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关于研究简爱的英文论文标题大全

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关于研究简爱的英文论文标题大全

论文选题是按一定价值标准或条件对可供选择的课题进行评价和比较并对研究方向、目标、领域和范围作出抉择的过程,是决定论文内容和价值的关键环节。那英语专业的硕士论文题目有哪些呢?下面我给大家带来2021英语专业的硕士论文题目有哪些,希望能帮助到大家!

英语专业硕士论文题目

1、论 英语阅读 教学对写作的影响及教学启示

2、论英语幽默语言的汉译策略

3、论 英语学习 的情感因素

4、从词汇学的角度论英语新词

5、论英语教学中的积极情感互动

6、论英语 广告 中的语法隐喻

7、论英语教学中高中生跨 文化 意识的培养和跨文化交际能力的提高

8、论英语学习和英语教学中的情感因素

9、论英语背诵教学的有效性

10、论英语教学与英语专业学生的批判性思维

11、论英语专有名词汉译的一般策略

12、论英语新闻中中国特色词汇的英译策略

13、论英语在初级对美汉语教学中的使用

14、论 英语听力 教学中存在的问题及改进的建议

15、论英语新闻标题中语用预设的作用

16、论英语专有名词汉译的一般策略

17、论英语科技论文修辞诉求

18、论英语影视字幕中修辞的汉译

19、论英语课程教材评估

20、论英语双基教学

21、论英语电影的字幕与配音翻译

22、论英语习语及其在中学英语教学中的作用

23、论英语学习和英语教学中的情感因素

24、论英语教学中跨文化交际能力的培养

25、论英语专业学生翻译能力的培养

26、论英语专业学生对外教口语课课堂活动的期望和感知

27、论英语游戏性教学在语文教学中的移用

28、论英语课程的文化品格

29、课程与教学论(英语)专业研究生课程现状调查及策略研究

30、从语域理论角度论英语新闻标题的翻译

31、论英语无灵主语句的汉译

32、论英语在初级对美汉语教学中的使用

33、论英语 句子 平衡及其对翻译的意义

34、论英语阅读教学对写作的影响及教学启示

35、论英语幽默语言的汉译策略

36、论英语 俚语 汉译

37、论英语中情态和否定的相互关系

38、再现幽默——论英语言语幽默另类中译策略

39、从交际翻译和语义翻译的角度论英语新闻标题的翻译

40、论英语 儿童 文学的汉译

41、论英语教学中跨文化交际能力的培养

42、从交际和语义翻译角度论英语新闻导语的汉译

43、论英语缩略词在汉语中应用的原因、价值与策略

44、模因论应用于初三 英语写作 教学的实证研究

45、论英语词汇呈现阶段语义图的构建

46、论英语新闻文体与汉译

47、论英语教学中的自主阅读

48、论英语新闻汉译中影响英语多义词词义确定的因素

49、论英语词汇习得中的文化因素

50、论英语语篇中的词汇搭配

51、论英语的时间系统

52、论英语习语中的语言世界图景

53、论英语例外格标记结构的句法生成

54、论英语习语及其在中学英语教学中的作用

55、论英语教学中跨文化交际能力的培养

56、论英语专业学生翻译能力的培养

57、论英语政治语篇中概念隐喻的应用

58、论英语幽默翻译

59、论英语电视剧字幕中幽默的翻译

60、论 英语口语 体的翻译策略

英语 教育 论文题目

浅探幼儿英语语音教学的有效 方法

粤北地区幼儿英语教育现状及原因分析

一对一数字化环境下的小学低段 英语 故事 阅读教学实践--以牛津英语幼儿故事“Books!”为例

关键期假设视角下的幼儿英语教育目标定位

全语言教学在幼儿英语教学中的应用

河北省幼儿英语师资现状调研及分析

幼儿英语学习的兴趣导向及培养

高校《幼儿英语教育》课程改革探究

民族地区农村幼儿英语教师培养策略研究--以湘西土家族苗族自治州为例

英语儿童绘本译作与中国幼儿文学的语言对比研究

浅谈幼儿英语教学的三个原则

幼儿英语教学之理性思考

中美幼儿英语教育方法的比较分析

父母期待对幼儿英语学习行为的影响分析

幼儿英语教学师资力量与学习效率的关系探讨

浅谈幼儿英语的 教学方法

技能型学前教育专业幼儿英语师资培养研究

大连市幼儿英语教育的现状分析及建议

游戏教学在幼儿英语教学中的应用

探究幼儿英语学习兴趣的培养模式

新课改视野下的幼儿英语教学初探

民办教育培训机构中幼儿英语教育的现状与问题研究--以河南省Z市J区为例

从整合教育的角度分析幼儿学前英语教育

活动教学法与幼儿英语教学的有效整合

校企合作共建区域幼儿英语师资培养机制

根据幼儿心理特点,探析英语教学方法

幼儿英语语音意识发展中教师多元角色的构建

幼儿英语课程改革的探究

幼儿教师英语口语构成研究

游戏教学法在幼儿英语教学中的角色及运用

试谈幼儿英语教学方法

培养幼儿师范学生的英语写作习惯漫谈

英语词汇类APP在幼儿英语学习中的应用研究

浅谈如何激发幼儿 学习英语 的兴趣

幼儿英语教育中的“游戏”教学法研究

现代信息技术在幼儿英语教学中的应用策略

浅谈英语浸入式下幼儿语言的发展

幼儿英语教师教学能力现状及提升途径

浅谈幼儿英语语音意识的培养

幼儿教师英语口语构成研究

幼儿英语课程改革的探究

英语文学论文题目参考

1、《红字》中海丝特白兰不理智的一面(The Irrational Side of Hester Prynne of The Scarlet Letter)

2、《董贝父子》中的矛盾冲突(The Conflict in Donbey and Son)

3、论文化不同 对联 想意义及翻译的影响(On Influence of Cultural Differences on Associative Meanings and Translation)

4、美国教育的衰弱(The Drop of American Education)

5、世纪欧洲移民对美国工业化的积极影响(The Positive Impacts of European Immigration on American Industrialization in theth Century)

6、朱丽叶之人物分析(Character Studies in Juliet)

7、主述理论在文学中的运用(The Application of the Thematic Theory in Literature)

8、语用学中的会话含义理论(Conversational Implicature Theory in Pragmatics)

9、英语语音简析及对提高初学者口语的指导(A Brief Analysis of English Phonetics as well as a Guide to Improve Learners’ Oral English)

10、比较两种对于哈姆雷特复仇的评论(Comparison on Two Kinds of Comments on Hamlet’s Revenge)

11、英语语言中的性别歧视 (Sexism in English Language)

12、英语的学与教 (English Learning and Teaching)

13、由美国年总统选举所想到的 (More than Presidential Election)

14、论腐朽世界中的纯洁品质——关于《雾都孤儿》的赏析 (The Purity in a Corrupt World—An Analysis of Oliver Twister)

15、论理智与情感之关系——对《理智与情感》的人物分析

16、入世对中国银行业的挑战 (Challenges on Chinese Banking Sector after Entering the WTO)

17、西进运动对美国的影响 (The Influences of Westward Movement on America)

18、史蒂芬?克拉申的听读假设和二语习得 (Stephen Krashen’s Input Hypothesis and Second Language Acquisition)

19、艾?巴?辛格——犹太文化的守护者 (LBSinger—the Patron of Jewish Civilization)

20、二十世纪年代美国妇女运动的派别 (The Politics of American Women’s Movement in the’s)

21、论《红字》的模糊性 (Ambiguity in The Scarlet Letter)

22、《嘉莉姐妹》中无心的欲望 (The Limitless Desires in Sister Carrie)

23、英语广告语言修辞特点 (Rhetorical Features in Advertising English)

24、《儿子与情人》中的恋母情结 (Pau Morel’s Oedipus Complex in Sons and Lovers)

25、造成苔丝悲剧命运的原因 (The Reasons for Tess’s Tragic Fate)

26、论恐怖主义的根源 (On the Root of Terrorism)

27、中印关系新纪元 (: A New Era of Sino-India Relationship)

28、希兹克利夫的复仇 (The Revenge of Heathcliff)

29、弗洛伊德理论对美国现代文学的影响 (The Influence of Freudian Theory on Modern American Literature)

30、论萨姆一家人之“变形” (The Etamoephosis of the Samsas)

31、亚伯拉罕林肯的民主思想初探 (A Preliminary Research on Abraham Lincoln’s Thought of Democracy)

32、评析《傲慢与偏见》的男主人公达西 (MrDarcy in Pride and Prejudice)

33、《简爱》的圣经 情书 (The Relationship Between Jane Eyre and the Bible)

34、库区三角浮出水面——万州、开县、云阳经济宏图 (The Triangle of Reservoir Region Is Surfacing—Wanzhou, Kaixian and Yunyang Open a Great Diagram of Economy)

35、会话中的合作原则和礼貌原则 (Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle in Conversation)

36、浅析海明威笔下圣地亚哥与 其它 主人公之异同 (Analysis of the Similarities and Differences Between Santiago and Other Heroes by Hemingway)

37、对嘉尔曼的偏见 (The Prejudice Against Carmen)

38、简爱——关于简爱的性格评论 (Jane Eyre—A Review of Jane Eyre’s Character in Jane Eyre)

39、《呼啸山庄》中凯瑟琳和希斯克力夫之间的苦痛恋情 (The Suffering Love Between Catherine and Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights)

40、简评妥协——研究《傲慢与偏见》(A Brief Comment on the Compromise—A Study of Pride and Prejudice)

41、《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻面面观 (Analysis of the Marriages in Pride and Prejudice)

42、试论简奥斯汀生活对其小说的影响 (On the Impact of Jane Austen’s Life on Her Novels)

43、“真实的诺言”与 传统文化 的碰撞——简析“真人秀”的实质和本地化过程 (When True Lies Challenge Tradition—An Analysis of the Reality and Localization of Reality TV)

44、从台湾问题看中美关系 (The Sino-US Relation—The Taiwan Issue)

45、《傲慢与偏见》的生命力 (The Great Vitality of Pride and Prejudice)

46、平凡中的不平凡——《傲慢与偏见》(Significance in Commonplace—Pride and Prejudice)

47、萨皮尔沃夫理论 (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)

48、论格里高尔的悲剧 (An Analysis of Gregor’s Tragedy)

49、对大学生心理健康问题予更多关注 (More Attention to the Psychological Health of College Students)

50、文体学: 语言学习的科学 (Stylistics: A Scientific Approach)

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没有时间帮你写,只好找了一些资料。你看看。这个是关于简爱的基本人物分析Jane EyreThe development of Jane Eyre’s character is central to the novel. From the beginning, Jane possesses a sense of her self-worth and dignity, a commitment to justice and principle, a trust in God, and a passionate disposition. Her integrity is continually tested over the course of the novel, and Jane must learn to balance the frequently conflicting aspects of herself so as to find orphan since early childhood, Jane feels exiled and ostracized at the beginning of the novel, and the cruel treatment she receives from her Aunt Reed and her cousins only exacerbates her feeling of alienation. Afraid that she will never find a true sense of home or community, Jane feels the need to belong somewhere, to find “kin,” or at least “kindred spirits.” This desire tempers her equally intense need for autonomy and her search for freedom, Jane also struggles with the question of what type of freedom she wants. While Rochester initially offers Jane a chance to liberate her passions, Jane comes to realize that such freedom could also mean enslavement—by living as Rochester’s mistress, she would be sacrificing her dignity and integrity for the sake of her feelings. St. John Rivers offers Jane another kind of freedom: the freedom to act unreservedly on her principles. He opens to Jane the possibility of exercising her talents fully by working and living with him in India. Jane eventually realizes, though, that this freedom would also constitute a form of imprisonment, because she would be forced to keep her true feelings and her true passions always in Brontë may have created the character of Jane Eyre as a means of coming to terms with elements of her own life. Much evidence suggests that Brontë, too, struggled to find a balance between love and freedom and to find others who understood her. At many points in the book, Jane voices the author’s then-radical opinions on religion, social class, and gender.关于主题的分析:Love Versus Autonomy (爱与独立)Jane Eyre is very much the story of a quest to be loved. Jane searches, not just for romantic love, but also for a sense of being valued, of belonging. Thus Jane says to Helen Burns: “to gain some real affection from you, or Miss Temple, or any other whom I truly love, I would willingly submit to have the bone of my arm broken, or to let a bull toss me, or to stand behind a kicking horse, and let it dash its hoof at my chest” (Chapter 8). Yet, over the course of the book, Jane must learn how to gain love without sacrificing and harming herself in the fear of losing her autonomy motivates her refusal of Rochester’s marriage proposal. Jane believes that “marrying” Rochester while he remains legally tied to Bertha would mean rendering herself a mistress and sacrificing her own integrity for the sake of emotional gratification. On the other hand, her life at Moor House tests her in the opposite manner. There, she enjoys economic independence and engages in worthwhile and useful work, teaching the poor; yet she lacks emotional sustenance. Although St. John proposes marriage, offering her a partnership built around a common purpose, Jane knows their marriage would remain , the events of Jane’s stay at Moor House are necessary tests of Jane’s autonomy. Only after proving her self-sufficiency to herself can she marry Rochester and not be asymmetrically dependent upon him as her “master.” The marriage can be one between equals. As Jane says: “I am my husband’s life as fully as he is mine. . . . To be together is for us to be at once as free as in solitude, as gay as in company. . . . We are precisely suited in character—perfect concord is the result” (Chapter 38).Social Class(社会阶级)Jane Eyre is critical of Victorian England’s strict social hierarchy. Brontë’s exploration of the complicated social position of governesses is perhaps the novel’s most important treatment of this theme. Like Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights, Jane is a figure of ambiguous class standing and, consequently, a source of extreme tension for the characters around her. Jane’s manners, sophistication, and education are those of an aristocrat, because Victorian governesses, who tutored children in etiquette as well as academics, were expected to possess the “culture” of the aristocracy. Yet, as paid employees, they were more or less treated as servants; thus, Jane remains penniless and powerless while at Thornfield. Jane’s understanding of the double standard crystallizes when she becomes aware of her feelings for Rochester; she is his intellectual, but not his social, equal. Even before the crisis surrounding Bertha Mason, Jane is hesitant to marry Rochester because she senses that she would feel indebted to him for “condescending” to marry her. Jane’s distress, which appears most strongly in Chapter 17, seems to be Brontë’s critique of Victorian class herself speaks out against class prejudice at certain moments in the book. For example, in Chapter 23 she chastises Rochester: “Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!—I have as much soul as you—and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you.” However, it is also important to note that nowhere in Jane Eyre are society’s boundaries bent. Ultimately, Jane is only able to marry Rochester as his equal because she has almost magically come into her own inheritance from her uncle.希望你能找到有意义的部分来完成你的论文。

简爱人物性格解析/ 浅议简爱中的人物性格。 翻译成相应的英文即可

Jane EyreThe development of Jane Eyre’s character is central to the novel. From the beginning, Jane possesses a sense of her self-worth and dignity, a commitment to justice and principle, a trust in God, and a passionate disposition. Her integrity is continually tested over the course of the novel, and Jane must learn to balance the frequently conflicting aspects of herself so as to find here to find out more!An orphan since early childhood, Jane feels exiled and ostracized at the beginning of the novel, and the cruel treatment she receives from her Aunt Reed and her cousins only exacerbates her feeling of alienation. Afraid that she will never find a true sense of home or community, Jane feels the need to belong somewhere, to find “kin,” or at least “kindred spirits.” This desire tempers her equally intense need for autonomy and her search for freedom, Jane also struggles with the question of what type of freedom she wants. While Rochester initially offers Jane a chance to liberate her passions, Jane comes to realize that such freedom could also mean enslavement—by living as Rochester’s mistress, she would be sacrificing her dignity and integrity for the sake of her feelings. St. John Rivers offers Jane another kind of freedom: the freedom to act unreservedly on her principles. He opens to Jane the possibility of exercising her talents fully by working and living with him in India. Jane eventually realizes, though, that this freedom would also constitute a form of imprisonment, because she would be forced to keep her true feelings and her true passions always in Brontë may have created the character of Jane Eyre as a means of coming to terms with elements of her own life. Much evidence suggests that Brontë, too, struggled to find a balance between love and freedom and to find others who understood her. At many points in the book, Jane voices the author’s then-radical opinions on religion, social class, and RochesterDespite his stern manner and not particularly handsome appearance, Edward Rochester wins Jane’s heart, because she feels they are kindred spirits, and because he is the first person in the novel to offer Jane lasting love and a real home. Although Rochester is Jane’s social and economic superior, and although men were widely considered to be naturally superior to women in the Victorian period, Jane is Rochester’s intellectual equal. Moreover, after their marriage is interrupted by the disclosure that Rochester is already married to Bertha Mason, Jane is proven to be Rochester’s moral regrets his former libertinism and lustfulness; nevertheless, he has proven himself to be weaker in many ways than Jane. Jane feels that living with Rochester as his mistress would mean the loss of her dignity. Ultimately, she would become degraded and dependent upon Rochester for love, while unprotected by any true marriage bond. Jane will only enter into marriage with Rochester after she has gained a fortune and a family, and after she has been on the verge of abandoning passion altogether. She waits until she is not unduly influenced by her own poverty, loneliness, psychological vulnerability, or passion. Additionally, because Rochester has been blinded by the fire and has lost his manor house at the end of the novel, he has become weaker while Jane has grown in strength—Jane claims that they are equals, but the marriage dynamic has actually tipped in her . John RiversClick here to find out more!St. John Rivers is a foil to Edward Rochester. Whereas Rochester is passionate, St. John is austere and ambitious. Jane often describes Rochester’s eyes as flashing and flaming, whereas she constantly associates St. John with rock, ice, and snow. Marriage with Rochester represents the abandonment of principle for the consummation of passion, but marriage to St. John would mean sacrificing passion for principle. When he invites her to come to India with him as a missionary, St. John offers Jane the chance to make a more meaningful contribution to society than she would as a housewife. At the same time, life with St. John would mean life without true love, in which Jane’s need for spiritual solace would be filled only by retreat into the recesses of her own soul. Independence would be accompanied by loneliness, and joining St. John would require Jane to neglect her own legitimate needs for love and emotional support. Her consideration of St. John’s proposal leads Jane to understand that, paradoxically, a large part of one’s personal freedom is found in a relationship of mutual emotional BurnsHelen Burns, Jane’s friend at Lowood School, serves as a foil to Mr. Brocklehurst as well as to Jane. While Mr. Brocklehurst embodies an evangelical form of religion that seeks to strip others of their excessive pride or of their ability to take pleasure in worldly things, Helen represents a mode of Christianity that stresses tolerance and acceptance. Brocklehurst uses religion to gain power and to control others; Helen ascetically trusts her own faith and turns the other cheek to Lowood’s harsh Helen manifests a certain strength and intellectual maturity, her efforts involve self-negation rather than self-assertion, and Helen’s submissive and ascetic nature highlights Jane’s more headstrong character. Like Jane, Helen is an orphan who longs for a home, but Helen believes that she will find this home in Heaven rather than Northern England. And while Helen is not oblivious to the injustices the girls suffer at Lowood, she believes that justice will be found in God’s ultimate judgment—God will reward the good and punish the evil. Jane, on the other hand, is unable to have such blind faith. Her quest is for love and happiness in this world. Nevertheless, she counts on God for support and guidance in her search.我给你写了真么多,一定要给我加悬赏金 我在此谈谈读巨著《简爱》的读后感,当我合上简爱这本书之后,我深深的被Jane Erye(简爱)所打动,她是如此善良而优秀的女人。Eyre夫人有一颗金子般的心。她真爱着她身旁的每个人,并且真诚的给予他们帮助,她自重,并且做每件事都很优秀,我非常喜欢她。她不仅仅是我的老师还是我的挚友,每当我迷惘的时候,我就会想到她,想到她如果是此时的我将会怎么做,为什么不去读我的朋友《简爱》! Let me tell what I feel after reading the great work Jane was really move by Jane Erye after closing the a kind and good woman!Mrs Eyre had a heart of really loved everyone around her,and gave others help sincerely(真诚地).She respected(尊重) herself and did her best to do really love are both a great teacher and a good friend of when I am confuse(迷惑的),I will think of will imagine what will she do if she is not read Jane Erye my friends!小说设计了一个很光明的结尾.罗彻斯特的庄园毁了,他本人也成了一个残废..在这样的情况下,简爱不再在尊严和爱之间矛盾.而同时获得满足-------她和罗彻斯特的结婚是有尊严的,同时也是有爱的. 小说告诉我们,人们最美好的生活就是尊严加爱.小说的结局按排的这是这样一种生活.虽然我觉得这样的结局过于完美,这样的完美有点浮浅..但我依然尊重作者对这种生活的美好理想.就是-------尊严加爱/ The novel tells us that the best people to increase the dignity of life is love. Novels by the end of the row that this is such a life. Although I think this kind of outcome is too perfect, so perfect .. a little superficial, but I still respect this author The ideal of a better kind of life. ------- Is to increase the dignity of love / In modern society, few people will like Jane Eyre, for the love for the character and abandon all, and without looking back.'s Whole-hearted pursuit of pay, and pure like a glass of ice water ....... Jane eyreEnglish: Jane eyre is a novel color autobiography, it explains the theme: people's value = dignity + . Love living in a parents, sponsor, grew up under the environment of treatment with peers, aunt abandon, cousin contempt, cousin insults and beating of a child... this is the dignity of the ruthless trample, but perhaps because it all, Jane. Love and faith of infinite indomitable spirit, a kind of inner personality can rochester, she never because he is a teacher and the family status meanness, but that they feel inferior is equal. Should not because she is a servant, but not respected by others. Also because of her integrity, noble and pure heart, no pollution, secular society for the shock, and rochester her as a spiritual and equality in the conversation, and slowly and deeply in love with eyre itself to us is a kind of simplified, is a fanpiaoguizhen, is a kind of pursuit of whole heart feeling, is a kind of simplified feelings and neglected, it is like a cup of water, purify every reader's heart, also cause readers, especially female readers简爱》 中文:《简爱》是一部带有自传色彩的长篇小说,它阐释了这样一个主题:人的价值=尊严+爱。 简。爱生存在一个父母双亡,寄人篱下的环境,从小就承受着与同龄人不一样的待遇,姨妈的嫌弃,表姐的蔑视,表哥的侮辱和毒打……这是对一个孩子的尊严的无情践踏,但也许正是因为这一切,换回了简。爱无限的信心和坚强不屈的精神,一种可战胜的内在人格力量。 在罗切斯特的面前,她从不因为自己是一个地位低贱的家庭教师而感到自卑,反而认为他们是平等的。不应该因为她是仆人,而不能受到别人的尊重。也正因为她的正直,高尚,纯洁,心灵没有受到世俗社会的污染,使得罗切斯特为之震撼,并把她看做了一个可以和自己在精神上平等交谈的人,并且慢慢地深深爱上了她。《简爱》所展现给我们的正是一种化繁为简,是一种返朴归真,是一种追求全心付出的感觉,是一种不计得失的简化的感情,它犹如一杯冰水,净化每一个读者的心灵,同时引起读者,特别是女性读者的共鸣。

关于爱国论文题目大全

爱国主义相关题目如下:

1、永远跟着党

2、那永远都是一面旗帜

3、寻找心中的亮点

4、党在我心中

5、永远的时尚

6、成长中的党

7、党在我心中

8、我的入党情结

9、我心中的党

10、以实际行动向党交上一份完满的答卷

11、我身边的共产党员

12、党在我心中

13、红色的信念

14、党旗飘飘

1、我爱祖国的蓝天

2、我爱你祖国

3、爱国随想曲

4、爱国不是空话

5、祖国在我心中

例文:

“以热爱祖国为荣,以危害祖国为耻。”这是胡锦涛主席提出的“八荣八耻”中的第一句,的确,热爱自己的祖国很光荣,古往今来,就有很多这样的事例。

如三国时期袁尚的部下审配,在将被曹操斩首时,刽子手让他面向南方,审配悲愤的说:“吾主在北,不可使我面南而死。”说着向北跪下,引颈就刃,连曹操都感叹:“河北义士,何其之多,可惜袁氏不能善用矣!”

又如宋末的文天祥,被元军俘虏在狱中长达三年之久,仍不投降,并在狱中写下了著名的《过零丁洋》,最后一句“人生自古谁无死,留取丹心照汗青。”

激励着、感动着一代又一代的人;还有当代的董存瑞,他为了部队的胜利,为了不让更多的战友牺牲,毅然冲到了阻碍队伍前进的桥型碉堡下,左手举炸药包,右手拉燃导火索,大喊:“为了新中国,冲啊!”用自己的生命换来了部队的胜利!

可是,爱国就只是为国捐躯、精忠报国吗?当然不是,现在是和平年代,没有战争,那么爱国又体现在什么地方呢?

一次,我正在外面玩,突然,一阵熟悉的声音传来:“起来,不愿做奴隶的人们……”咦,是谁在唱国歌呀?我继续听了下去:“把我们的血肉筑成我们旧的长城!中华民族到了最安全的时候……”啊?国歌怎么会是这样的?他在那里胡改国歌?真是个不爱国的家伙!

我正想去批评他,可是他是个中学生!我犹豫了,去吧,可能反被他骂一顿;不去吧,内心又觉得愧疚。正在我犹豫不决的时候,一名胸前飘扬着红领巾的低年级小学生走到了那位中学生面前,先敬了一个队礼。

接着说:“你好,哥哥,国歌是不能随便乱改的!”那个中学生一颤,连忙说:“哦,谢谢你提醒我!是我不对!”说着,他涨红了脸,走开了。

又有一次,在少年宫里,老师让我们随意作画,有一个同学画了一面国旗,上面有六颗星星,他旁边的同学严肃地对他说:“嗨,你不能这么画!”“我知道,我故意画出六个星星的!”那个画国旗的同学不以为然。

“不行不行!国旗只有五颗星星,你不能画六颗星星!国旗是祖国的象征,代表着祖国的尊严!你不能乱改!”“这……”画国旗的同学有点语塞了,接着,他擦掉了多出的一颗星星,举起来向大家看,说:“对,这才是国旗!国旗是不能乱改的!”

由此可见,爱国不仅仅是为国捐躯、精忠报国。在身边的一些小事中,只要有着一颗热爱祖国的心,同样可以维护祖国的尊严,为祖国做力所能及的事情。

因此,我可以说:爱国,不难;爱国,你能做到,我能做到;爱国,大人能做到,小学生也能做到;爱国,是我们每一个人应尽的责任,我们每一个人都能做到!

什么是真正的中国人?我们现在已经知道,真正的中国人就是有着赤子之心和成年人的智慧、过着心灵生活的这样一种人。简言之,真正的中国人有着童子之心和成年人的智慧。中国人的精神是一种永葆青春的精神,是不朽的民族魂。 中国文明是一种真正的道德文明。它不仅首先公认一种道德责任感,将它作为社会秩序的基础,而且其次还使人们能够完满地获得这种道德责任感。在中国,教育方式、统治方式和所有的社会制度都为这一目标服务,即致力于培养人们具有道德责任感。所有的见习、个人生活的追求等无不被鼓励和设计以服务于人们容易服从这种道德责任感。 中国人的精神(节选) 我曾听一位外国朋友这样说过:作为外国人,在日本居住的时间越长,就越发讨 厌日本人。相反,在中国居住的时间越长,就越发喜欢中国人。这位外国友人曾久居 日本和中国。我不知道这样评价日本人是否合适,但我相信在中国生活过的诸位都会 同意上述对中国人的判断。一个外国人在中国居住的时间越久,就越喜欢中国人,这 已是众所周知的事实。中国人身上有种难以形容的东西。尽管他们缺乏卫生习惯,生 活不甚讲究;尽管他们的思想和性格有许多缺点,但仍然赢得了外国人的喜爱,而这 种喜爱是其他任何民族所无法得到的。我已经把这种难以形容的东西概括为温良。如 果我不为这种温良正名的话,那么在外国人的心中它就可能被误认为中国人体质和道 德上的缺陷——温顺和懦弱。这里再次提到的温良,就是我曾经提示过的一种源于同 情心或真正的人类的智慧的温良——既不是源于推理,也非产自本能,而是源于同情 心——来源于同情的力量。那么,中国人又是如何具备了这种同情的力量的呢? 我在这里冒昧给诸位一个解答——或者是一个假设。诸位愿意的话,也许可以将 其视为中国人具有同情力量的秘密所在。中国人之所以有这种力量、这种强大的同情 的力量,是因为他们完全地或几乎完全地过着一种心灵的生活。中国人的全部生活是 一种情感的生活——这种情感既不来源于感官直觉意义上的那种情感,也不是来源于 你们所说的神经系统奔腾的情欲那种意义上的情感,而是一种产生于我们人性的深处 ——心灵的激情或人类之爱的那种意义上的情感。 下面让我们看看中国人是否过着一种心灵的生活。对此,我们可以用中国人实际 生活中表现出的一般特徵,来加以说明。 首先,我们来谈谈中国的语言。中国的语言也是一种心灵的语言。一个很明显的 事实就是:那些生活在中国的外国人,其儿童和未受教育者学习中文比成年人和受过 教育者要容易得多。原因在于儿童和未受教育者是用心灵来思考和使用语言。相反, 受过教育者,特别是受过理性教育的现代欧洲人,他们是用大脑和智慧来思考和使用 语言的。有一种关于极乐世界的说法也同样适用于对中国语言的学习:除非你变成一 个孩子,否则你就难以学会它。 其次,我们再指出一个众所周知的中国人日常生活中的事实。中国人具有惊人的 记忆力,其秘密何在?就在于中国人是用心而非脑去记忆。用具同情力量的心灵记事 ,比用头脑或智力要好得多,后者是枯燥乏味的。举例来说,我们当中的绝大多数儿 童时代的记忆力要强过成年后的记忆力。因为儿童就象中国人一样,是用心而非用脑 去记忆。 接下来的例子,依旧是体现在中国人日常生活中,并得到大家承认的一个事实— —中国人的礼貌。中国一向被视为礼仪之邦,那么其礼貌的本质是什么呢?这就是体 谅、照顾他人的感情。中国人有礼貌是因为他们过着一种心灵的生活。他们完全了解 自己的这份情感,很容易将心比心推己及人,显示出体谅、照顾他人情感的特徵。中 国人的礼貌虽然不象日本人的那样繁杂,但它是令人愉快的。相反,日本人的礼貌则 是繁杂而令人不快的。我已经听到了一些外国人的抱怨。折衷礼貌或许应该被称为排 练式的礼貌——如剧院排戏一样,需要死记硬背。它不是发自内心、出于自然的礼貌 。事实上,日本人的礼貌是一朵没有芳香的花,而真正的中国人的礼貌则是发自内心 、充满了一种类似于名贵香水般奇异的芳香。 我们举的中国人特性的最后一例,是其缺乏精确的习惯。这是由亚瑟·史密斯提 出并使之得以扬名的一个观点。那么中国人缺少精确性的原因又何在呢?我说依然是 因为他们过着一种心灵的生活。心灵是纤细而敏感的,它不象头脑或智慧那样僵硬、 刻板。实际上,中国人的毛笔或许可以视为中国人精神的象征。用毛笔书写绘画非常 困难,好像也难以准确,但是一旦掌握了它,你就能够得心应手,创造出美妙优雅的 书画来,而用西方坚硬的钢笔是无法获得这种效果的。 正是因为中国人过着一种心灵的生活,一种像孩子的生活,所以使得他们在许多 方面还显得有些幼稚。这是一个很明显的事实,即作为一个有着那么悠久历史的伟大 民族,中国人竟然在许多方面至今仍表现得那样幼稚。这使得一些浅薄的留学中国的 外国留学生认为中国人未能使文明得到发展,中国文明是一个停滞的文明。必须承认 ,就中国人的智力发展而言,在一定程度上被人为地限制了。众所周知,在有些领域 中国人只取得很少甚至根本没有什么进步。这不仅有自然科学方面的,也有纯粹抽象 科学方面的,诸如科学、逻辑学。实际上欧洲语言中"科学"与"逻辑"二词,是无 法在中文中找到完全对等的词加以表达的。 象儿童一样过着心灵生活的中国人,对抽象的科学没有丝毫兴趣,因为在这方面 心灵和情感无计可施。事实上,每一件无需心灵与情感参与的事,诸如统计表一类的 工作,都会引起中国人的反感。如果说统计图表和抽象科学只引起了中国人的反感, 那么欧洲人现在所从事的所谓科学研究,那种为了证明一种科学理论而不惜去摧残 肢解生体的所谓科学,则使中国人感到恐惧并遭到了他们的抑制。 实际上,我在这里要指出的是:中国人最美妙的特质并非他们过着一种心灵的生 活。所有处于初级阶段的民族都过着一种心灵的生活。正如我们都知道的一样,欧洲 中世纪的基督教徒们也同样过着一种心灵的生活。马太·阿诺德就说过:"中世纪的 基督教世人就是靠心灵和想象来生活的。"中国人最优秀的特质是当他们过着心灵的 生活,象孩子一样生活时,却具有为中世纪基督教徒或其他任何处于初级阶段的民族 所没有的思想与理性的力量。换句话说,中国人最美妙的特质是:作为一个有悠久历 史的民族,它既有成年人的智慧,又能够过着孩子般的生活——一种心灵的生活。 因此,我们与其说中国人的发展受到了一些阻碍,不如说她是一个永远不衰老的 民族。简言之,作为一个民族,中国人最美妙的特质就在于他们拥有了永葆青春的秘 密。 现在我们可以回答最初提出的问题了——什么是真正的中国人?我们现在已经知 道,真正的中国人就是有着赤字之心和成年人的智慧、过着心灵生活的这样一种人。 简言之,真正的中国人有着童子之心和成年人的智慧。中国人的精神是一种永葆青春 的精神,是不朽的民族魂。中国人永远年轻的秘密又何在呢?诸位一定记得我曾经说 过:是同情或真正的人类的智能造就了中国式的人之类型,从而形成了真正的中国人 那种难以言表的温良。这种真正的人类的智能,是同情与智能的有机结合,它使人的 心与脑得以调和。总之,它是心灵与理智的和谐。如果说中华民族之精神是一种青春 永葆的精神,是不朽的民族魂,那么,民族精神不朽的秘密就是中国人心灵与理智的完美谐和。清晨绿色的阳光透过温柔的叶子洒向大地,年轮中曾经青涩的时光向未来讲述着美丽的传说。2008,一个再普通不过的数字,但是,一提到它,会让多少中国人热血沸腾!一个数字怎么会有如此大的魔力?答案是简单而神圣的,在这一年里,北京将举办第29届奥林匹克运动会,那时,世界的目光将齐聚北京,而北京,也将以主人的身份,展现她最美丽的风采! 2008,北京的奥运将是一届绿色的奥运、科技的奥运、人文的奥运。 然而,要实现这一目标,我们要做的事情还很多。作为一名中国的小学生,我们有责任,也更有义务积极地为奥运做准备,中国是礼仪之邦,我们一定从自身做起,作推行礼仪的典范。 礼仪是无处不在的,它可以表现出一个人的道德修养,可以增进人与人之间的友谊,它的作用太多了。 那么怎样才能使小学生礼仪洋溢在美丽的校园呢?首先我们小学生要着装得体,即体现出新世纪学生篷勃向上的风采,又要符合学生身份。 每天的升旗仪式,最为庄严。这凝聚了文明与热血的国旗,在礼仪的包围中会更显得鲜艳。此时此刻,国旗下的我们要严肃认真、精神饱满、高唱国歌。其次,课堂礼仪直接关系着一个班的荣誉与凝聚力,体现这个班的班风班貌。上课时认真听讲,不要有小动作,举手回答问题。再次,校园礼仪体现的是一个学校的文明程度。不随地吐痰、不乱扔纸屑,上下楼梯一律右行,见到老师和客人要用普通话主动问好,服从老师管理;讲文明、讲卫生,爱护花草树木,不穿越绿化带;得到帮助,应主动诚恳地说谢谢;互相理解、宽以待人,同学之间如果有矛盾,多进行自我反省,多说对不起;培养协作精神,使班级更团结、同学间的友谊更深厚。 在这全中国都在迎奥运的时刻,我们将挑起传承礼仪的使命,无愧于未来,无愧这培育我们的美丽校园。为迎接2008北京奥运做一个文明礼仪的好学生!

材料一:春秋时期,秦穆公秘密派兵偷袭郑国,这时,郑国有个名叫弦高的商人,正要到京城洛阳去做买卖。这一天,在途中遇见了匆匆东进的秦军,他一看便知是怎么回事了,急中生智,当即非常镇静地拿出4张熟牛皮,加上12头牛,假托代表郑国慰劳秦军,并且说:“敝国国君听说你们大军到来,十分欢迎。献给你们这一点点东西,略表心意。”弦高一面应付秦军,一面派人赶快向郑国国君报告。秦国将领知道郑国以有了准备,不可能偷袭了,也就停止东进,俏然回国。郑国人才避免了一场灾难,他们奔走相告,说:“弦高真是爱国的商人哪!”材料二:中国共产党高举爱国主义旗帜,在历史上写下了爱国主义的英雄诗篇。方志敏烈士在监牢里写下了《可爱的中国》;杨靖宇将军牺牲后胃里全是草根、树皮;烈士林觉民为了人民解放,牺牲了自己的一切。他们所表现出来的爱国主义精神,是真正的中华魂。材料三:1848年夏天,朱自清先生得了严重的胃病,家贫无钱医治。一天,吴含拿着“抗议美国扶日政策并拒绝领美援面粉”的宣言书来让朱自清签名,朱自清说:“宁贫病而死,也不领取这份侮辱性的施舍!”随即在宣言书上一丝不苟地签上了名字。吴含走后,朱自清在《日记》中写道:“此事每月须损失600万法币,影响家中甚大,但余决定签名,因余等既反美抗日,自应直接由己身做起。”是年8月12日,朱先生终因贫困,在北平逝世。材料四:在法国居里夫人进修的中国科学院长长春物理研究所的张新夷,通过了博士了论文答辩,获得了物理博士学位。他的论文先后在比利时、日本和德国举行的国际物理学术会议上宣读,还分别刊登在上述国家的科技刊物上。他在论文首页端端正正地写到:“献给我的祖国”六个大字。有西方留学生问他:“你头脑里是否真的只想着祖国?”张新夷回答说:“祖国长在我的心里。”打字员小姐问他的论文首页上为什么不写成“献给我的妻子”时,他笑着回答说:“祖国就是我的一切,她包括我所有的亲人!”材料五:1830年,波兰音乐家肖邦,为了替祖国争光,决定到外国深造。临行时,他满怀感激之情接受了朋友们赠送的满装着祖国泥土的银杯。他辗转到了维也纳、伦敦、巴黎等地,通过他的艺术,增进了西欧人民对当时正在受难的波兰民族的同情和了解。可是,在不安定的生活里,他得了重病。1849年,他的姐姐从华沙赶来,陪着他度过了他生命中的最后几天。临终前,他告诉姐姐,波兰发动政府是不会允许把他的遗体运回华沙的,他要求“至少把我的心脏带回去。”他的心脏按照他的遗愿被送到华沙。它象征这个肖邦对祖国的强烈的爱。材料六:在哈尔滨师大生申请去新疆工作的报告上,一位名叫李光武的毕业生写到:“给我一根时代的纤绳吧,中国的大车,我们拉!”论题提炼参考示例从上述论据中可提炼出下列论题1、爱国不分尊卑2、肖邦的心脏——爱国的写照3、可贵的商人——弦高4、爱国主义精神——真正的中华魂5、祖国就是我们的一切6、中国的大车——我们拉运用成败例评中国的大车,我们拉!史育龙“在暴风雨过后泥泞的道路上,中国这辆大车又开始前进了。有些人坐在车上抱怨车速太慢。我只想说:‘给我一根时代的纤绳吧,中国发大车,我们拉!’”这句话,是哈尔滨师范大学毕业生李光武在申请去新疆工作的报告上写的。他说得多好啊!“……中国的大车,我们拉!”反复回味咏诵他发自肺腑的话语,深感字字如雷,掷地有声。事实何尝不是如此呢?历尽千难万险、十年浩劫之后,中国这辆大车又开始前进了。暴风雨后坎坷的道路愈显得艰难,此时此刻,那些只会坐 ...

全英文论文范文简爱

夏洛蒂·勃朗特写的《简·爱》是我最喜欢的一本书,书中的主人公简·爱有着一颗坚强高尚的.心灵,她那顽强的精神常常地打动了我。以下我为大家整理了简爱英文读后感范文650字,欢迎阅读。

Recently, I have reading the book "Jane Eyre”。 Although I forgot some details in the book, Jane gave me deeply impression, I admire her very much. After that the teacher also told us to put the play in to a movie, and then we all can touch each hero’s soul in the book. The play it mainly tell us how Jane is growing up when suffering from great difficulties and painless. whats more, it is impressed me that she still love her master even if he is blind at last due to rescue his mad wife. And I like the Classic lines what Jane said to Mr. Rochester :"Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton?a machine without feelings? and can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my cup?

Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!I have as much soul as you,and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at Gods feet, equal,as we are!" its so beautiful, Jane is a girl who will never lose confidence in life and always sensible when handling with some motional problems. Jane was huge in my heart. She can control her life and fate. She knew how to continue her life and she got it!

Maybe after what she told me I have known that what love is and how to love and to be loved! The book is a book worth of reading, so all in all let’s enjoy it!

Jane Eyre from parents, depend on others, suffering from bullying. Later, she went to the orphanage, a friend did not, the dean is very bad, she let Jane love to wipe the table, mopping the floor, a little touched, she will call Jane eyre. Jane Eyre suffered all kinds of hardships. Jane later became a good friend with a little girl named Helen, but a few years later, Helen died of a fatal illness. Jane was very sad and she had no friends.

In this way, Jane Eyre grew up in solitude. She was poor, short, and not very impressive, but with a strong, noble heart, she was proud of herself and became a tutor. The owner of the family was very gentle and he was so kind to Jane that they soon fell in love with each other. However, when they really loved each other, Jane found the owner and wife, Jane Eyre unwilling to become a mistress, she left sadly. Later, the host was killed in the fire because his mad wife set fire to the manor, and his master was blind as a result. When the host was desperate and lonely, Jane Eyre returned to the host's side. After all the hardships, they finally won the most sincere and precious love.

How can you see the rainbow without the wind and rain? This is a true portrayal of Jane eyre. She has gone through ups and downs, and finally won the most sincere love. The book has a striking contrast between the beginning and the end of the book, and highlights the point that if you put in effort and sweat, there will always be good results. From a little girl to a slim girl, Jane Eyre, the only constant is good, strong and confident. She takes a heart Gao Jie, maintaining self-esteem of female image, loved by readers, which is one of the reasons for this book for one hundred years the unfailing.

In life, many people like Jane as love, they have suffered enough, with a good heart to win the trust of others, and thus bear the sweet fruit. Life need to pay, the world is willing to sincere, kind-hearted people begetsgood.

《简爱》是一本具有多年历史的文学著作。至今已152年的.历史了。它的成功在于它详细的内容,精彩的片段。以下是我整理的简爱英文读后感优秀范文,让我们一起走进简爱的世界。

Recently, I have reading the book "Jane Eyre”.

Although I forgot some details in the book, Jane gave me deeply impression, I admire her very much. After that the teacher also told us to put the play in to a movie, and then we all can touch each hero’s soul in the book. The play it mainly tell us how Jane is growing up when suffering from great difficulties and painless. what's more, it is impressed me that she still love her master even if he is blind at last due to rescue his mad wife. And I like the Classic lines what Jane said to Mr. Rochester :"Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton?--a machine without feelings? and can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my cup?

Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!--I have as much soul as you,--and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;--it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal,--as we are!" its so beautiful, Jane is a girl who will never lose confidence in life and always sensible when handling with some motional problems. Jane was huge in my heart. She can control her life and fate. She knew how to continue her life and she got it!

Maybe after what she told me I have known that what love is and how to love and to be loved! The book is a book worth of reading, so all in all let’s enjoy it!

After reading Jane Eyre, I think Jane Eyre is a great woman. Through a serious of troublesome situations between Jane Eyre and Mr. Rochester, the author set up a great female image before readers: insisting on maintaining an independent personality, pursuing individual freedom, advocating equality of life and being confident before hard conditions.

Her early life at Gateshead was terrible, everyone seems harsh on her. She survives her parents at an early age, and has to live with her ugly aunt and three cousins. She suffers large quantities of bad conditions that others may not experience. However, she does not give up in despair, she does not destroy herself mentally, instead, Jane Eyre is filled with unlimited confidence, and she is a strong spirit, a victory over the inner personality.

She is then forced to send to Lowood Institution, unfortunately, life there turns out to be terrible, too. She is still under physical and spiritual punishment. Mr Brocklehurst insults her to be a liar before all pupils and teachers. But there she meets one sincere friend Helen Burns and one sincere teacher Miss Temple. They always treat her well. She then behaves very well and get many people’s recognition. Six years later, she makes a teacher there.

After two years teaching life at Lowood Institution, she plans to leave there to pursuit her own life and happiness. She was in a position of governess through a letter from Thornfield. Her life was totally changed after that. There she met a lovely girl, Adele and her master, Mr. Rochester. She has a special feeling about them. With the development of the plots, Jane Eyre succeed a large sum of money from his uncle, and through all bitter things which was caused by Rochester’s wife in Thornfield, Jane Eyre and finally get married and lead an ideal life.

I think Jane Eyre is an autobiography of Charlotte Bronte. Although the story is made up, the heroine and people's life and the environment in the story were taken from the details of real people around and experience. Charlotte Bronte described a young girl’s struggling life to express her inner thought: everyone is equal regardless of his or her gender. The uniqueness of Jane Eyre is not only lies in its truth and the strong artistic appeal, but also lies in the particular female image. The love story of Rochester and Jane Eyre vividly shows the fire of passion and sincere heart strongly reveals their notions of love. She looks down upon the upper class who only use their power to do what they intend to do and laughs at their stupid to show her independent character and beauty dream.

In the actual fact, she wasn’t pretty, even herself knows that, and of course, the ordinary appearance make others have bad opinion on her, even her own aunt dislike her. And some others even thought that she was easy to look down upon and tease, but she was totally much more than “the plain and ugly tutor”. And as a little governess she said to her master: “Do you think my poor, obscure, plain, and little has led me to be a soulless and heartless person? You have done a wrong thing!”Underneath these lines sees the equality of human in Jane Eyre’s mind. She has affection towards her master, Mr. Rochester, but when she finds that he has already had a wife, she leaves him and her love place without consideration. Although God did not grant her a beauty and wealth person, instead, God gave her a kind mind and a thoughtful brain. Her idea of equality and self-respect impressed us extremely much and make us feel the power inside her small body.

In my mind, a person’s beauty on the face can only make others feel that he or she is attractive or charming, if his or her mind isn’t the same noble as the appearance, beauty of this kind cannot last for a long time, because other people will one day find that the beauty which had charmed them was only a superficial one, it’s not sincere, they will not like the person any more. For a long time, only a person’s great virtue, a noble soul, a beautiful heart can be called as an everlasting beauty, just as Albert Einstein said: “A person must be held accountable for their biological survival or all of the meaning or purpose, from an objective point of view, I think it is ridiculous. Everyone can have a certain ideal, which determines the ideal and his efforts to determine the direction. In this sense, I never easy and the enjoyment of life as an end in itself, the ethical basis of this, I call it the ideal pigsty. I lit up the road, and continue to give me new courage to face up to the pleasure of the ideal life is good and the beautiful and true. If it were not for like-minded between the warm feelings, but focus on the objective world, the arts and sciences in the field of work will never reach the target, and then it seems to me that life would be empty. There are efforts to pursue the goal of the vulgar - property, vanity, luxury living, I think it is despicable.”

Now I get a better understanding of what real beauty is, as we are all human-beings, so we should distinguish whether a man is noble or vulgar.

Jane Eyre’s story makes me thinking about our future life and I learn much from her experiences, I know everyone will have a better tomorrow if one holds his beliefs, regardless of one’s status and the situation he is in.

Jane eyre is a novel with its own spin. It tells people what a life is all about.

The author of Jane eyre charlotte Bronte gentle, pure, like the pursuit of some good things, even though she was poor, lost a mother's love since childhood, combined with her short stature, appearance is not outstanding, but perhaps this is a kind of soul of inferiority, reflected in her character is a very sensitive self-esteem. Her description of Jane eyre is also an unbeautiful, small woman, but she has a very strong self-esteem.

Jane eyre lived in an environment under the care of a family. She was born with different treatment from her peers, her aunt's dislike, her cousin's contempt, her cousin's insults and beatings. & hellip; Perhaps because of all this, in exchange for a simple love of boundless confidence and strong indomitable character, a kind of invincible inner personality strength. She was determined to pursue a bright, holy, beautiful life.

In the presence of rochester, she never felt inferior to herself as a lowly tutor, and thought they were equal. It was also because of her integrity, her nobility, her purity, that her heart was not polluted by the world, that she was shocked and fell in love with her. And when they got married, Jane knew that rochester had a wife, and she felt that she had to leave. I am going to obey the law that god has given to the world, and I will hold on to the principles that I have accepted when I am awake and when I am not as mad as I am now. . But from the bottom of her heart, Jane eyre realized that she was deceived because she loved rochester. But Jane eyre made a very rational decision. Surrounded by such a love force, under the temptation of rich life, she still insists on her dignity as a person, which is the most spiritual charm of Jane eyre.

At the end of the novel design a very light -- although the rochester manor destroyed, he himself became a disability, but it is such a condition, make Jane no longer in the conflict between dignity and love, but also gain their dignity and true love.

In today's society, people are mad to drown love for money and status. Choose rich between poverty and wealth, and choose not to love between love and love. Few people, like Jane eyre, have abandoned everything for love, and have nothing to do with it. "Jane eyre" shows us a kind of return to nature, a kind of love that pursues the whole heart, and the dignity as a person deserves. It is like a cup of ice water, purifying everyone's heart.

细细品味一本名著后,相信你心中会有不少感想,是时候抽出时间写写读后感了。那么我们该怎么去写读后感呢?以下是我整理的简爱英文读后感范文(精选8篇),希望能够帮助到大家。

Look at the book, let me think of a lot, I also dont know this book, under the reminder of my girlfriend I discovered this book, I think this writing is very good, although the story took place in 152 years ago, but it can also write the faint shore of the world, the master is really miserable, but difficult to do her,

She still insists on living, she still has a perfect result, this is to eat bitter bitter, fang is the truth of the human being, we also want like her in the real life!

I hope all the students, all the young people, dont be scared in front of difficulties, to be brave in the face of it, you can walk out from the difficulties, so you are a brave man!

Believe that you are also a person of interest!

Today, see the "Jane eyre" this book, I felt the tragic fate of the heroine Jane eyre and her brave the spirit of the pursuit of their own destiny.

This book mainly said the heroine Jane eyre heavy small lost parents, foster care in my aunts home, though every effort, but still difficult to please my aunts joy. Later, she was sent to a charity school, keep on studying hard work in extreme conditions, charity school after graduation, Jane eyre, summon up courage to meet new life for tutors to thornfield manor, when she won the love, a hide secret for 15 years and has defeated the wedding, but Jane is not to give up, but then started a new life.

See the book, I was painful for the heros tragic fate, and was shocked by her not to give up the spirit of, Jane eyre tells us that even the most ordinary person, have their own courage, love and dignity.

"Love" in the history of English literature is handed down as a classic, it has successfully shaped the history of English literature first on love, life, society and religion, have taken a stand on ones own initiative and dare to struggle, dare to fight for free and equal status of women.

The Almost all women love foreign literature, like D Charlottes "in love".If we think that Charlotte is only just to write this section of tangled up love to write "love".I think, sorry, thats not author also is a female, living in turbulent England in the middle of the nineteenth Century, when the thoughts have a brand new in "Jane love" in infiltration is the largest such thoughts -- womens sense of us imagine, if Jane love independent, has been killed in his childhood; if she did not share the independent, she already and wife Rochester to live together, began to have money, a new life; if she is not that the purity, we are now in the hands of "Jane love" is no longer a touching tears , I began to think, why "Jane love" let us be moved, fondle admiringly -- she is independent personality, beckoning personality charm.

However, we cant help wanting to ask, only this step can be independent?I think I all, womens independence is a long-term process, not accomplish at one needs a thorough courage, love was like Jane decided to leave Rochester, need "wind rustling Xi the Yi River is so cold, strong earth to did not return" heroic and think, this should be the most crucial one step, also should be the decisive step towards Charlottes Jane love but her stubborn disposition, independent personality left us a she is successful, happy women.

Jane love has as an independent womens classic, I hope the sun, the flowers more Jane love out, whether poor or rich,; whether beauty, or homely, have good heart and enrich the mind, can the independent personality and a strong sexual life.

The immortal works of Jane Eyre, a treasure house of world literature, have recently been discovered by me. I read it carefully. Jane. The author of love is Charlotte of England. Bront, she was born in the small town of the Yorkshire mountain village is the Reverend Patrick Thornton. Bronts third children. Charlotte wrote a long novel Jane in August 1847. Love. The story of Jane Eyre is mainly about the story of the young girl, Jane, who grew up from a young girl. Jane had no parents, and was adopted by a pro uncle. After his uncle died, her aunt bullied his love all day. Later, Jane was sent to an orphanage and lived there for 8 years. Then Jane went to be a tutor and finally got married to Mr. Rochester.

I love the fifth chapter: to Lowood (Lowood orphanage). At that time, Jane went to the orphanage, and she had a very hard day. The orphanage children can eat up to two times a week of bread and cheese and coffee, and they eat burnt porridge is not utter a sound, every morning to late to wait until the wash water, where the teacher is very strict, do something to stand for in the hall but. There is a teacher Miss Tan wave has broken some rules, let the students have a better day.

The misfortune of Janes love makes me feel that life is so beautiful that we should cherish the present life. You cant be strong when you meet a setback.

Reading Jane Eyre has a sense that I introduce you to a good book that cant be missed. Its name is Jane Eyre.

This book tells the story of the heroine Jane, who has lost his parents and was in his aunts house. As a result of abuse, the consciousness of resistance sprouted. After graduating from the school, he went to the manor as a family teacher and became admiring each other with the owner of the manor. The results found that the other is a married person, and his ex-wife is a mad woman in the attic is closed. At the end of his heart, Jane fled alone, and then he forgot about it and returned to him. The man at this time had been blinded by his eyes, and Jane still had a story with him.

After reading this article, I also have a new understanding of literature. It is a belief that literature is a kind of ideal and ambition, as well as wisdom and wisdom. To our ordinary people is an unreachable priceless treasure, a kind of tradition and spiritual wealth that can be carried forward.

This book can enrich our extracurricular life, at the same time, it can also improve our literary background and exercise our ability to control the good words and sentences in our writing. The author also told us, "the path of growth is full of sunshine and the rain that moistens our hearts.

I benefit a lot, what about you?

Recently, I have reading the book "Jane Eyre”。 Although I forgot some details in the book, Jane gave me deeply impression, I admire her very much. After that the teacher also told us to put the play in to a movie, and then we all can touch each hero’s soul in the book. The play it mainly tell us how Jane is growing up when suffering from great difficulties and painless.

whats more, it is impressed me that she still love her master even if he is blind at last due to rescue his mad wife. And I like the Classic lines what Jane said to Mr. Rochester :"Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton?--a machine without feelings? and can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!--I have as much soul as you,--and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you.

I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;--it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at Gods feet, equal,--as we are!" its so beautiful, Jane is a girl who will never lose confidence in life and always sensible when handling with some motional problems. Jane was huge in my heart. She can control her life and fate. She knew how to continue her life and she got it!

Maybe after what she told me I have known that what love is and how to love and to be loved! The book is a book worth of reading, so all in all let’s enjoy it!

Jane Eyre,she is a poor but aspiring, small in body but huge in soul, obscure but self-respecting girl. After we close the covers of the book, after having a long journey of the spirit, Jane Eyre, a marvelous figure, has left us so much to recall and to think:

We remember her goodness: for someone who lost arms and blinded in eyes, for someone who despised her for her ordinariness, and even for someone who had hurt her deeply in the past.

We remember her pursuit of justice. It’s like a companion with the goodness. But still, a virtuous person should promote the goodness on one side and must check the badness on the other side.

We remember her self-respect and the clear situation on equality. In her opinion, everyone is the same at the God’s feet. Though there are differences in status、in property and also in appearance, but all the human being are equal in personality.

We also remember her striving for life, her toughness and her confidence.

When we think of this girl, what she gave us was not a pretty face or a transcendent temperament that make us admire deeply, but a huge charm of her personality.

I read a lot of books, but there are few books that I like. But a book I read in summer vacation really made me feel on the scene. This book is called Jane Eyre. Maybe as a girl, I can feel the hardship of Jane Eyre.

Jane Eyre is a poor girl, and we are too happy than all of us. She had lost their parents, were placed in the uncles family, lives with a family. If the uncle is still alive, it should be good to her, but even he is dead. We were protected by family from childhood, but Jane was bullied by cousin and cousin all day. Every day I have read the book, she read a book to hide, for fear of being discovered. Later, even her only good friend, Helen, died of illness.

Jane has spent eight years of loneliness at a boarding school. But when a family teacher, he fell in love with Mr. Rochester, and after a lot of rain and rain, he got her own love. There was a son, and his eyes were as big as his father, Rochester, as beautiful.

What is the reason why a person can bear so much suffering? Maybe behind her, theres been a lot of power to support her and encourage her. This power may be a parent in heaven and may be herself. If everyone of us can be inspired and courageous like Jane Eyre, there will be no difficulty for you to stop and move forward.

简爱的英文论文题目

论文题目是每个学校都有规定的。比如说:文学方面的,商务方面的~~你不要太着急,还是要看看你们学院的要求~按照要求下手,事半功倍哦~o(∩_∩)o... 题目推荐:“中美文化差异对商务谈判的影响”这个题目很普遍,比较好找资料。而且写的时候也比较容易。如果这个题目可以的话,回头我可以给你些资料。 呵呵。完整的一套abstract还有论文呢。是我自己写的。以前毕业论文的时候没有用上

学术堂整理了十五个好写的英语专业毕业论文题目供大家进行参考:1. 英语中的性别歧视(Sex Discrimination in English Language )2. 电影《乱世佳人》长期受到青睐的原因(Gone with the Wind – Why This Movie Has the Lasting Popularity)3. 广告英语特点分析(An Analysis of Language Features in English Advertisement)4. 美国青少年教育问题浅析(An Attempting Study of the Problems of American Adolescents)5. 简爱自我价值的实现(The Realization of Jane Eyre’s Self-Worth )6. 自由贸易与保护主义(Free Trade Versus Protectionism)7. 如何在课堂上调动学生的积极性(How to Promote Motivation in the Classroom)8. 在英语教学中运用“交际法”提高学生的交际能力(Using CLT in English Teaching to Improve Students’ Communicative Competence)9. 文化差异对跨文化交际的影响(The Influence of Cultural Difference Upon Cross-cultural Communication)10. 论基督教对中世纪早期西欧文化的影响(On Christianity’s Influence Upon European Culture in the Early-stage Middle Ages )11. 《哈克贝利费恩历险记》是一部种族主义小说吗?(The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn-a Racist Novel?)12. 第二语言学习中的文化学习(Culture Learning in Second Language Learning)13. 试论哈姆雷特的两个主题(On the Two Themes of Hamlet)14. 谚语中的文化差异(Cultural Differences in Proverbs)15. 浅谈电视暴力和儿童的关系(TV Violence and Children)

学术堂整理了十五个好写的英语文学类论文题目,供大家进行参考:1、亚伯拉罕林肯的民主思想初探 (A Preliminary Research on Abraham Lincoln’s Thought of Democracy)2、评析《傲慢与偏见》的男主人公达西 (MrDarcy in Pride and Prejudice)3、《简爱》的圣经情书 (The Relationship Between Jane Eyre and the Bible)4、库区三角浮出水面——万州、开县、云阳经济宏图 (The Triangle of Reservoir Region Is Surfacing—Wanzhou, Kaixian and Yunyang Open a Great Diagram of Economy)5、会话中的合作原则和礼貌原则 (Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle in Conversation)6、浅析海明威笔下圣地亚哥与其它主人公之异同 (Analysis of the Similarities and Differences Between Santiago and Other Heroes by Hemingway)7、对嘉尔曼的偏见 (The Prejudice Against Carmen)8、简爱——关于简爱的性格评论 (Jane Eyre—A Review of Jane Eyre’s Character in Jane Eyre)9、《呼啸山庄》中凯瑟琳和希斯克力夫之间的苦痛恋情 (The Suffering Love Between Catherine and Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights)10、简评妥协——研究《傲慢与偏见》(A Brief Comment on the Compromise—A Study of Pride and Prejudice)11、《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻面面观 (Analysis of the Marriages in Pride and Prejudice)12、试论简奥斯汀生活对其小说的影响 (On the Impact of Jane Austen’s Life on Her Novels)13、“真实的诺言”与传统文化的碰撞——简析“真人秀”的实质和本地化过程 (When True Lies Challenge Tradition—An Analysis of the Reality and Localization of Reality TV)14、从台湾问题看中美关系 (The Sino-US Relation—The Taiwan Issue)15、《傲慢与偏见》的生命力 (The Great Vitality of Pride and Prejudice)

作者的作品很独特,作者获奖多……前人的研究是从哪几方面写的,我的研究和他们的怎么怎么不一样;前人研究很多,我要从中抽取共性来指导……有……启发总的来说,就是你的研究会填补哪方面的空白,有怎样怎样的必要性创新性指导性。大致思路就是这样。

有关简爱译本研究的论文

简爱与众不同的爱情观19世纪中期,英国伟大的女性存在主义先驱,著名的夏洛蒂·勃朗特创作了她的代表作《简爱》。在作品的序幕、发展、高潮和结尾中。女主人公的自由、叛逆、平等、自尊的个性都是各个章节的主旨。从小就成长在一个充满暴力的环境中的简爱,经历了同龄人没有的遭遇。她要面对的是舅妈的毫无人性的虐待,表兄的凶暴专横和表姐的傲慢冷漠,尽管她尽力想“竭力赢得别人的好感”,但是事实告诉她,这都是白费力气的,因此她发出了“不公平啊!不公平啊!”的近乎绝望的呼喊。在这样一个不公平的生长环境,使得简爱从小就向往平等、自由和爱,这些愿望在她后来的成长过程中表现无疑,而主旨则在主人公的与众不同的爱情观被展露的淋漓尽致。她犹如黑暗中的星星,照亮了未来女性们,追求爱情的道路。所以本书选择孤女的爱情故事。反映拉当时英国女性的追求平等权利的问题,通过一个普通妇女的爱情故事,让我们看到了一个体现新兴阶级的一个自尊自爱的女性形象。《简爱》是一部带有自传色彩的长篇小说。它的作者是夏洛蒂·勃郎特。和艾米莉·勃朗特是姐妹。虽然生活在同一社会,同一家庭环境中的姐妹,性格却大不相同。夏洛蒂·勃朗特显的更加温柔,尽管他从小失去母爱,父爱也很少,加上他自身矮小,容貌不美,但也许就是因为一种非常敏感的自尊,以自尊心作为内心深处自卑的补偿。她描写的简爱也是一个外表不美的矮小的女人。但她和作者一样,有颗极强的自尊心,她坚定不移的追求自由,平等,有尊严的爱,向往美满幸福的婚姻和爱情。简爱从小就生活在一个充满爆力的专横的环境里。姨妈嫌弃她,表姐傲慢冷漠,表哥侮辱毒打。这是对一个孩子的尊严的无情践踏。尽管她想尽力嬴得别人的好感。但事实上告诉她,这些都是白费。因此,她发出拉“不公平啊!不公平的呼喊”,近似乎绝望的喊声,但也正是因为这一切,使她从小就向往自由、平等、尊严和爱,这些愿望也在她的爱情观和她追求爱情的道路上的种种体现。简爱的爱情观,概括起来就是自由、平等、独立、尊严和爱。简爱的爱情理念在当代著名的女诗人舒婷的诗里,可以找到时代的烙印。走遍拉大半个地球的罗切斯特,在自己的庄园里找到拉他理想的爱人。一个与他过去的高大,漂亮,轻佻,浅薄的女人完全相反的 “小精灵”简爱的娇小,庄重,单纯的像一个小修女。简爱在他的粗暴专横面前不卑不亢,落落大方。简爱的自由,平等,独立的个性,成拉她一个不平凡的女孩的不平凡的亮点。像不可战胜的魔力,强烈的吸引着罗切斯特。在平时的谈话中,罗切斯特感觉到简爱是一个与众不同的,简爱重视的是友好和平等。并不是万贯家财和显赫的门第。而罗切斯特也把她放在平等地位,就像文中简爱说的那样:“他的态度随便,我也就不再痛苦的觉的拘束,他用来对待我的那种既不正直又热情的友好坦率,使我想就近她,有时候我觉得他仿佛是亲戚,而不是我的主人”简爱的想法,感受正反映在她渴望于人平等坦诚交流,简爱也同样直言不讳,在富有而傲慢的主人面前完全没有一点媚态,不恭维,不去阿谀奉承。简爱正是用她的坦诚和直率赢得了罗切斯特的心。简爱的独立的人格是强大的魅力,吸引是罗切斯特。当简爱发觉自己深深爱上了主人以后,在地位如此悬殊的情况下,她却敢于去爱,因为她坚信人在精神上都是平等的,一个穷教师斗胆爱上了一个上流人物,在当时的社会等级深严的社会观念看来,无异于乞丐奢望国王的爱情。所以这本身就是向社会及偏见的大胆的挑战,惟其如此,它也就意味着遭受嘲笑和侮辱。只有简爱这样并不把权贵放在心上的人,才能去坦坦荡荡的去爱在罗切斯特假装要娶英格拉姆小姐,从而试探简爱时,简对罗切斯特的表白本身就是平等的宣言:“你以为我会留下来,成为你无足重轻的人吗?你以为我是一架自动的机器吗?一架没有感情的机器吗?能让我的一口面包从我嘴里抢走,让我的一滴活水出我的杯子里倒掉吗?你以为我穷,低微不美,矮小,我就没有灵魂没有心吗?你想错拉!我的灵魂和你的一样,我现在跟你说话的并不是通过我的习俗,惯例,甚至不是通过平凡人的肉体,而是我的精神在和你的精神在对话,就像两个都经过拉坟墓,我们站在上帝的脚跟前,是平等的......因为我们是平等的!”简爱的爱情观是非常明确和超前的现代爱情观。男女平等基础上的相互敬爱,对待爱情,简爱重视的是平等!她渴望爱但她决不乞求爱,也决不因为爱情的来之不易而委屈求全。罗切斯特被他彻底征服了。这个强悍的男人被这个柔弱的小女子强大的人格魅力所征服。在简爱看来婚姻的基础只能是爱情,而真正的爱情不取决于外在的条件考虑,利害的支配,相反,他能冲破门第,财产,资力的种种障碍,达到男女双方精神的契合和心灵的沟通,这就是她的爱情价值观。简爱宣布,婚姻不应该是商业的契约,而是,心灵的自由平等的结合。一个女人活在这个世界上应该为争取独立自主,平等相待生活权利而斗争。当罗切斯特给她置办婚礼穿的衣服时,简爱说:“哦!先生,别去管他什么珍宝!我不喜欢听人家提到它。给简爱珍宝,听上去不自然而且还感觉怪怪的,我宁可不要,我是你的,不美的教徒似的家庭教师。我要你的一半田产有什么用途呢?你以为我是一个放高利贷的犹太人吗,想在田地上找一个好的投资吗?我宁可要你完全跟我推心置腹的。”我只想要一颗舒坦的心,先生,一颗没有被大量的恩惠压倒的心。”简爱不在乎罗切斯特能给她买多少的礼物和多少的漂亮饰品,更没有把他当作跨入贵族社会的阶梯。作为罗切斯特的未婚妻,她依然保持这清醒的自我。坚持着自己独立的人格。拒绝接受未婚夫的奢侈礼物。并且还要继续履行家庭教师的职责。从中可以看到简爱所追求的不是物质上的财富。而是真正意义上的纯洁的爱情。不含半点虚假造作。她不想成为罗切斯特的附属品。渴望用诚实的劳动自食其力。以保持人格和经济上的独立。充分体现拉她追求平等的反叛信鸽然而,天有不测风云,人们万万没有想到,简爱与罗切斯特在教堂上举行婚礼的时候,一个意外的事实被揭露了出来。在婚礼上梅森揭发拉罗切斯特尚有发妻,无权再婚的隐情,这个妻子就是被锁在桑菲尔德庄园顶楼的疯女人。这个噩耗使来之不易的爱情瞬间被判了死刑。这个事实使简爱面临着严峻的考验,得知这个事实后简陷入拉痛苦和绝望的境地,她非常痛苦,因为她受到了莫大大欺,自尊心受到了捉弄,因为她深深的爱着罗切斯特,哪个女人能够承受住被最亲的人最信任的人所欺呢?简承受住拉。而且做出了一个非常理性的决定,在这样一种非常强大的爱情包围下,在美好的富裕的生活诱惑下,她依然坚持维护一个女人的尊严,最后,选择了离开。罗切斯特要求简不要离开,他说:“这种违法并不伤害任何人,因为你既然没有亲戚又没有熟人,不用担心跟我同住会 触怒他们。”简说:“先生,你的妻子还活着。这是你今天早上还承认的事实。要是我向你希望的那样跟你在一起住,那么我就成了你的情人,不。我不要这样。这样就是诡辩......就是虚伪。我得离开阿戴勒和桑菲尔德。我得一辈子离开你 。我得在陌生的脸和陌生的环境中开始一种全新的生活。我关心我自己,我越是孤独,越没有朋友,越没有支持,我就越尊重我自己。我将尊重上帝的颁发,世人认可的法律,我将坚持我的神志正常。时而不是像现在这样发疯时候所就手的原则,法律和原则并不是在没有诱惑的时候,而是用在像现在这样的时候,肉体和灵魂不能违反,要是我自己方便的时候就可以打破他们,那么定法律还有什么价值呢?”她不愿意践踏自由的人格,爱情而做一个没有尊严的情妇。为了尊严她抛弃了爱情,简爱勇敢的跨出了桑菲尔德的大门。冲破拉世俗的樊笼,另人敬佩。在一个多世纪前,对于没有什么社会地位和金钱的女子,做出这样的选择无疑是惊世骇俗的。而这也正是简爱独特的各心个性决定的。面对着忍辱偷生还是个人的尊严时,简爱毫不犹豫的选择拉后者。经过一夜的思考,简爱毅然离开。她知道,再也不会有这样的一个人爱她了。简爱每吐的一个字都像重拳一样敲打着我的心坎之上。这就是要求平等的呼声。一个自由女神的形象!圣约翰是一个知识渊博,长相英俊的传教士,他明明知道自己喜欢上了年轻貌美的罗莎蒙德,同样,罗莎蒙德也十分爱慕地他,并且罗莎蒙德的父亲也十分的赞同这份亲事,尽管圣约翰不是很有钱,但是他的才华和出身可以弥补这样的缺陷。然而,圣约翰为了他的伟大事业—到东方印度传教十分痛苦地压抑了这份欲望。、他将简爱作为上帝服务的工具,向她求婚。虽然,简爱对他的献身与圣教的精神表示过敬佩。并对他的关怀和照顾深怀情谊。但简爱和圣约翰对于爱情的观念截然不同。圣约翰认为工作高于一切,甚至高于自己的生命和爱情,他同简爱的结合也是为拉工作,为了完成他的职务,而不是为了纯粹的爱情和自己。他把简爱看作是完成他到异地工作的工具。他对简爱说:“上帝大自然让你做我的传教士的妻子......我有劝要求你不是为了我的快乐,而是为了我主的工作。”而简认为,夫妇结合应该以爱情为基础,感情必须真实,否则不应该结合。而且婚姻必须是平等的,任何一方不能以另一方为工具。去达到某种目的。圣约翰向简爱求婚,只是想取得忠实的共同传教的女伴,在这里表现的冷冰冰的利己主义,简爱拒绝了。她说:“我蔑视你的爱情观,我瞧不起你的奉献,这种不真实的感情,由于他们在爱情观上有严重分歧,对简这样一位有丰富的内在情感,追求平等的女性来说,是根本不能够接受的。简爱就决绝了。此时她对于罗切斯特的思念让她决定回桑菲尔德看望他。再次来到桑菲尔德。这才发现一切都已经发生拉变化。由于疯女人纵火,桑菲尔德庄园已经成为一片废墟。疯女人死了,切斯特也由一个富有的绅士变成了一个残疾人。简爱与罗切斯特在经济上,地位上,已经取得拉平等地位。然而,简却不顾一切的回到了罗切斯特身边。她宁愿做他的胳膊和眼睛,在她看来,爱情不是以金钱,容貌,年龄来衡量的。她认为:“只要他没有丧失生活的理想和生活的勇气就不是一个残废人。”即使罗且色特一贫如洗,简爱也不认为自己做出了牺牲,在这样的条件下,简爱获得拉爱的同时也不失尊严。小说光明的结局告诉我们。人在追求爱情的过程中,也要有自由、尊严、平等、在当今社会。要将人的爱情观等于尊严加平等这道公式上。付之实现往往离不开金钱的帮助,人们都疯狂的为了金钱和地位而淹没爱情,在穷和富有之间选择富,在爱与不爱之间选择不爱,很少有人会像简爱一样,为拉爱情和人格抛弃所有。简爱展示给我们的是一种反朴归真,化繁为简的感觉。是一种不计较得失的简化感情。它犹如一杯白开水,净化读者的心灵,同时引起读者。特别是女性读者的共鸣。作者通过描述女主人公的平等、自由、尊严的爱情观。表达了争取美好,幸福生活努力追求自身在社会上的独立和尊严。作者大胆的提出了具有资产阶级民主主义的进步思想,建立平等、独立、尊严基础上的爱情理想。抨击拉力一切世俗的陈规陋习,因而在当时的英国社会引起了极大的反响,使那些与作者处于同一社会的女性深受鼓舞。指出拉妇女谋求自身幸福的道路。

《简·爱》是一部优美动人并带有神秘色彩的小说。近年来,读者由原来对作品的浓厚 兴趣又滑向了对作者个人经历的好奇关注,继而又重新咀嚼品味作品,《简·爱》的魅力不仅 有增无减,而且大有无法抵挡之势。此书之所以一出版就震惊了英国文坛,且在读者心目中 长久不衰,相当程度上是由于夏洛蒂·勃朗特始终以一展遏制不住的创作激情奋笔疾书,且 毫不吝惜地将自己独特的生活经历、深刻的生活感受和奔腾起伏的思想感情倾注在女主人公 的灵魂和鲜明的个性里,主人公披肝沥胆般的倾诉、呻吟、呐喊似乎一直混响着女作家 本人的心声,再加上第一人称的自叙手法,仿佛作品里的简·爱就是生活中的勃朗特,致使 《简·爱》一书自始至终散发着小说与传记特有的双重魅力, 从对读者的吸引力来看,文学的自传体裁和小说形式各具特点,各有千秋,很难抽象地 将二者简单类比而一分高低。但就文学形式的成功率来看,小说具有一定的稳定性,一旦成 功,会有相当的吸引力,但自传不同,它还要受客观材料因素的严重制约,即本人的知名 度、生活经历的复杂性以及种种佚闻趣事,都可能成为吸引读者的重要因素,《简·爱》是 一部小说,由于许多情节都取材于夏洛蒂·勃朗特个人的经历,凝聚了作者自身的感受,又 带有一定的自传性,但它“自传的真实性,不是体现在每个情节和细节上”①而主要体现在 作品的情感和心理体验上,生活中的“她”和小说中的“我”,同样有着对美好爱情和幸福 生活的憧憬、向往、渴求,也同样有过失恋后的忧郁、孤独、失望和为争取平等自由的婚姻 所付出的艰难的挣扎、痛苦的期待以及最终得到幸福和爱情的欢欣愉悦,她们都似乎拥有一 个超出常人的、饱满丰富而又多姿多彩的情感天地和心态世界,因此,如果说《简·爱》带 有自传性的话,那么,它首先是一部内心生活的自传。灵魂如一团火般的简·爱聪明敏感、 感情纤细,富于幻想,当被命运抛到一个不公平的环境中,她那敏感的神经、莫大的自尊尤 其不能容忍,她要呐喊,她要渲泄;当她经过种种磨难最终又回引桑菲尔德庄园投入罗切斯 特的怀抱时,她幸福到言语无法形容,恰如休漠所言,“具有某种激情的敏感性,这使他们 对生活中的一切事件感受至深,使他们在遇到不幸和逆境时悲痛欲绝,同样又使他们对每一 乐事都兴高采烈。这种性格的人,无疑既享有更加痛切的悲伤,也享有更加生活的欢乐一一 这种人,敏锐地感到其他人所不能感到的快乐和痛苦”。夏洛蒂主张文学作品应是作者本人 激情的渲泄,揭示那不为人知的反叛,让读者感受到那激情和深刻的东西,所以在《简·爱》 中,她深入到那些现实中看不见的感情寓居之处,揭示人物内心的狂涛巨澜和涓涓细流,始 终着重描写她的精1~t1 .}f}界和心理感受,淡化了叙事成分,那些凌乱的跳跃的生活片断,反倒 留给读者更大的想象余地,产生出如同身受的起初感和亲切感,成为“第一个把小说当作披 露个人心怀的英国作家。”② 翩开小说,出现在我们面前的是容貌极平常的瘦怯怯的小女孩,她毫不保留地向您敞开心 扉,寄人篱下的孤儿多么渴望人间的温暖和爱,然而讨来的只是侮辱和厌恶,她还不懂事, 就已经饱尝人生的辛酸:她从小寄居在舅妈家,受尽屈辱,对舅妈一家人的虐待和欺辱充满 了仇恨,并识破了长辈的所作所为背后的卑劣用心,尽管她费小无人保护,还是不顾一切地 痛陈里德太太对她干下的种种亏心事,使得有钱有势的太太竟然害怕起来,当高大的表兄约 翰殴打疫小的她时,她勇于反抗回去,尽管有一两滴血从头上顺着脖子流下去;当舅妈嚷着 叫自己孩子远离她时,她高喊:“他们不配和我在一起,我为什么老受折磨,老受欺,老 挨骂,一辈子也翻不了身呢?我为什么从来得不到别人的欢心呢?为什么我竭力讨人喜欢也没 有用呢?”③作者自己投入“简·爱”这一角色,是因为她和她笔下的主人公简·爱在人生 道路_L都留下了辛酸的回忆和心灵的创伤:一个家境贫寒,一个孤苦伶仃,在所谓的慈善学 校受尽摧残,作者以她妨妹住过的慈善学校为原型,她怀念当时的故友,寄托以小说中的海 伦,对冷酷的校长和摧残她们这些孤儿的教师深恶痛绝,简·爱对逆来顺受的海伦说:“假 如她用那根棍子打我,我要扒她手里把它夺过来,并且‘当面折断它。”④凝聚了作者对那卑 琐的环境中小暴君的极端鄙夷和仇恨。她的幼年和少年都是在这祥一个敌对的世界里生长, 而她“什么也不忘记,什么都不宽恕”。⑤这苦中带恨的童年回忆,似乎每一个文字符号都 “载负着它的喜怒哀乐”⑧,都在向人间宣告“},爱,我恨,我}`苦”⑦,她过早地咀嚼人 生的辛酸,过早地体会到人生的第一次幻灭的悲哀,过早地走向成熟,给她也给读者留下了 莫大的心灵体验。夏洛蒂幼年丧母,在教士子弟学校受尽折>r-. }随后失去两个心爱的姐姐, 当家庭教师又受到主妇的无情虐待,初恋绝望的惨痛,妹妹安妮的失恋,弟弟的失恋,堕落 和死亡,两个妹妹的早逝,父亲的疾病,这铺天盖地的不幸的重压她都挺过来了,靠着自己 那与命运抗争的性格和旺盛的生命力以及对压迫她的一切力最给予坚决反击的心态。作者的 这种心态如果在现实中不能外化,它必然会直接或间接地在作品中实现,将苦难的童年情不 自禁地谴于笔端,童年的简·爱简直是作者}2身的翻版,事实_L.}“一切具有艺术人格的伟 大艺术家无一不是以自己作品抒写作者自身的积极病苦”⑧的。 一般的自传体小说总要以某一个真实的生活依据为核心合情合理地发挥想象力,虚构而 不失分寸感,但虚实的痕迹还总能分辨 .令人惊奇的是《简·爱》却是如此内在地把自传的 因素情不自禁地、紧密地、自然地融合进了小说的血液里,这样说,并不是因为艺术与生活 在任何一个艺术家那里都是不可分的,而是因为当我们具体到《简·爱》一书来区分并估量 它的自传性与小说性成份时,竟发现如此困难,这种区分似乎还属于表层的区分,而一旦我 们弄清了作者的身世在另一个层次上去真正地区分时几乎是不一可能的。因此,说得过分些, 《简·爱》一书中时时处处放射着小说与自传的双重魅力的光彩。作者有意将简·爱写得跟 自己一样瘦小,没有姿色但依然迷人,她以自己的人格美和内在吸引力,来证明自己并不比那 些浓a#池抹、虑荣浮华的贵族小姐逊色,可贵的是简·吸-,f;在T!1己社会的对立面,不屈从环 境,忠于美好理想,通过舜清追求发出了自由平等的呼唤,控诉了践踢人的尊严、人的价仿 的资本主义.fi:}度,对不合理的虚伪的现有秩序进行了-:"T有力的揭露和反抗。当罗切斯特试探 考验简·爱时,她误以为庄e要迎来一位新的女主大,她再也承受不了,抽抽嗒嗒地哭了 起来“我再也抑制不住我忍住的感情,我不得不'7 i服,剧烈的痛苦使我从头至尾都在哆嗦。 nr.:a:我说出话泉,那也只是表示一种祖烈的愿i}If叹东我从没被生出来,但愿我从没来到桑非 尔德。”⑩在绝望的驱使下,终于象一股激}}lu}n不可抑制地倾f d而出了。“因为我穷、低微、 不美、矮小,我就没有灵魂没有心吗?你想错了,要是上帝赐予我一点美和一点财富,我就 要让你感到难以离开我,就象我现在难以离开你一样”@。简·爱这种穿透自我身心的热情 绝非文人的浪漫想象,正是作者切身的体验、本人思想的折光与个性的张扬,也是整部作品 升华点。难怪有人说,研究作者的生平与研究她的小说几乎是同一命题。夏洛蒂那样如痴如 狂地与笔下人物难解难分,甚至有时完全沉醉于主人公的情绪中了。简·爱的模持无疑就是 夏洛蒂本人,而罗切斯特的原型就是她的老师埃热的化身,这是后来人们从夏洛蒂写给埃热 先生的四封情书中发现这一隐秘的。埃热是一位个性鲜明、经历丰富的人。二十六岁的夏洛 蒂同妹妹艾米利一同奔赴布鲁塞尔求学时认识的,他们互为师生,互为欣赏,但不久为埃热 夫人所察,夏与埃热一家关系陷入紧张状态,她自己的精神也处于极度的困境和危机之中。对 少女来说,人生最大的不幸莫过于失恋,夏洛蒂一生屡遭不幸’但最使她裂腑撕心的是这一 次绝望的爱情。“当我一天天等待一封信又一天天失望,把我推向无法抵挡的忧伤时,当看 到你的手迹,读到你的教诲的甜美喜悦就象幻影般从我眼前消逝时,热病就攫住了我,我食 无味,寝无眠,憔悴消损”,这书信中的作者在严酷的现实面前不得不将爆发出来的爱情强 压下去,正如将爆发了一半的火山口封起来一样,于是在作品里出现的简·爱也为此痛苦地 挣扎着:“从来没有一个人能希望比我获得更好的爱,如此爱我的他又正好是我绝对崇拜 的,而我却不得不拒绝爱的偶象。一个伤心的字包含了我无法忍受的责任一一走”⑩在夏洛 蒂看来,造成这种困境的原因并非埃热不愿同自己接近,而是由于她与埃热都无法克服的埃 热夫人这个强有力的法定障碍一一情敌,这必将引起夏的怨恨,于是不平则鸣:当一个作家 心理与现实进行碰撞,而积淀于胸中的激荡郁闷之气不得不进行渲泄和释放的时候,正是其 创作取得成功的最佳心态。只有这时候,她才能毫不顾虑,自由自在,内心全然开放,把想 说不能说不敢说不愿说的话倾泻出来。作者有意将其面目全非,把她写成一个精神病人,自 始至终对其有一种报复心理,以补偿她没有得到的这段舍生忘死的爱情。至此人们才明白, 原来小说中的“疯女人”的存在并非只是道具和为了增加作品神秘色彩的“调味品”,它表 现了当时夏洛蒂的创作心态,也反映了她心灵隐秘的一面,她不愿自己的情敌随随便便地走 进自己的作品,也决不想按原型来刻画人物,因原型反映到作者的心理屏幕上就要以某一个 定势或定向发生扭曲和变形,易被当事人识破,这是作者自觉不自觉地主观愿望,也从另一 方面显出了她的稚拙之气和个人恩怨的暴露发泄。然而,“对于一个文学家来说……那些最 初的、自然的(然而也是强烈的)情感体验,象浇在U'o f3i深处的第一层水泥浆,完整的个性 大厦就在这层墙基上逐渐建立起来”⑩,好在作品中简·爱始终表现了一种自尊自爱的姿态, 当罗挽留她时,她没有失掉个性和尊严。“先生,你的妻子还活着,这是你今天早上还承认 的事实。要是我象你所希望的那样跟你住在一起,那我就成了你的情妇,不这样说,就是诡 辩,就是虚伪!”@虽然她对罗思慕已久,爱入骨髓,为了平等相爱,舍弃了庄园和富有, 毅然出走。可见,“疯女人”在小说中有举足轻重的地位,作者将她最后以自我焚毁的情节 克服掉是早已预定的,将她“抹黑”写成“疯女人”是情不自禁的。这段难忘的初恋使夏洛 蒂刻骨铭心,在作品中也融进了个人真情的眼泪和痛苦。黑格尔曾说:“爱情在女人身上特 别显得更美。因为女子把全部精神生活和现实生活都集中在爱情里和推广成为爱,她只有在 爱情里才找到生命的支持力。” 至此,我们更清楚地看到,《简·爱》是一部小说,并非夏洛蒂自传,但它处处又带有 一种浓厚的自传色彩,可谓自传体小说。《简·爱》之所以光彩愈显,愈受珍爱,笔者以为 仪其中卞要原因,正如我国散文家秦牧所言“在直诉胸臆和倾泻感情的时候,如果一个作家 回避表现自己,就不可能写出精彩动人的文字,也不可能给人以任何亲切的感受。”正因如 此,《简·爱》才获得了历久不衰的艺术生命和审美价值!!!

1 试论简·爱的宗教观——从弗洛伊德心理学对《简·爱》进行解读 张春晖 绵阳师范学院学报 2008/03 2 论《藻海无边》对《简·爱》的超越——互文性批评理论视角下的文本对比分析 王涛 辽宁教育行政学院学报 2008/05 3 永恒的追求——浅析《简·爱》中的女主人公精神 张佳杨 今日南国(理论创新版) 2008/06 4 现代与传统的较量:女性主义批评PK现实主义标准——《简·爱》在中国的阐释(1986-1994) 刘亚芬 湖南科技学院学报 2008/07 5 试论简·爱的爱 陈晓娴 金华职业技术学院学报 2008/03 6 重获话语权的第二性——《藻海无边》与《简·爱》的比较分析 杨菁菁 科技创新导报 2008/20 7 简单爱的缺陷美——浅析造成《简·爱》缺陷的成因 王颜 科教文汇(中旬刊) 2008/05 8 母亲:缺失与寻找——论《简·爱》中的“母亲”原型 赵芊 今日南国(理论创新版) 2008/03 9 透过《简·爱》与《蝴蝶梦》看女性作家的身份焦虑 杜艳春 吉林师范大学学报(人文社会科学版) 2008/03 10 浅析简·爱和苔丝的叛逆者形象 赵春花 齐齐哈尔师范高等专科学校学报 2008/02 11 从句法修辞角度看《简·爱》的语言美 彭爱民 平原大学学报 2008/01 12 论简·爱的性格特点 秦桃姣 科技信息(学术研究) 2008/14 13 《简·爱》女性哥特式批评视阈下的原型分析:“双性同体”而非“隔绝” 张艺 世界文学评论 2008/01 14 简·爱反抗性格的形成因素 刘玉君 时代文学(下半月) 2008/04 15 试论简·爱的非正常心态 陈小兆 时代文学(下半月) 2008/03 16 从阶级角度解读《简·爱》中的性别颠覆 马峥嵘 时代文学(下半月) 2008/03 17 由《简·爱》与《庭院深深》谈两位女性作家的创作 燕艳 时代文学(下半月) 2008/03 18 一部女性的心理成长史——浅析简爱从感性到理性的心路历程 张贻文 消费导刊 2008/06 19 《简爱》与《呼啸山庄》写作形式的比较分析 田仙枝 湖北大学成人教育学院学报 2008/02 20 简·爱的双重性格 杨爱英 常州信息职业技术学院学报 2008/02 21 《简·爱》中的“女性声音”品评 郑红艳 宿州教育学院学报 2008/01 22 同为“没女”,不同命运——简·爱和苔丝人物形象比较 赵若纯 山东教育学院学报 2008/02 23 从伍尔夫《普通读者》中《〈简爱〉与〈呼啸山庄〉》谈起 杨永芳 吕梁高等专科学校学报 2008/01 24 试述《简爱》与《呼啸山庄》小说写作成功的关键——尽现哥特式小说的魅力 田仙枝 吉林省教育学院学报 2008/02 25 《简·爱》的生态女权主义思想 王文惠 延安大学学报(社会科学版) 2008/02 26 谈《简·爱》的人物形象设计 谭燕保 电影评介 2008/09 27 男权·女性·自然——《简·爱》中的生态女权主义思想解读 王文惠 天津外国语学院学报 2008/03 28 《简·爱》的创作与作者经历及社会环境 孙昕昕 中国西部科技 2008/11 29 抗争还是妥协——论《简·爱》与《呼啸山庄》之殊途同归 张竞 科技信息(科学教研) 2008/13 30 从《简爱》到《吕贝卡》是女性意识的觉醒还是倒退 江梅华 科技创新导报 2008/07 31 《简·爱》的批判性及其局限性 覃承华 商丘职业技术学院学报 2008/01 32 透过文本的缝隙——《简·爱》与《伤逝》之对比解读 吕洁 南昌高专学报 2008/01 33 疯女人与小说的艺术风格——论《简·爱》中疯女人形象 房明远 科技信息(科学教研) 2008/08 34 由简·爱和安娜的命运看女性意识的觉醒 夏彤 湖南科技学院学报 2008/03 35 浅谈《简爱》的女性主义特征 季然 大学英语(学术版) 2008/01 36 浅议《简·爱》两个中译本 王蓓 成都大学学报(教育科学版) 2008/03 37 皈依还是反叛——《简·爱》的《圣经》解构 刘爽 合肥学院学报(社会科学版) 2008/01 38 追求平等爱情的赞歌——电影《简·爱》的女性爱情叙事研究 曾勇 电影评介 2008/06 39 《简爱》——新女性成长的心路历程 许超 电影评介 2008/04 40 从《简·爱》译本看翻译中的女性身份认同 刘勇 四川外语学院学报 2008/01 41 从生态女权主义视角对《简·爱》的重新读解 王文惠 外国文学研究 2008/01 42 个性魅力的讴歌——浅析《简·爱》女主人公性格 王璇 社科纵横 2008/01 43 从宗教的角度浅析《简·爱》 周盛 黑龙江科技信息 2008/02 44 从接受美学看《简·爱》中圣约翰形象在中国的变异 徐菊 名作欣赏 2008/02 45 简·爱:夏洛蒂·勃朗特本人的写照 任伟亚 西南民族大学学报(人文社科版) 2007/S1 46 浅析《简·爱》中伯莎的艺术形象 王菲菲 泰安教育学院学报岱宗学刊 2007/04 47 《简·爱》的历程 刁克利 英美文学研究论丛 2007/02 48 从“女权”到“女性”——谈简·爱与吕蓓卡 吴丽丽 湖北教育学院学报 2007/12 49 从弗洛伊德人格观谈简·爱的心理结构 张磊 潍坊教育学院学报 2007/04 50 简·爱与叶玉菡性格相同点之比较 彭竹 黑龙江教育学院学报 2007/10

分类: 文化/艺术 >> 文学 问题描述: 我要写一篇《简爱》的毕业论文,叙述反判与平衡方面的,写过一篇不合格,哪位大虾知道请提供点资料,谢谢! 解析: 本文结合叙述学、女性主义阐述英国女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简·爱》,从作家身份,女主人公话语的角度切入,在文本细读的基础上试图证明这部作品的叙述既具有一定的叛逆性,又体现出对维多利亚时代的某些思想观念的认同,在叛逆中体现平衡,平衡中又透露出叛逆,即作品本身存在两面性。 本文从四个方面论述《简·爱》叙述的两面性。首先是作品采用第一人称叙述,这在历史语境中具有一定的叛逆性,而作者采用匿名的方式把自己隐藏在柯勒·贝尔这样的中性符号背后,避免直面读者的评判,而且“叙述自我”冷静客观的分析性的语言也有助于隐藏作者的女性身份。 其次,对书信体小说的反叛与回归。在当时的历史条件下,女性作家如果想获得作品公开发表的权力,不得不向社会权威和既定的传统妥协。当时女性写作的主导的书信体文本,用私下向一位受述者讲述个人故事的方式最大限度地减弱了“言论自由”动摇男权社会的能量,《简·爱》没有采用这种文体,但文本中“读者”这个称呼又与书信体小说中的称呼非常相似。勃朗特用这种方式实现了对既定的社会权威的妥协与平衡。第三,对家庭女教师类型的叙述的超越与平衡。勃朗特之前的家庭女教师故事的叙述者用回顾性的视角拉开了与小说中人物的距离,叙述者对主人公采用道德训诫的口吻;而《简·爱》的叙述者与主人公在道德观念上没有分歧。人物的言辞在某些场合下较为激进,但是从小说的整体来看,人物也有沉默和渐趋平静的叙述,这两点体现出对维多利亚时代的某些思想观念的认同。 最后,严肃小说与通俗小说之间获得平衡。作为一个入世不深但思想丰富的女性,勃朗特有个人需要表达的思考和本能的欲望;但时代的局限和个人在时代的影响下无法选择的思想状况和经济状况,都迫使她自觉或不自觉地体现出与一定历史环境的协调与平衡。 目 录 前言 ···········································1 第一章 第一人称叙述的反叛与平衡·······················3 第二章 对书信体小说的超越与回归·····················6 第三章 家庭女教师故事类型的超越与皈依·················11 一、“我必须说话”——对女家庭女教师角色的反叛··············13 二、“我兴致勃勃勃地听他谈”——沉默的简·爱体现家庭教师的本分····························································22 第四章 严肃小说与通俗小说的平衡······················27 前 言 从1847年出炉后,《简·爱》就不断地成为文学批评界的宠儿。一百五十多年来,读者也一直特别喜欢这部作品,高居畅销书排行榜的前列;1893年成立了勃朗特学会,每年都有新的研究成果问世;在勃朗特姐妹的家乡成立的纪念馆,每年参观的人络绎不绝。多年来的事实无疑证明《简·爱》是一部值得持续关注的作品。正如福兰克·科莫德(Frank Kermode)指出的,“事实上,仅存的珍贵得足以称得上是经典的作品,正如它们的幸存所表明的,是那些复杂、模糊得足以允许我们进行多种阐释的作品。” 多年来《简·爱》的研究史也从多层面多角度揭示了作品的“复杂与模糊。”历代批评家对《简·爱》的批评意味着不同的批评视野,采用不同的解读方式,如传记式,心理分析式,女性主义精神分析,社会学式,后殖民主义分析式以及神话原型批评式等。每一种批评方式都有其解读方式和解读空间,但同时也存在一定的局限。文学批评经历了语言学转向后,更注重从文本出发,挖掘作品的意义。本文试图从文本出发,结合女性主义、叙述学来重新透视作品的意义。 《简·爱》的发表在当时的英国文学界掀起波澜,许多夏洛蒂·勃朗特(Charlotte Bronte)同时代的人不欢迎《简·爱》,害怕其对固有的社会和文化体系有破坏作用。紧接着《简·爱》第一版的发行,《镜报》上出现一篇言辞颇为尖刻的文章,称《简·爱》“践踏了受到我们祖先尊奉并一直使国人引以为荣的传统习俗”。这篇文章得出结论说:“《简·爱》的思想很坏——观点很荒谬。信仰在黑暗之中被中伤——《简·爱》企图消灭我们的社会差异……”2紧跟着许多人站出来对《简·爱》严辞批判。在一篇言辞更为激进的文章里,玛格丽特·奥丽芬特把《简·爱》中的女主人公称作一个“新的罗马女战神”,她带来了“最令时代惊慌的革命”3。言下之意,作品颇具叛逆性。它的叛逆性多被女性主义研究者阐发出来:20世纪六七十年代的女性主义者们将《简·爱》读作女性反抗父权制压迫的胜利,颂扬简·爱的自觉的“反抗的女性主义”,桑德拉·吉而伯特及苏珊·古芭《阁楼上的疯女人》,认为疯女人伯莎就是女主人公简·爱心灵中的阴暗面,就是她一直想抑制的另一个凶悍的秘密的“自我”。不管对它是攻击还是肯定,《简·爱》的反传统性是人所共识的。在有关评论妇女写作的文章中,弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫认为夏洛蒂·勃朗特代表了典型的19世纪中期愤怒、“受挫”的早期女性主义。她本该平静地写却有太多的愤怒4。愤怒在中国看来只是一个人性格上的缺陷,似乎无可厚非。而且愤怒也要看原因,岳飞“怒发冲冠”闻一多“拍案而起”却是正义之怒,而且获得人们的赞赏和尊敬。然而基督教对这一点是很不宽容的,《圣经》里有专门的训诫“不可发怒”;但丁的《神曲》中,地狱的第五层关押的是“动辄发怒”的人;从基督教教徒的眼光来看,发怒是人的恶欲念的发作,应该节制。所以勃朗特的“愤怒”也是为基督教教义所不容,也被某些批评家“批评”。 然而,女性主义者们的研究在叙事学家们看来,过于追求意识形态和政治意义的理论范畴,忽略了文本的意义;而在女性主义者看来,形式研究多是就形式论形式,企图从形式中抽象出来某种文学语言的普遍规律,忽略了意识形态。然而,无论是叙事学还是女性主义,都并非某种本质的或孤立的属性,都只能揭示问题的某一方面,当今再没有哪一种文化思潮或文学批评方法可以长久地占据绝对的中心。“一元”解体,“多元”并存,只有多层面多角度才可能揭示问题的某一个侧面。而任何文化思潮和批评方法都由社会权力关系产生,并处于社会权力之中。本文试图将女性主义和叙述学结合起来,探索社会身份地位与文本形式之间的交叉作用,把叙事过程作为意识形态的表达来阅读。 本文认为,《简·爱》不仅仅如女性主义者们所阐述的那样,即作品的主题以及人物形象和主人公言词的具有叛逆性,也表现在叙述方式上超越传统。同时作家又受时代环境灌注于其中的思想观念的影响,表现出对其所处时代的某些思想观念的皈依。夏洛蒂·勃朗特的写作为其带来了莫大的声誉和良好的经济收益,而这些成就的获得不仅仅在于她或者作品的“叛逆性”,也在于她能够在超越时代局限的同时又能很好的与其所处的历史语境进行协调;她在树立自己在文学市场上的权威地位的同时也要向既定的社会权威妥协。 本文试从四个方面探询《简·爱》叙述的叛逆与平衡:第一人称叙述,书信体小说,家庭女教师故事以及严肃小说与通俗小说的平衡。 第一章 第一人称叙述的反叛与平衡 《简·爱》用第一人称叙述,从开篇,简·爱在一个寒冷的冬日午后看到的比维克的《英国禽鸟史》的迷人景象,到结尾处芬丁庄园的繁荣茂盛的景象,我们都是用简·爱的眼睛看,用简·爱的感觉去感受,追随她生活的世界。5这样读者可以及时准确地了解人物的行为、心理。例如在罗切斯特离开桑菲尔德后,简·爱怅然若失,当菲尔费克斯太太收到了一封“主人写来”的信时,“我继续喝着咖啡(我们是在吃早饭);咖啡很烫,我把脸上突然升起的一阵火一般的发热归因于它的发烫。为什么我的手会发烫,为什么我不自觉的把半杯咖啡泼在我的盘子里,我都不想去考虑。6”可读者却比任何时候都知道她此时此刻的心境。 第一人称叙述在今天看来也许不足为奇,因为小说兴起之初很多小说都是第一人称叙述,如赛缪尔·理查生(Samuel Richardson)的《帕美拉》(Pamela)、《克拉丽莎》(Clarissa),卢梭的《新爱洛伊丝》(Julie ou La Nouvelle Heloise)等等。但这一点落在女性作家的女性叙述者身上,则是另外一回事。在接下来的论述中本文将试图证明这一点。 18世纪末19世纪初,公共图书馆、广告业、出版业兴起,作家的身份和名声随之突出,出版商也借作者的声誉获得丰厚利润。这些都可以使作家成为权威人物。作者名称会印在小说的封面上,随着小说的流传作家的名字也在读者中广为人知,这样原本深居闺阁的女性在社会上也变得有名有姓了。这样成名的作家因其在读者中的巨大影响力可以毫不费力地借作品的传播继续扩大其声誉,使其每部作品都能拥有众多读者。夏洛蒂的《教师》生前没有发表,死后在她丈夫的争取下发表了,但此时出版商完全可以凭借夏洛蒂·勃朗特的名声使本来“平淡无奇”的作品获得丰厚的利润。 在当时的社会条件下,第一人称叙事即使是虚构的,但因其在形式上与自传难以区分,当时的读者还有把小说当作叙事主人公“真实”生平故事的习惯,这都使得作家不大情愿看见自己的名字出现在小说的封面上。在18世纪到19世纪,女性小说家较少使用第一人称叙事。《简·爱》中女主人公正如弗雷德里克·哈里森写道的那样:“这个相貌平平、身体弱小的家庭女教师凌驾于全书之上,小说的每一页中都有她的身影。书中的每件事和每个人都并非我们在现实生活中所能看到和所能知道的,但他们却是这个几乎从未出过远门的乡村姑娘锐利眼光中的成像。”然而,哈里森也认为如果这部小说以“非个性的叙事形式写成,”“那就可能会失败。”而如果把作品看成是简·爱的自传,或者是夏洛蒂·勃朗特的自传,那它就是“完美的艺术。”7 另外,为数众多的女性作家在男性作家一统天下的局面下,女性叙述难免与男性叙述冲突,即使都是女性叙述者,也面临着男性作家的女性叙述者和女性作家的女性叙述者哪一个是合法的问题。“对于她们来说,讲故事还可以,但让叙述者通过叙事把自己作为权威站在前台则是另外一回事。长期以来,社会上已经习惯作者的声音由男性发出。”8而《简·爱》是一部自传性色彩很强烈的小说,叙述者把女主人公推到前台,在女性几乎没有参与社会话语权力的维多利亚时代是需要一番勇气的;而且小说中人物的某些言辞在当时的历史语境下确实是颇为激进的。9 那么,在这种情况下,勃朗特是怎样与既存的社会权威之间妥协的呢?她用匿名发表小说,用柯勒·贝尔这个名字开始的写作生涯也是她通向专职作家的一个阶段,也是维多利亚文学市场上男性至上主义所需要的一个自我隐蔽的策略,勃朗特和她的女主角简·爱把“她们自己抽象为符号”(如首字母缩写“.”和匿名),把真实身份隐藏在符号的背后,避开把一个具体的名字与一个女性作家联系在一起,不必遭遇性别歧视。不仅仅如作者本人所强调的,怕读者尤其是批评家因为面对一本女人写的小说而给予不公正的评价,她用一个中性的名字遮蔽了自己,没有社会伦理道德评价的压力,这样也可以更真实地表达自己的本意。事实证明,她的担心不是没有理由没有必要,当众多读者和批评家认可作品后再看到作家本人,事情就不同了。 按照凯瑟淋·罗杰斯的说法:在文学市场中“与男性作家激烈较量的女作家”容易遭到攻击,“就好像她靠当 *** 来维持着自己的生活似的。”这样,女作家也就容易在她所激烈争夺的文学市场中失去自己的地位。10不仅与男性作家公开较量的女作家被认为是违背了正当的女性气质,即使那些被文学精英阶层认可的女作家也不敢公开承认自己在写作,夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简·爱》发表后,她的闺中密友曾问她是否是《简·爱》的作者,她断然否定了;《简·爱》在伦敦引起轰动,并获得肯定之后她才把作品放到她父亲的面前,承认她是本书的作者。从著名的湖畔派诗人罗伯特·骚塞给她的回信中可以看出当时对女性写作的态度:“如今每年都有许多卷诗集出版,却未能引起公众的注意;其中任何一卷如果出现在半个世纪以前,都会为它的作者赢得美名。因此,一个人若想在这方面扬名显迹,他就必须准备失望……我感到自己有责任告诫每一位向我寻求鼓励和忠告的年轻人,最好不要选择这样一条充满风险的道路。”11这封对妇女带有严重偏见的信当然严重地挫伤了她的写作热情,但她成名后对盖斯凯尔芙人追忆这段往事时坦言:“骚塞先生的信是和善的,可佩的;虽然有点儿苛刻,可于我有益。”12奥斯丁的写作也是在地下状态进行的,与她朝夕相处的侄子甚至不知道她在写作,认为那简直是不可能的,因为她没有合适的时间和地点,所以弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫认为女性应该有一间“自己的屋子”来从事写作。 “……在第一人称回顾性叙述中(无论‘我’是主人公还是旁观者),通常有两种眼光在交替作用:一为叙述者‘我’追忆往事的眼光,另一为被追忆的‘我’正在经历事件时的眼光。这两种眼光可体现出‘我’在不同时期对事件的不同看法或对事件的不同认识程度,它们之间的对比常常是成熟与幼稚、了解事情的真相与被蒙在鼓里之间的对比。”前者称为“叙述自我”,后者称为“经验自我。”13从《简·爱》中我们可以明显地看出这两种叙述声音。如简·爱在反抗里德蛮横无理的行为时,简·爱完全是八九岁小孩子的口吻,属“经验自我”;但她向劳埃德先生讲述自己被关进红屋子的经历时,也用了长大成人后的分析性的口吻:“我总是抱着娃娃上床,人总得爱样什么,既然没有更值得爱的东西,我只好设法疼爱一个小叫化子似的褪色木偶,从中获得一些乐趣。现在想来可想不明白,当初我是怀着多么可笑的真情来溺爱这个小玩意儿,甚至还有点儿相信它有生命、有知觉。(20)” 这里的叙述自我相当于“叙述者”,叙述者是由词语的节奏、措辞和语气创造的一个人。他(她)在时间和空间中无所不在,并且在那段包容一切的时间中他了解应该知道的每一件事情。叙述者是包罗万象的意识,它围绕着所有人物的心灵,从内心里了解他们,而且叙述者根据人物之间的相互关系和他们所体现的人类本性的广泛事实来看待他们。在这部小说中二者之间虽然开始的时候是分离的,但并非两条永不相交的平行线。我们看到,在小说的后半部分,两个“自我”合而为一,用叙述自我的眼光进行叙述。“简·爱这个人物的声音在小说的叙述中是逐步发展的,然而‘成人叙述’声音的简·爱——事实上是同一个声音,现在已经充分发展成熟——从开头到结尾是始终如一的。”14这里“成人叙述”相当于叙述自我,她的言语成熟老练,言辞平静却很有力度,更容易被读者接受。例如叙述者分析主人公在盖茨海德不受欢迎的原因时说:“而如今,隔了——我不愿说少年——我却看得明明白白了。我在盖茨海德,是个和大伙合不来的人;我根那儿的谁也不相象;我跟里德太太,或者根她的孩子们,或者根她宠爱的下人们,都没有一点一致的地方。……我是个异种人……我是个没用的人……。(16)”此类例子还有很多,不一一列举。吴尔夫认为,男性的话语是冷静,客观,独立的,15而这里的叙述自我的言辞就颇为符合这一点,不论作者是否有意这样做,但叙述自我冷静、客观、分析性的语言很容易隐藏作者的真实身份,在叙述风格上靠近男性语言的特点,她的叙述也就可以与当时的社会环境相调和。 不论是从女性主义的角度来看,还是从叙述方式来看,《简·爱》的某些带有叛逆性的叙述,都面临遭到抨击的危险,从而失去在文学领域中的地位。但无法否认这部作品即使在作品发表的历史时期,也获得了很大的成功,尽管有批评、否定的声音,但也有很多批评家赞赏她的作品,如乔·亨·刘易斯认为《简·爱》的作者“具备我们要求一个小说家具备的一切:对人物性格的洞察,以及刻画人物的才能;诗情画意; *** ;生活知识。故事不单有一种奇特的、自然展开的、始终不渝的趣味,”……“它具有一切伟大文体的首要特点:它是某个人的——某一个个人的成文的语言”,“我们对它无可指摘。”16那么,这部作品还有那些方面在反叛的同时又能用适当的方式赢得批评家们的赞同呢?

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