象互相交织，把平凡的细节与诗意的象征融为一体，充分显示了瑰丽奇特的想象能力。在诗艺上，长诗将英国民歌的自由与古典文人诗的谨严冶于一炉，炼就出适合表达浪漫主义情绪的活泼自然的诗体，而长诗的音韵与节奏之美，也表现了诗人能让文字进行歌唱的本领。 [参考文献]： 《英美文学选读》 天津大学出版社出版 《英国文学简史》 河南人民出版社出版 《道德心理学》 中南大学出版社出版 毕业英语论文范文大全篇2 浅谈东西方数字九的 文化 对比分析与翻译 一、前言 "数是人类思维发展到一定阶段，为适应社会生产活动的需要，在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智，19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里，它的功能是计算，秩序严谨，职司分明，是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中，它的功能是表义，许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦，1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响，数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ，但也存在着共性，有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数"，而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦，1998) 东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文， 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆，1998)，英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文，并开展过学术探 讨。如，王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页， 语文出版社，1991，1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上，英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人，尤其是中国人，自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三"，也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。 二、东西方数字"九"的文化对比分析 在我国，人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字， 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning)，在我国可 以说历时最久，涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字，在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字，它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字，继而演化出"神 圣" 之意，于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋，便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层，极言其高，天证/诞日为正月初 九，天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如，北京 城有九门，天安门城楼面阔九问，门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓，如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。 根据阴阳五行与数的关系，万物之根均为数，宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10，五行也是数，按传统的五行 理论来划分，则1、2为木：1为阳木，2为阴 木。以3、4为火：3为阳火，4为阴火。以5、6为土：5为阳土，6为 阴土。 以7、8为金：7为阳金，8为阴金。以9、10为水：9 为阳水，10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化，用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来，"九"是最大的阳数，象征着天。 传说 古 代中国人把天分 为九层，九层天是天的最高处，汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空， "九霄云外" ，"九天揽月"，"九天九地"等。另外，天坛，这个明清两代 祭天的场所，其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。 中国人以"九"为大数，刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道："凡数 指其极者，皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说："天地之数，始于一，终于 九。"因此，汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限，故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎"，避讳有“九”之 岁。例如：“ 老太太因明年八十一岁，是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征，因 为"九"与"苦"同音，因此忌讳 "九"。然而，《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ，采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计，结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占)，而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来，日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。 此外，《词源》中说："九：虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时，是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中，"九"的意思有三个：(1)数目，八加一 后所得;(2)从 冬至 起每九天是一个"九"，从一"九" 数起，二"九"、三 "九"，一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九，夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次： 九泉，三 弯九转等。因此， 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的 成语 。如："九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。 在我国，数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如，"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划，后用作"中国"的代 称。因此，有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns)，古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子，各有所好"。因此，《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种，种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多，龙蛇混杂，好坏不一，各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外，在文娱、体育等词汇中，数字"九"也比比皆是。如， 许多歌名都以"九"开头："九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中，"九柱戏"(nine pins)，兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的，如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外，中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时，人们宁愿多出 钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如，湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方，数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说， "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多，分别有： 1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members, baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。 其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有： a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation) ____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often) be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion) ____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty. in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times. 从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律：数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如， 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九"; 高尔夫球 球场有一十八个洞：跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来，数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。 总之，在东西方文化中，数字"九"含有以下主要共性： 1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字， 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。 2)在东西方文化中，数字"九"均可虚指多数。 3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。 数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于：对中国人来说，其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。 三、数字"九"的翻译问题 罗马西塞罗说过："翻译不是字当句对，而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数"，"实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论，结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性，可采用如下的翻译方法，并遵循以下的翻译原则。 可采取的翻译方法主要有： (一)保留原数字 . We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives. 我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了，它并没死，只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来，人们很容易接受，因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语， 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。 (二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字 out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现"， 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。 (三)增舍数字 比如，"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ，"九九归一，还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字，转译其 形象意义。 应遵循的原则主要有： (一)民族性原则 比如，汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力"，《汉英词典》(外研社，1996)的译 文有三个："strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”，成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。 (二)习语性原则 比如："匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子，月下嫦娥，那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》)， 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则"， 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。 (三)形象性原则 数字用于模糊意义时，一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时， 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与 其它 的词结合后所产生的形象意义。 比如："飞流直下三千尽，疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 "，因此，可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"猜你喜欢： 1. 毕业英语论文范文 2. 英美文学毕业论文优秀范文 3. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 4. 大学英语毕业论文范文 5. 英语专业论文范文 6. 本科英语专业论文范文
1、作文： Modern technology makes life more convenient;tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human beings progress. Men used to cut trees with hand now,by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few example is more vivid:You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hours ride probably want to make a phone no telephone is installed in your friends could you do?Nowadays,with modern technology advanting,using internet is popular with years ago,people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information;at last people could become tired and spent too much you use Internet,all becomes a piece of by clucking,you will gain what you expect. We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level,because modern technology makes life more convenient indeed. 2、翻译： 现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑。人类过去用手锯锯树，但是现在，用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树。另外一个例子更加生动形象：如果你有急事通知你的朋友，而他家距你家有2小时的路程，你可能想打个电话。但是你的朋友家又没安电话，你该怎么办？如今，随着现代科技的进步，使用网络已很流行。若干年前，人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息，最后人累得疲惫不堪，还浪费了大量时间。现在，如果使用网络科技，一切就都是小菜一碟了。只要轻敲键盘，就会有求必应。 我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平，因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷。
The development of science and technology makes our life more comfortable and convenient. However, scientists have created many problems, which are not easy to be resolved, such as air pollution, the deterioration of environment and the scarcity of natural resources, to which we must some solutions. Modern science and technology render people many advantages. Modern telecommunication shortens the distance between people and makes communication much easier. Internet is widely used now not only for collection of abundant information but also for correspondence. Email, the most effective communication device now, is becoming very popular. Besides, telephone and mobile phone make contact more convenient than before. Modern transportation, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey smooth and fast. With the help of modern transportation, people can go everywhere they prefer to. The journey to outer space and other planets is not a dream any more. Rockets and space shuttles can help us realize the dream of space travel. Modern medicine prolongs peoples life and relieves patients of sufferings from many diseases. Cancer and AIDS are fatal to peoples health. Thanks to the endeavors scientists have made, these diseases become treatable. However, the process of scientific development also arouses many sever problems to our human beings. Internet, though widely used in modern communication, is easy to be destroyed by computer virus. Outer space exploration has produced much waste in the space. A tiny metal, a screw, for example can destroy a flying man-made satellite. Industrialization is making natural resources become scarce. Confronted with these problems, scientists are seeking prompt and feasible solutions. The development of science and technology bring about both positive and negative effects to us. We must eliminate the positive effects to the least extent. 可以自己删减 在提供一篇翻译的： 现代科技使生活更加便捷(Modern Technology Makes Life More Convenient) Modern technology makes life more convenient; tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human being’ s progress. Men used to cut trees with hand saw. But now, by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few minutes. Another example is more vivid: You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hour’s ride away. You probably want to make a phone call. But no telephone is installed in your friend’ s home. What could you do? Nowadays, with modern technology advanting, using internet is popular with us. Some years ago, people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information; at last people could become tired and spent too much time. Now, if you use Internet, all becomes a piece of cake. Only by clucking, you will gain what you expect. We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level, because modern technology makes life more convenient indeed. [参考译文] 现代科技使生活更加便捷 现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑.人类过去用手锯锯树,但是现在,用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树.另外一个例子更加生动形象：如果你有急事通知你的朋友,而他家距你家有2小时的路程,你可能想打个电话.但是你的朋友家又没安电话,你该怎么办?如今,随着现代科技的进步,使用网络已很流行.若干年前,人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息,最后人累得疲惫不堪,还浪费了大量时间.现在,如果使用网络,一切就都是小菜一碟了.只要轻敲键盘,就会有求必应. 我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平,因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷. 21st century is the century of technology. Nowadays, technology is everywhere around us. The development of technology has a significant affact toward the society. Several technologies that we usually use are the internet, computer, and cellphone. These new technologies make our life much easier and better. First, the development of computer changes our life. Decades ago, people needed to do lots of complex calculation on hand because they did not have computer, and more obvious, they did not have the software for calculation. As the result of that, people spent hours on the equations that a computer can solve in just a minute. Since the development of computer, people are able to use some kind of software to compute lots of complex functions and mathematical calculation. Computer becomes the most helpful equipment for the sciencists because they can use their time more efficiently. Also, internet is another useful tool for us today. The development of internet brings a great impact toward the society. Instead of going to library and fliping all the books to figure out some information, we can just simply use a mouse and click on the website to do research. The internet leads us to a place where we can find unlimited information and resources. It makes our life much easier and better. The last technology is cellphone. Nowadays, many people have a cellphone. But it just appears on the market for about 10 years. It is very convenience to the users because we can talk to anyone we want with a phone as small as a wallet. Also, we can communicate with others by making a phone call instead of sending letters. It is very fast and useful way to communicate. In conclusion, I believe the development of technology brings significant impact to our life. It is very helpful to us and I believe technology will keep improving in future. 高分范文 As is vividly depicted by the picture above, a traveler happily starts his journey by high-speed railway from Guangzhou to Wuhan. In the year of 2009, Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway went into operation, reducing travelling time from 12 hours to 3 hours, bringing much convenience to the transportation between the two cities①. No wonder the caption in the picture says “with the Wu-Guang high-speed railway, cities far away is just like a place nearby”. Science and technology are the primary productive forces② and have been playing a key role in the national economy development. On the one hand, progress in science and technology has promoted economic and social progress greatly. Take the high-speed railway as an example. Firstly, the railway becomes a new engine③ of booming of regional economic. Secondly, the railway helps to attract a lot of tourists, so that tourism in these cities flourishes. Last but not the least, the load of the existing transportation network can be released to a great extent. On the other hand, with the development of science and technology, such as the operation of high-speed transportation, video phone, webcam meeting, the world has become smaller and smaller. It has long been a tradition for Chinese government to attach great importance to the advances④ in science and technology. Science and technology has successfully shaped an entirely new image of China on global stage via the two grand world events, 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World Expo. It is strongly advised that young people should devote themselves into the study of science and technology for “better city, better life”. 佳作妙译 如上图所示,一位旅客从广州踏上了去往武汉的高速铁路.2009年,武广高铁正式建成通车,将两地之间的行程从12小时缩短到3小时,极大地方便了两地的交通.难怪这幅漫画上写道“有了武广高铁,每个城市都在家门口”. 科技是第一生产力,在国民经济发展中扮演着重要角色.一方面,科技的进步促进了经济社会的快速进步.高速铁路就是鲜活的例子.首先这条铁路成为地区经济发展新的引擎.其次铁路吸引了大量游客,这些城市的旅游业随之繁荣起来.再次这条铁路很大程度上缓解了现有线路的运输压力.另一方面,随着科技的发展,高速铁路,视频电话,视频会议等应用会越来越多,世界将变得越来越小. 中国政府一直很重视科技的发展,通过2008北京奥运会和2010上海世博两件盛事,科技成功地重塑了中国在世界舞台上的国际形象.因此青少年要怀着“城市,让生活更美好”的信念,积极投身到对科技文化知识的学习上.
英语书面表达评分标准第五档要求，“应使用较复杂结构，这要求学生不仅会运用基本句型，也要有意识地使用复杂句型，这是 文章 的亮点。下面是我为大家带来的 初中 英语 作文 范文 ，希望你喜欢。
初中英语作文范文1
I like to make friends and I have a lot of friends. We always play together and we make up a small group. So even though my parents are very busy, I am not feeling lonely. Besides my parents, friendship are the most precious things for me. When I have annoyance, my friends will come to comfort me. We talk a lot and they always find a way to make me forget about my sadness. I am so lucky to have those friends. We treat each other as brothers and sisters. No matter how far away I am, I will cherish our friendship. Time will not apart us if we keep in touch.
初中英语作文范文2
I like to eat fruit because almost all fruits are tasty and good for your like sweet fruits better than sour favourite fruit is hami melon I think it is the sweetest fruit in the world.
I love hami 're sweeter than candy and they smell really hate lemons because no fruit in the world is sourer than I like to eat some grapes, be carefull,sometimes they can be as sweet as hami melons and sometimes they can be as sour as lemons.
初中英语作文范文3
It is known to all that Newton got the great inspiration from the falling apple as he was walking pass a tree. This apple changed and promoted the social civilization. Many people play the joke that if the apple hits on their heads, maybe they can be the next Newton. Actually, apple is just the stimulation to help Newton to figure out his thoughts. If it hits on other people's heads, it is just the ordinary incident and nothing special. The meaning of life is to keep searching. Everyone can make a difference if they keep thinking, and inspiration will come sooner or later. At that time, the success will be at hand.
初中英语作文范文4
Everyone needs friends in their lives, no one can live alone, they need friends to share their sorrow and happiness, so that they can keep the good mood. But even the marriage needs to run in the long term, for friendship, people will confront all kinds of problems, the one who can deal with the problems well will maintain the friendship.
When you have argument with your friends, both of you do not want to give in, at this time, you need to calm down and be general, you can release the intense atmosphere。In a few days, when both of you have calmed down, the argument is nothing but a small interlude. Sometimes your friend will work in another place, if you two are lazy to contact with each other, friendship is easy to lose as the time went by. Maintaining friendship is not easy.
初中英语作文范文5
I have a good friend, we met each other when I was five years old. She is my neighbor and the first time I saw her, she smiled at me. It was her smile that made me feel she was a nice person to get along with. Indeed, she was a reliable friend. When I was in trouble, she would be the first person to give me a hand. Once I lost my key, when she heard, she tried hard to help me remember where I lost it. I am so lucky to have her as my friend. It is hard to meet someone who can make you feel safe and she is the one. She is the angel in my life.
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毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版（通用6篇）
转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束，我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.
So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.
In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !
today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.
the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.
The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.
With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.
Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.
Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.
Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.
Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.
Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.
Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）
一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。
Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.
With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.
Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.
With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.
Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.
For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.
In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.
Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.
Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.
Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems
Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.
Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.
Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.
Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇）
毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者（撰写毕业论文的作者）三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇），欢迎大家分享。
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
晚上好，所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST，主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx，我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导，近一年的辛苦工作，我已经完成了我的论文。最后，这是展示时间。今天晚上，我将向大家致以衷心的感谢，我衷心地欢迎您的加入。
我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究
我希望通过研究这个短小的故事，我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女，更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解，帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心，并更多地关注我们的心理健康该
接下来，我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论，哥特式传统，哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。
本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者，指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述，对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究，并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表，即死亡主题，独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因，详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因：父权制的压迫，南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后，在结论中，笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理，再次强调了论文论证的意义。
好的，就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢 ！
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).
The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
拯救哲学
摘要：哲学原本是指导具体科学的，但因历史发展的原因，使得当今的哲学严重滞后。具体科学在没有哲学的制约下，像脱缰的野马一样肆意地发展。它不仅肢解了哲学还抢占了哲学的位置，逼得哲学无路可走，使之处于非常尴尬的境地。不仅如此，具体科学的肆意发展还造成了地球生态失衡、环境污染、资源能源匮乏、自然灾害频发、人为的争夺战此起彼伏等凶险恶劣局面。为了改变现状，必须先拯救哲学。只有哲学得到拯救和振兴，具体科学才会规范有序地发展，恶劣的环境才会得到遏制，人类才能持续发展。反之，人类将走向衰败和灭亡。
关键词：哲学 具体科学 环境污染 拯救哲学 哲学创新
现今，很多哲学人士不明白哲学的含义，也不知道哲学应该如何发展，怎样发展，只能是偏解和糊弄。有的教授说，哲学研究的是超越了我们经验的东西，一些纯粹的东西。比如，研究纯粹的“红”，这就是哲学的工作。这种观点是分解了具体的实物和抽象的概念后产生的。还有教授说，我们只能解读伟人的哲学理论，不能创新。只解读不创新哲学能得到发展吗?更叫人不可理解的是一些教授竟然说，我们无法回答什么是哲学，哲学无法定义。既然不明白哲学的概念，不清楚哲学研究的是什么，如何教授学生哲学?如何研究和创新哲学?这种混乱的局面说明哲学在当今的处境很尴尬，很弱势。为了拯救哲学，就让我们务必弄清楚哲学的定义、研究对象、作用及其创新和发展。
一 哲学在当代的困境
现今，哲学被人们称为是无用的“糊涂学”。认为它什么都解释不清，什么都做不了，是无用的。因为哲学不能解决任何实际问题，不能创造任何财富。那些晦涩、抽象难懂的概念只能使人头痛，不能给人带来任何帮助和经济利益，所以哲学应该被具体科学替代或淘汰。
具体科学则正好相反，它“如日中天”的发展着。不仅抢占了哲学的位子，还把哲学撕成碎片，溶进每门学科中，使得每门具体科学后面都可以挂上哲学两个字，像物理哲学、化学哲学、数学哲学、生物哲学、分析哲学、系统哲学、科学技术哲学、语言哲学……这些学科把哲学分吃殆尽后，哲学就只剩下一具空壳。这些现象表面看起来哲学似乎无处不在，任何具体科学中都有哲学的影子，好像是哲学渗透和覆盖了所有的具体科学，在所有具体科学中发挥着巨大的不可缺的指导作用。实则不然，这种发展情形等于把哲学撕成碎片撒到具体科学中，成为调剂和美化具体科学的调料和脂粉，使哲学成为具体科学的附庸，使哲学彻底失去自我，迷失自己的发展方向，无力创新和发展，无法解释清楚很多社会发展急待解决的问题，使之处于现今的“无用”尴尬状态，成为被人冷落的“糊涂学”。
其实，哲学应该研究的是宇宙的整体本质和规律，要回答的是本原问题。具体科学应该研究的是宇宙具体事物的本质和规律，要回答的是具体事物生灭的问题。但现在的情形是，具体科学研究和解释哲学的本原问题(比如大爆炸学说)，哲学研究和说明具体科学的特性问题，哲学和具体科学调换了研究对象。在这里，具体科学抢了哲学的道，跑在社会发展的最前端，支配和左右着哲学的发展。哲学被具体科学压制的无路可走，只能是委屈自己，研究点具体科学的残羹剩饭。
很多哲学研究者在这样的情形下很迷茫，竟不知道什么是哲学，也不明白哲学研究的是什么。要么研究东西方哲学比较，要么研究东西方哲学的融合，要么把中国传统的思想同哲学结合着研究，要么跟着西方的某些思潮混混，要么始终坚持唯物主义，把唯物主义搞的再丰润一些，然后穿上一件新潮的衣服粉饰一下，要么拼命在具体科学里寻找哲学能够栖身的一席之地，卑微地想着与具体科学合作祈求发展，但这也只是蹭饭吃，遭白眼，找不到真正属于哲学的位置。基于这种状况，一些外国哲学家竟然说，中国没有哲学，只有思想。不过，在全球哲学都处于弱势的情况下，西方的哲学光景也不是太好，他们要么把先哲们的观点翻新一下，要么流行一些哲学思潮，要么也把哲学溶入具体科学中来研究。总之，西方的哲学也没有实质性的创新和发展。既然哲学得不到创新，就不能求得发展，不能发展就会被具体科学压制和替代，形成一边倒的弱势状态。哲学的弱势必然造成具体科学的疯狂和强势，具体科学的强势又从某种程度上形成对哲学的挤兑，这样的情形使得哲学既尴尬又无奈，形同虚设。
哲学滞后并不可怕，可怕的是失控的具体科学的肆意发展把地球环境搞的一塌糊涂。人类面临的是生态失衡、环境污染、资源能源匮乏、自然灾害频发，信仰迷失、人为的争夺战此起彼伏……的凶险恶劣局面。如果这种局面继续发展下去得不到控制，最后的结果必然是人类整体的衰败和灭亡。这种情形要求，哲学必须要发展，而且要正确揭示宇宙的真实面目，以用来遏制具体科学的疯狂和肆意妄为。只有这样，环境才能得到治理，人类才可能持续发展。
二 哲学滞后的原因
哲学滞后首先是自身发展的原因造成的。我们知道，宇宙只有一个，正确的宇宙发展规律也只有一个。但由于人类发展的局限性，使人不能一下就能正确认识宇宙的全貌，只能是“盲人摸象”般的众口不一的认识宇宙。这样就出现了百花齐放、百家争鸣的众宇宙观平起共存的混乱繁杂的发展局面。每一种宇宙观都认为自己是正确的，别人是错误的，但由于自身所存在的局限性，又都不能全面正确地解释宇宙的真实面目，以彻底否定对方，这就形成了唯物观和唯心观、认识论和本体论、形而上学和辩证法、可知论和不可知论等宇宙观的对立和抗衡。众宇宙观的这种绝对对立和莫衷一是就造成了哲学无法发展下去的境地。又因为现今具体科学的迅猛发展，和具体科学的实用性，更是把哲学逼到了死胡同。具体科学以他强大迅猛的发展态势，几乎覆盖了人类生活的方方面面，使得哲学失去了用武之地，致使人们觉得哲学已死，哲学无用，哲学不能解决任何问题，哲学不能创造任何财富……
其次，哲学的滞后还有一个至关重要的原因，那就是哲学所具有的政治属性。由于各国的国情不一样，宗教信仰不一样，发展速度不一样，使得哲学在很多方面不同程度地受阻。在中国，哲学与政治的关系非常密切，所以出于对政治的堤防，哲学的发展很大程度上会受到阻碍。那些发达国家虽然不像中国这样，但他们为了争霸和扩张，都大力发展高科技和军事武器，很少把精力用到发展哲学上，这从某种程度上也阻碍了哲学的发展。
除去以上原因，哲学自身众多抽象的概念和以往哲学家晦涩难懂的语言，以及哲学高智慧的特性等，也从某种意义上阻碍了哲学的发展。如果哲学简单易学一点，如果哲学语言通俗一点，恐怕也会对哲学的发展有益处。
另外，还有一个原因就是哲学的普遍性属性和规律给人的混乱感觉。因为哲学是人们对宇宙整体把握和认识的知识，是关于整个宇宙的普遍本质和规律的学问，是对宇宙万物共性属性和规律的概括和总结。表面看起来好像哲学无处不在，但落实到具体层面上又不能准确把握和界定。这就使一些人认为，哲学无法定义。还因为人们对有限和无限、概念和实物等矛盾的分解，也使很多人无法看清哲学的真实面目。这都不同程度地阻碍了哲学的发展，导致了哲学的滞后。
三 哲学和具体科学的定义及关系
什么是哲学?哲学的概念是什么?很多人对这个问题很迷惑，包括罗素和黑格尔这样的哲学大家都感到什么是哲学难以回答，难以定义。这真让人不可理解，这真是对哲学家的讽刺!如果说对哲学是什么都搞不明白，弄不清楚，很难想像他们能正确地研究哲学，正确地研究宇宙的规律性，正确地回答宇宙的很多疑难问题。
要想正确地定义哲学，就得明白哲学是研究什么的。我们知道，人类生存在宇宙间，想要看清楚宇宙的真实面目，想要弄明白宇宙是怎么来的，它的边际和中心在哪里，它有没有始终，人类与宇宙的关系是什么，人类是怎样产生的，宇宙中有没有外星人，人类能否认识宇宙的全貌，宇宙是谁创造的?宇宙之外有没有“上帝”和“神灵”?……人们对宇宙的这么多问题的研究就形成了人类的科学知识。人类的科学知识包括哲学和各门具体科学。哲学是人们对宇宙整体的把握和认识，是对宇宙万物的共性属性和规律的概括和总结，它研究的是整个宇宙产生——发展——灭亡更替的规律性，想要回答的是宇宙的本原问题。即是说，哲学是关于整个宇宙的普遍本质及其规律的学问，它不是关于宇宙具体事物的特殊本质及其规律的学问。各门具体科学是人们对宇宙具体事物的把握和认识，是对具体事物的属性和规律的概括和总结，它研究的是宇宙具体事物生灭更替的规律性。就是说，具体科学是关于宇宙具体事物的特殊本质及其规律的学问，而不是关于宇宙整体的普遍本质及其规律的学问。具体科学无法把握和全面正确地回答宇宙整体的规律性，更是无能为力解释清楚宇宙的本原问题。如果认为只有具体科学才是获得真理的最好方法，只有具体科学才能最终解释宇宙的本原，只有具体科学才能找到宇宙的开端，只有具体科学才能正确引导人类走向未来……这些都是极其谬误的观点。因为各门具体科学都存在着自身无法逾越的障碍和不能超出的局限，这些局限性限制了具体科学的发展，使得它们只能在自己的范围内有所创造和发挥作用。这就说明，具体科学无论怎样迅猛火热地发展，无论怎样具有实用性，它也不能替代哲学和包揽哲学，去完成哲学所能完成的任务，去发挥哲学所能发挥的作用。
以上看出，哲学和具体科学各自都有自己的定义和研究对象，也都有自己的任务和作用。哲学不能替代具体科学，具体科学也不能替代哲学。哲学具有理论指导性，具体科学具有实用性，两者既有差异又有统一，且相互影响，相互作用共同发展，两者的统一构成人类整体的科学知识。
通常，具体科学必须以哲学为指导，通过一定的哲学观来研究宇宙具体事物的特殊本质及其规律。而哲学也需要从各门具体科学中概括宇宙的普遍本质及其规律，以高瞻的姿态来指导具体科学的发展。哲学不能脱离具体科学，具体科学也必须以哲学为指导，两者是相互作用共同发展的，两者的关系是对立统一的矛盾关系。但如今，具体科学则处于主导地位，左右着哲学的发展，使哲学处于尴尬淘汰的局面。这种情形非常危险，需要人们高度警惕和反思。
四 哲学的作用和解释宇宙的方法
很多人认为，具体科学可以用具体的公式、定义、公理和算式等来证明、计算、验证和解释宇宙万物的规律性，因此，只有具体科学才能正确解释宇宙。哲学全是抽象的概念，它无法用某种具体的手段来证明自己的观点和理论，更无法确切地说明和解释宇宙，只有具体科学才能正确科学地解释宇宙。这其实是一种误解。因为哲学解释宇宙的方法与具体科学解释宇宙的方法不同，哲学需要从所有具体科学中概括总结宇宙的普遍本质和规律，再把这些普遍本质和规律高度概括成一些抽象的概念，然后，再用这些概念说明和解释宇宙存在的始因及生灭的规律，还有万物存在的始因、生灭规律以及相互之间的关系等。由于抽象的哲学概念很难使人一下明白其中的道理，还由于混乱繁杂的宇宙观所导致的人们的错乱认识，都使人们无法正确认识宇宙，也造成一些人的哲学无法证明和解释宇宙，哲学是无用的观点。
其实。哲学具有世界观和方法论的属性，哲学既可以教人们如何认识宇宙，也可以引导人们正确地进行具体科学的研究。比如，哲学如果把宇宙是一个矛盾体，宇宙的始终是统一在一起的这样一个简单的事实告诉科学家，科学家在进行具体科学研究时就不会徒劳地寻找宇宙的开端。像物理学家为了证明宇宙起始于一个致密炽热的奇点的大爆炸，曾经进行了很多次的科学研究和实验，这些研究和实验既浪费人力也浪费物力，到最后还是无法正确说明宇宙的起始原因。这说明如果没有正确的哲学理论的指导，具体科学会走很多弯路。
当然，正确的宇宙观会正确地引导具体科学的发展，谬误的宇宙观也会错误地引导具体科学的发展。就像现在的一元论的宇宙观，这种观点认为，矛盾的一个方面可以独自派生另一个方面，单纯的物质或意识就能独自派生意识、精神或物质。在这样的宇宙观的引导下，一些科学家认为整个世界是一个纯正物质世界，这个正物质世界一定是由它的对立面(反物质)派生出来的，所以，如果找到了反物质也就找到宇宙产生的终极原因了。我国的物理学家就花大力气和高额的科研经费，组织很多人甚至与外国科学家联合研究，进行多次的科学实验，力求寻找到宇宙中的反物质，使之解答宇宙的生成原因。这其实也是徒劳的，因为宇宙本身就是一个矛盾体。宇宙万物的存在原本都有正反的两种统一存在形式，
宇宙根本不是一个纯正物质世界，它是正物质和反物质统一起来的矛盾世界，而不是说单纯的反物质可以独自派生正物质世界，就像单纯的一个男人不能独自派生出一个女人一样。如果科学家能够认识到这一点，就不会徒劳地进行这方面的科学研究了。这说明，正确的哲学观点对人类的发展和人类的科学研究起着至关重要的指导作用，谬误的宇宙观会错误地引导具体科学的研究和发展。这种情形要求哲学必须正确地认识宇宙，正确地解释宇宙，正确地创新和发展，然后，正确地引导具体科学的发展。
五 哲学的创新和发展
综观当今的社会环境和地球自然环境的状况，人类社会未来的发展受到了严重威胁。很多现实的社会问题急待解决，但具体科学因为自身的局限性使它不能一手遮天的解决所有的社会问题，这就使哲学的作用凸显出来。为了充分发挥哲学的作用，哲学的创新和发展就势在必行，是当务之急。
为了拯救哲学使哲学得到创新和发展，更是为了人类可持续发展，哲学和具体科学必须各就各位。具体科学不能再肆无忌惮地欺辱哲学了，哲学应该回到它原来的位置上，恢复自己应有的指导职责，让自己正确的观点渗透到各门具体科学中，用强有力的先进的思想来指导和制约具体科学的发展。具体科学也要回到它自己的位置上，在哲学的指导下，收敛自己的行为，有计划地科学规范地发展。
那么，怎样拯救哲学呢?要想拯救哲学，必须创新哲学，哲学得到创新才能得到拯救。对于哲学的创新和发展很多人感到迷茫，不知道如何创新。有人认为，哲学与具体科学结合起来研究就是哲学的创新和发展。这种观点是非常谬误的。因为，哲学和具体科学结合起来就会形成哲学的具体科学化，这样的话，哲学就会失去自我，失去存在的意义。
其实要发展哲学首先要解决哲学自身的问题。这个问题就是要明确什么是哲学，哲学研究的是什么，只有明确了这些问题，才能很好地发展哲学。当然，要解决哲学自身的问题，还要正确地回答宇宙的本原和终结问题、中心和边际问题等，还要搞清宇宙的属性和发展规律，更要把物质和意识两个绝对对立的概念统一起来，不要在认识论和本体论、形而上学和辩证法、存在主义和思辨哲学、唯物主义和唯心主义、有神论和物活论……之间徘徊和纠缠，因为这些对立的观点会混乱人们的思想，误导人们的认识。就是说，物质和意识的对立不是小问题，人们千万不要小视了物质和意识的绝对对立，就是因为两者的长期对立才形成了诸多谬误的不全面的宇宙观，才造成了当今哲学发展的困境，才产生了有限的人类无法认识无限的宇宙的“难题”，和抽象的苹果无法食用的困难，以及普遍的哲学概念无法界定的尴尬局面。这说明，物质和意识的确切概念及其正确的关系对哲学的发展起着至关重要的作用。
物质和意识原本是一对矛盾，是宇宙的两个基本组成方面，两者始终共存于一个宇宙矛盾体中。物质是宇宙的组成元素，意识是宇宙的组成规定，两者的关系是一个问题两个方面的对立统一的矛盾关系，而不是派生关系。但通常人们总是把人类的思维认为是纯意识，具体的实物认为是纯物质，这就从根本上分解了物质和意识这样一对最基本的概念，也彻底把一个宇宙分成了自然和超自然的两个世界，致使人们无法正确认识宇宙。这里看出，要发展哲学，就要正确而全面地揭示宇宙存在的真实面目，正确回答人们无法解答的宇宙“难题”，建立一套科学正确的反映宇宙生灭规律的哲学体系，给人们一个认识宇宙，拯救环境，拯救自我和与自然和谐相处的世界观、方法论、思想武器和科学工具。
宇宙原本是一个矛盾体，这个矛盾体的基本载体是物质和意识的统一体，简称物意体，物意体承载了宇宙间所有的矛盾属性，是各种矛盾的统一体。这个矛盾统一体在对立统一的矛盾作用中，时刻都处在新和旧、始和终、产生和消亡、运动和静止、有限和无限……的矛盾更替中，没有哪一瞬间是绝对单纯的新世界运动的开始，也没有哪一瞬间是绝对单纯的旧世界静止的终结，整个宇宙就是在这种矛盾更替中永恒地发展着的。
从整个矛盾着的宇宙来看，物意体是宇宙的基本载体，矛盾性是宇宙的根本属性，辩证法是宇宙的存在法则，整个宇宙就是一个对立统一的矛盾体。只是因为人类发展的局限性，才分解了它所有的矛盾，致使一个宇宙整体人为的分成了两个(一个客观自然的物质世界，一个主观超自然的意识、精神世界)，人们陷在两个世界之间始终无法认识宇宙的真实面目，也人为地给自己制造很多无法解答的宇宙“难题”。像宇宙的始终问题，中心和边际问题，物质和意识的统一难问题等等，这些所谓的“难题”其实很简单，只要人们真正认识宇宙是个矛盾体这个最简单的事实，这些问题就不解而自答。
为了说明这些“难题”很简单，我解答两个题就能说明问题。1、有限的人为什么无法认识无限的宇宙?2、具体的人为什么无法吃到抽象的苹果?我们知道，有限和无限是一对矛盾，两者始终共存于一个宇宙矛盾体中，两者的关系是一个问题两个方面的对立统一的矛盾关系，而不是派生关系。无数个有限组成了无限，无限是有限的集合体，有限是无限的组成和发展瞬间。没有有限就没有无限，没有无限同样没有有限，两者不能分解开独自存在，也不能分解开独立来看。而宇宙(人类是宇宙的一部分)的存在就是有限和无限的矛盾统一存在形式。如果把有限和无限分解开，宇宙不能存在，人类也不能存在。但通常，人们总是把无限和有限分开来看，把人视为单纯的有限，把宇宙视为单纯的无限，让有限的人去认识无限的宇宙，这就出现了有限的人类无法认识无限的宇宙的难题，这个命题本身就是一个错误。因为，宇宙不是单纯绝对的无限，它是无限和有限相统一的矛盾体，人在其中“花开花落”生灭不止，也不是绝对单纯的有限。所以，只要人们正确认识无限和有限的矛盾性，正确认识宇宙这个矛盾体的矛盾存在规律也就认识了宇宙。之所以会出现有限的人无法认识无限的宇宙的“难题”，那是因为人们分解了有限和无限这样一对矛盾。
同样的道理，抽象和具体也是一对矛盾，两者也始终共存于一个宇宙矛盾体中，两者的关系也是一个问题两个方面的对立统一的矛盾关系，两个矛盾方面也是无法分解开独立来看的。就是说，宇宙间的任何事物都是抽象和具体的统一体，都包含了实物和概念两方面的东西。当我们在吃实物苹果的时候，我们同时也在吃概念苹果;当我们在乘实物火车的时候，我们同时也在乘概念火车。就是说，事物的规定和组成元素是统一在一起的，概念和实物也是统一在一起的，概念不是脱离实物独立存在的，它是隐藏在具体实物中的。如不然，人就不能用思维把实物中的概念抽出来形成知识而认识事物的规律了。所以，如果把具体的实物组成和抽象的概念规定分解开，形成单纯具体的人和单纯抽象的概念，那我们就吃不到苹果，乘不上火车了。可以这么说，宇宙中所有的矛盾都是一个问题两个方面的对立统一的矛盾关系，而不是派生关系，且都不能分解开独立看待。如果分解了它们，人们永远无法认识宇宙的真实面目，永远无法找到宇宙的开端和末端，永远不知道人类生存的意义，永远在自然界和超自然界之间徘徊，永远无法正确界定哲学的概念……
其次，要发展哲学还要摆脱旧哲学的牵绊和脱离政治的束缚。在哲学发展的历史长河中，不同时代都会产生不同时代的哲学知识。这些哲学知识的存在一方面是新时代哲学知识产生的基础，一方面也是新时代哲学知识发展的绊脚石。就像现时代，哲学的创新总是走不出旧哲学的圈子，总是受着旧哲学极深刻的影响和制约。如果不能摆脱旧哲学的牵绊，哲学的创新肯定是艰难的。另外，哲学由于自身所具有的指导性，总是被阶级所占有，被党派所利用，被国家所推崇。当哲学具有了政治色彩，拥有了权威性，哲学的发展和创新就注定受政治的束缚和左右。如果新哲学的出现与原有哲学相冲突或不一致，那么，就会被认为是反叛的思想而受压制。这说明，哲学的创新和发展如果不能脱离政治的束缚，也是很难得到发展的。
除去以上的限制和束缚，哲学的发展还要挣脱社会环境的限制才能得到创新和发展。这种限制是指某一特定的社会发展阶段在广度和深度方面都同样有限的知识和见解的限制，以及该社会发展阶段的现状对哲学的需求度。就是说，一个社会发展阶段必定产生相对应的科学知识和哲学知识，在这个社会发展阶段有限的知识和见解的限制下，科学的发展和哲学的发展都会受到相应的制约。比如，古时候，人们对宇宙的认识就局限在很浅很简单的层面上，因此，那时候哲学的发展也就只有一些朴素的宇宙观。随着社会的发展，科学技术不断发展，人们对宇宙的认识也逐步深入，这种环境下就出现了很多理论性和逻辑性很强的宇宙观，哲学在其中就得到了很大发展。现时代，具体科学迅猛发展，人们的生活日益丰富，这时候，社会的方方面面对哲学的需求度不大，这必然阻碍哲学的发展。但由于具体科学的肆意发展又导致了环境污染，生态失衡，人们面临严重的生存危机。这时候，社会发展现状对哲学的需求度就非常大。因为人们信仰的缺失，道德的沦丧，环境的污染等等，都需要正确的哲学知识来引导和整治，这就要求哲学一定要发展，要创新，要正确解释宇宙和人类的关系，正确揭示宇宙存在和发展的规律性，以用来正确指导具体科学的发展和人类的发展，达到治理环境、拯救人类的目的。在这里，创新哲学就是拯救哲学，拯救哲学就是拯救人类自己。
哲学既是知识体系,又是意识形态。哲学的最大特点就在于,它以抽象的概念体系来反映特定的社会关系和现实的社会运动,体现特定的阶级或社会集团的利益、愿望和要求。下面是我为大家整理的哲学论文，供大家参考。
哲学论文 范文 一：非连续性哲学 教育 思想论文
一、存在主义哲学与非连续性教育
(一)人发展的非连续性
就人的发展一般过程而言，生命会按照一定的方向和预定的目的，持续、不间断、呈一定规律性地发展下去。但由于个体存在的多样性和人类社会生活的复杂多变，人并非总是按照既定的路线去发展。在人的连续发展过程中，常常存在一些突如其来的事件和不可预测的外在因素，引起生命发展顺序的局部中断、停止或转向。这些非连续性的发展主要发生在与 理性思维 相对的非理性领域里，例如人情感的突然转变、兴趣上的转向等，一次偶然的事件、一场特殊的经历都可能会突然改变人原本的情感、愿望和兴趣。“世界上没有规定人的本质的天然规则，人必须自己创造自己。人是一种具有主体生命的设计者，他在自己的选择、决定和行动中创造自己，成为自己。”因此，人的发展是非连续性的自我生成或自我创造。海德格尔将此在生存状态分为本然的存在状态与非本然的存在状态。通常情况下人们会选择以非本然的状态存在，通过压制自己的个性而与他人保持一致，从属于他人，将自己隐藏于大众的决策意见中，拒绝表达自己的真实想法，逃避做出自我抉择，与公众的想法亦步亦趋，此种状态被称为沉沦。在这种状态下，只有通过彻底的转变和飞跃才能达到本然的存在状态，进行非连续性的自我创造或自我生成。斯普朗格由此提出，可以通过“觉醒”的形式实现自我飞跃式的非连续性发展。他认为觉醒是生命过程中非连续性、非阶段性的瞬间生成，是人在某一时刻的突然顿悟。博尔诺夫对此加以发展，意识到一时的“觉醒”对克服生存危机的重要性。
(二)非连续性教育思想
德国现代教育学家博尔诺夫批判性地吸收发展了存在主义哲学与 文化 教育学派的非连续性教育思想，并基于此发展形成自己的教育思想。传统的教育学理论往往把教育看作是一系列连续的活动， 儿童 是在这种连续的教育活动中循序渐进、不断趋向完善的。博尔诺夫将以往的传统教育观点归结为两种典型，一种是积极塑造的工艺学观点，一种是消极的顺其自然的器官学观点。前者把学生看作是随意加工的原始材料，教育者可以按照一定的目的对其进行塑造，后者认为学生自身的发展有其内部的发展规律，应不受外界的干扰和控制，因此，教育不能随便干涉学生自身自由的发展。由此，博尔诺夫指出：“且不论教育的本质是积极的塑造还是自发的发展，有一点对这两种看法来说是一致的，这就是教育活动的连续性。”可以看出，博尔诺夫肯定人在发展过程中存在连续性的假设，并指出以往的教育是按照确定的目的和已知的规律去塑造培养人，因此对于儿童施加的教育便是连续性的，这种观点基本揭示了教育过程的本质。但在他看来，这并不全面，教育者还需承认和充分重视非连续性因素如危机、唤醒、告诫、号召和遭遇等在教育过程中的客观存在，否则，它将必然干扰甚至导致教育的失误或失败。“在人的生活中会有一些突然出现的、非连续性的事情，无论如何不能把这些事件纯粹的视为外来干扰。相反，这些事件具有重要的积极的作用。”博尔诺夫认为，人的非连续性发展是由个体的复杂多样性和生活中各种偶然性因素综合影响而形成，教育需在承认其连续性的基础上，突出强调教育的非连续性形式，并将其看作是对人的一生具有决定意义的东西。“属于这类事件的有威胁生命的重大危机，突发的对新的更高级生活的向往，使人摆脱无所事事状态的号召和告诫，以及对今后生活起决定性作用的遭遇等等。”博尔诺夫将这些事件看作是教育非连续性的原因，同时也将其看作是非连续性教育的形式，进行非连续性教育的途径。因此，运用危机、唤醒、号召和告诫、遭遇等非连续性教育形式在人的生命发展过程中施加影响，具有重要的教育价值，作为对连续性教育的补充，是十分必要的。
二、非连续性教育的现实启示
非连续性教育思想是基于存在主义哲学对人的理解、并重视发展人的非连续性教育的基础上而形成的。非连续性教育并不是一味否定之前的连续性教育，而是将被人们长久忽视的非连续性教育引入公众视野中，使其作为连续性教育的补充。突出强调教育的非连续性形式，对于促进人的全面健康发展具有重要意义。
(一)转变传统教育观念，为全面理解教育提供一个全新视角
教育过程是连续性教育与非连续性教育的有机统一，非连续性教育是对连续性教育的补充。非连续性教育的价值不仅仅在于给人们揭示了非连续性教育形式的内容，提供了进行非连续性教育的途径，还在于它打破了人们的传统教育观念，使人们真正认识到了这些非连续性事件对人的生命过程所产生的根本性的影响，从而使人们形成了对教育过程本质的全面认识。教育过程中，对人的培养并不是一帆风顺的，在给受教育者教授精心组织和安排教育内容时，总会时不时地受到外界因素的干扰，从而影响教育者按照既定目的培养人的过程。由于人的复杂性、社会生活的丰富性，更加不可避免地加重了教育过程中不连续性的成分，使得教育难以按照预先设定的固定轨道发展，总会因为突发性的因素偏离轨道，偏离之前的教育目的。既然这些外在的复杂的因素不为教育者所控制，且深深地影响着教育的进程和效果，那么，不妨换一种视角，改变原有传统的教育观念，认识和重视这些非连续性因素在教育中的独特作用，并通过相应的教育 措施 加以引导，使得非连续性因素产生积极的作用。教育者不能固守成规，对教育中的非连续性因素视而不见或消极回避，而应是大胆地正视和面对教育中会出现突变的现实，积极地采取相应的对策，为学生提供切实有效的帮助，保障教育向着有利于学生健康成长的方向发展。
(二)为现存的教育问题提供新的解决思路
在当今这个社会高速发展、信息交流迅猛的时代，信息获取手段的多样和便捷使学生接触到的外界事物异常丰富起来。学生学习知识的手段不再仅仅局限于教师的讲授，可以通过多种途径获取信息。这样一来，各种非连续性因素也跟着学生与外界交流的增多而变得更加活跃丰富起来，这些因素都不可避免地影响着学生的思想和行为。现实生活中，学生在与外界进行交流、与他人进行交往的过程中，难免会出现一些困惑、不解，会出现一时情绪的波折、会遭遇一些不可避免的危机、挫折。这些看似很平常的遭遇，或许会在学生的内心世界里出现很大的转变。当下，出现的许多教育问题如青少年心理疾病、自杀事件和青少年犯罪等都反映出教育在这些问题上的缺失。这些教育问题的产生不是一时的涌出，而是教育对学生非连续性教育常年忽视的一个结果。学校教育注重于学生知识技能的学习，却轻视了学生在情感、态度上的轻微转变，忽视了一系列非连续性因素对学生自身的干扰。因此，教师应当用非连续性的观点去剖析教育过程中出现的问题，扎根于学生的生活，情系于学生的生活际遇，从分析非连续性因素的影响入手，解答学生的困惑，帮助学生走出困境。教育应当意识到人的一生中会遇到各种挫折、危机等客观因素的影响。教育者应通过一定的挫折教育、危机意识教育等生存领域的教育，让学生在挫折中更清楚地认识世界、认识自我，磨练学生克服困难的意志和勇气，增强学生抵抗生活中各种苦难与不幸的能力。
哲学论文范文二：哲学引导建筑设计论文
1哲学思想与古代建筑
回顾中外古代建筑史，可以发现哲学对建筑设计的巨大引导作用。宗教建筑因其在建筑艺术和建筑技术上所取得的巨大成就和崇高的社会地位成为西方古代建筑史的重点研究对象。宗教建筑中“神性”和“人性”的较量，或者说是宗教和世俗之间的斗争是研究宗教建筑乃至整个西方古代建筑史发展演进的一条重要线索。神性占主导的时期，宗教领袖作为神在人间的代表被无限崇敬，建筑利用幽暗、压抑的空间体现神的崇高和宗教领袖的权威;人性占主导的时期，建筑体现出世俗化的倾向，宗教神秘感和压抑感明显减弱，取而代之的是人性的张扬和对世俗生活的美好期望。古埃及的金字塔和神庙反映了当时人们对神以及神在人间的化身———法老的崇拜和敬畏。金字塔以其高大沉重的体量和简洁精准的几何形体反映出神权和皇权的威严和永恒。神庙建筑利用强烈的秩序感和压抑的空间感体现出神的强大和神秘。
神权政治成为古埃及建筑的主宰。古希腊具有自由宽松的社会环境，创造了丰富的精神文明，是欧洲文明的重要源泉。古希腊的建筑追求人性美而不是宗教精神，体现了平等、民主的世俗精神，优雅而明亮，功能也更加实用化。而古希腊建筑中精美迷人的比例尺度以及完美细腻的人体 雕刻 都明确体现了古希腊自然哲学的思想。毕达哥拉斯学派以数为万物法则的理念与古埃及的神权建筑的精神内涵有着本质的不同。雅典卫城充分表现了这种世俗情怀和审美追求。古罗马统治者通过宏大壮丽的建筑炫耀自己的丰功伟绩和古罗马帝国的空前强大。古罗马城市中拥有巨大尺度穹顶的建筑和纪念帝王个人功绩的广场都强烈地反映了这种精神追求和需要。万神庙、竞技场、凯旋门、凯撒广场、输水道等是其中的典型代表。进入中世纪后，神学再次占领了统治地位，建筑也变回了神权统治的工具。适合世俗精神需要的希腊十字式教堂不再流行，取而代之的是适合宗教崇拜需要的拉丁十字式教堂，集中式的穹顶因为降低了宗教领袖的神圣感和向心力也被教廷打压。哥特式教堂体现了这一时期世俗精神针对宗教权威的抗争。高耸的室内空间使人们对天的向往远远超过了对宗教领袖的关注。哥特式教堂成为建筑师和工匠们宣扬自身工艺、审美，歌颂世俗之美的载体，在神高阔威严的空间里顽强地表达人性的存在。文艺复兴的光芒穿透了中世纪的黑暗，带来了智慧的复苏和人性的光辉。拥有恢宏的集中式穹顶的佛罗伦萨大教堂和圣彼得大教堂都体现了人文精神的回归。文艺复兴之后建筑出现了一段时期的波动性变化，古典复兴、浪漫主义、巴洛克、洛可可粉墨登场，建筑特征不再统一，但各自都明确地反映了当时人们的思想。
这一时期哲学思想不断变化，建筑形式也随之变化。建筑形式的变换印证了人们的思想上的变化;相反，了解当时人们思想的变化也更能理解建筑发生的变化。古代欧洲建筑如此，古代亚洲建筑亦是如此。中国古代建筑是基于古人的哲学思想而产生的。中国古代建筑设计和城市规划都源于天人合一、宗法思想、阴阳五行等哲学思想。例如，中国古代建筑多用木材而不用石材与中国古典阴阳观有密不可分的关系。“卑宫室”传达了儒家思想中不过多追求奢侈高大建筑的观念。群组建筑内各单体的等级关系和空间序列表现了古人重宗法、重伦理、重社会秩序的世界观。儒家思想长期处于中国古典哲学思想的统治地位，使得中国古典哲学思想相对于欧洲哲学思想的阶段性变革而言变化较少，也因此影响了中国古代建筑的发展速度。鸦片战争后，工业革命以及资本主义哲学思想在中国逐步传播，使得中国建筑界有了新的突破，出现了很多适应工业化需要的新建筑。日本的桂离宫体现了传统日本哲学中的禅宗思想。桂离宫从整体布局到每一栋建筑，再到建筑的每一个细节，都深深地烙下了禅宗思想的烙印。纵观世界古代建筑史可以看出建筑随着思想变革而产生的时代性变化，建筑明显地反映出当时的社会人文历史环境对人们建筑观的影响甚至决定作用。
2哲学思想与近代、当代建筑
20世纪“现代主义”建筑大师的作品深刻体现了建筑师个人的世界观对其个人建筑设计的影响。而后“现代主义”和“后现代主义”论战的焦点不在设计手法上，而在建筑哲学上，也就是建筑观的论战。当代世界著名建筑师都持有一套深具哲理和个性的建筑思想。哲学因素在建筑大师的建筑设计中发挥了显著的引导作用。关注当代建筑师的作品，首先要了解建筑师个人的建筑思想、建筑哲学和建筑观。当代建筑理论的发展呈现了多元化的特点，愈加明显地体现了哲学的引导甚至决定作用，其中最典型的就是解构主义建筑和非线性建筑的出现。解构主义建筑是基于德里达的解构主义哲学发展起来的。解构主义哲学强调打破现有单元化的秩序，包括社会道德秩序、伦理秩序、个人思想准则甚至由人的内心抽象的文化底蕴所形成的无意识的民族性格等等。而解构主义建筑则运用相贯、偏心、反转、回转等手法，具有了运动而不安定的外部形态。非线性建筑植根于德勒兹的哲学思想，以“平滑”思想和“游牧空间”去“生成”建筑，像植物生长一样，用自然的状态实现建筑设计，而不是将建筑与自然对立起来。非线性建筑是非线性哲学的物质实体，而不是简单的建筑视觉设计。也正是因为如此，业内将一部分空有其表而无其实的建筑定义为“伪非线性”。直接将哲学理论作为建筑设计理论是近一时期建筑理论发展的特点之一。这种理论上的哲学思想的明晰和外向性表达，给建筑设计带来了巨大的变化。回眸最近半个世纪的建筑理论的发展，可以发现建筑师不仅从哲学思想中汲取灵感，甚至将哲学思想直接作为建筑设计理论的源泉和根基。哲学与建筑设计的关系越来越紧密，哲学直接引导了建筑设计的进行。同时建筑作为解决社会问题的手段，将实用功能与哲学思想糅合在一起，使建筑设计有了完全不同的思路和手法。
3哲学对建筑设计的引导作用
理解新建筑
从传统的艺术、力学或者施工技术发展的角度分析当下建筑界各种新理论和新作品的出现，不易得出令人信服的理由，但从哲学层面去思考，认识到建筑是建筑哲学的表达的时候，就容易理解为什么会有这样那样的建筑理论和新颖建筑迸发出来。例如在中国国家美术馆投标中，库哈斯的设计没有采用传统的走廊加展厅的排列方式，而将展厅设计成“街”，展品的分类方式也发生了很大变化。这种设计不仅体现了建筑师对建筑功能的认识，也体现了他对人、对文化、对行为方式的新理解。用哲学视角分析蕴含丰富哲学思想的新建筑，更容易理解建筑师的初衷和建筑作品的内涵。脱离哲学思想的新建筑往往徒有其表，哗众取宠。
创新建筑设计
创新建筑设计，就是要打破常规，打破思维定势。思维定势对于建筑设计来讲，可以理解为“用别人的建筑观来做自己的设计”。大家都这么做，就是所谓的“常规”。建筑方案最吸引人目光的首先是“想法”，其次是艺术性，最后是功能造价等技术性问题。或许“首哲学、次艺术、后技术”是人们审视一个设计作品的常规顺序和心理状态。从哲学层面上入手，建筑师综合历史、文化、社会生活、建筑技术，产生的一个不同于以往的、更符合时代要求的设计理念并将这个设计理念作为核心展开设计，可以找到创新建筑设计的突破口。“本土建筑”寻求地域历史文脉的传承性。“山水城市”具有深刻的生态学哲理，其目的是建立“人工环境”与“自然环境”相融合的人类最后的环境。日本建筑师安藤忠雄融合东西方文化理念，反对机能主义，认为建筑是人与自然的中介，是一座脆弱理性的庇护所。光、水、风教堂系列是安藤忠雄表达其建筑思想的杰作。作为非科班出身的建筑师，安藤忠雄凭借其独特的建筑风格成为建筑界特立独行的鬼才。创新建筑哲学可以提升建筑设计的品味，使建筑更具深度，更有内涵。建筑外在表现形式创新的动力来源于哲学思想的创新。从哲学高度审视建筑的社会功能，实现利用建筑解决社会发展问题的理想，是建筑设计进入更高的境界的途径之一。
创新建筑理论
“反映人的精神需求并解决社会问题”是新时期人们对建筑、对建筑师提出的新的更高的要求。创新建筑设计必然要求创新建筑设计理论。与时俱进的建筑设计，要求从实用功能、精神需求两个方面满足人的需要。从马斯洛需求层次理论看，满足生理需求和安全需求是较低层次的建筑目标;社交需求是很多建筑正试图达到的目标;尊重需求和自我实现需求是建筑的高级目标。让建筑满足尊重需求和自我实现需求，首先要分析需求要点，整理设计目标，然后才是寻找途径实现该目标。缺乏哲学分析手段，建筑师很难完成如此艰巨的任务。哲学与建筑设计的跨界联姻，使建筑理论有了新的突破口。建筑设计理论的发展必须适应人类物质、精神需求的发展。今后的建筑设计理论已经不再满足于外观、空间、功能、安全等较低层次需求方面的内容，更多地关注了满足较高层次需求的哲学思想的创新。马斯洛晚年提出“超自我实现”需求，犹如音乐家在演奏音乐时感受到的短暂的“忘我”体验。建筑应该帮助身处其中的人实现“忘我”，达到人类需求的终极目标。建筑设计满足人们更高层次的需求必然要求将建筑设计上升至哲学高度，用更高的视角、更宽广的思维去审视、去思考。建筑设计理论的发展对哲学的依赖程度也会逐步加深。
4 总结
纵观历史，建筑自古以来便是人们头脑中的世界观在物质世界的反映，体现了人们的物质要求和精神追求。建筑历史发展的阶段性变化和取得的重要成就，都反映了社会哲学发展的成就。哲学引导建筑设计是历史的选择，也是今后前行的途径。社会在发展，思想在进步，利用发展的哲学引导建筑设计，可以使建筑更好地体现人文精神，解决社会问题，满足人们不断提高的物质和精神需求。
哲学论文相关 文章 ：
1. 哲学论文
2. 西方哲学论文
3. 中国哲学论文
4. 科技哲学论文
5. 西方哲学论文
6. 大学选修哲学论文
在西方哲学史上,从古希腊到20世纪的哲学都随其时代的精神境况而产生某种新的哲学主题,西方哲学主题的每一次转变都彰显了当时时代的精神状况。下面是我为大家整理的西方哲学智慧论文，供大家参考。
西方哲学智慧论文 范文 一：西方哲学给我的启示
摘要：理想代表针对未来，哲学的思考就是要让人能够在过去、现在、未来三个时间向度中连贯起来，让自己的生命不再只是活在当下那片片断断，刹那生灭的过程中而已。
关键词：西方哲学 科学 生活
这个学期，也就是大三第一学期，我们学习了“西方哲学智慧”这门课程，感觉这门网上授课教学的课程学起来有点麻烦，不过我们还是顺利的完成了课程的学习。本来，我对于学习一门关于西方哲学的课程——“西方哲学智慧”，确实是对此不太敢冒。不过，上了大半学期的课程，感觉这门课程的学习也没想象中那么恐怖。而且视频内容适中，通俗易懂，加上我课下查看书籍，上网搜索资料来辅助学习，使自己更清楚学习内容，渐渐对这门课程产生了兴趣。
在学习“西方哲学智慧”期间，我从对哲学的模糊认识到系统的去了解西方哲学的一个发展历程。关于“西方哲学智慧”的授课视频，带领我在哲学的浩瀚宇宙中畅游了一回。
西方哲学在其长期发展过程中已经发生过三次重大的转折：从古希腊哲学转向中世纪哲学;从中世纪哲学转向近代西方哲学;从近代西方哲学转向现代西方哲学。
西方哲学来源于古希腊，从泰勒斯到普罗提诺，中间十几个世纪，通过历史的变迁，古希腊文明一去不返，然而其精神永存。尽管原始哲学不太严肃，空洞的想象多而实证的 经验 少，但古代的哲学家们，几乎对凡人所能触觉到的东西，都提出了大胆的质疑与合理性设想，形成了朴素的唯物主义和朴素的唯心主义两大流派。后来的继承者们，或者在此基础上继承和发扬光大，或者提出与两大流派相反的观点，或者喋喋不休地考证与唠唠叨叨地解释，终究跳不出古代哲人们所设计的圆圈，只不过比原始哲学更加完善清晰而已。
____最初是从犹太教发展而来的，由于早期__们坚定的信仰和纯洁的道德以及宽容和忍耐精神，赢得了越来越多的罗马人皈依，最终成为了罗马国教。与希腊哲学不同，中世纪哲学——无论是早期的教父哲学还是后来的经院哲学，从来就没有获得过独立的地位，它所讨论的问题都直接或间接地关系到基督____本信仰和教义。基督____想是惟有灵魂才能到达伊甸园，基督____质精神是灵肉对立和唯灵主义，因此它在哲学上必然会对应于一种唯心主义观点，即把精神看得比物质更加具有根本性，把作为思维对象的概念世界看得比作为感觉对象的现象世界更加本质和真实。
在这个阶段，中世纪____哲学不再像古希腊哲学那样把眼光头像自然世界和客观存在，而是把灵魂和上帝作为研究的对象。它所追问的核心问题也不再是世界的本源，而是精神的本质——通过对上帝这个绝对精神的追问而深入到具有人—神结构的个体意识的灵魂，深入到一般精神的能动本质，尽管这种意识和一般精神的能动本质是通过唯心主义或唯灵主义的形式表现出来的。由于主观精神世界是一个比客观自然世界更加深邃的世界，所以中世纪基督____尽管具有种种扭曲和偏颇的形式，但是他对西方哲学精神向自身内部的神话仍然具有十分重大的意义，构成了西方哲学发展的一个必不可少的环节。
现代西方哲学一般指黑格尔之后至今的西方哲学，自黑格尔之后，出现了唯意志主义、实证主义、新康德主义、直觉主义、分析哲学、现象学、存在主义、解释学等新流派，它的特点是新流派众多、思想方式变化深刻、与现代科技与人文众学科的关系密切，与未来哲学的发展息息相关。它们带来了西方哲学两千年来最为深刻的思想方式的变革：反形而上学、反主体主义、向语言的转向等等，极大地丰富了人类的哲学思维。
以史为鉴，才能获得自己真正的成长。在学习“西方哲学智慧”的过程中，虽然我没有弄懂每一个知识点，有时候甚至不知道那些哲学家到底要研究什么，思想里头到底有着怎样的内涵，但是我从中学会了很多东西，懂得了很多道理。当真正用理性思考经验之后，就能知道自己应该如何做，知道哪一种人生更为理想，也更适合自己。理想代表针对未来，哲学的思考就是要让人能够在过去、现在、未来三个时间向度中连贯起来，让自己的生命不再只是活在当下那片片断断，刹那生灭的过程中而已。许多人因生活环境从小就在责骂声中长大，形成了气质自卑，甚至认为自己的人生都是黑暗的。然而难道人生就真的只有这短短20、30年就可以决定了吗?人只要还没有进棺材，一切都是可以改变的。要把生命视为一个整体，对任何事情成败得失的判断，都不能只看某一点，而要考量整体生命。只有完整的看待，才能够在面临挫折的时候，很快地重新振作，重新出发，以及在得意的时候知所收敛。人活在世界上，有些问题只是表面的小问题，而有些问题则是属于根本的大问题。生死就是最根本的大问题。除了生死的问题以外，还有一些其他的问题也属于根本的问题。譬如：人为什么有不一样的命运及不一样的遭遇?为什么有些人做坏事却没有遭受报应?为什么有些人生下来就必须受苦受难?
生活是应该被赋予意义的，而不是物无所值的。一个人既然来到世上，必要创造价值，方能显出它的独特性。没有谁见过一个堕落的，怀着消极的心态的人能活出真正的自我，即使对世界有所贡献，那于自己来说，也是无法救赎自己的。就如叔本华说的：人生就是痛苦和无聊之间的钟摆。我就不喜欢他这种消极的人生态度，照他这样子说，那人生不是一点意义都没有了吗?那活着又是为了什么?如果不能洒脱的活着，不如不要存在着，既然选择了存在，就该好好的生存着。哲学里的思想是千奇百怪的，也许我不该排斥别人的观点，但是我始终认为人生是需要积极的态度的，没有人可以永远快乐，但是也不必永远悲哀，我们要用现象学的态度来对待事情，不要老是固定在同一个思维里，没有流动就不会有发展，思想也是如此，随着现象而发展，思想也会变得更加精辟，使人不断得到进步。
学习 “西方哲学智慧”后，真的感受很深，我确实从里面学到了很多知识，特别是一种心灵的感悟。我喜欢哲学，喜欢它带给我全新的感受，喜欢它的深度，喜欢它的不可捉摸，喜欢它字里行间透着的奥妙的气息，我也许读不懂一本哲学书，但是我从中学到的知识，将会使我受用一生。因此，我将会努力把我对哲学研究学习的兴趣延续下去，努力学好哲学这门“各类学科的科学”，为踏入社会增长跟多的知识，准备更多的筹码。
参考文献：罗素《西方哲学史》
西方哲学智慧论文范文二：《 形而上学的逻辑基础》 读后感
经过一个学期的西方哲学智慧的学习，在老师的教导和自己的认识下认识了西方哲学智慧，最近借了几本关于哲学的书籍开始观摩， 通过对书本知识的浅层了解，写下这篇关于形而上学的读后感。 首先，对本书做一个简要的介绍吧：本书是达米特的代表性著作，它 最为系统地反映了作者哲学思想的全貌。全面阐述了意义，真与反实的论 等问题。从弗雷格的意义理论出发，作者阐发了弗雷格的涵义和指称的概 念，对弗雷格关于涵义与指称区别的论证做了进一步的辩护，批判了真值 条件意义理论，提出了辩护主义的意义理论以及意义理论的显示原则、交 流原则，试图把应用于数学领域的直觉主义逻辑 方法 推广到日常语言领域， 解决实在论与反实在论的争论问题，以奠定其哲学理论的逻辑基础。本书 涉及的哲学理论博大精深，其主要观点大胆而深刻，颇有争议而极具原创 性，是学界公认的一部相当重要的著作，是 20 世纪哲学的真正高水准的成 果之一迈克尔·达米特的《形而上学的逻辑基础》很值和一读：该书是重要的、 大胆的、论战性的，并且非常深入。它的总主题：语言哲学是解决形而上学问题 的途径。
该书取得的形而上学大“收获”不仅仅是对经典逻辑的修正„„它是 20 世纪哲学的真正高水准的标准性著作之一 且不说读了这本书会有什么样的感觉，让我们先来认识一下何谓：形而上学 吧，形而上学在古典哲学里面是至高无上的，是第一哲学。是研究宇宙自然 的基础。当然一些概念被后来人推翻并完善了，但是它的核心思想却是不 可动摇的，至今起着重要作用。正因为这些观念，许多哲学家把哲学的核 心放在了研究宇宙万物统一的，最普遍最一般的本质或者共相上，认为它 是万物存在的根本根据。所以，这门科学是研究所有科学的基础所在。这 就是形而上学。几千年以来，形而上学的演变史几乎等同与哲学的发展史。 在哲学家看来，如果哲学是人类科学中最美丽的王冠，那形而上学就是王 冠上最美丽的那颗宝石。然而在以黑格尔作为起点的现代哲学开始之后， 西方开始普遍质疑形而上学，开始重新开辟道路，开展对传统的革命，这 是因为对形而上学的错误解读。但是它在哲学史上占据的位置是至高无上 的。
或者科学发展到了另一个地步，它又会重新回到人们研究的中心而得 到进一步的肯定和发展 其实， 虽说略读过本书， 但是对其内容可谓知之甚少， 关于什么语义值、 推理与真的概念及其各种各种关于真的理论，真的太过于抽象化了，在这 片哲学的海洋里，自己甚至连冰山一角都还没有厘清，更不要说会有懵懵 懂懂的感觉了，能够开始有这种懵懵懂懂就表示自己离哲学的脚步不远了， 这里也会为自己提出一个书本上的理论：这样的基本假定似乎合理吗?我 们在这个析取、条件句及全称量词等条件中有诸多的不符之处吧。
虽说没 有打算以后的人生为哲学而活，但是哲学是每时每刻存在着，其实，看完这本书过后，我更想知道，我们为什么要学习哲学，学习哲学的意义在哪里?大家都知道，从初中开始，老师就给我们讲了很多关于中国的老子、 孔子、孟子、韩非子等等诸子百家的才能智慧，这些人，可以说都是中国乃至世界哲学史上的先驱。因为古人便知道了：知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也;道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始，有名万物之母 等等哲学思想， 这是何等的智慧啊?更有著名的古希腊哲学家如： 苏格拉底、 柏拉图、亚里士多德、普罗泰格拉等等在哲学史上的皇冠级人物，这些人都 可以说是智慧的结晶，尤其是柏拉图针对苏格拉底而说的： “我爱我师，我 尤爱真理” ，这是多么崇高的战斗主义精神，为了真理，且不论正误，至少 是自己在追逐着心中的理念，这是多么值得我们学习的地方啊。
当代的马克 思、恩格斯、列宁等等，都在哲学史上有着不可磨灭的创造性伟绩。再看看 我们熟悉的当代中国伟人---毛泽东，将更多的哲学思想用在了为中国的解 放事业上，熟悉地结合了中国的具体国情，中华民族在他的领导下取得了胜 利;邓小平更是将哲学的思想用在了发展中国特色的社会主义建设事业上。
说了这么多关于哲学的杂事，那什么是哲学呢?对于这个问题的解答，如 果你问一百位哲学家，那恐怕至少会得到一百种以上的回答，因为至今关于什么 是哲学这个问题，不同的哲学家都会有各自的答案。据官方资料得到：哲学是 世界观与方法论，是关于世界的本质、发展的根本规律、人的思维与存在 的根本关系的理论体系。 长期以来，人们把哲学等同于形而上学，又把 形而上学等同于玄学。就哲学研究外部世界的本原和一般本质来讲，把哲 学说成形而上学没错，但把哲学说成玄学，就把哲学和科学对立起来。任 何一门学科，只要有明确的可具体界定的可实证的研究对象，能够建立起 完整严密的逻辑体系，都可以成为科学;而有明确的可具体界定的可实证 的研究对象是能够建立完整严密的逻辑体系的前提。科学与玄学相对而言， 哲学的科学化与哲学的玄学化相对而言，哲学的科学化与哲学的形而上学 性质、哲学的世界观和方法论的定位是对称的——哲学的科学化程度同哲 学的世界观和方法论的地位成正比。“世界观和方法论”本身具备指导性、 实证性与可操作性;当我们说哲学是世界观和方法论时，实际上就已经承 认哲学是一门科学。
哲学科学化是符合科学发展观要求的哲学发展观;哲 学发展史，本质上就是在天与人、思维与存在、主体与客体的对称关系中， 使哲学逐步科学化的历史。哲学科学化的进程，是天与人、思维与存在、 主体与客体从不对称向对称转化的过程;哲学科学化的逻辑，是天与人、 思维与存在、主体与客体从不对称向对称转化的历史关系的浓缩。哲学史 上的各种唯物论、唯心论、二元论、不可知论、证伪主义等流派只不过是 这种从不对称向对称转化的历史过程中的不同环节;而对称哲学，作为对 它们的扬弃、综合、升华，本身就既是哲学科学化的结果，也是哲学科学 化的 总结 看完这些，会有什么样的感觉呢?太深奥了，太空虚了，我只想说， 哲学就是对生活中过去的总结和未来的展望，同时对当前的生活有一个更 加合理的指导吧，这就是我对于哲学的看法。应该多半的人会认为我的观 点是一个谬论吧，其实我个人觉得是很有道理的，让我来做一个简要的解 释吧：过去的总结和未来的展望就相对于上文所说的世界观，对当前的生 活有一个更加合理的指导就相对于上文所说的方法论，虽然言语间没有什么典雅的词汇，但是这样对于我一个还未入门的伪哲学学者来说，是再容易理解不过了。 说了这么多，其实多半是从网上找来的资料罢了，但是通过浏览这本 书过后，我更想 说说 作为年轻的一代，我们为什么要学习哲学，哲学的意 义何在呢?我想，要是学习一个东西没有任何意义的话，不学也罢，自然，哲学的意义是非同一般的。
那么学习哲学有什么意义呢?或者更直白的说学习哲学有什么用呢?其实 这个问题真的让人很难回。在我认为，哲学是一个非常高深的一门学问，因为哲 学是智慧之学。凭借哲学智慧，我们不仅可以在日常事务中深谋远虑，而且能获 得一切事物的知识。一个民族想要更文明，更有教养，非有哲学基础不可。拥有 哲学，好比一个人行路时用自己明亮的眼睛探路，没有哲学相当于在黑暗中摸索 或跟在别人后面亦步亦趋。黑格尔说：“一个民族如果没有哲学，就像一座庙， 其他方面都装饰得富丽堂皇，却没有至圣的神那样”。哲学在一个民族中的地位 就像是庙里的神，是一个民族的灵魂所在。所以，有这样一句话：一个有哲学思 想的人，是会创造幸福的人;一个热爱哲学的民族，是世界上最有希望的民族! 看完这本书，其实，并不在于这本书讲了什么，因为对于整个哲学史来说， 这本书不过是九牛一毛、 冰山一角罢了 (虽然这本书有着极其丰厚的学术代表性) 更在于，我们怎么去看待这个世界，怎样去理解哲学，感悟哲学，从而应用到实 际问题中来。 最后，我以一则哲学笑话来结束这篇小论文吧。 古希腊七贤之一的泰勒斯，有一天晚上走在旷野之间，抬头看着满天灿烂 的星斗，却预言第二天下雨。正在这时，他掉进脚下的坑里，差点摔个半死。别 人把他救起来，他说谢谢你救我，你知道吗，明天会下雨啊!于是又有了一个关 于哲学家的笑话——哲学家是只知道天上的事情不知道脚下发生什么事情的人。