英语中美思维方式差异论文答辩稿

发布时间：2023-12-05 11:42:01

英语中美思维方式差异论文答辩稿

一般来说老师不会问很偏门的问题的。1，你认为造成中美家庭观念不同的根源原因是什么？（可以回答历史啊，文化啦什么的）2，你认为差异会造成家庭中未成年人成长的什么问题？（美国就是暴力，早熟，之类的吧，中国就是中庸，服从，反叛期之类的吧····）3，你是怎么取得你的数据的？你平时从哪里知道这些案例的？（图书馆，杂志，上网什么的）4，你比较倾向那种家庭观？卤煮我可是老师哦~

英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇）

毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者（撰写毕业论文的作者）三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇），欢迎大家分享。

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !

晚上好，所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST，主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx，我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导，近一年的辛苦工作，我已经完成了我的论文。最后，这是展示时间。今天晚上，我将向大家致以衷心的感谢，我衷心地欢迎您的加入。

我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究

我希望通过研究这个短小的故事，我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女，更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解，帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心，并更多地关注我们的心理健康该

接下来，我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论，哥特式传统，哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。

本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者，指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述，对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究，并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表，即死亡主题，独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因，详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因：父权制的压迫，南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后，在结论中，笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理，再次强调了论文论证的意义。

好的，就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢！

Good morning,

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：

I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).

The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Thank you!

good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

你可以用翻译软件直接翻译啊!

1，请您谈一下人民币升值的影响，高/低档车是什么样的？为什么呢？ 2，您认为人民币升值对汽车行业的影响是长期或临时的吗？ 3，如果你是开车的人会考虑人民币升值的因素？如果是这样，那么你具体考虑？ 4，你认为人民币升值对中国汽车行业的销售和生产部门的影响呢？为什么呢？ 5，请您谈一下人民币升值的影响，对汽车行业的具体路径？ 6，与实例，谈论一个国家的货币的货币，国内汽车行业的影响是什么？

中美思维方式差异对比研究论文

1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因摘要中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合摘要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理摘要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响摘要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力摘要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性摘要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异摘要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨摘要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

中西方艺术歌曲审美差异分析论文

无论是在学习还是在工作中，大家肯定对论文都不陌生吧，论文是学术界进行成果交流的工具。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论中西方艺术歌曲审美差异分析论文文呢？下面是我精心整理的中西方艺术歌曲审美差异分析论文，希望对大家有所帮助。

不同国家由于文化特征的差异，其歌曲艺术的表现形式也不同，但表达情感是共通点。中西方音乐美学在思想内涵、演唱方法、思维模式等方面，存在着显著的差异。

摘要：

中西方艺术间存在着差异，又有一定的融合之处，由于文化环境不同以及社会环境不同，使得中西方艺术存在差异。中国艺术审美习惯于综合，而西方艺术审美则惯于分析，加强中西方艺术差异性研究，有利于促进中国艺术文化的发展，具有学术研究价值。本文从音乐美学视角出发，对造成中西方艺术歌曲审美间差异的原因，做以一定的论述。

关键词：

中西方艺术;歌曲;审美;差异;音乐美学

1中西方艺术歌曲审美的相同点

重视创作形式

中西方艺术歌曲审美在创作形式方面存在着共同点，均重视改编民歌。西方艺术歌曲是基于本国民歌发展而来的，我国的艺术歌曲则是受西方文化影响，在发展传统文化的同时加强民族音乐的研究，使得我国的民族音乐得以发展。在民歌创作方面，西方以美声唱法为主，譬如《我的太阳》《友谊地久天长》等，这些作品被广泛的流传。而我国本身是多民族国家，不同民族的文化不同，民歌演唱的形式较多，以民歌为主题的代表作包括《玛依拉》《在银色月光下》等，是基于民歌进行改编的。

重视织体调性的创作技巧

中西方艺术歌曲重视伴奏织体的创作技巧，因为伴奏织不仅能够使得歌曲的情感更加的丰富，同时能够烘托歌曲的气氛，展现和声的优美之处。西方艺术歌曲多以浪漫的旋律为主，发挥伴奏织体与调性的作用，使得歌曲的艺术情感更加的浓郁，代表作包括《菩提树》与《魔王》等。与此同时，中国的歌曲创作者也重视旋律伴奏的创作，多采用民族调性的织体，进行歌曲写作，极具本民族特色，代表作包括《茉莉花》与《教我如何不想他》等。

2中西方艺术歌曲审美的差异分析

美学思想上的差异

由于地域环境以及人文环境不同，使得中西方艺术歌曲的美学思想存在差异。中国音乐美学思想在不同时期的发展不同，最早起源于西周，受礼乐思想的影响较深。在春秋战国时期，受百家争鸣的文化思想影响较深，观点迥异的音乐美学思想层出不穷，与此同时，中国音乐美学思想也深受儒家与道家思想的影响。但是由于受到封建统治思想的制约，使其处于保守发展状态。

而西方音乐美学思想最早起源于古希腊，西方音乐美学在中世纪时期，受宗教思想的禁锢，在近文明时期-20世纪期初，才得以发展。音乐成为专业学科，是以“五线谱”的出现与应用为标志，伴随新美学思想的出现，使得西方音乐艺术得以快速发展，西方美学思想呈现批判创新的发展态度，重视联系具体作品，以解决作品中的审美问题。

由于时代背景与文化的差异，影响着作曲家们的音乐视角与审美情感。以中国的《玫瑰三愿》和西方的《野玫瑰》为例作比较：这两首歌曲均是将玫瑰花作为创作素材，其中《玫瑰三愿》这首歌曲是以“淞沪会战”为创作背景，歌曲表达着对美好生活的向往之情。采用小提琴与钢琴作为伴奏，旋律以淡雅宁静为主，弥漫着忧郁的情绪，而作品《野玫瑰》是歌德根据德国的一首民谣改编的，作品具有浪漫主义情怀，旋律较为明亮简洁，内透着欢快活泼。

歌曲演绎方法上的差异

歌曲的演绎方法最能体现歌曲的情感内涵，不同的演绎方式与方法，则会给观众带来不同的感受。西方艺术歌曲多为美声唱法，注重胸腔共鸣发声，采取科学的发声方式，演唱时追求感情细腻，声音较为宏大，并利用声音来描绘作品的意境。美声唱法咬字较为靠后，需要演唱者做到气息流畅，咬字圆润，善于运用声音的穿透力，来展现歌曲作品的欢快情绪。中国艺术唱法融合了美声唱法与戏曲唱法、民歌唱法等，歌词咬字的位置相对靠前，利用喉咙的上下移动，来调整歌曲的声音，注重淡雅，追求高洁的`艺术意境，这与我国民族歌曲的审美相符，譬如：作品《玫瑰三愿》的演绎，注重旋律强弱的变化，歌曲的整体速度较慢，演唱者不仅要表现出女性柔情的一面，还需要确保音色统一。

思维方式上的差异

第一，思维方式的差异分析。中国音乐作品审美观念注重感性思维，不受固定思维观念的拘束，属于非逻辑性思维。中国歌曲作品讲究意境美，歌曲追求的深远意境，能够给人遐想的空间，使个人的思想情感能够得以升华。而西方音乐审美思维方式则重视科学与逻辑思维，在20世纪前，由于西方在包括心理学、数学、生理学等领域的发展，使得西方音乐思维方式，也朝向科学与逻辑思维方向发展。在创作作品时，创作者重视调式和声的合理布局，以及伴奏织体技巧的使用，其作品多崇尚理性思维，歌曲结构鲜明，且技法细致，多数艺术歌曲作品中，大胆采用了调式和声。

第二，以歌曲作品为例分析。以中国的《玫瑰三愿》和西方的《野玫瑰》为例做对比分析：作品《玫瑰三愿》采取单二部曲式结构，共分为两部分。其中一部分，使用的是E大调，这部分的旋律优美，但略一丝伤感，主要对绽放的玫瑰其绚丽多彩的形象进行刻画，而另一部分，采用关系小调#c，进行调性调整，旋律逐渐增强，将歌曲推向高潮来描述玫瑰花，同时抒发人们对美好生活的期许，使得歌曲耐人回味。而舒伯特的《野玫瑰》是采用调试和声，在转调与变和声等方面，进行了创新，作品共由三段歌词组成，采用的是G大调，歌曲旋律悠扬，富有逻辑性，歌曲将前4小节，作为创作主题动机，贯穿于歌曲的全部，其曲调明亮且流畅，同时，使用临时升降记号来转换调性，旋律多采用四度与六度跳进，歌曲中的钢琴伴奏旋律较为简洁。至于歌曲的间奏与尾奏，多使用顿音与装饰音，作为写作手法，营造活泼的气氛。

创作方式上的差异

就音乐作品的创作方式而言，中西方音乐审美艺术存在差异。中国音乐作品的创作方式具有集体性与一体性，多数作品不是作曲家的个人行为，而是凝聚了多人的共同创作思想，作曲家还需身兼作品歌唱者或演奏者的双重或多重角色，与此同时，作品演奏或者歌唱过程具有即兴性。然而西方音乐作品创作具有个体性，其一度与二度创作是分离的。而且西方歌曲作品主要是作曲家的个体劳动，具有较强的个性化特点，作曲家不需要兼顾演奏家的职能，只需完成乐谱创作即可;再则，中国音乐作品强调意境与气韵，追求创作妙趣，作品较为含蓄与婉转，而西方音乐作品则带有浓烈的宗教气息与道教色彩，作品表现形式较为固定，作品具有神圣感。西方后期作品更多融合了生活气息，使得作品的表达更加直白与强烈。

本文基于音乐美学视角，对中西方艺术歌曲审美差异做以了简要的论述，试图强调中西方艺术歌曲审美差异主要表现在美学思想差异、歌曲演绎方法差异、思维方式差异、创作方式差异等方面，以帮助受众更好地理解中西方艺术歌曲审美趣味的区别。

参考文献：

[1]王健.从音乐美学视角看中西方艺术歌曲审美差异——以黄自《玫瑰三愿》和舒伯特《野玫瑰》为例[J].艺术百家，2015(05)：228-229.

[2]彭小哲.从对艺术歌曲的赏析分析中西方音乐审美差异[J].大家，2011(24)：41-42.

一、中西绘画艺术特质的差异

无论你的艺术造诣有多高，你就无法很清楚的看到中西方在绘画时的特质，因为我们知道，要想看清这一点首先要知道他们二者的特质是什么，当你看过中方的画展之后，你会被里面的山水画的美丽风景所迷住，好像畅游在其中不能自拔，而这时如果让你突然去看西方油画时你就会发现，这二者完全是处在不同的一个世界中，因为这二者的绘画艺术的特质不同。无论是从色彩、形状。还是画面的层次感来看都是不一样的，这就是二者的特质不一样的缘故。也许从绘画艺术的角度上来说其本质是一样的，但是我们要知道他们都是有着自身的特质，这种特质就是在特定环境下所造就的艺术形式的不同。

在中国由于封建和古老的神学影响下，使得画面不能出现任何反抗的情绪体现，更加注重对美学形体的概念的描绘。情调黯然，强调用真实的环境描写来体现自身情感，大多都是封建神学的描写，所以缺乏真实性和科学性。对于这一点我们要清楚认识到，不能再用以前的眼光来看待绘画艺术的特质，要用一种发展的眼光去对待新事物，是中方的绘画艺术能够上到一个更新的层次中。视觉感官使我们观察事物的唯一途径也是最直接最明确的方式。我们都是需要用眼睛去观察事物的，用笔画出来的也是如此，都需要用眼睛去观察只有这样我们才会有审美情趣。由于社会环境的不同，地理位置的不同，所以造就的审美感官也就不同，中方和西方在观察事物方面是存在差异的，这也就造成了二者在绘画艺术方面存在不同的表达方式。所以我们要求同存异，兼容并蓄的对待绘画艺术的特质。

二、中西方绘画艺术形态的差异

绘画艺术形态是中国与西方存在着不同的世界观和艺术观所形成的艺术意识形态，在世界观和艺术观上，中国和西方就有着自身不同的特点，例如在绘画风格上就有着很大的不同，中国在绘画上以温柔婉转为主，画风柔情，能够很具体的表现出作者的个人思想感情。只有一少部分，有一些写实的部分，他们喜欢对一些细节进行描写，例如风景画。中国的风景画的特点显而易见，带有虚幻的绘画艺术特点，忽隐忽现，若现若离。这样的画风会让欣赏者产生一种莫名的好奇感和神秘感，会增加对艺术的审美情绪。大大提高了绘画本身的艺术性，从而获得一种特殊的艺术形态。而西方就大大不同，一般来讲，西方的绘画更加真实和可靠，因为他们往往喜欢描写一些真是的场景和画面，他们强调人对自然地作用，在他们的绘画艺术形态下，从画中可以体会到人对自然的控制和改造。而中国认为人是自然地一部分，人应该与自然和谐发展，不应该破坏自然来满足自身的需要和欲望。

而西方认为人类是万物的主宰者，人是自然地救世主是自然的主人。这样的观念差异使得中西方在绘画艺术形态上的表达方式存在很大的差异，例如在中国的绘画中动物的地位很高，绘画者在绘画时多注重对动物细节的描写，他们会去看画中的花鸟鱼虫是否有生气、有灵性，是不是栩栩如生。而西方则注重人物的细节描写，无论是在什么环境和场合人物的形象都是最突出的。所以这就是二者的绘画艺术形态的差异。我们在对待这种差异时应该把二者的特点结合在一起去看待，要不偏不倚，只有这样才能使中西方的绘画艺术形态水平不断提高，共同进步。

浅谈中西方语言、思维与文化差异的现代思考论文

摘要：以英、汉两种语言的形式和表达习惯为切入点, 进一步印证萨皮尔-沃尔夫假设有关语言决定思维并影响思维的基本结论。在二语习得中要注意两点:其一, 通晓外语首先要精通母语;其二, 中西各个领域长期、深入的交融, 可能造就出一大批从思维到行为上汉化的西方人和西化的中国人, 其前提是精通双语。

关键词：语言; 思维; 中西文化差异; 中西比较;

中西文化比较的根本应是透过众多中西文化差异的表象, 挖掘出这些差异的本质, 如是, 才有益于更准确地研究和把握好中西比较这一内涵丰富、纷繁复杂的课题。由此, 语言与思维的关系问题是中西文化比较之源, 换言之, 有关中西文化比较所有问题的研究, 都可能归结到两种语言及每一语言对各自使用者思维的影响这一维度上。

一、语言与思维的关系

“语言决定论”由萨皮尔提出, 指出语言不仅反映文化与行为, 而且与思维模式互相影响, 并由此得出“语言决定论”的结论, 认为语言决定思维模式, 语言的用法或结构会反映出人类的习惯或模式。“语言相对论”是萨皮尔的学生沃尔夫提出的, 认为语言不仅影响思维, 也同时影响认知。萨皮尔-沃尔夫假设提出迄今已有七十余年的历史。一直以来, 学界对该假说的评价众多, 批评之声尤甚。角度不同、研究对象迥异, 自然难有定论。不妨以汉语、英语两种语言的差异对其使用者思维方式的影响为例, 来探讨萨皮尔-沃尔夫假设的理论解释力。

1. 汉、英语言形式的差异对思维的影响

(1) 文字起源的差异。汉字源于象形文字通过其字形可引发意义上的联想。因此, 汉语有助于使用者形象思维能力的发展。英语属于拼音文字, 字形和意义没有直接的联系。为了清晰地表达思想和传递信息, 词与词之间需要形成特定的语法逻辑关系。因此, 对某一概念的认识必须遵循由定义到推理的思考过程, 这就促进了英语使用者抽象思维能力与逻辑思维能力的发展。

(2) 语言结构的差异。英语隶属印欧语系, 汉语则属于汉藏语系;英语结构紧凑, 汉语结构松散。英语中频繁使用关联词, 句子是由各种连接词衔接而成;汉语中则很少使用关联词, 句意的通顺依靠意义的连贯, 依靠体会和领悟字面之外的深意。由此可见, 英语语言结构呈现的是分析思维, 亦即逻辑思维;而汉语结构呈现的则更多是关联思维而非分析思维。

2. 汉、英语言习惯的差异对思维的影响

(1) 复合句语序的差异。英语注重形合, 即侧重形式, 注重结构严谨, 因此, 英语复合句的语序表现为以谓语动词为轴心, 运用各种形式的关联词, 把句子的其他成分嵌扣在主句的主谓结构前后, 呈现出由中心词向外扩展的空间图式;而汉语则体现为意合, 其复合句的语序多遵循时间顺序或事物发展过程, 体现为句子形式和表达内容的一致性。英、汉复合句语序的不同, 反映出的是英语的分析与逻辑思维和汉语的直觉思维之间的差异。

(2) 叙事顺序的不同。汉语叙述和说明事物的习惯是由大到小、由一般到特殊、由整体到局部, 其思维方式表现为发散型思维;英语叙事和说明事物时习惯于从特殊到一般、从个体到整体, 其思维方式表现为分析性思维。

(3) 语态使用的差别。英语的主动语态和被动语态同等重要, 句子主语的选择也不局限于人称主语;相反, 汉语中的句子通常以人称作主语, 以使用主动语态为主, 大量的被动句都习惯以主动形式表达。英语、汉语语言表达在语态使用习惯上的不同, 体现在思维上就是英语重逻辑、重客观思维, 而汉语则重主观思维。

(4) 语篇展开方式的差异。英语篇章的组织和发展呈直线型, 英语段落通常以主题句开头, 直截了当点明段落的主题, 接续的各句都围绕该主题展开, 属于典型的演绎与归纳型段落, 而汉语的篇章发展呈螺旋型, 篇章的主题绝大多数不通过直截了当的方式点明, 而是从各种角度间接阐述出来, 习惯于先分后总, 先因后果。英、汉语言语篇展开方式的不同, 表明英语思维是线性思维, 而汉语思维则是螺旋式思维。

3. 语言对思维的影响

基于前文对英、汉两种语言之间语言形式和语言习惯的差异所体现出的思维方式差别的比较与分析, 不难发现汉语的象形文字和英语的拼音文字从本源上决定了分别以汉语和英语为本族语的中国人与英、美等西方人思维方式上存在差异的必然性。象形文字所可能引发的形象思维、关联思维、发散思维、主观思维或直觉思维、螺旋式思维等, 都在汉语及其使用者方面得到体现;而拼音文字所可能带来的逻辑思维、抽象思维、分析性思维、线性思维等, 也都在英语及其使用者方面得以印证。由此看出, 至少就汉语、英语而言, 萨皮尔论述的“语言决定思维模式”不无道理。此外, 英、汉两种语言的语言形式及语言习惯对各自使用者思维的影响, 也在上文的比照中得到了充分的体现。因此, 语言决定思维也影响思维。

二、中西方语言与思维之比较

中国哲学方式偏好运用直觉体验的方式去获取和传达涵盖力极强、极灵活、为认识主体留有极大领悟空间的认识成果。西方的哲学思维则希望通过严密的逻辑推理去获得和传递精确可靠稳定的知识, 因而它重视规则的缜密, 力求避免认识主题理解和阐释对象时的任意性, 重视认识的客观性和同一性。

1. 语言与文化密不可分

美国语言学家C·克拉姆契曾经指出:“语言表达着、承载着, 也象征着文化现实, 两者不可分。”美国人类学家E·萨皮尔强调, 语言不能脱离文化而存在。即文化的载体是语言, 语言反映着文化。每一个民族都有自己创造的精神财富, 也有自己的独特历史、文化、宗教以及生活方式、风俗习惯和道德观念等。这些内容反映在语言中, 又通过语言予以表达与传播。不同民族的语言及其文化都有特殊的'表现形式和内容, 反映出的不仅是各自语言所代表的特定民族的历史传统、风土人情、宗教信仰等因素, 更是其观察世界、看待事物的思维模式及行为模式。

2. 中西文化差异更多源于英、汉语言之差异

文化差异的各类具象表现, 大多可归因为思维模式的不同。中国传统思维注重实践经验, 因而借助于直觉体会, 通过知觉从总体上模糊而直接地把握认识对象的内在本质和规律, 即“以经验为基础, 通过由此及彼的类别联系和意义涵摄, 沟通人与人, 人与物, 人与社会达到协同效应。”中国人对事物的认识只满足于对经验的总结和对现象的描述, 而不追求对感性认识的深层思考与对现象背后事物本质的哲学思辨。这种思维机制与生活保持着直接联系, 不向分析判断的抽象思辨发展。大自然呈现在自己面前的只是一个感性的现象世界, 不可分析, 只可感觉。而西方思维则具有浓厚的实证、理性和思辨的色彩。古希腊早期的哲学家们在自然界的各种观察和实验中渗透着理性思维与哲学思辨的成分, 在收集和整理材料的基础上, 利用理性思辨的力量对世界进行了解说。

基于萨皮尔-沃尔夫假设的“语言决定思维也影响思维”的理论, 比照两位学者总结的中西文化思维差异与前文探讨的英、汉语言不同引发的各自使用者思维方式的具体差异, 可以推论, “固定的思维模式”或“不同思维方式”主要源于语言的不同, 也就是说, 中西文化的差异更多地源于英、汉语言之差异。

三、结论

不同语言使用者因语言不同而存在思维模式的差别, 思维模式的差别导致行为方式的差异。沃尔夫认为:“我们关注的个体思维过程只能通过对该个体所说的语言进行深入的研究来确定。”所以, 中西文化比较应从语言比较入手, 语言差异应该是中西比较的始点也是归结点。吕叔湘先生曾指出:“对于中国学生有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别……尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较, 让他通过这种比较得到更深刻的领会。”因此, 在二语习得中要注意两点:其一, 通晓外语首先要精通母语;其二, 中西各个领域长期、深入的交融, 可能造就出一大批从思维到行为上汉化的西方人和西化的中国人, 其前提是精通双语。

参考文献

[1]申小龙.语言与文化的现代思考[M].郑州:河南人民出版社, 2000.

[2] and culture context in translating[M].Shangha:i Shanghai Foreign Language Educa-tion Press, 2007.

[3]爱德华·泰勒.原始文化[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社, 2005.

[4]HOFSTEDE ’sequences:comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations[M].Thousand Oaks, Cliffth:Sage Publications, 2001.

[5]B·L·沃尔夫.论语言、思维和现实[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社, 2001.

[6]吕叔湘.中国人学英语[M].北京:商务印书馆, 1980.

中日审美差异论文答辩

中国、日本和韩国三个国家对于五官以及妆容都有不同的审美观点，中国审美比较喜欢英气脸的长相，韩国审美喜欢猫系脸的长相，日本审美喜欢清纯可爱脸的长相，日本女生尤其喜欢利用各种颜色的腮红来增加自己整体造型的粉嫩感。中国、日本和韩国虽然都是东方国家，但是三个国家对美女的审美差异感特别大，几乎可以说是完全不一样的，但是这三个国家都有自己的风格特色。

一、韩国女生注重皮肤管理，最喜欢猫系脸的长相

韩国女生格外注重外貌管理，当她们面部出现缺陷的时候，韩国女生会立刻前往整形医院做整形，使得自己的颜值变得更加优越出众。韩国女生还会定期前往皮肤管理中心做皮肤管理，皮肤科是她们经常会去拜访的一个地方。韩国女生最喜欢的长相就是猫系脸，像black pink的成员之一Jennie，就是韩国女生最为追崇的长相。因为韩国女生普遍觉得这种猫系脸长相慵懒性感，又很有个人魅力，所以韩国审美基本上趋近于猫系脸长相。

二、日本女生喜欢刻画粉嫩感，在身上各地打上腮红

日本女人更加注重于腮红的使用，她们不仅仅喜欢在脸上打上腮红，还喜欢在手肘处、膝盖上打腮红，以此营造粉嫩的感觉。并且为了偷懒，日本女人还特地发明了腮红墨镜，只要戴上这个墨镜，就会在脸上投射处腮红的光影。日本女人特别喜欢用简单的哑光妆容塑造出不一样的感觉，尤其爱化裸妆。

三、中国女性偏向面部骨骼感，喜欢的长相偏英气脸

骨感优越的女生在中国就很受欢迎，尤其是当中国美妆圈开始流行“骨相化妆”之后，面部骨骼发育良好的女生经过简单的面部妆容修饰，就能给人很不一样的感觉。头骨非常优越的女明星周也，她的长相就是典型的头包脸，这种长相也受到了很多人的肯定，不少人都将周也的脸当作中国女性标准模板进行宣传。

在妆容上，韩国、日本、中国的妆容也都各不相同，韩国的水光肌会显得皮肤很透亮，中国则追求塑造眉眼间的立体感，日本女生更喜欢温柔可爱类型，追求裸妆，因此，大家对每个国家美女的观感都是截然不同的。

中国、日本和韩国三个国家对于五官以及妆容都有不同的审美观点,中国审美比较喜欢英气脸的长相,韩国审美喜欢猫系脸的长相,日本审美喜欢清纯可爱脸的长相。

浅析中西方审美差异自从上世纪80年代改革开放以来，大量的西方美术作品被介绍到了我国，使我们终于可以足不出户就尽览中西美术的杰作，由于视角的拓宽和切换，使我们可以站在中西文化之外一个相对客观的立场上来看待二者的不同，更重要的是对中国绘画几千年的优秀成果可以有一个新的视角来思考，这样的视角有很多，但我们着重从审美方面来谈一些自己的感受。通过中西绘画的比较发现中国传统绘画里的优秀作品基本上都是审“美”的，关乎“丑”与“痛”的作品非常少，而西方绘画却恰恰相反，特别是关于“痛”的作品非常多，包括古典油画时期很多与宗教题材的作品都有着对人类命运之痛进行思考的悲剧意味，到了近现代更是出现了许多在这方面大师级的人物。如：蒙克，挪威画家，被称为“近代人类心灵的肖像画家。”爱情与死亡是他一生绘画的主题，他用炽热的情感把死亡对人类生命的威胁真实的表现在画布上，他自己称自己的画为“生命、爱和死的诗歌。”《呐喊》《病中的孩子》《马拉之死》等作品充满了世纪末的不安，颓唐甚至悲观绝望，是那个时代所有人的心灵写照，另一位来自英国的画家培根，专门喜欢把人画成半人半兽，奇丑无比的怪物，而且还刻意的放在铁笼里让其徘徊呐喊，充满了悲观与割裂的气氛。而在中国传统绘画里，这样的作品似乎很少见，作为传统国画三科之首的山水画，能画出痛感的恐怕只有朱耷的山水，那种苦涩、孤独与无奈的意境，着实令人感慨，但这只是个别现象，大部分的中国画家则是站在一个中立的立场上来对待艺术。那么何以会这样大的差异的，画面背后一定还有着深刻的文化原因。一、善、恶观对艺术的影响在西方的宗教里有一种“原罪”观念，即人生来是恶的，虽然经过洗礼可以洗掉“原罪”，但“本罪”却不能赦免，所以要不断地向上帝忏悔并做善事，以减轻罪恶。而西方的绘画似乎很像这样的一种忏悔仪式，即说出人性的恶所导致的那些丑与痛，这样就能不断的接近真善美，只不过不是以宗教的形式，而是以绘画的形式。而中国人则认为“人之初，性本善，苟不教，性乃迁”，在中国看来人性本是善良的，之所以变恶，是因为后天的教育工作做得不够好，既然这样，那就必须从一开始就创造一个良好的生活与视听环境，所以做人要有“礼法纲常”约束，以免越轨变恶。因此只要从事艺术，就要表现真善美，以便耳濡目染，陶冶心性，按中国人的美好愿望，从没见过恶，怎么会变恶呢？因此在中国，任何炉火纯青，登峰造极的艺术都必是清新隽永，美好安详的，而这样的一种氛围，又反而其实很像宗教。试想一个基督徒或是一个穆斯林忙碌了一天，到教堂里去做个祈祷，一个中国人忙碌了一天拿出几个珍藏的扇面对着昏黄的油灯细细品读，这两者在本质上是何其相像。既然绘画无意中承担了这样的一种作用，这就要求那些作品一定是安静的、祥和的、美的，否则它将起不到这样的类似于宗教的作用。二、中西方传统哲学对绘画观念形成的影响任何民族的绘画都有其特定的文化背景，而文化背景里最根本的就是哲学。在中国，人们对道家哲学的认同几千年来是那样的虔诚和专一，而传统绘画就根植于这样的哲学背景之上，虽然大师辈出，但基本面貌却没有根本性的差异。东西方哲学都认为宇宙的基本结构是和谐的，但西方的毕达哥拉斯也好，柏拉图也好，都认为那是一种数学比例上的和谐，毕达哥拉斯的“数论派”认为“数”是万物之内在的质，而柏拉图的“理念”宇宙本体论，也是一种合乎数学形体的理想图形，道家哲学当然也认为宇宙本体是和谐的，但这是一种音乐般的和谐。所以西方绘画重模仿、重形体、重比例、结构。而东方绘画则重感觉，在道家哲学看来所有物只有与宇宙的这种“和谐”保持一致。才是美的，所以美好的绘画必是宇宙本体，自然之道的体现，绘画无论所绘何物，终极目的是要进于道，达于道，是要象征宇宙洪荒中那种不可捉摸的和谐，西方的赫伯特·里德就曾说：“中国艺术家试图在他的作品中表现出宇宙的和谐，有些关于宇宙的用词对描述中国艺术家的创作目的是十分必要的”。《乐记·礼论篇》有云：“大乐与天地同和”，即艺术的精神境界是一种圆满具足而又与宇宙相感，相调和的状态，在此状态中，艺术的精神是大超脱大自由。宗白华也反复强调，中国艺术的境界是求返于自己的心灵节奏以体会宇宙内部的生命节奏，在这样一种思想指导下，纸面上表现的不是别的，正是人类与大地和睦与否，协调与否的关系，中国艺术家终生努力的目标也是克服私欲的泛滥而达到与万物本性的同一，而万物本性最终都统一于道，艺术的终极目的，也便是达于道。既然艺术要达于道，而这个道又是永恒和谐的，那么艺术也只能是和谐的。三、中国艺术不干涉现实的哲学背景西方绘画中的审丑也好，审痛也好，有一个共同点即艺术不是束之高阁的空中之物，而是要与血肉人生、社会现实发生关系。而中国艺术的审“美”则很少干涉现实，这有其深刻的文化背景，即都与老庄哲学的人生观有很大的关系。老子最主要的思想就是“无为”，由此以达到“无不为”。他认为，有一个“无为而无不为”的大道，万事万物都有一个独立不变，周行不殆的道理，用不着什么神道作主宰，更用着人力去造作安排，扰乱自然的秩序，自有“天然法”来处置他，不用政治和社会的干涉。正因为对于“大道”的深信，导出了老子的人生哲学，即胡适所说的“不争主义”，老于说“夫惟不争，故天下莫能与之争”，在老子看来对抗是没有用的，还不如一切听信自然，相信“天网恢恢，疏而不失”。而庄子在人生哲学上，在老子的基础上更进了一步，如果我们把老子称为“看淡主义”的话，那庄子就是在看淡基础上的达观了，即对于“是非”的达观。我们都知道庄于妻子死了时，他“鼓盆而歌”的故事，足见他对人生一切寿夭、生死、祸福都一概达观，一概归到命定，其人生哲学也可以用这四个字来概括，即乐天安命。这样的思想一旦进入艺术家的思想里，肯定不会去过多地关注现实世界的伤痛，怎样的天灾人祸，怎样的打打杀杀，自有大道去处置，而我本人画画悟道就是了。所以我们不会期望中国传统艺术作品里会有多少审“丑”或审“痛”的作品，在传统中国画家看来，这是无用功，对此几千年来都是不屑一顾的，即使有，也大多是文人士大夫的失意，不遇之痛，是个人小痛，至于人类命运，在中国人看来，是“大道”意志的必然。另外，中国艺术里审美大于审丑和审痛，我想还有其现实的原因，即与画家个人的人生境遇有很大关系，翻开古代画家的简历，可以看到，基本上都是达官显贵：待诏、侍郎、尚书、丞相、大学士，甚至还有皇帝，可想而知，这样的一些人本身就是当时社会制度的受益者，这样一种制度存在本身就是保证他们“衣食无忧”从而放心逃避到艺术世界里的前提和现实基础，无论他们有多么大的社会责任感，毕竟自己的生存状态不会给他们带来“切肤之痛”。这样的一种状况，决定了他们看不到现实世界的丑与痛，作品自然就不会有太多的苦痛感。从全球文化气候来看，西方文化现在是强势文化，作为现代中国的年轻人，在没有建立起对本民族传统文化坚定信仰的时候，是很容易被西方文化影响的、况且西方文化里确实也有很多优秀的思想，但在我们的传统里却很少甚至找不到，可能我们过于追求那种“天人合一”的高境界了，而在对现实人生的关怀上是不及西方的，西方艺术作品中那种对人类命运的关注意识，悲剧感崇高感是我们文化的一个弱项。我们的文化的确是高级，可正因为这样它往往只是属于少数士大夫的一种个人奢侈品，而有不适合现时代的发展需要的地方。在今天这样一个提倡民主、自由平等的社会，对人本身关注的文化，可能更容易被接受和传播，也就自然会成为当代人文化构成里的主要方面。正因为西方文化关注现实人生本身而不是抽象了的生命，所以它们不是单一站在审美的立场上来看待艺术，艺术还要让大众活得深刻和明白。所以要袒露出人类本性里的丑和痛给人看，但这并不是为了丑而丑为了痛而痛，只不过他们是用一种极端的方式来呼唤真、善、美，这与东方艺术用真善美本身来传达真善美是殊途同归的。在此通过对中西方之审美差异的比较，是因为笔者认为这样一个转型期过后，其优秀合理的部分一定会被消化、吸收后重新贴上中国的标签，真正的传统不是单一的回归，而是不停的吸收，回归，既有超越又有着天生的自律，从而永葆这一文化血统的纯正和活力衍生金融工具——按照适用的会计准则和相关会计制度的规定编制财务报表是被审计单位管理层的责任。在编制财务报表时，管理层需要作出与衍生金融工具相关的认定（1 6 3 2号准则第八条）。预测性财务信息——管理层负责编制预测性财务信息（3 1 1 1号准则第四条）。代编财务信息——管理层应当对提供给注册会计师的信息的真实性和完整性负责（4 1 1 1号准则第七条）。三、管理层的责任贯穿于注册会计师业务工作的全过程1、客户及业务承接与维持时注册会计师承接与维持业务及客户的第一关，首先是对客户单位及其环境进行了解，在此过程中，注册会计师必须明确提及客户单位管理层的责任问题。2、签订业务约定书时在业务约定书中，应明确管理层对鉴证对象、鉴证对象信息及其他相关信息的责任。3、管理层提供书面声明时注册会计师执行业务活动时，应获取管理层声明，对管理层责任予以进一步明确。4、注册会计师出具业务报告时注册会计师出具业务报告，对管理层责任的说明是其中重要的内容。审计报告，无论是标准审计报告、还是标准审计报告加强调事项段的审计报告以及保留意见、否定意见、无法表示意见的审计报告，均应有关于管理层责任的专门段落。验资报告的范围段、审阅报告的引言段、历史财务信息审计审阅以外的其他鉴证业务报告、预测性财务信息的审核报告，代编财务信息报告中均应明确提及管理层责任，通过这种明示，以便业务报告的预期使用人正确区分管理层责任和注册会计师责任，防止误解，防止以注册会计师责任来减轻管理层责任。参考资料：河北行政学院

中美文化差异英语论文范文

中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的文化上有其独特的内涵。下文是我为大家整理的关于文化差异英语论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考! 文化差异英语论文篇1 文化差异对英语学习的影响一、引言在英语学习过程中很多人努力学习语音、词汇和语法等语言方面，却忽略了文化因素在语言学习过程中的重要作用，致使许多人虽具备一定的语言能力但在英语交流中仍会遇到许多困难。缺乏对文化因素重要性的认识已严重影响了英语学习。文化因素对语言的影响很早便引起了国内外学者的关注，如20世纪80年代我国着名学者胡文仲就认为：“语言是文化的一种表现形式，不了解英美文化，要学好英语是不可能的。”但在多年的英语教学中文化因素仍未受到足够的重视，因此，本文将从中西方的传统文化、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异来探讨文化差异对语言的影响。二、文化差异对语言的影响要想学好英语不仅需要掌握语音、语义和语法等语言本身的技能，还需要注重文化差异对语言学习的影响。语言和文化是不可分割、互相依存的整体，语言是文化的表现形式和载体，同时又受所属文化的制约。若不能充分了解西方文化就无法真正学好英语。众多学者已充分研究了文化的内涵，如戴炜栋和张红玲认为，文化研究发展至今，一个最具概括性、广为接受的观点认为文化是一个群体的生活方式，它包括人自出生后所学到的一切，如语言、言行方式和内容、信仰，以及人们赖以生存的物质和精神基础。张婧则认为，不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同，因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码分类;不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰，也导致了他们独特的笃信，崇尚和忌讳心态;不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史典故、传说轶事。本文主要关注中西方在传统文化、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异及其对语言的影响。 (一)传统文化上的差异中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的文化上有其独特的内涵。由于受到不同的历史和传统的影响，中西方国家在各自漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的传统文化亦不尽相同，因此，我们在学习英语时除了要学好语言，更要关注语言所属的文化内涵。正如刘长江所言，文化教学应与语言教学同步融合。由于历史和传统的差异，中西方人们对于同一事物的理解和感受也有区别。如“龙”在中西方的传统文化中的内涵便迥然不同。“龙”是中华民族的图腾，我们引以为豪的自称“龙的传人”。在中国传统文化中“龙”是吉祥、幸福的象征，人们多用“龙腾虎跃”或“龙凤呈祥”等词形容吉庆的气氛。但西方文化往往把“龙(dragon)”视为邪恶势力的象征，寓意凶残。在西方传统文化中“dragon”指的是一种长有双翅且会吐火的怪兽，因此，它与凶暴直接联系在一起。 (二)习俗文化上的差异中西方文化差异尤其典型地体现在习俗文化方面。不同国家的习俗文化反映在各自的社会生活和交际活动中，如称谓、礼仪、恭维、致谢等方面。若不能充分了解中西习俗文化上的差异则会严重影响彼此的交流。如在称谓方面中西方的习俗文化便有着极大的差异。中国人由于受到宗法观念的根深蒂固的影响遵循讲礼节、尊长辈的习俗。俗话说：“子不言父名，徒不言师讳。” 因此，在中国，孩子倘若对长辈或教师直呼其名会被认为不懂礼貌，将会受到家长的责罚。而在西方的习俗文化中西方人称呼除父母外的其他人时大都直呼其名，以示友好和亲近。这一点在美国尤为普遍，甚至初次见面就用名字称呼。这一差异的原因在于中国人尊崇长幼有序、尊卑有别，而西方人则崇尚人人平等、追求自由。 (三)不同价值体系间的差异价值观念被普遍认为是文化的核心所在，不同文化背景中人的价值观念必然会有所不同。而价值观念又对人们现实生活中的言语表达产生重要的影响，因此，语言也往往折射出一个民族的价值观念。中西方价值观念的差异也直接反映在语言表达上，尤其典型地体现在诸如，禁忌、隐私等方面。如中国人的价值观念注重社会群体间的亲密友好关系，因此，将询问对方的年龄、收入、婚否等情况视为是对对方的关心，但这些问题在西方人眼中却是一种禁忌，在他们的价值观念中这些均为个人的隐私，因此，避而不谈。再如中国人碰到熟人打招呼常会问“你去哪儿”或“你吃饭了吗”等，以示对对方的关心和双方的亲密友好关系，但这在西方人眼中却大有窥探隐私之嫌。三、结语英语学习中语言与文化密切相关，如高宝虹所言，在语言学习中，文化充当着极其重要的角色，语言的使用要受该语言所属民族文化制约。因此，中西方文化的差异必然影响英语语言的学习。尽管已有学者对此进行了探讨，但对文化因素的忽视仍未得到有效的改善。张友平曾指出，外语教学不应当仅仅是语言教学，还应当包括文化教学。因此，我们学习英语不仅要学习语言本身，还要熟知语言的文化背景，只有这样才能真正地将英语学以致用，准确顺畅地将其应用于对外交流之中。参考文献： [1]胡文仲.文化差异与外语教学[J].外语教学与研究，1982(8):45-51. [2]戴炜栋，张红玲.外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教改的启示[J].外语界，2000(2)：2-8. [3]张婧.文化知识在英语教学中的作用[J].教学与管理，2009(2):84-85. [4]刘长江.谈外语教育中目的语文化和本族语文化的兼容并举[J].外语界，2003(4):14-18. [5]高宝虹.交际化外语教学中的文化认知观[J].外语与外语教学，2003(8):33-38. [6]张友平.对语言教学与文化教学的再认识[J].外语界，2003(3):41-48. 文化差异英语论文篇2 浅析英汉文化差异对语言的影响 [摘要]语言文字是人类社会进行交际的重要方法，同时也是文化的重要载体。各个民族的语言在受到民族自身社会文化影响的同时，又反映着各自民族本身的文化内涵。如果某一个民族的人们不了解另一个民族的文化因素和文化内涵，就很难进行顺利的交流。因此，我们得把语言知识和文化知识结合起来，交际才能顺利地进行。因此，文化差异对翻译的影响不容低估。 [关键词]文化差异宗教信仰历史典故风俗所谓翻译不仅是对语言进行的转换过程，同时也是对文化进行传递的过程。研究对外汉语教学的专家赵贤州先生说：“跨文化交际之所以成为可能，正是人类享有某些共通的文化信息;而跨文化交际之所以产生某些偏差，是因为双方不能共享另一些有差异的文化信息”。本文着重从生存环境，宗教信仰、历史典故和风俗三个方面论述英汉文化差异对翻译的影响。一、生存环境的差异对翻译的影响生存环境的差异对翻译的影响可以说是基础的，显而易见的，同时又是根深蒂固的。对习语的运用是英汉民族生存环境的差异，是语言运用中的一个非常重要的表现。习语的产生、运用和人们的劳动生活有着很密切的联系。例如，在汉民族的文化中，中国人们印象中的东风是很温暖的，只有西北风才是很寒冷的。而英国地处西半球，海洋性气候，西风则是报告春天消息的，看如下例子：How many winter days have I seen him，standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind? (在很多冬日里我总看见他，鼻子冻得发红发紫，站在飞雪和东风里。)钱哥川在《翻译漫谈》一书中认为此句的east wind，译成汉语时应该是西风或北风，这正是地理环境与我们生存环境不同的原因造成的文化气氛的不同。又如，在中国人眼里，夏天总是和酷暑炎热联系在一起，“烈日炎炎似火烧”“骄阳似火”是常常被用来描述中国夏天的词语。而英国的夏季则是温暖明媚舒适的，是一年中最舒服最宜人的季节，就像我们中国的春天一样。显而易见，英汉两个不同的民族，由于地理环境上的不同，生存环境存在差异，观察客观事物、反映客观世界的方式和角度是不一样的。因此，翻译千万不能只照词典上的词义逐词逐句的翻译，否则不能达到有效顺利的沟通。二、宗教信仰和历史典故对翻译的影响英汉文化在宗教信仰与历史典故上也存在着很大的差异。这对翻译有很大的影响，我们要有深刻的认识。西方人大多信__，认为上帝(god)可创造一切，因而有“God helps those who help themselves”(上帝帮助自助的人) 的说法。而中国人信奉佛教、道教，多有“玉帝”“观音”“菩萨”“慈悲为怀”等词汇。在中国文化中，有各种各样的历史典故，如“盘古开天”“牛郎织女”“卧薪尝胆”等等。在西方的文化里，很多历史典故都来源于古希腊和罗马神话，还有圣经故事。请看下面例句：Being a teacher is being present at the creation，when the clay beings begin to breathe.基督__，上帝创造了人，而人又来自尘土。所以，英语中creation指“上帝”。而clay指“上帝创造的人”。理解了creation和clay这两个词的宗教内涵后，就可以把其译为：老师是创造的见证人，目睹着生命呼吸成长。可见英汉文化中不同的宗教信仰贯穿在其各自的语言表达交流之中。如果译者缺少对对象文化个性的深刻认识，就难以理解句子的文化内涵，这将对译文的准确性产生影响，从而达不到有效沟通。三、风俗上的不同对翻译的影响英汉民族在习俗上有很大的差异，这对翻译必然有一定的影响。中国人把“龙”当成是吉祥的神物，有着伟大的力量，所以龙在中国文化里是至尊无上的帝王的象征，因而有“望子成龙”的说法，但是在英美国家却把龙当作是喷烟吐火的凶残怪物。相反的，中国人把猫头鹰当做不吉祥的象征，而英语中却说as wise as an owl，把猫头鹰当做智慧的象征。类似的例子在英汉交流中，我们经常会发现，给人很新异的感觉，这就是风俗上的不同导致根深蒂固的文化差异，译者在翻译的过程中一定要深刻意识到这一点，考虑风俗对翻译的影响，能使英汉民族进行有效交流。四、结语不论是卓越的翻译家还是出色的译评专家，都应该是具有两种文化意识和精通两种语言的真真正正的文化人。交流促进理解，沟通有助于进步，翻译则是交流与沟通的桥梁，让我们真正做好翻译的工作，架起英汉沟通的桥梁，为英汉交流做出应有的贡献。【参考文献】 [1]崔建京.中学英语教学中的英美文化渗透[J].大连教育学院学报,2003(6). [2]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004. [3]包惠南.文化语境与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001. [4]彭保良.从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立[J].中国翻译,1998(1):25. [5]邓炎昌,刘润青.语言与文化――英汉语言文化对比[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1989:159.

中美文化基本差异：中国观念与美国观念对比分析集体主义：一般而言，中国和其他亚洲文化反映了社会科学家称为“集体主义”的取向。这些文化比较注重群体合作和个人谦虚。个人主义：相反，美国人通常表现出一种个人主义取向。他们更重视独立性。自我实现即使不是一种期望，但至少更容易被人们接受。美国人更重视不受外部制约的“自由”。社会关系：中国人的社会关系比美国人更加正式，等级更分明。中国人似乎非常习惯于等级分明的结构，他们可基于自己在结构中的位置和惯例确定自己的行为方式。美国人则更侧重于非正式和平等关系。美国人通常和社会地位相同的人在一起最自在；他们不太重视社会等级。友谊：与美国人相比，中国人更可能拥有少数终生挚交，他们彼此之间交情深厚，愿意相互提供任何形式的帮助。美国人可能有许多“朋友”和熟人，这些朋友和熟人随着时间的推移而变换，彼此之间承诺的义务有限。义务在中国人之间，与他人的关系通常意味着彼此之间的义务。与此相反，美国人倾向于回避相互依赖的关系以及可能导致长期义务的局面。任务取向与关系取向：中国人侧重于关系取向。保持和谐的关系比完成任务更重要。相比之下，美国人侧重于任务取向。完成工作通常比关系更重要。和谐与“事实”：中国人所受的教育通常是避免直接冲突、公开批评和具有争议的话题。他们希望在周围的人中保持和谐，给别人留“面子”。相反，美国人通常愿意直接面对问题、提出批评、讨论具有争议的问题，并坚持自己认为是“事实”的意见。他们对“面子”并不在意。法律、规章和条例的作用: 在交往方面，中国人通常更信任人际关系，而不太信任书面规则和程序。而美国人一般认为书面规则适用于每一个人，并且能够产生公正、合理的程序和决定。时间观念：中国人比较怀旧，也比较注重未来。美国人通常对过去不太感兴趣，他们注重的是眼前的情况。指定身份与获取身份：在中国的传统中，个人在社会中的地位很大程度上基于继承特征，例如年龄、性别和家庭，但这种情形正在发生变化。对于大多数美国人，个人地位主要基于自己的成就，包括受教育程度和事业上的成功。此篇作为我的“中国文化漫谈”系列文章的第一篇，希望能够把浅显的道理与实际的问题结合起来，让我们了解什么是中国文化的价值所在。洋洋大观，才疏学浅；一家之言，不成敬意。今天我们首先谈一谈什么是文化。之后对中美文化进行一个简要的对比，从而看出文化对于一个社会的巨大影响。什么是文化（Culture）？简单的说来，文化是那些你不知道原因但还愿意接受的，来自上辈的规则与认识，在实践中大多数人能够体会带来的益处，或者相信可以带来益处，使得这些规则与认识又成为当代大多数人的选择，此时就构成文化主体内容。但是如果这条规则或认识已经完全被客观实践证明不可行的时候也不会坚持，也是文化具有的更新能力。所以文化主要是那些难以给予定论的规则与认识（属于价值观和哲学层面），并具有主观性，延续性，群体性，有益性四个特点。比如说过春节，每个人都认为应该过春节，而且习惯于此，很难说出过大家一定要过春节有什么必要性，但都能说出一些好处，所以就自然延续下来。但就是这种自然的惯性，具有强大的社会力量，除非社会发生巨变，或者彻底被外族文化所侵蚀压迫。后面的过程对于中国传统文化不是没有而且不止一次，但是都被中国文化自身具有的理性和强大的凝聚力所征服。这里提出两个中国文化的特点，理性和凝聚力。文化的延续性不等于失去其合理性。实际上文化合理性的辩论虽然是全民参与的，但是往往由被认可的社会精英层给出答案。但是社会价值观的争论需要长期和大量的社会实践，所以其变化是缓慢的而且有反复的。一个时代的精英们往往难以对众多课题给出答案，即使可以可以通过若干简单原则推导出来的规则，也需要长期实践来证实，而这就是中国文化的厚重之处。儒家文化不是从今天才被质疑的，而是从其诞生的第一天就受到驳斥，历史上也始终有人质疑甚至提出尖刻的批评，但是儒家成为最终的选择是因为这是社会的选择，被大量实践所验证。中美文化解读对于中国和美国的社会结构我有一个简单的描述。 US stays on rules.（美国建立在规则上） China stays on culture.（中国建立在文化上）美国是最早开始实践把所有各种文明成果变成具体文字条文的国家，因而现在其拥有最完善的法律体系，政策制度，公共程序等，在规则之上享有个人自由，或者规则体现为个人自由之间的妥协。当规则变成条文以后，一切可以变成秩序，如果规则符合社会生产生活的需要，那么自然产生较高的执行效率，美国社会非常依赖于良好的成文的规定。但是规则体现的只是制度层面的东西，价值观才是推动制度建立的基石。美国的价值观包含两个方面，一方面来自于法国大革命时期的在自由，平等，博爱的思想，另一方面则是西方传统基督教文化的移植。美国是一种来去自由的联盟体制，他们的力量也经常来自散漫而自由的创造。中国没有成熟的制度，法律，政策等成文固定的规则，但是中国社会依然从整体上运转良好快速发展，而且具有强大的自省力量，就是因为中国有强大和有生机的文化。文化可以在每时每刻约束着每个人的行为，促成社会的合作。这种文化来自历史的积淀，与智慧的碰撞。中国社会的构成依然遵从这个原则，价值观才是推动制度建立的基石。中国社会发展的复杂性与多样性，使得在文化层面远比美国深远，智慧更加深邃。但是中国发展的制度基础，经常遭受君主与外族的轮番破坏。中国成熟的文化智慧，始终处于和专制制度及外族野蛮驯化的斗争中。中国历史上的开明时期，往往能够把文化的成果确定为一些好的规则，但是随后又很容易在君王体制下遭到破坏。宋朝开始的文人朝政与新兴思想又迅速被外族侵略所破坏殆尽，造成之后上千年的思想桎梏。文化在一个社会中是无可替代的。因为社会发展进程不可能被中断，然后被设计构造出来。社会发展是一个自然演进的不可终止，无可选择的过程。中国如何进步，就是应该鉴别正确且适合自己的传统，把他们由文化上升为规则，同时利用自己的智慧，从实践中获得新的真知，并使之与传统一起共同成为社会建立的基础制度。中美文化之对比从历史上看，美国不是一个传统意义上的国家，只是一个新兴的利益的联邦，而且由于历史短仍然处于发展过程，社会的兴衰周期还没有在美国身上充分体现。因此把它与传统意义的国家进行对比，有很多不可比性。一旦其形成一些固有的难以改变的自身文化属性后，才能算作一个成熟的国家。文化层面的对比根据对文化的理解，美国所能够继承的东西主要来自法国大革命时期的思想成果，以及传统西方的基督教义。上帝成为其与西方文明共有的共主，虽然谁也没见过。耶稣不过是用来宣传这种思想的一个教案或者工具。上帝的文明准则有什么呢，就是黑暗，欺，掠夺，弱肉强食。所谓的慈善，道德只是用来宽恕恶人和恶行的，偶尔的光明都是上帝带来的而不是人带来的。从这点可以看出，虽然他们继承了法国大革命的优秀成果，但是没有脱离传统西方文明的框架。从自诩传统美国人的布什的所作所为中可以看出其秉承的传统价值观，布什可以说是近代以来，与法国大革命提出的自由、平等、博爱最远的一个总统了，因而也更能充分体现美国传统价值观的另一面。中国的文化相比是上千年变迁中历经沧桑沉淀下来的，其中不仅是一些价值观原则，还包括很多独有的智慧。这种文化积淀是在多元化（而不是一元化）的中国历史中，不同思想流派互相斗争的结果，并为长期实践所证明。我们往往说历史总是不断地重复，就是说现在的各种现象在中国历史上大都发生过了。因此其对中国人自己具有极强的说服力，对中国社会也有极强的适应力。中国文化的理性与凝聚力是核心。儒家的思想如果从孔子算起（实际上更早，从多部落共处和农业生产中逐渐产生），也已经经历过很多变革与思想征战了，之所以其能够很好的存在下来，就是因为自身具有的极强的理性。孔子在总结前人智慧中，最重要的选择就是“子不语怪力乱神”。孔子在论述社会制度建设的核心是“和”。在社会制度层面强调放弃征战，文明共处，依靠理论解决纷争。而对于个人而言，孔子强调“仁”和“学”，通过“仁”构建和谐的讲理的环境，通过“学”来提高自己的认识，避免为无意义的错误目标去争，且能够参与理论的过程中。智是学的成果，信是相处的境界，勇是个人进取的勇气，义是个人对大众责任的推行。礼仪不过是基于这些建立的合情合理的需要共同遵守的规则，是思想与智慧的表现形式。如果看孔子或者儒家文化，只知“仁”“礼”就会陷入知其然而不知其所以然的难堪境地。中国的智慧来自自然环境以及人文环境的恩赐。中国的自然环境是世界上唯一一个相对独立，又能够不断吸纳新鲜力量的大陆。从地理上说三面环山，一面环水，周围大多是不毛之地，而中原地区独享最佳的地理位置，因而自然形成趋于中央的向心力。从气候上说，中国的温带气候最适合人类居住发展，而且充分表现出气候循环反复周而复始的规律，体现出整个大陆相对一致的气候环境，这使得各个部族之间容易对自然和社会的认识产生共识，利于融合与迁移。在融合中不同部落各自的鬼神崇拜已经不再重要，也无法存在下去，代之以祖先崇拜，文化崇拜，智慧崇拜。这些才是中国文化的根。中国大陆这种作为海纳百川的文化终极站的得天独厚的条件，构成了中国文化相对独立又能吸取其他种族文化营养，注重整体、稳定、和谐、长久。总结为开放而又独立，吸收而又高贵的特点。中国大陆上的社会变迁是一个完整的世界运转变化的缩影。现在很多所谓国际外交争端可以从当时的中国内部诸侯各国之间的争端中都可以看到相似性。有了上面的条件，“易”思想的产生也就不足为奇了，以“易”作为智慧的发端与归宿，很好的体现了中国文化的哲学观。中美文化差异中国跟美国在有些文化及社会差异上是根深蒂固的，下文提出我观察到的一些例子。笔者在这里要强调这些观点是一般性的，当然仍有个别之特例。一、个人主义美国人相当崇尚个人主义，东方社会（当然包括中国人）则强调家族及阶级层次。这是一个非常重要及有影响力的分别。美国人崇尚个人特质的例子很多，父母较少伸手干预子女的发展。二、隐私权美国人通常很尊重别人的隐私。就是知己之间也很少问到别人太"切身"的问题，例如年龄、薪水及婚姻状况等。也应当少谈论第三者的事情。不请自来的访客（包括父母亲）是绝对不受欢迎的。三、不拘礼美国人在衣着娱乐方面，都比较随便。最重要的是人与人之间的交往都比较不拘礼，即使双方在年纪上或地位上有很大分别也不例外。这方面的例子多不胜数，例如很多学生对教授，及晚辈对老人家都直接称呼first name可见一斑。这种"越代"，"越身份"的不拘礼表现，在很多东方人眼中则认为是失礼的行为。四、开放与直接美国人是相当开放和直接的，尤其在专业的讨论，往往秉持着不同意见而争论（注意：是争论，不是拍桌子，摔麦克风的吵架）。相反地，东方人往往不会直接冲突，而是婉转地通过地位比较高的第三者来疏通。五、独立性美国人通常较不喜欢依靠别人，甚至父母的帮忙也不一定乐于接受，而父母亦鼓励子女早早离家，独立地生活与发展。我国青少年在这方面就发展得较慢。对留学生来说，要注意到指导教授非常重视研究生能够独立做研究的能力。而对英文不灵光的留学生来说，当你向美国人借笔记时如被拒绝，不一定表示他们讨厌你，极有可能是他们将心比心，认为你应该独立而已。六、竞争性美国社会的发展依靠竞争来作为推动力。"Work hard, play hard"是大部分人的作风。他们在言语争辩时都喜欢压倒对手，这种"getting the last word in"的作风当然是竞争性的一种表现。他们的竞争挑战精神也显露在体育比赛方面，即使是他们所谓的"playing for fun"时也是蛮认真的。一般美国人对于一个球队都十分狂热，往往藉此发泄情绪。例如校队比赛时校警常常要检查进场的观众，不让他们带酒进场。球赛比赛时，观众都喧哗冲天，往往乱抛东西。有些助兴表演也有点莫名其妙，例如有一招是将一个女啦啦队员，从观众席的底层抛起，一级级的人将她接着又再抛上去，直到最高层又再抛下来；偶然也有失手受伤的事情发生。笔者也算是球迷，但都是在家看电视，免得在现场活受罪。而且要算准时间，当球赛完时避免走在路上，因为球迷在赢球时欢天喜地（如果你看到开车的人在乱按喇叭，你不用听报告就知道赢球），输球时则沮丧愤怒，两种结果都是疯狂毕露。有些血气方刚的小伙子更常做一些奇怪的事。有一点要强调的是，如果不是在发泄情况下，绝大部分的美国人都是很守规矩、不骚扰别人的。七、公众场合应有的礼数美国人通常都能尊重别人的安宁。在歌剧院不用说，就是在戏院也都能噤声欣赏。在餐厅吃饭时的交谈声音也相当低，跟中国有划拳斗酒的吵闹大不相同。排队时都很守秩序，插队是不被接受的，蜂拥上车的事情绝对很少发生。开车的人通常很守交通规则，例如在夜深无人时也不闯红灯，尊重行人，让路人先过马路等。来自较不遵守交通规则国家的留美学生尤其要特别小心。八、朋友模式美国人囗中的朋友定义比较广泛，而且有区隔性；譬如说工作上的朋友、打球的朋友、学校的朋友、喝酒的朋友等等。另外美国地域广大，人口流动性也高，而且朋友之间绝少吐露私人的事情，所以友情是比较"温水"性。中国人的友情通常是"牵一发而动全身"，一言不合就尽量避免跟对方碰面，"起落"性比较大。中国人朋友之间借钱是相当普遍的，而美国人朋友之间借钱是凤毛麟角的。九、金钱的运用模式中国人通常做的预算都比较保守，而美国的预算则比较接近"极限"，而且往往有消费超过预算的倾向（跟美国社会大量使用信用卡也有关系）。美国人很舍得买东西，尤其是在购房及汽车上，对于吃喝方面，尤其是请客，则比较"犹太"；而中国人则比较舍得花钱在请客方面。十、世界观可能因为美国多年来的兴盛及教育重点在某方面仍有偏颇，美国人多数 "以本国为中心"，对于别国的认识十分肤浅。美国人对世界地理的无知是令美国国家地理学会（National Geographic Society）十分痛心的事情。在美国流传一个笑话：东北部的某一个州的某居民，写信去州政府询问关于New Mexico的情形，答复居然是：关于别国的情况我们不大熟悉，无可奉告。对中美文化对比的初步认识最近认识了一个美国人。谈了很多东西。突然对美国很有兴趣。关于教育，美国16岁之前是必须要去学校的。全部免费，不去都不可以。可中国的9年义务教育还是需要钱的，国情原因没有办法。美国的教育资金是税的一部分。她们从来不知道还有希望学校这回事，上学还需要捐款，无法想象。关于环境，在中国，他们觉得无法呼吸，有烟的味道，不能跑步。路上虽然我们已经觉得干净多了比以前，但他们觉得为什么到处都是垃圾，sigh。觉得我们不注重public。还有公共产所吸烟等。关于自由，她们会感觉到很多网站都会被屏蔽，美国网站很多上不了。他们对很多事情看法比较随意，原因在于没有历史，只有300年，而我们是受长期传统影响的。关于婚姻，在美国3个结婚就有1个离婚，所以step father or mather 是十分normal的。但在中国她们很奇怪，为什么有人要离婚，还有人会劝她们不要离。他们比较注重隐私，最多两个人一个宿舍，要不觉得很不舒服，还是人少啊。他们不会有两个人想开房间还要出去，都在自己的宿舍里，所有人都明白。我们还是需要找学生旅馆的呵呵。关于来了之后的改变，原来在美国总会受到中国是敌人的说法，说中国发展很快，马上就要赶上美国了，但来了中国后，他们觉得确实还有很大的差距，根本不是一个类型的事情，怎么能放到以前说能不能赶上。还有中国很传统，中国对女人会不公平，这都是人权方面的问题，但来了觉得不是这样的，还是比想象中要开放得多，男女也很平等。关于种族歧视，美国确实存在种族歧视现象，有很多人就是看不惯其他肤色的人，还有就是会有只允许白人参加的party。关于家庭，美国很多人只要不要孩子，就不结婚，只生活在一起，因为知道也会离婚的，反正不要孩子，就省事一点得了。他们难以想象我们还需要考虑我们的父母。因为他们从18岁开始就被赶出家门，所以他们根本不会管她们的父母，当父母老的时候。所以当我说，我要为父母做什么的时候，他们觉得很奇怪。关于开玩笑，他们真是什么玩笑都开，男女一起，就取消别人自慰，模仿异性自慰，谈论最喜欢的做爱姿势，都才20岁。和我们真是有差别啊。平均第一次年龄在18、19岁。关于娱乐，周末我们大都在宿舍待着，他们是一定会去bar或者club的。还有等等等等，总之太多方面有差别，但是本质都在于历史，我还是比较喜欢她们的自由和观念的开放的。我一定会去美国一次，见识见识。当看到transporter2里的迈阿密海滩时，她说她家就在佛罗里达的海滩边，简直太美了。还有个体会，他们出生很多都不在美国，还碰到一个小时候和我老家在几个地方的，但都相处得很好，没有任何异样感。真是移民国家中美文化对比清单发表时间: 2006-4-23 12:56 作者: 白丁来源: 漯河信息港·蓝沸空间字体: 小中大 | 打印（美国）（中国） “我的”，“你的” “我们的”，“你们的” 享受服务请求批准制服厌恶制服崇拜东西各就各位人各就各位收信人地址在信封下方收信人地址在信封上方底层楼一层楼黑色的葬礼白色的葬礼地图上法国是世界中心地图上中国是世界中心 “亚洲人长的全一个模样” “欧洲人长的全一个模样” “我”（手势指胸脯） “我”（手势指鼻子）巴黎人瞧不起外省人北京人瞧不起外地人晒黑美白抬手叫出租车抬胳膊叫出租车走在狗屎成堆的大街上吃狗肉刀叉和面包筷子和米饭向坟墓上送鲜花向坟墓送食品甜早点咸早点安静而灰暗的餐馆吵闹而明亮的餐馆 “你好，走得好吗？” “你好，吃了吗？” 勤洗澡勤洗衣服让别人丢面子保全自己的面子吹嘘所送礼物的价值贬低所送礼物的价值当客人面大呼小叫拆礼物客人走后悄悄地看礼物穿体恤杉旅游穿西装旅游 “新年好” “恭喜发财” 溜狗遛鸟照景物相照人物相坐在地上蹲在地上汽车为责备他人而鸣笛汽车为警告他人而鸣笛女人吸烟时尚男人吸烟时尚中美文化对比中国只用动嘴说好听的话。。。（假）相声：吹捧的游戏小品：呼哟的把戏武侠：挂上钢丝飞来飞去，其实什么功夫都不会，任何人都可以模仿，优势背台词。美国行为艺术（要付出行动）加上竞技哲学理念（真）橄榄球：强壮男人的游戏冰球：体验速度与激情篮球：技巧和配合，速度与对抗棒球：聪明人的游戏动作片：都是真功夫，哥们够强壮吗？在健身房练过吗？人家是从小就练起来的，为什么你会觉得不真实呢？因为你模仿不了。 UFC：真人无限流格斗，谁的精神意志强？谁是真正的英雄，先签生死状。地球上最危险最真实的格斗，几乎场场KO，场场受伤。美试摔跤：也是强壮男人的游戏所以说这个世界上热爱竞技强身建体的，并且争强好胜的男人都比较真实。中国人需要锻炼身体，强壮自己，让自己勇敢起来，自信起来。中国人需要争第一，而不是友谊第一，比赛第二。这才是真正的民族精神。中国人需要寻找目标，认识自己追求理想。去改造社会。而不是为了生存论为奴隶。而那些喜欢朗诵诗歌的男人就很假，因为他总是拿古代和现代做对比。其实我们更应该学习现代学，而不是古文学。

一，对生命的态度oZg/Tg3q-l u6E%P#znGs 王国权：m8v9?!Gd B ]+|#o Oy:CE4xw$q*q't$~J 美国：生命是珍贵而可爱的，不论任何人的生命，甚至动物包括宠物和野生动物在内的生命都同样珍贵可爱。无论以多合理的口实消去一个生命都使一般人痛苦和难以接受。j[.Co7T&wrW t {_)TLL3o 中国：生命是廉价而无谓的，可以为某种崇高目的光荣牺牲。“人死如灯灭”。死一个好人固然可惜，死一个坏人就很痛快，死一个乞丐呢，可能无动于衷。动物的生命则基本上不算生命，野生动物也可以随意杀戮以享口福。fm ]dJ$^4LC9JqG;t二，对人的态度5X2p#b0A6Z7Uj1p P#P N1b4{(x4mNMT8v9T \美国：人本位，人是受尊敬的名词。只要有一个人站在道路中央，不论他是白人黑人高官百姓，所有过往车辆必须小心避让或停步。一个人攻击另一个人，不管是辱骂殴打或是诬陷暗算，即使受攻击的一方再无能再愚蠢再有错误，也都为舆论所不容，为法律所追究，哪怕你有钱有权势。民意始终受到尊重。]@e:KvMsE l^ Y$TT@5n 中国：官本位，官是受尊敬的名词。如果一个人站在道路中央，过往车辆将先搞清他官阶的大小，再决定自己礼让的尺度。礼让度可以随官位由高到低从有到无向下递减，从几条街外就交通管制递减到“撞死活该，谁让他违反交规”。如果一个人的名字前面没有官衔，其价值可以被视同草芥蝼蚁，无论他的建议多有道理都等于零。而他一旦有了官阶步步升高，即使说出再愚蠢的屁话，也正确高明。法律裁判向官员倾斜。t msX R$gXHp|s$cz@ 三，对生活的态度y,s1N/W;a rF nw P1h{P@BS/U 美国：生活是美丽的。人活着的乐趣就是领受大自然的馈赠。钱不在乎赚多赚少，当然多总好一点，可是生活则一定要快乐。钱是为我服务的而不是相反。钱借得越多越好。NEyAW1p#Lg X ]m B8E-\hg中国：生活是复杂的。人活着要应付各种各样的挑战，防备各种各样的陷井，千万不可头脑简单，轻信别人。如果当不上官的话，钱是一生中最重要的目标。钱存得越多越好。“人为财死，鸟为食亡”。0CA*] ` _9Bg%^f l?/?;H L+x%B6? 四，对后代的态度I2r%iO8G_ @0M {{PpB[ `(l 美国：子女是独立的。抚养子女是一种社会责任，不求任何回报。不管子女将来怎样，是他们自己的事情。孩子是我的朋友。不知何谓“孝道”。_(LG&sA2J? 7@X!oqi:[;RI8?~ 中国：子女是我的。抚养子女是一种投资，养儿防老。不惜一切代价要让子女成功，所谓成功也就是成为“人上人”。孩子必须尊我，不许不孝。n O^vqV({ ^1m(_ @MMb Of$H 四，对现在和将来的态度_ d/Fou5p9K!F )q0uv美国：无论明天会怎样，先把今天的事做好。明天是今天的延续，不管有多难解决，一定要在今天把该解决的问题解决掉。决不忍受不可忍受之苦。llbf$dS &t$Xy'ba中国：今天的事就算了，该怎么就怎么的，明天自然会好。哪怕问题可以解决，也留给下一代人去解决吧。随便多苦都可以忍受。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

中西方文化差异论文英语

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。一、中西方颜色表达的差异不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。二、中西方婚礼文化差异首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

My dream is to study abroad in the future. I amalways that kind of life can come true soon.

我的梦想是以后可以去留学。我总是希望那样的生活能早日成真。

But, before I realize my dream, I have to do somepreparation.

但是，在实现梦想之前，我得做一些准备工作。

I think the most important thing I need to do first is to adapt the life there.

我想我首先需要做的是适应那里的生活。

It is said that there is a big difference between the eastern and western culture.

据说东西方文化是有差异的。

If I know nothing, it is easy for me to have culture conflict.

如果我什么都不知道，很容易发生文化冲突。

It will put me into an embarrass place.

这会置我于一个尴尬的地方。

For example, dragon is the leader for all animals and it has holy good meaning in china.

例如，龙是在中国是万兽之王，有着无比神圣的意义。

But it means violence in the western country.

但是在西方国家则是暴力的象征。

I need to learn as much the cultural conflicts as possible to make my oversea life become easier.

我要尽量了解更多的文化冲突，这样我的留学生活才会变得更简单。

Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. This is true even as popular culture that has traditionally been considered Western begins to spread throughout China. Kung Fu, especially, has had a great impact on the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about other aspects of this culture, such as traditional operas like the Beijing and Sichuan ones. Asian nations have long known about the greatness of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are a mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted ideas such as Confucianism is something that continues today even as it is challenged by Pop Culture. This strength comes from the ideas given in the Four Books of Confucianism (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and The Book of Mencius). These books built upon the ideas of an even more ancient period codified in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns such things as Fengshui and other concepts that are uniquely Chinese. China has taken steps to further this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe.

The passage mainly tells us the importance of protecting traditional Chinese culture, which is challenged or facing extinction because of the developing society and changing lifestyle. Besides, China is nationwide sparing no efforts to do it.

The protection of national and folk culture is of great significance to Chinese cultural diversity and also to the harmonious development between local economic and social development. It is reported that the Guangdong government pays special attention to protecting Chaoju(潮剧)， a local drama born in Chaozhou in the eastern Guangdong province.

In my opinion, some measures should be taken to protect traditional culture effectively. To start with, we should make a law to regulate the society’s performance. Besides, we should draw more people’s attention to it, for the more they know about the importance of culture protection, the stronger the support we can get from the public.

In a word, it is high time for us to treasure and develop our own valuable culture.

这段主要告诉我们保护中国传统文化的重要性,这是挑战或面临灭绝,因为发展中社会和改变生活方式。此外,中国全国全力以赴去做。

保护国家和民间文化是中国文化的多样性具有十分重要的意义,也是地方经济和社会发展之间的和谐发展。据报道,广东省政府支付特别注意保护Chaoju(潮剧),一个当地的戏剧在潮州出生在广东省东部。

在我看来,应该采取一些措施来有效地保护传统文化。首先,我们应该做一个法律调节社会的表现。除此之外,我们应该吸引更多的人的关注,因为他们知道关于文化保护的重要性,更强的我们可以从公众的支持。

总之,是时候让我们珍惜和发展我们自己的有价值的文化。

Through I am a Chinese,I have some west country lived in China for many years, from their tone ,I know that there are many cultural difference between West and as difference of dinner manners……In west countries ,when people are having dinner ,if one of them want to go to a or she shoud say”Excuse me ,I want to go to the toilets…”Only in such a way can others think you are of good in the bathroom,you can relieve the bowels, wash you faces, refine the make-up ,pick your teeth and so you finished yourself,you can return to you wonderful dinner can be in China,there are some different of you want to have a bath,you shoud only say”I want to go to washroom”.That just means:I want to go out for a you finished you dinner ,you can also say:”Im full”That means:I am full ,help then ,you can go out to have a rest or just some of the difference of dinner manners in west and in we face it in the future ,don`t forget that!

Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankinds civilization to fill up with wear colourful the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting philosophy.

This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture.

There are many difference between China and America such as in the field of geography ,culture, language ,politics ,economy and education with the development of science and technology .The word get even more smaller ,the communication between them is more frequent . Our country, China absorbs the essence and doesn’t eliminate the bad thing . Because a proverb ever since said when the fresh air come in ,the flies will also accompany it . At times we may not determine our countries’ geography and culture . But the system of politics economy , especially family education can be decided by the individuals . As the main body of the education is parents’ child . Though each parent tries their best and strives to teach their children very well, there are still some problems in it . In order to tackle them, I’ll give some detailed analysis of the difference of family education between China and American.

This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture.

Today, I visited the temple of yue temple with my father, mother, two uncle, two aunt and sister. Many people ah, this is our original traditional dengfeng temple fair, people dare to come here near the temple fair, I with the crowded traffic into the zhongyue temple, I see theres four iron man, tai mountain, west of huashan, mount hengshan, hen, the songshan, there are many buildings, buildings can be spectacular! I was playing with my sister. Zhongyue temple there are lots of little temple, the temple has a monk, in tapping the holding it with a wooden stick or iron bowl, in the way of walking, I said to himself: "great! This is something to write diary finally!" We walked for a long time of the YueMiao unknowingly came to end, I remember zhong miao seems to be at the end of a long, long small channel, where the gods look like grow can be strange! Some even wear tiger leather shoes and tiger skin towel, the appearance is really funny! My sister and I will be laughed and silly! Its a joy. Finally, we came to a very high, very large building, and my sister and I immediately ran up, and we played there for a while, and my parents shouted, "lets go!" "Play again!" We played a while, they waited impatiently, my father came up to urge us to go, we did not go, and also played hide-and-seek with him! Finally, were ready to go! When we got in the car, we went back to our respective homes.

Today, we have fun! Not only play very happy, but also I also know the traditional culture of the temple, I am so happy!

Feng Jicai, born in Tianjin in 1942, is a highly accomplished writer, known for his depictions of intellectuals lives and the historical stories of Tianjin, where he has been living for more than 40 years. In recent years, while serving as executive chairman of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, and chairman of the Tianjin Writers Association, Feng has dedicated most of his time and energy to the preservation of China’s ethnic and folk culture, trying to save the countrys vanishing cultural memories.

Feng frequently published articles in newspapers, explaining his aims and beliefs to the local residents. He wrote, "Cultural relics are dead, but culture is living in the historical buildings. A city without culture is a city without root."

In December 1999, Guyi Street, one of the oldest streets in Tianjin, was in the process of being demolished. On this street, built during the Yuan Dynasty, there were many famous shops, such as Qianxiangyi, Ruifuxiang, Shanxi Guild House, and the General Chamber of Commerce of Tianjin. Again, Feng called for volunteers to record the street on videotapes, and collect oral history from local residents. In February 2000, a set of postcards was published with Guyi Street as the theme, attracting long lines of purchasers. With Fengs efforts, the destruction plan for the street was finally changed, saving some of the buildings there.

Acting on Fengs proposal, a nationwide heritage rescue program launched a general survey of Chinas folk cultures in 2003, aiming to catalog village-level art, songs, legends, dress and folk customs before they die off with their practitioners. A wide range of methods were adopted, including text, audio and video recording as well as photography.

Two severe problems in the rescue program were the lack of cultural workers and funds. Feng sold his own paintings twice to raise funds for the foundation to support the investigation of fine arts folk legacies in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. Besides, he also calls for help from NGOs (非政府组织，非营利性组织) everywhere.

Feng was hired as a consultant of the State Council in 2008 for his outstanding contributions to the work of protecting cultural relics.

China is a cultural ancient country with a long history of more than 5,000 years. Chinas traditional culture is profound and profound, and we can see it everywhere in our life. The four treasures we use, the Chinese medicine we eat, the tea we drink; And the erhu, the flute that we played; The tang suit we wear, the porcelain we use, and so on. Our countrys traditional culture is numerous, can be seen everywhere.

Our country has a variety of traditional festivals, many things have various manners and customs, each place also has local and ethnic characteristics. And I like the traditional Chinese festivals best,

The Spring Festival can be a symbol of the blessings of peace and peace. We can worship relatives who have died in qingming festival. The Dragon Boat Festival can eat sweet and soft glutinous rice dumplings; The Mid-Autumn festival is the day when the whole family is reunited to eat moon cakes and enjoy the moon. The double ninth festival is a good day for climbing high and wearing dogwood... Of all the traditional festivals, I remember the Dragon Boat Festival most.

The Dragon Boat Festival is to commemorate the great patriotic poet qu yuan, the legend qu yuan was insulted by the emperor, who was so sad that he was so sad that he threw himself into the river that night. When the news came, people rushed to the river, and the boat was ready to bring back the body of qu yuan, but it could not be recovered. People are afraid that the body of qu yuan was eaten by fish and shrimp, and they dropped zongzi and made them eat zongzi. From now on, people will call this day Dragon Boat Festival, on this day, every family will make zongzi to eat, to commemorate this great patriotic poet!

Every traditional culture in our country has a historical background or a classic story. The traditional culture in China is very profound and profound.

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