从概念上说:报告是理论应用是实践的过程；论文是从实践中提炼规律或者修正规律 形成理论的过程。
从研究面上讲:专题报告可以算是面。论文可以是点。专题报告所讲的内容是研究的面上的东西，而论文可以就专题研究中的某一个点开掘展开论述。报告要将研究对象的主要情况、主要做法，取得的经验、效果等，加以表述，要以数据和材料说话，内容力求既翔实又概括。
从内容上来说:报告是陈述、反映事实，论文是经过科学研究，论述研究成果 。 论文一定有自己的观点或结论，报告可以无。报告应该客观性多些，陈述事实和全部；论文主观性多些， 可以选择对自己论点有利的论据。论文是科研成果的高级表达形式，突出的是它的学术性；报告是科研成果的一般表达形式，其更加侧重于资料性。论文是要论证某个命题、假说或理论，报告重在能清楚地说明一件事情或现象。论文要包括论点，然后围绕论点提出论据以证明论点，通常步骤是：提出问题-论点分析问题-论据和论证解决问题-论证方法与步骤结论。而社会调查报告从概述，理论发展，研究方法，数据分析与结果，讨论与引申，结论。
作用不同:报告的应用性更强，论文学术性体现的更多一些。报告是通过对相关各因素的调查、研究和分析，评估项目可行性，为决策者和使用者提出建设性意见和对策；论文是为了表述在某个学术领域中对现象、问题的理论研究或创新见解的文章成果。
对象不同:报告一般有特定的读者对象，所以在行文中往往要针对读者的阅读目的与知识水平，为其决策和预测提供直接的信息与方向指导，考虑问题更讲究全面分析与问题覆盖。而论文的读者范围没有报告那么狭窄，注重已有理论的梳理、规范严谨的推导验证方法与创新地提出自己的见解，在推理中一般是严格控制一些因素的片面推导，一般还点出进一步研究的方向。
深度不同：报告更多是对经验和事实的陈述，缺理论支撑。论文则需要把普遍现象上升为理论或规律，是学术成果。论文强调要有新的方法或者新的思想。而报告可以是已经成熟的理论的应用。
两者有着根本的区别。
第一、写作目的来看，学术论文是以阐述作者的科学见解为目的，是探求新理论、新论点、新解释、新规律的；而研究报告则以报道研究结果和进展为目的。从题目上来看学术论文具有更高的学术价值。
应该指出的是所有的研究成果都能写成研究报告，但不一定都能写成学术论文，因为研究结果的素材不一定都能满足形成新见解的要求，绝大多数的研究结果都是以研究报告的形式发表。
第二、内容要求上，学术论文是记叙研究课题中最富创造性的部分，是选用最精彩最具说服力的、与论证内容有关的数据，经过科学整理、综合分析、判断推理，以形成论点，因此在写作上应包含三个基本要求：
明确的论点、充足的论据、科学的论证，而不应包括一般过程的论述，不应包括与论点无关的具体观察所得；而研究报告则是科学研究结果的真实记录，包括整个工作的重要过程、方法、观察结果及对结果进行讨论等细节。
第三、在资料引用上，鉴于学术论文有以上两个特点，为了建立自己的新论点和新见解，它不仅需要利用本课题的研究成果，而且可以引用前人以及不同学科的研究成果、数据。
而研究报告则只能如实的报告本课题的观测所得，都是第一手资料，它除了前沿和讨论部分引用必要的参考文献外，一般不能也无必要在正文中引用他人的数据，因为它不要求做观点上的论述，也不一定承担课题的最后结果，这样来看，研究报告具有更强的资料价值。
第四、在撰写格式上，学术论文的一般格式为：题目、作者、作者单位、摘要、前提、正文、结论、参考文献、后附英文摘要，但由于其论述的内容不同，它具有比其他科技问题更复杂、更多样化的表现形式，没有股东的撰写格式；而研究报告的写作格式大体相容。因此可以说学术论文是科研成果的高级表达形式，而研究报告则为科研成果的一般表达形式。
第五、在保密性上，学术论文因着重于解释事实和进行学术上的探讨，一般不涉及保密问题；而研究报告侧重于报告事实，内容比较具体，因而保密性较强。故对于公开发表的研究报告则要对技术关键部分和需要保密的数据做适当的处理，有的甚至暂不发表。
第六、在发表时差上。由于学术论文要形成新的观点，就需要充分的占有材料，要进行严密的逻辑认证，有时甚至还要做些补充实验。因此，撰写难度较大，费时多，发表较慢；而研究报告由于是对研究结果如实的描述，并且不一定要形成论点或得出结论，因此，写作速度较快，发表也较快。
扩展资料
下面先说几条基本原则
1、先要以事实为依据
研究报告中列举的全部数据和例子，都应该是千真万确的事实，绝不可有半点虚假，不能编造，不能无中生有。报告中对教育现象的因果关系分析，对教育原理和规律的探索，也都要以事实为依据。科学研究报告中的每一句带有判定性的话。
都必须在足够的、可信的、有说服力的事实基础上得出。当然，科学研究报告中也必须把研究问题时所需要的大量事实材料跟撰写报告时应引用的最有说服力的事实材料区分开来。有些事实材料，如与研究的主题扣得不紧，应当忍痛割爱；有些事实材料，应当尽量制作成表格、图例以及其它直观形式。
2、内容的阐述有逻辑性
实证性研究报告的内容阐述与研究工作的逻辑发展顺序是大体一致的，为了确保研究报告的逻辑性，我们应当首先考虑整个研究工作的发展顺序，然后再考虑报告的表达方式。研究报告内容的逻辑性是整个研究思路逻辑性的写照，没有一个好的研究基础，好的科研报告是怎么也写不出来的。 科学研究报告必须绝对如实地反映客观情况。
3、引用文献资料要注明出处
在教育科研报告中完全可以引用，采纳别人的科学研究成果，但必须尊重别人的劳动。一方面应实事求是地评价，实实在在地引用；另一方面，不应当把别人的成就变为自己的东西。所以在研究报告中凡有引用别人的材料、研究成果或观点性词语，必须加以注释或说明，以向读者示知成果界限。
参考资料来源：百度百科-学术论文
参考资料来源：百度百科-研究报告
研究报告与学术论文的区别是：
1. 研究报告与学术论文在内容要求上存在着一定的差别
一般来说，论文比较简洁精炼，它仅仅突出表达一项研究工作中最主要、最精彩和具有创造性的内容。论文含有新的见解或形成新的解释、新论点、新理论，没有一般研究过程的叙述，也没有过多的具体材料；而科研报告则可以将整个研究工作的重要过程、方法和环节都写进去。
2. 研究报告与学术论文在创新性方面存在差别
在创新性方面，学术论文必须在充分占有大量文献资料的基础上提出新见解、新理论，以补充已有研究的不足，纠正流行说法偏差，填补研究的空白，达到现有研究的新高；而研究报告则注重陈述研究过程的.事实和数据，说明问题，不一定必须要有创新性观点的形成。
3. 研究报告与学术论文在论证过程中存在差别
就论证过程来说，学术论文是以“论”成文的，论文作者要运用严谨规范的科学语言、形式和专业的术语概念，来论说所持的观点见解，论证所提出的理论模式，做到就事论理、以理服人，论述深刻、充分，论证严密、透彻，论断精当、公允，论据可靠、确凿，同时还要有较高的推理成分，具有较强的论理性；而研究报告则注重用事实与数据来说明和揭示某一问题或现象，主要凭事实和数据说话。
报告把事情或意见正式告诉上级或群众。论文就是讨论某种问题或研究某种问题的文章，主要内容就是讨论问题和研究问题。因此，论文的重点内容就是在讨论问题和研究问题，这也是论文的本质。
调查报告是调查某一种现象，得出或论证一种早就存在的结论。论文题材比较广泛，可以写调查报告，也可以写科研成果，也可以总结工作等等
1、规定不同
毕业实习报告是在校大学生在学业的最后一个学期需参加毕业实习并撰写毕业实习结果的一种作业。
毕业论文是专科及以上学历教育为对本专业学生集中进行科学研究训练而要求学生在毕业前撰写的论文。
2、作用不同
毕业实习报告是对该阶段进行总结与说明的书面材料，是反映学生毕业实习完成情况的一个主要内容，也是对毕业生的又一次培养和训练。
毕业论文的目的在于培养学生的科学研究能力；加强综合运用所学知识、理论和技能解决实际问题的训练；从总体上考查学生大学阶段学习所达到的学业水平。
3、目的不同
实习报告在实习的基础上完成，运用基础理论知识结合实习资料，进行比较深入的分析、总结。实习报告内容要求实事求是，简明扼要，能反映出实习单位的情况及本人实习的情况、体会和感受。
通过毕业论文这一环节，应使学生受到有关科学研究选题，查阅、评述文献，制订研究方案，设计进行科学实验或社会调查，处理数据或整理调查结果，对结果进行分析、论证并得出结论，撰写论文等项初步训练。
参考资料来源：百度百科-毕业论文
参考资料来源：百度百科-毕业实习报告
研究报告与学术论文的区别是：
1. 研究报告与学术论文在内容要求上存在着一定的差别
一般来说，论文比较简洁精炼，它仅仅突出表达一项研究工作中最主要、最精彩和具有创造性的内容。论文含有新的见解或形成新的解释、新论点、新理论，没有一般研究过程的叙述，也没有过多的具体材料；而科研报告则可以将整个研究工作的重要过程、方法和环节都写进去。
2. 研究报告与学术论文在创新性方面存在差别
在创新性方面，学术论文必须在充分占有大量文献资料的基础上提出新见解、新理论，以补充已有研究的不足，纠正流行说法偏差，填补研究的空白，达到现有研究的新高；而研究报告则注重陈述研究过程的.事实和数据，说明问题，不一定必须要有创新性观点的形成。
3. 研究报告与学术论文在论证过程中存在差别
就论证过程来说，学术论文是以“论”成文的，论文作者要运用严谨规范的科学语言、形式和专业的术语概念，来论说所持的观点见解，论证所提出的理论模式，做到就事论理、以理服人，论述深刻、充分，论证严密、透彻，论断精当、公允，论据可靠、确凿，同时还要有较高的推理成分，具有较强的论理性；而研究报告则注重用事实与数据来说明和揭示某一问题或现象，主要凭事实和数据说话。
“论文”与“调研文章”从它们所表达的性质、作用和手段上来看，都是不同的。 论辨类就是论说文。细致的地方，论是论述，即发表自己的主张，阐明事物的道理，其目的在于立；辩是辨析与反驳，即辨别道理的是非，反驳别人的言论，首要任务往往在破。按现在的说法，论是立论的文章，辨有的是立论，有的是驳论，但都是论文。“调研文章”在文体上称为“调查研究”、“调查报告”、“新闻调查”等，它是对客观事物进行实地调查后写成的书面报告，是反映调查研究成果的一种文体。从功能上看，运用这种文体，有的是提供报刊用的新闻体裁，多数是为新闻记者所用；有的是供机关工作所用的应用文体，也叫机关应用文，多为秘书所用。我要调查网，让调查更简单方便！
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
毕业论文开题报告和毕业论文是什么关系，开题报告是一种新的应用写作文体，我们在写自己的毕业论文之前都要先交上自己的开题报告，毕业论文开题报告和毕业论文是什么关系。
开题报告是定题之后对论文写作的预期，包括论文的背景、综述、论文的框架、论文的研究设计、方法与流程，自己你在研究论文需要解决的问题及可行性报告。只有开题报告通过了你才能开始论文的写作！
论文就是你研究结果的最终呈现。
开题报告是我们撰写的毕业论文的中心和浓缩，整个论文的内容将是对开题报告的扩充。所以如果想写好一篇论文首先应该能大致清楚自己论文的整体框架，加以整理浓缩就会构成一个好的开题报告。
开题报告一般包括：论文题目、理论支撑即毕业论文选题的目的与意义、国内外研究现状、研究方法、内容，起止时间、进度安排及导师意见等。
开题报告中书写过程中要注意考虑选题目的与意义，即为什么选择这个毕业论文题目，这个题目有什么研究的价值及现在国内外的研究状况。由浅及深先谈现实存在的问题由问题引出研究的实际意义及学术价值，这个过程中我们要脚踏实地具体、客观有针对性的分析，不要空想。同时应该阐述整篇论文的'主要内容，将整体内容提炼浓缩，让导师清晰明了的看出自己论文的整体情况。
在撰写文献综述以前要认真查阅相关文献，提前充分了解自己研究的相关内容。所查阅的文献要与自己研究的内容相关，要注重分析研究，善于发现问题，突出选题在当前研究中的意义、优势及突破点。同时不能照搬文献内容，要把文献主要内容与自己的观点加以结合。
开题报告在时间及顺序上要合理安排，每个阶段的起止时间、相应的研究内容及成果要明确说明，同时整个研究进程要有连续性。
开题报告一般要求在3000字左右，在论文查重时，如果学校不作要求，一般是只对论文的正文部分查重。论文的目录、参考文献以及开题报告是不参与查重的，当然，如果学校有明确规定开题报告需要查重就另说了。
我们写好毕业论文之后，还需要进行论文查重，但是一次就通过的是极少数，基本都需要经过反复修改以及查重。我们只有不断修改，才能把论文达到最好的效果，很多同学对于论文查重存在一些疑问，例如开题报告是否需要进行论文查重？
实际上，大学生毕业论文的开题报告是否查重，这个要看个人学校的要求，有的学校是要求查重的，有的学校不要求查重。不过大家可以放心，毕业论文的开题报告一般只作为指导，开题报告对毕业论文的主要内容以及中心思想有着很重要的指导作用。当然，它也起到了丰富空间的作用，所以如果开题报告不需要查重，我们还是要认真对待。
当然，本科毕业论文报告不被检测的前提，就是我们需要进行正确的标注，并且论文目录、引用文献等一般都不涉及到查重的。有的论文查重系统如果无法准确识别到的话，那么就会被当成正文参与查重，所以我们要按照学校的要求进行论文查重。如果学校没有要求开题报告进行论文查重，那么我们可以去除开题报告后，再提交系统进行查重，在查重后添加开题报告即可。如果我们想提前了解论文的重复情况，我们可以选择papertime论文查重系统，之后下载检测报告，因为检测报告会将重复的部分有一个详细的标注。
开题报告在论文指导中的主导作用
毕业论文指导模式必须从传统束缚中解脱出来，构建新的`论文指导模式。针对以往毕业论文指导中存在的问题，年初开始对毕业论文实施开题报告制度，正式启动论文指导模式的改革。开题报告的六个栏目依次为：选题的目的、意义和必要性；国内外研究现状；研究的重点与主要研究方法、研究计划；研究思路（写作提纲或研究思路）；参考文献；指导教师审定意见。工商管理专业按照开题报告的内容要求，开展毕业论文指导，经过两学期的摸索，取得了初步经验和成果。
1、引导学生写好开题报告
在第三学期开学之初，由专业责任教师集中学生做好毕业论文写作的宣传动员工作，强调毕业论文在开放教育中的重要性和总要求，回顾历届毕业论文写作中的问题和教训，并根据以往的经验，预计学生可能遇到的困难和错误，事先确定解决的方法。公布选题范围，介绍指导教师的基本情况及研究方向，方便学生根据自己的意愿选题和选指导教师。在此基础上，引导学生写好开题报告，详细说明开题报告中的每一栏目及填写过程中应注意的事项，向学生着重交待开题报告是论文写作的制度文本，一旦通过，将是论文写作与指导的基本依据。这样，学生就对论文写作中要完成的主要任务有了整体上的了解。
2、指导教师审查开题报告
学生将填写的开题报告交指导教师进行审查。审查的内容包括：一是看是否按要求写好了开题报告中规定的所有栏目，格式是否规范；二是初步审查选题是否符合公布的选题范围和专业要求以及选题的思想性、新颖性、时代性、开创性；三是看选题的难易程度是否与学生的文化知识水平与专业基础理论相匹配；四是看学生完成毕业论文是否具备相应的资源条件和可能遇到的困难；五是看指导教师本身对选题的熟悉程度和指导好论文写作有把握的程度。对在审查过程中发现的小问题或只需作局部调整的问题，一般采取电话或网络与学生进行交流，适时提出修改意见；对于问题比较多或需要重写的开题报告，就与学生直接面谈，提出指导教师的具体看法。
开题报告是正式开始毕业论文工作前提交的，主要应包含以下内容：1、对论文课题的前期调研进行总结（课题的国内外研究状况和本课题创新之处，本课题研究的必要性）；2、提出课题研究计划（将采用的方法、手段，其合理性，预期结果，进度安排等等）。而毕业论文则是研究工作的全面陈述，通常主要包含以下内容：1、引言（这通常与开题报告的第一部分内容一样）2、理论推导（或实验方法、手段、过程），这部分内容不是开题报告第二部分的简单重复，应该尽可能具体，详尽，自成体系。3、结果分析及讨论。此外，还有摘要、关键词、参考文献、图表列表、致谢等等。
是的开题报告要答辩啊，通不过就不能开论文啊
开题报告和论文初稿的区别如下：
1、对论文课题的前期调研进行总结，课题的国内外研究状况和本课题创新之处，本课题研究的必要性。
2、提出课题研究计划，将采用的方法、手段，其合理性，预期结果，进度安排等等。而毕业论文则是研究工作的全面陈述，通常主要包含引言（这通常与开题报告的第一部分内容一样）。
3、理论推导（或实验方法、手段、过程），这部分内容不是开题报告第二部分的简单重复，应该尽可能具体，详尽，自成体系。结果分析及讨论。此外，还有摘要、关键词、参考文献、图表列表、致谢等等。
4、开题报告的基本内容及其顺序通常包括毕业论文所研究的目的与意义；国内外研究概况；论文拟研究解决的主要问题；论文拟撰写的主要内容（提纲）；论文计划进度；其它。
论文的基本结构：
1、论文：指为保证论文的真实性而需要证明的建议。
2、演示：用于讨论和证明。主要原理是使用自变量证明主题真实性的过程，这是在使用自变量绘制主题时使用的推理形式。
3、结论：结论，对文章的最终判断。它的主要功能是：总结全文并指出主题；展望未来，增强信心；表达情绪，加剧感染。
论文和调查报告是两种文体."论文":系指专门讨论或研究某种问题的文章.而"调查报告":是有指定的调查对象,对事件经过 事实的记录 事件的判断 各方面的反应等,要有"纪实"的文字报告.论文文体下有"论""辩""说"三体.而调查报告文体下也有"纪事""杂记""查证"三体.两类文章,论文可虚可实,可比可张,调查报告是实事相依,不应隐瞒扩大.是最重要的区别.
调查报告 第一次写这样的文章需要很长时间和精力，可以找专业的人帮你写一下我知道一家，他们的文章写的不错，完成文章,满意再付款的.加他为好友就行：一零③七二五二⑥五七
论文发表是发表你的学术论文在正规拥有刊号的国家机关或者认真组织举办的期刊上正式发表你的学术观点。会被各大学术资源网站收入以及检索的。研究报告就是自己写着玩自己看看就行。
研究报告与学术论文的区别是：
1. 研究报告与学术论文在内容要求上存在着一定的差别
一般来说，论文比较简洁精炼，它仅仅突出表达一项研究工作中最主要、最精彩和具有创造性的内容。论文含有新的见解或形成新的解释、新论点、新理论，没有一般研究过程的叙述，也没有过多的具体材料；而科研报告则可以将整个研究工作的重要过程、方法和环节都写进去。
2. 研究报告与学术论文在创新性方面存在差别
在创新性方面，学术论文必须在充分占有大量文献资料的基础上提出新见解、新理论，以补充已有研究的不足，纠正流行说法偏差，填补研究的空白，达到现有研究的新高；而研究报告则注重陈述研究过程的.事实和数据，说明问题，不一定必须要有创新性观点的形成。
3. 研究报告与学术论文在论证过程中存在差别
就论证过程来说，学术论文是以“论”成文的，论文作者要运用严谨规范的科学语言、形式和专业的术语概念，来论说所持的观点见解，论证所提出的理论模式，做到就事论理、以理服人，论述深刻、充分，论证严密、透彻，论断精当、公允，论据可靠、确凿，同时还要有较高的推理成分，具有较强的论理性；而研究报告则注重用事实与数据来说明和揭示某一问题或现象，主要凭事实和数据说话。