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More than one articles included in the following:On Mrgin SEC (. Securities and Exchange Commission)4/17/2009 Topic:Margin:Borrowing Money To Pay for Stocks "Margin" is borrowing money from your broker to buy a stock and using your investment as collateral. Investors generally use margin to increase their purchasing power so that they can own more stock without fully paying for it. But margin exposes investors to the potential for higher losses. Here's what you need to know about margin. Understand How Margin Works Let's say you buy a stock for $50 and the price of the stock rises to $75. If you bought the stock in a cash account and paid for it in full, you'll earn a 50 percent return on your investment. But if you bought the stock on margin – paying $25 in cash and borrowing $25 from your broker – you'll earn a 100 percent return on the money you invested. Of course, you'll still owe your firm $25 plus downside to using margin is that if the stock price decreases, substantial losses can mount quickly. For example, let's say the stock you bought for $50 falls to $25. If you fully paid for the stock, you'll lose 50 percent of your money. But if you bought on margin, you'll lose 100 percent, and you still must come up with the interest you owe on the loan. In volatile markets, investors who put up an initial margin payment for a stock may, from time to time, be required to provide additional cash if the price of the stock falls. Some investors have been shocked to find out that the brokerage firm has the right to sell their securities that were bought on margin – without any notification and potentially at a substantial loss to the investor. If your broker sells your stock after the price has plummeted, then you've lost out on the chance to recoup your losses if the market bounces back. Recognize the Risks Margin accounts can be very risky and they are not suitable for everyone. Before opening a margin account, you should fully understand that:You can lose more money than you have invested; You may have to deposit additional cash or securities in your account on short notice to cover market losses; You may be forced to sell some or all of your securities when falling stock prices reduce the value of your securities; and Your brokerage firm may sell some or all of your securities without consulting you to pay off the loan it made to you. You can protect yourself by knowing how a margin account works and what happens if the price of the stock purchased on margin declines. Know that your firm charges you interest for borrowing money and how that will affect the total return on your investments. Be sure to ask your broker whether it makes sense for you to trade on margin in light of your financial resources, investment objectives, and tolerance for risk. Read Your Margin Agreement To open a margin account, your broker is required to obtain your signature. The agreement may be part of your account opening agreement or may be a separate agreement. The margin agreement states that you must abide by the rules of the Federal Reserve Board, the New York Stock Exchange, the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., and the firm where you have set up your margin account. Be sure to carefully review the agreement before you sign with most loans, the margin agreement explains the terms and conditions of the margin account. The agreement describes how the interest on the loan is calculated, how you are responsible for repaying the loan, and how the securities you purchase serve as collateral for the loan. Carefully review the agreement to determine what notice, if any, your firm must give you before selling your securities to collect the money you have borrowed. Know the Margin Rules The Federal Reserve Board and many self-regulatory organizations (SROs), such as the NYSE and FINRA, have rules that govern margin trading. Brokerage firms can establish their own requirements as long as they are at least as restrictive as the Federal Reserve Board and SRO rules. Here are some of the key rules you should know: Before You Trade – Minimum Margin Before trading on margin, FINRA, for example, requires you to deposit with your brokerage firm a minimum of $2,000 or 100 percent of the purchase price, whichever is less. This is known as the "minimum margin." Some firms may require you to deposit more than $2,000. Amount You Can Borrow – Initial Margin According to Regulation T of the Federal Reserve Board, you may borrow up to 50 percent of the purchase price of securities that can be purchased on margin. This is known as the "initial margin." Some firms require you to deposit more than 50 percent of the purchase price. Also be aware that not all securities can be purchased on margin. Amount You Need After You Trade – Maintenance Margin After you buy stock on margin, FINRA requires you to keep a minimum amount of equity in your margin account. The equity in your account is the value of your securities less how much you owe to your brokerage firm. The rules require you to have at least 25 percent of the total market value of the securities in your margin account at all times. The 25 percent is called the "maintenance requirement." In fact, many brokerage firms have higher maintenance requirements, typically between 30 to 40 percent, and sometimes higher depending on the type of stock purchased. Here's an example of how maintenance requirements work. Let's say you purchase $16,000 worth of securities by borrowing $8,000 from your firm and paying $8,000 in cash or securities. If the market value of the securities drops to $12,000, the equity in your account will fall to $4,000 ($12,000 - $8,000 = $4,000). If your firm has a 25 percent maintenance requirement, you must have $3,000 in equity in your account (25 percent of $12,000 = $3,000). In this case, you do have enough equity because the $4,000 in equity in your account is greater than the $3,000 maintenance requirement. But if your firm has a maintenance requirement of 40 percent, you would not have enough equity. The firm would require you to have $4,800 in equity (40 percent of $12,000 = $4,800). Your $4,000 in equity is less than the firm's $4,800 maintenance requirement. As a result, the firm may issue you a "margin call," since the equity in your account has fallen $800 below the firm's maintenance Margin Calls – You Can Lose Your Money Fast and With No Notice If your account falls below the firm's maintenance requirement, your firm generally will make a margin call to ask you to deposit more cash or securities into your account. If you are unable to meet the margin call, your firm will sell your securities to increase the equity in your account up to or above the firm's maintenance requirement. Always remember that your broker may not be required to make a margin call or otherwise tell you that your account has fallen below the firm's maintenance requirement. Your broker may be able to sell your securities at any time without consulting you first. Under most margin agreements, even if your firm offers to give you time to increase the equity in your account, it can sell your securities without waiting for you to meet the margin call. Ask Yourself These Key Questions Do you know that margin accounts involve a great deal more risk than cash accounts where you fully pay for the securities you purchase? Are you aware you may lose more than the amount of money you initially invested when buying on margin? Can you afford to lose more money than the amount you have invested?Did you take the time to read the margin agreement? Did you ask your broker questions about how a margin account works and whether it's appropriate for you to trade on margin? Did your broker explain the terms and conditions of the margin agreement?Are you aware of the costs you will be charged on money you borrow from your firm and how these costs affect your overall return?Are you aware that your brokerage firm can sell your securities without notice to you when you don't have sufficient equity in your margin account?

The market for borrowing stockGene D’AvolioGraduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Morgan 480, Soldiers Field Boston,MA 02163, USAReceived 12 June 2001; accepted 21 March 2002

融资英文文献(6000字左右 ) 作者:。 Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The BankJuly,2007 by Stephen BushCommercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established industries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank”. There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower’s particular industry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank”. As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank” and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Commercial Mortgage Loans Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank”. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Credit Card Processing Programs The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant’s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing. A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank”, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing. 商业融资解决方案-比如银行外 2007年7月由Stephen布什 商业融资的借款人可能会认为,传统的银行是他们的最佳来源的商业融资。然而,由于大多数传统银行侧重于少数设立工业,非传统(非银行)和非本地商业银行应考虑大多数商业融资的情况。因此,建议商业融资战略(如本文中讨论)是跳出本行“ 。 有几个商业融资情况下,商业借款人常常发现,非传统的商业银行将能够更好地提供的条件更有利的商业借款人: ( 1 )商业透支现金和信用卡保理业务程序; ( 2 )商业按揭贷款;和( 3 )信用卡处理程序。在某些情况下,传统的银行将提供商业融资,但附加条件过于严格和盟约。在其他情况下,传统的银行将下降彻底的商业融资,这可能是因为他们甚至不提供商业融资,商业借款人的特定行业。在这两种情况下,商业借款人可能会受益于银行外思考“ 。 正如我在较早的商业融资的文章,在许多非竞争企业融资情况下,它并没有什么不寻常的地方传统的银行实行更加严厉的商业融资条件比通常被视为在一个更具竞争力的企业融资市场。这种传统的银行通常利用相对缺乏其他商业银行在其当地市场。作出适当的反应是由商业借款人寻求非银行的商业融资方案。这是既无必要,也明智的商业借款取决于只有在当地传统的商业银行融资解决方案。对于大多数商业融资的情况下,非本地和非银行的商业银行有可能提供更好的企业融资条件,因为他们所熟悉的竞争积极与其他商业银行。 商业融资比如-比如银行外 企业现金和信用卡应收帐款程序 大多数企业认为接受信用卡将在其业务资格的商业现金透支的信用卡应收款。传统的银行通常会是非常贫穷的候选人,以考虑是否需要援助业务与保理业务和信用卡业务现金垫款。因为即使是蓬勃发展的企业往往需要更多的现金,他们可以比银行贷款,它可以是极其重要的商业银行外的思考“ ,并找到非传统的贷款,以协助这个商业融资的需要。 商业融资两名-比如银行外 商业按揭贷款 两个最常见的商业融资遇到困难的商业贷款,可避免如果他们认为银行外“ 。第一商业融资情况是普遍存在的做法,传统的银行,以避免最特殊用途性质(如殡仪馆和教堂) 。第二商业融资的情况是典型的做法,大多数商业银行的重视气球和/或召回规定的商业贷款(这意味着银行可以要求提前偿还的商业贷款不同条件下) 。这两种不良商业融资的情况,通常可以很容易地避免和审议了非传统和非银行贷款。 商业融资例3 -比如银行外 信用卡处理程序 选择一个适当的信用卡处理服务,可有助于改善企业的盈利与大量的信用卡活动。分析信用卡处理供应商,才能有效地结合信用卡保理业务和信用卡应收款上述进程。在评估企业现金透支程序时,它常常是有可能同时安排大大提高商家的信用卡处理程序。由于传统的银行通常是没有竞争力,在提供援助信用卡保理业务中,也同样可能是一个非传统的贷款将是主要来源的有效和有竞争力的帮助,信用卡处理。 闭幕商业融资认为:我已经写的早期商业融资文章商业银行,以避免。应当指出的是,事实上,传统和非传统(非银行)贷款,应加以避免。因此,当借款人跳出商业银行“ ,它仍然是至关重要的,它们准备,以避免各种问题的非传统的商业银行在寻求可行的商业融资,尤其是当它涉及业务现金透支(信用卡应收款和信用卡保理)程序,信用卡处理服务和商业房地产融资。

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融资论文中英文参考文献

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中小企业融资毕业论文参考文献

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作者:Brealey,R., and F. Allen, 书名:Corperate Finance版本及出版商:McGraw-Hill, 2006()主要内容:赢利,风险分析,股票,证券发行,投资及融资相关本文来自: 中国经济学教育科研网论坛( ) 详细出处参考:

金融投资论文英文参考文献

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在写作国际金融论文的过程中,引用参考文献的着录格式是否规范,能反映作者论文写作经验和治学态度。下面是我蒐集整理的金融类论文参考文献的内容,供大家阅读参考。 一: [1]姚建军.核心竞争力的构建与跨越式发展-广州市商业银行的实践[J],中国金融,2002,185:7-9. [2]甘当善.商业银行经营管理[M],上海:上海财经大学出版社,2004,18-22. [3]土晓辉.我国城市商业银行的发展战略探析[J],北方经济,2007,. [4]李红.哈尔滨市商业银行发展战略研究〔D,哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2005. [5]雷蒙德·戈德司史密斯.金融结构与金融发展[M],上海:上海人民出版社,1996,23-29. [6]李宝巖.我国城市商业银行市场定位分析[J],商务现代化,2006,585:11-15 [7]刘元.城市商业银行的战略转型与定位回归[J],中国金融,2005,21:37-42. [8]李贞彩.城市商业银行发展战略研究〔D,北京:首都经济贸易大学,2006. [9]颜伟.城市商业银行发展战略探析[J],市场周刊,2005,8:93-94. [10]陈阳.我国中小商业银行市场定位研究D,青岛:中国海洋大学,2004. [11]. [12]. [13]. [14].“KarlBrunner'SMonetaryEconomicsAnAppreciation”.TheJournalofMoney,CreditandBanking,1991,. [15]. [16]. [17]. [18]. [19]陈小宪.风险资本市值-中国商业银行实现飞跃的核心问题仁[M],北京:中国金融出版社,2004,57-62. 二: [1]段正旺,王光.解决中小企业贷款难的对策.中国金融,2003,22. [2]人行湟源县支行课题组.信用:解决中小企业贷款难的关键.青海金融,2003,01. [3]刘维奇,高超.中小企业贷款问题的进化博弈分析.中国软科学,2006,12. [4]燕平.竭城助推小企业.中国金融家,2009,02:103 [5]小丽.小企业的十大生存之道.质量探索,2009,07:61-62 [6]中国人民银行货币政策司课题组.中小企业贷款障碍与对策研究.金融研究,1999,12. [7]小丽.小企业的十大生存之道.质量探索,2009,07:61-62 [8]七类农业小企业可获农发行重点支援.安徽农学通报上半月刊,2009,11:211 [9]杨思群.小企业金融:理论和政策.财贸经济,2000,03. [10]迟宪良中小企业融资困境与对策研究.吉林大学,2007 [11]刘慧萍.小企业内部控制问题研究.宁夏社会科学,2009,05:61-63 [12]农发行重点支援七类农业小企业.农家顾问,2009,06:10究,2003 [13]陈及,王佐.中国中小企业融资途径选择.北京商学院学报,2000,04. [14]蔡根生,李衍彬.中小企业贷款难在何处.金融理论与实践,2001,07. [15][J].. [16][J].. [17]AndersenandPiterbarg.. [18][J].. [19][J].. [20]GlassermanP.,[J].. 三: [1]巴曙松、王璟怕、杜婧.从微观审慎到巨集观审慎:危机下的银行监管启示[J].国际金融研究,2010,5:83-89. [2]顾海兵.巨集观金融预警系统的构架简析[J].法观经济研究,1999,11:16-19+25. [3]陈雨露、汪昌云.金融学文献通论巨集观金融卷[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006. [4]赖娟.我国金融系统性风险及其防范研究[D].江西财经大学博士论文,2011. [5]包全永.银行系统性风险的传染模型研究[J].金融研究,2005,8:72-84. [6]陈松林.金融风险监测与预警研究[J].经济科学,1997,3;28-36. [7]陈雨露、马勇.构建中国的“金融失衡指数”:方法及在巨集观审慎中的应用[J].中国人民大学学报,2013,1:59-71. [8]曹凤岐.改革和完善中国金融监管体系[J].北京大学学报哲学社会科学版,2009,7:57-66. [9]高国华,潘英丽.银行系统性风险度量--基于动态CoVaR方法的分析[J].上海交通大学学报,2011,12:1753-1759. [10]高国华,潘英丽.基于资产负债表关联的银行系统性风险研究[J].管理工程学报,2012,40:162-168 [11]. [12]Friend,Crockett,:53-64. [13]VeimasitR,. [14]Chang,E,:57-72. [15]:35-47. [16]. [17]GrinblattCheng,:103-135. [18]Land *** an,. [19]李华,许有志,佘元冠.高技术产业化政策对我国企业竞争能力的影响分析[J].科技进步与对策,2012:1?4 [20]庞皓.计量经济学[M].北京:科学出版社,2007 [21]压亚明,穆荣平,李金生.高技术产业国际竞争实力测度方法研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,20083: 136?143 [22]刘力钢,隋鑫,安曼.高技术企业知识创造与可持续竞争优势[J].辽宁大学学报:哲学社会科学版,20071:100?105 [23]胡小平,何建敏.高技术产业竞争实力评价模型构建方法研究[J].软科学,20093:10?14 [24]陈柳钦.战略性新兴产业自主创新问题研究[J].科学发展,20116 [25]金镭.高科技产业丛集发展动力分析[J].科技进步与对策,2012:1?4

作者:Brealey,R., and F. Allen, 书名:Corperate Finance版本及出版商:McGraw-Hill, 2006()主要内容:赢利,风险分析,股票,证券发行,投资及融资相关本文来自: 中国经济学教育科研网论坛( ) 详细出处参考:

2022年风险管理外文参考文献包括:《资本市场与全球金融环境的风险管理》()、《风险管理》()、《风险管理与投资机构》()、《风险分析与管理》()、《信息安全的风险分析与管理》()等。2022年风险管理外文参考文献包括:《资本市场与全球金融环境的风险管理》()、《风险管理》()、《风险管理与投资机构》()、《风险分析与管理》()、《信息安全的风险分析与管理》()等。

电影融资论文英文参考文献

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Small Business Data,the Journal of Finance,1994,XLIX,3-37.[49]Petersen, Credit:Theories and Evidence,theReview of Financial Studies,1997, 3,661-691.[50]Piero Works and Correspondence ofDavid Ricardo:Volume 1[M].Cambridge:AtThe University Press,1951.[51]Rajan,, do we known about capital structure?Someevidence from international data[J].Journal of Finance,1995,(l):1421-1461.[52]RobertM Bowen,et al,1982,Evidence on The Existence and Determinants ofInter-Industry Differences in Leverage[J].Financial .[53] determination of financial structure:The incentive signalingapproach,Bell Journal of Economics,1977,.[54]Saring,Oded H...Bargaining with a Corporation and the Capital Structure ofBargaining Firm[J].Journal of Financial Economics,1984,(17).[55]Scott,,secured debt and optimal capital structure[J].Journalof Finance,1977,(32):1-19.[56]Smith, Investment opportunity set and corporatefinancing,dividend and compensation Polices[J],Journal of FinancialEconomics3,1992,20-27[57]Stiglitz,J.&Weiss, rationing in the market with imperfectinformation[J].American Economic Review,1981,73(3):393-409.[58]Stultz discretion and optimal financing policies[J].JournalofFinancialEconomics,1990,(26):3-27.[59]Taggart, model of corporate financing decisions[J].Journal of Finance,1977,(32):1467-1484.[60]Taub, of the firm’s capital structure[J].Review of Economicsand Statistics,1975,(57):410-416.[61]Titman, effect of capital structure on a firm,liquidationdecision[J].Journal of Financial Economics,1984,(13):137-151.[62]Titman,S.&Wessels, determinants of capital structure choice[J].Journalof Finance,1988,(43):1-19.[63]Wald, firm characteristics affect capital structure:an internationalcomparison[J]Journal of Financial Research,1999,(22):161-187.[64]Willamson, finance and corporate governance[J].The Journal ofFinance,1988,43(3):567-591.[65]William D.Bradford Creating Government Financing Programs for Small andMedium-sized Enterprises in China[J].2004,234-245.

。。。。我也想要···有的话 给我也来一份吧····我的邮箱

论文英文参考文献格式

在社会的各个领域,大家对论文都再熟悉不过了吧,通过论文写作可以培养我们的科学研究能力。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论文呢?下面是我收集整理的论文英文参考文献格式,希望能够帮助到大家。

英文文献采用“APA格式”:

单一作者著作的书籍:

姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.

Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.

两位作者以上合著的书籍:

姓,名字首字母., & 姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.

Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.

文集中的文章:

Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.

期刊中的文章(非连续页码):

Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.

期刊中的文章(连续页码):

姓,名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期,页码.

Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.

月刊杂志中的文章:

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

php论文英文参考文献

[1]冯国良.基于Web及VRML网络教学平台的设计与实现[D].西安电子科技大学,2010.

[2]赵胜.基于B/S架构的Moodle网络教学平台的设计与实现[D].河北科技大学,2012.

[3]晏榆洋.基于web的在线网络教学平台的设计与实现[D].电子科技大学,2013.

[4]王逾西.动态网页的数据库连接技术[J].天津市财贸管理干部学院学报,2010,12(1):41-43.

[5]徐一菲,陈光柱,沈春丰等.基于PHP网站的远程控制系统研究[J].微计算机信息,2010,26(15):135-136,115.

[6]丁鲁南,康梅娟.基于WAMP的红色文化动态网站的设计[J].科技资讯,2012,(26):20-20.

[7]滕文.基于MVC模式的PHP程序开发[J].科技视界,2012,(28):262.

[8]郭雪清,肖飞,黄正东,王光华,宋莉莉,张伟.医院绩效管理信息系统的设计与实现[J].中国数字医学,2014,13(15)03:12-14+17.

[9]袁永革.试析医院管理信息系统的设计思想及其实施[J].计算机与信息技术,2014,16(18),03:91-94.

财务论文英文参考文献

[1]Adams, M. and Hardwick, P. An Analysis of Corporate Donations: UnitedKingdom Evidence [J], Journal of Management Studies, 1998,35 (5): 641-654.

[2]Aronoff,C.,and J Ward. Family-owned Businesses: A Thing of the Past or Model of the Future. [J]. Family Business Review, 1995,8(2); 121-130.

[3]Beckhard,R“Dyer Jr.,. Managing continuity in the family owned business [J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1983,12 (1): 5-12.

[4Casson, M. The economics of family firms [J]. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1999' 47(1):10 - 23.

[5]Alchian,A.,Demsetz, H. Production, information costs, and economic organization. American Economic Review [J]. 1972,62(5): 777-795.

[6]Allen, F,J, Qian and M, J. Qian. Law,Finance and Economic Growth in China [J], Journal of Financial Economics, 2005,77: .

[7]Amato,L. H.,& Amato,C. H. The effects of firm size and industry on corporate giving [J]. Journal of Business Ethics,2007,72(3): 229-241.

[8]Chrisman, ., Chua,., and Steier, L. P. An introduction to theories of family business [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2003b, 18(4): 441-448

动画论文英文参考文献范例多则

[1]程曼丽、王维佳:《对外传播及其效果研究》[M],北京大学出版社,2011年,36页.

[2]冯捃、何春耕:《《功夫熊猫》的跨文化传播分层解读》[J],《电影评介》,2014年第5期37-40页.

[3]范文杰、戴雪梅:《无意识一内隐认知理论的演变历程回顾及展望》[J],《重庆工商大学学报》,2009年第6期,596-601页.

[4]管文虎等:《国家形象论》[M],电子科技大学出版社,1999年,23页.

[5]郭秀艳、崔光成:《内隐学习本质特征的实验研究》[J],《心理科学》,2002年第1期,43-46页.

[6]陈晓云:《动画电影:叙事与意识形态》[J],《上海大学学报(社会科学版)》,2010年第5期,54-60页.

[7]黄国文、徐裙:《语篇分析与话语分析》[J],《外语与外语教学》,2006年第10期,2-6页.

[8]李德顺:《普遍价值与其可观基她》[J],《中国社会科学》,1998年第6期,5-14 页.

[9]刘丽英:《国家形象研究文献述评及营销视角分析一基于CSSCI(2001-2011)的研究》卬,《学术探索》,2014年第2期,120-123页.

学术论文英文参考文献注入格式

一、学术论文英文参考文献标注格式。

按照现行规定,学术期刊中论文参考文献的.标注采用顺序编码制,即在文内的引文处按引用文献在论文中出现的先后顺序以阿拉伯数字连续编码,序号置于方括号内。同一文献在一文中被反复引用者,用同一序号标示。这一规定使得所列文献简洁明了,应该引起论文作者注意。英文参考文献和中文参考文献一样,按在文中出现的先后顺序与中文文献混合连续编码着录;英文文献用印刷体;英文书名、期刊名和报纸名等用斜体;所列项目及次序与中文文献相同,但文献类型可不标出;忌用中文叙述英文。其格式为:

专着、论文集、学位论文、报告-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。出版地:出版者,出版年。起止页码(任选)。

示例:[1]Day,C.,Veen, Walraven,G. Children and youth at risk and urban education. Research,policy and prac-tice. Leuven/Apeldoorn:Garant. 1997.

期刊文章-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码。

示例:[2] Driessen,G.,& Van der Grinten,M. Home language proficiency in the Netherland:The evaluation of Turkish andMoroccan bilingual programmes- A critical review,Studies in Educational Evaluation,1994,20(3):365- 386.

论文集中的析出文献-[序号]析出文献主要责任者。析出文献题名。原文献主要责任者(任选)。原文献题名。出版地:出版者,出版年。析出文献起止页码。

示例:[3] Driessen,G.,Mulder,L.,& Jungbluth,P. Structural and cultural determinants of educational opportunities in theNetherlands. In (Ed.),Root and migration in global perspective. Jerusalem:Magnes . 104.[5]

报纸文章-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。报纸名,出版日期(版次)。

示例:[4] Lgnatieff,M. Keeping an old flame burning brightly. The Guardian,1998- 12- 20(12)。

电子文献-[序号]主要责任者。电子文献题名。电子文献的出处或可获得的地址,发表或更新日期。

示例:[5] Baboescu,F. Algorithms for fast packet classification. .

二、关于英文人名的标注。

现行编排规范对英文人名如何标注未作明确要求,英文人名的标注较为混乱,有标注全名的,有标注时将名缩写、姓不缩写、保持原来顺序的,还有在姓、名之间加圆点的,后者是我国翻译作品中,中文书写外国人名经常采用的一种方式。其实,标注英文人名是有章可循的,在国外学术着作的参考文献中,关于人名的标注已约定俗成为一种统一的格式,即英文参考文献标注作者姓名时,要求姓在前、名在后,姓与名之间用逗号隔开,姓的词首字母大写,其余字母不大写;名用词首大写字母表示,后加缩写符号圆点,缩写符号不可省略。由于欧美国家人的姓名排列一般是名在前、姓在后,在标注时必须加以调整。如Georg Paghet Thomson,前面两个词是名,最后一个词是姓,应标注为Thomson,G. P为什么要如此标注呢?笔者认为有以下原因。

1.在应用计算机等信息工具进行英文文献检索时,以英文作者姓名中的姓作为依据之一,即以姓作为检索目标之一。

2.在欧美人姓名表达含义里,姓比名的重要性更强、更正式。用姓而不是名来代表作者,还有尊重、礼貌的意味。名缩写后加缩写符号圆点,也含有正式、尊重和礼貌的意味,缩写符号不可省略。

3.表示与平常书写姓名的不同,体现学术论文重要性、简约性和准确性的要求,符合科研论文文体风格。这种标注在英文学术着作、科技文献中已广泛采用,也容易被广大读者、作者理解、接受。

对于复姓情况,如Jory Albores-Saavedra等,在引用标注时,应将复姓全部写出,即Albores-Saavedra, J对于姓前带有冠词或介词的情况,如带有Mac,Le,Von,Van den等,标注时不能省略,应同姓一起提到前面标注,如Mac Donald,La Fontaina,Von Eschenbach,Van den Bery等。这里有个有趣的现象,对于北欧人常见的姓Van den Bery,如Van的词首字母大写,表示它是姓的一部分,标注时应与姓一起前置;如果作者姓名书写为Graham van den Bery,其中van的词首字母v没有大写,则表示它不是姓的一部分,姓Bery前置时,van den仍留在原来的位置,并且不可缩写或省略,标注为Bery,G. van den.另外,对于“姓名+学位”的情况,标注时一般把“学位”删去,不要将其误认为姓或姓的一部分.

一个参考文献有两位或两位以上作者时,标注时除按上述要求将每位作者的姓提前书写外,作者与作者之间用逗号分开,最后一位作者前加&符号,如示例[1],也可仅保留前三位作者,之后加etc.表示。

三、关于英文参考文献发表(出版)时间标注到年的问题。

发表(出版)时间是参考文献的一项重要内容,标示引用文献发表的历史时间位置,是判断引用文献新旧的一个根据,不可遗漏。国外学术论着中参考文献的发表(出版)时间标注到年,这与我国学术论着中参考文献的标注规定相同。国外学术论着中参考文献的发表(出版)时间的标注位置有标注在作者后的情况,并加圆括号,这是因为采用了“着者-出版年”制。我国学术期刊编排规范参考文献的标注采用“顺序编码”制,发表(出版)时间标注靠后,如示例[1]、[3],应按此要求标注为是。

四、英文析出文献名和原文献名的标注。

由于现行编排规范对英文析出文献和原文献的标注书写要求不够明确,目前有把析出文献名排成斜体,而把原文献名(论文集名或期刊名等)排成正体的情况。这种标注方式是不对的,混淆了析出文献名和原文献名的效力,正确的编排要求与此相反,国外的普遍作法与我国学者的论述[4]要求一致,因此这一现象值得编辑同行注意。

英文书名在英文文章中出现有排成斜体的习惯,论文集名、期刊名或报纸名与书名效力相同,故排成斜体,析出文献名相当于书中的章节标题,不具有书名的分量,故不可排成斜体。

在标注原文献名及作者时,原文献多指论文集或与之类似的著作,英文标注习惯上在编着者名前加词首字母大写的介词In,作者姓名前后次序不作调整,名缩写为词首大写字母,后加缩写符号圆点,姓完整标出,不缩写。作者后加编者一词的缩写形式及缩写符号圆点,词首字母大写,外加圆括号,如标注为In S. Weil(Ed.),如示例[3].然后斜体标注原文献题名,后加注出版年,起至页码的缩写形式pp.和析出文献的起至页码。当原文献有两位或两位以上作者时,作者姓名同上述情况一样,前后次序不作调整,分别标出,编者一词缩写用复数形式Eds.,如In L. Eedering,& P. Leseman(Eds.)。

文献类型不宜标出。文献类型是我国编排规范制定的标注要求,国外并未采用。在中文中标注醒目、自然,在英文中此一项目的标注容易产生误解和干扰。如果是为方便计算机在检索或统计时辨识,是技术上的要求,那么就应当统一要求标注,从“可不标出”来看,尚未有技术上的要求。因而,文献类型在英文参考文献中不作标注为妥。

五、出版地和出版社(商)的标注。

出版地和出版社(商)是参考文献的重要内容,标示版权信息,不可遗漏或省略。我国一部着作一般由一家出版社负责出版发行,出版地一般也就比较明确为出版社所在的城市。国外情况就比较复杂了,由于市场经济高度成熟,语言通用程度高,着作权被普遍保护等原因,一部着作可能由不止一家出版社(商)合作出版发行,出版地也可能在不同国家的不同城市。当出版地有两处或两处以上、出版社(商)有两个或两个以上时,应当一一标出,中间用斜杠分开。如Amsterdam/Philadephia:Ben-jamins,又如Den Haag:Sdu/DOP出版地一般是出版社(商)所在的城市,标注城市名,不可标注为国家名。

参考文献补充了文章的重要信息,涉及范围十分广泛。因而,希望在修订现行编排规范时,对英文参考文献的标注作明确规定,以便作者写作和编者编辑时皆有章可循,亦使这项工作更加规范。

java论文英文的参考文献

参考文献:

[1]王庆智.王喜富.基于供应链管理的物流信息平台设计研究[A].第五届中国工业企业物流论坛论文集[C].2007(8)

[2]张翔.基于XML与Java技术构建电子政务系统的方法研究[D].西北大学.2008(5)

[3]符强.基于Java动态编程技术的软件自愈合构架研究[D].西北工业大学.2007(3)

[4]徐伟.赵嵩正.蒋维杨,基于功能的区域物流信息平台体系结构研究[J].情报杂志.2008(27)

[5]白磊,李芙玲.基于工作过程导向的JAVA程序设计课程教学研究[J].华北科技学院学报,2013,(04):92-95.

[6]赖小平.基于工作过程导向的《Java程序设计》课程开发与实践[J].福建电脑,2015,(05):52-53.

[7]孙晓奇,李胜,张文娇.基于工作过程的教学模式在java课程中的应用[J].电脑知识与技术,2014,(02):338-339.

参考文献:

[1]李舒,陈丽君.高校学生成绩管理系统的设计与实现[J].辽宁大学学报:自然科学版,2006,3(3):283-285.

[2]徐亮.高校智能排课系统的研究[J].电子设计工程,2013,21(7):24-27.

[3]张小红.高校排课系统的设计与实现[J].电子科技,2012,25(7):45-47.

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[5]叶波霞浅谈大学生兼职在大学生活的重要性[J].中小企业管理与科技,2014,(33)

[6]王丽晖.关于大学生兼职现象的几点思考*高校一线思政工作者视角下的大学生兼职现象[J].2009,10(04)

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[2]徐骋.Android应用软件自动化测试框架的研究[D].大连:大连海事大学,2015.

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[4]曾北溟.自动化测试框架的研究与实现[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.

[5]步倩倩.面向GUI软件的自动化测试框架的研究与应用[D].成都:电子科技大学,2010.

[6]郝义鹏.基于关键字驱动自动化测试平台的设计与实现[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.

[7]侯菊敏.基于Android的关键字驱动自动化测试框架研究[D].广州:中山大学,2012.

[8]区立斌.基于层次关键字驱动的自动化测试框架设计与应用[D].广州:中山大学,2012.

[9]郝晓晓,张卫丰.基于XML的SDK自动化测试框架的设计与实现[J].计算机技术与发展,2010(4):101-104.

[10]谢文哲.基于模块化测试框架的单元自动化测试框架的设计与实现[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2007.

[11]陈健.基于模型的数据处理系统的自动化测试框架[D].北京:中国科学院大学(工程管理与信息技术学院),2013.

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百度学术可以找到参考文献,输入关键词,在输入年份,就能找到相对应的参考文献。如果不知道参考文献格式要求,可以百度搜,参考文献自动生成器。直接按着填就出来了。百度搜索参考文献自动生成器,按着里面填,点生成参考文献就出来了。数据资料可以在百度文库、中国统计年鉴中找到。参考文献标准格式参考文献类型:专著[M],论文集[C],报纸文章[N],期刊文章[J],学位论文[D],报告[R],标准[S],专利[P],论文集中的析出文献[A]电子文献类型:数据库[DB],计算机[CP],电子公告[EB]电子文献的载体类型:互联网[OL],光盘[CD],磁带[MT],磁盘[DK]A:专著、论文集、学位论文、报告[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码(可选)[1]刘国钧,陈绍业.图书馆目录[M].北京:高等教育出版社,:期刊文章[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码[1]何龄修.读南明史[J].中国史研究,1998,(3):167-173.[2]OU J P,SOONG T T,et advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems[J].Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3)::论文集中的析出文献[序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者(可选).原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码[7]钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵炜.运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,:报纸文章[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次)[8]谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报,1998-12-25(10).E:电子文献[文献类型/载体类型标识]:[J/OL]网上期刊、[EB/OL]网上电子公告、[M/CD]光盘图书、[DB/OL]网上数据库、[DB/MT]磁带数据库[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出版或获得地址,发表更新日期/引用日期[12]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[8]万锦.中国大学学报文摘(1983-1993).英文版[DB/CD].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996.作者.题名[D].所在城市:保存单位,发布年份.李琳.住院烧伤患者综合健康状况及其影响因素研究[D].福州:福建医科大学,2009.其他的:作者.题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.沈平,彭湘粤,黎晓静,等.临床路径应用于婴幼儿呼吸道异物手术后的效果[J].中华护理杂志,2012,47(10):930-932.作者.书名[M]. 版次.出版地: 出版者,出版年:起止页码.胡雁.护理研究[M].第4版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2012:38.作者.题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).丁文祥.数字革命与国际竞争[N].中国青年报,2000-11-20(15).作者.题名[EB/OL].网址,发表日期/引用日期(任选).世界卫生组织.关于患者安全的10个事实 [EB/OL].其他: [R]、[P]、[A]、[C]、[Z]等。

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