英语教学论文参考文献
在学习和工作中，许多人都写过论文吧，论文是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。写论文的注意事项有许多，你确定会写吗？以下是我帮大家整理的英语教学论文参考文献，希望能够帮助到大家。
戴维 洛奇 小说的艺术 北京：作家出版社，1998
高奋 西方现代主义文学源与流 宁波：宁波出版社，2000
侯维瑞 现代英国小说史 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1986
胡经之，王岳川主编 文艺学美学法论 北京：北京出版社，1994
黄晋凯主编 荒诞派戏剧 北京：中国人民大学出版社，1996
霍夫曼 佛洛伊德主义与文学思想 王宁译 北京：三联书店，1987
拉曼 塞尔顿编 文学批评理论 刘象愚，陈永国等译 北京：北京大学出版社，2000
霍纳 韦勒克 近代文学批评史(第4卷)上海：上海译文出版社，1997
李维屏 英美现代主义文学概观 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1998
柳鸣九编选 新小说派研究 北京中国社会科学出版社，1986
吕同六主编 20世纪世界小说理论经典 北京：华夏出版社，1995
罗伯特 斯皮勒 美国文学的周期——历史评论专集 王长荣译 上海：上海外语出版社，1990
罗德 霍顿 美国文学思想背景 房炜等译 北京人民出版社，1991
梅佛里德曼 意识流，文学手法研究 上海：华东师范大学出版社，1992
米兰 昆德拉 小说的艺术 孟湄译 北京：三联书店，1995
史志康主编 美国文学背景概观上海：上海：上海外语出版社，1998
徐葆耕 西方文学 心灵历史 北京清华大学出版社，1990 殷企平 小说艺术管窥 天津：百花文艺出版社，1995
包惠南，包昂编.实用文化翻译学.上海：上海科学普及出版社，2000
陈定安.英汉比较与翻译.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1991
陈福康 中国译学理论史北稿 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
陈延佑 英文汉译技巧 北京：北京外语教学与研究出版社，1980
陈文伯 英语成语与汉语成语 北京：北京外语教学与研究出版社，1982
崔永禄 文学翻译佳作对比赏析 天津：南开大学出版社，2001
单其昌 汉英翻译技巧 北京：北京外语教学与研究出版社，1990
杜成南，文军主编 中国当代翻译百论 重庆：重庆大学出版社，1994
方梦之 翻译新论与实践 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999
冯庆华 实用翻译教程 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
辜正坤 中西诗鉴赏与翻译 长沙：湖南人民出版社，1998
郭建中编 文化与翻译 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000
黄龙 翻译技巧指导 沈阳：辽宁人民出版社，1986
黄龙 翻译学 南京：江苏教育出版社，1988
姜治文，文军编著 翻译批评论 重庆：重庆大学出版社，1999
金堤 等效翻译探索 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998
居祖纯 汉英语篇翻译 北京：清华大学出版社，1998
孔惠怡，扬承淑 亚洲翻译传统与现代动向 北京：北京大学出版社，2000
孔惠怡 翻译 文学 文化 北京：北京大学出版社，1999
连淑能 英汉对比研究 北京：高等教育出版社，1993
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[8]刘娜.情感因素在小学英语教学中的运用[J].天津市教科院学报，2016,01:49-51.
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[21]李爱平.在农村小学英语教学中做好学困生转变工作[J].中国教育技术装备，2016,07:79-80.
[22]陈金业.构建小学英语快乐课堂初探[J].学周刊，2016,21:229-230.
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[24]梁君玉.小学英语语法教学的现状和对策[J].西部素质教育，2016,10:171.
1.柯东霞（2005）.交流与互动一一英语课堂教学模式的主旋律.全国教育科研“十五”成果论文集（第二卷）.
2.曹逸韵（2012）.浅析二语习得研究中的`输入假说与互动假说.《琼州学院学报》（4）.
3.付凤文（2000）.分阶段听力教学.《国外外语教学》（2）.
4.方子纯（2006）.语篇宏观结构分析与听力教学.《外语电化教学》（8）.
5.卢仁顺（2002）.“输出假设”研究对我国英语教学的启示.《外语与外语教学》（4）.
6.陈丽清（2010）.新的英语教学模式--民主与互动性教学.《语言与文化研究》（第六辑）.
7.梁岁林（2004）.图式理论下的听力课新型教学模式的运用.《新疆师范大学学报》（1）.
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11.沈昌洪.刘喜文.季忠民（2010）.《第二语言习得导论》（英文版）.北京：北京大学出版社.
12.宫力（2010）.《交互式语言教学研究》.北京：人民教育出版社.
13.顾伟勤（2010）.论“互动假说”的发展与局限.《外语学刊》（5）.
14.何培芬（2003）.解码理论在大学英语听力中的应用.《外语电化教学》（12）.
15.李慧敏（2006）.从图式理论看大学英语听力教学.《北京第二外国语学院学报》（外语版）（8）.
16.刘玉红（2010）.英语课堂教学生生互动模式管窥.《教学与管理》（9）.
17.李燕.贾放（2001）.“互动假说”与语言课堂教学互动策略及效用研究.《语言文字应用》（S1）.
18.吕玉明（2000）.改进听力教学的三个环节.《首都师范大学学报》（社会科学版）（S2）.
19.穆育凤（2002）.《新视野大学英语》教学中课堂互动环节的设计.《外语电化教学》⑵.
20.邱采真（2002）.试论互动在第二语言习得中的作用.《高等函授学报》（哲学社会科学版）（15）.
[1]费巧莲.激情教学法在小学英语教学中的应用[J].内蒙古教育(职教版)，2016,05:72.
[2]李征娅.舞台式教学法在小学英语教学中的应用[J].英语教师，2016,06:78-80.
[3]李莉.夸张手法在小学英语课堂教学中的有效运用[J].教育现代化，2016,09:272-274.
[4]李彦子.浅谈小学英语课堂变革[J].亚太教育，2016,01:40.
[5]何轶君.PBL模式对小学英语自我效能的影响[J].科教文汇(中旬刊)，2016,01:110-111.
[6]王东芳.如何让“动”成为小学英语课堂的主旋律[J].科学大众(科学教育)，2016,02:68.
[7]韩笑.绿色背景下的小学英语课堂教学探析[J].生物技术世界，2016,02:244.
[8]宋丽敏.互联网+背景下小学英语未来课堂探微[J].中国教育技术装备，2016,01:120-121.
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[2] (作者姓名),Near-perfect Token Distribution（论文名称）, in Random Structures & Algorithms5(1994)（论文发表在的出版物名称（期刊号）或会议名称）.又如，[8] and Less-structured P2P Systems for the Expected High Churn, in IEEE P2P,2005.
英文论文参考文献示例
无论在学习或是工作中，大家肯定对论文都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。你写论文时总是无从下笔？以下是我收集整理的英文论文参考文献示例，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
英语论文参考文献格式范本
用Times New Roman。每一条目顶格,如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。
参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。
1)英文参考文献
(1)专著与编著
排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。
例如：
Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993.
专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。
例如：
Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre. New York: Norton, 1971.
A.两个至三个作者
第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开;其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号;每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。
例如：
Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar, 2000.
B. 三个以上作者
第一作者姓名(姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号)后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。
例如：
Randall, John et al. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例：
Widdowson, Henry G. EIL: Squaring the Circles. A Reply. London: Lomgman, 1998a.
Widdowson, Henry G. Communication and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b.
(2)论文集
参照下例：
Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & Marko, Henry ed. Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. New York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.
(3)百科全书等参考文献
参照下例：
Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 2001.
(4)学术期刊论文
参照下例：
Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. Young Children. 2003, (6): 12-18.
(5)网络文献
参照下例：
----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL” .
2)中文参考文献
(1)专著
参照下例：
皮亚杰.结构主义[M].北京：商务印书馆，1984.
(2)期刊文章
参照下例：
杨忠，张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究，1999，(2)：1-3.
(3)学位论文
参照下例：
梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学，2002.
(4)论文集
参照下例：
许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999：5-7.
(5)附录本
翻译学论文参考文献范例
参考文献：
奥马利 第二语言习得的学习策略上海：上海外语出版社，2001
陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论 济南：山东教育出版社，1999
丁言仁 英语语言学纲要 上海：上海外语出版社，2001
费尔迪南 德 索绪尔 普通语言学教程 长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001
冯翠华 英语修辞大全 北京：商务印书馆，1996
桂诗春，宁春言主编 语言学方法论 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998
桂诗春 应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998
何兆熊 新编语用学概要 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
何自然 语用学与英语学习 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
侯维瑞 英语语体 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988
胡壮麟 语言学教程(修订版)北京：北京大学出版社，2001
黄国文 语篇与语言的功能 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002
黄国文 语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
李延富主编 英语语言学基本读本 济南：山东大学出版社，1999
李运兴 语篇翻译引论 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000
刘润清 西方语言学流派北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999
刘润清等 现代语言学名著选读(上下册)北京：测绘出版社，1988
刘润清等 语言学入门 北京：人民教育出版社，1990
陆国强 现代英语词汇学(新版)上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999
拓展内容：
书写格式
1.参考文献标注的位置
2. 参考文献标标注方法和规则
3. 参考文献标标注的格式
2007年8月20日在清华大学召开的“综合性人文社会科学学术期刊编排规范研讨会”决定，2008年起开始部分刊物开始执行新的规范“综合性期刊文献引证技术规范”。该技术规范概括了文献引证的“注释”体例和“著者—出版年”体例。不再使用“参考文献”的说法。这两类文献著录或引证规范在中国影响较大，后者主要在层次较高的人文社会科学学术期刊中得到了应用。
⑴文后参考文献的著录规则为GB/T 7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》，适用于“著者和编辑编录的文后参考文献，而不能作为图书馆员、文献目录编制者以及索引编辑者使用的文献著录规则”。
⑵顺序编码制的具体编排方式。参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者，在正文中用同一序号标示。一般来说，引用一次的文献的页码（或页码范围）在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年，卷（期）”等+“：页码（或页码范围）.”。多次引用的文献，每处的页码或页码范围（有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码）分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处，置于方括号后（仅列数字，不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符；页码范围中间的连线为半字线）并作上标。作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的，该页码或页码范围也要作上标。作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号，做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。另外，参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。
⑶参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：
专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S ；
学位论文D ；科技报告R；参考工具K ；检索工具W；档案B ；录音带A ；
图表Q；唱片L；产品样本X；录相带V；会议录C；中译文T；
乐谱I； 电影片Y；手稿H；微缩胶卷U ；幻灯片Z；微缩平片F；其他E。
书写技巧
把光标放在引用参考文献的地方，在菜单栏上选“插入|脚注和尾注”，弹出的对话框中选择“尾注”，点击“选项”按钮修改编号格式为阿拉伯数字，位置为“文档结尾”，确定后Word就在光标的地方插入了参考文献的`编号，并自动跳到文档尾部相应编号处请你键入参考文献的说明，在这里按参考文献著录表的格式添加相应文献。参考文献标注要求用中括号把编号括起来，以word2007为例，可以在插入尾注时先把光标移至需要插入尾注的地方，然后点击 引用-脚注下面的一个小箭头，在出现的对话框中有个自定义，然后输入中括号及数字，然后点插入，然后自动跳转到本节/本文档末端，此时再输入参考文献内容即可。
在文档中需要多次引用同一文献时，在第一次引用此文献时需要制作尾注，再次引用此文献时点“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”选“尾注”，引用内容为“尾注编号（带格式）”，然后选择相应的文献，插入即可。
不要以为已经搞定了，我们离成功还差一步。论文格式要求参考文献在正文之后，参考文献后还有发表论文情况说明、附录和致谢，而Word的尾注要么在文档的结尾，要么在“节”的结尾，这两种都不符合我们的要求。解决的方法似乎有点笨拙。首先删除尾注文本中所有的编号（我们不需要它，因为它的格式不对），然后选中所有尾注文本（参考文献说明文本），点“插入|书签”，命名为“参考文献文本”，添加到书签中。这样就把所有的参考文献文本做成了书签。在正文后新建一页，标题为“参考文献”，并设置好格式。光标移到标题下，选“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”为“书签”，点“参考文献文本”后插入，这样就把参考文献文本复制了一份。选中刚刚插入的文本，按格式要求修改字体字号等，并用项目编号进行自动编号。
打印文档时，尾注页同样会打印出来，而这几页是我们不需要的。当然，可以通过设置打印页码范围的方法不打印最后几页。这里有另外一种方法，如果你想多学一点东西，请接着往下看。
选中所有的尾注文本，点“格式|字体”，改为“隐藏文字”，切换到普通视图，选择“视图|脚注”，此时所有的尾注出现于窗口的下端，在“尾注”下拉列表框中选择“尾注分割符”，将默认的横线删除。同样的方法删除“尾注延续分割符”和“尾注延续标记”。删除页眉和页脚（包括分隔线），选择“视图|页眉和页脚”，首先删除文字，然后点击页眉页脚工具栏的“页面设置”按钮，在弹出的对话框上点“边框”，在“页面边框”选项卡，边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“本节”；“边框”选项卡的边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“段落”。切换到“页脚”，删除页码。选择“工具|选项”，在“打印”选项卡里确认不打印隐藏文字（Word默认）。
注：以上在word中的处理是比较常用的做法，不过作者需要了解，投稿稿件是word格式或pdf格式或wps格式，但是很多期刊是用方正排版系统排版的，二者不“兼容”。因此，作者的word投稿只是编辑部排版的原稿，排版问题作者无需太过担心；而作者如想要编辑部出刊前最后的电子稿（有些作者着急要清样或已经排版的电子稿）其实也没有太大意义，因为没有方正的软件就无法打开这个电子稿。
工业设计 Industrial Design designIndustrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of engineering, usability, marketing, brand development and of industrial designGeneralIndustrial Designers are a cross between a mechanical engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement. And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and Depth"Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer." According to the IDSA (Industrial Design Society of America)Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state". This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an 'industrial designer'. This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial process. Industrial design is rapidly becoming an obsolete term as 'products' can now be industrially produced as 'one-offs' by the use of Rapid Prototyping Machines. In a post-industrial era and with the emergence of strategic design definitions such as this are incumbering designers and the advancement of design to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) "Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic of designAlthough the process of design may be considered 'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, Coke bottle, and VW Beetle are frequently-cited design has no focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the sexual or affectionate attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different schools of thought and among practicing design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer. The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002).Industrial design rightsIndustrial design rights are intellectual property rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired.
Clothes Material Clothing Fabrics a wide range of the material science and fiber science aspects of the technology including: *electrically active polymeric materials and the applications of nonionic polymer gel and elastomers for artificial muscles *thermally sensitive fibres and fabrics *cross-linked polyol fibrous substrates stimuli-responsive interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel *permeation control through stimuli-responsive polymer membranes *optical fibre sensors, hollow fibre membranes for gas separation *integrating fibre-formed components into textile structures *wearable electronic and photonic technologies *adaptive and responsive textile structures (ARTS) *and biomedical applications including the applications of scaffolds in tissue engineering This book provides a guide to the fundamentals and latest developments in smart technology for textiles and clothing. The contributors represent a distinguished international panel of experts and the book covers many aspects of cutting edge research and development. It gives you insight into technological developments in the field valuable and FIBRES, FABRICS AND CLOTHING starts with a review of the background to smart technology and goes on to cover a wide range of the material science and fiber science aspects of the technology including: * electrically active polymeric materials and the applications of nonionic polymer gel and elastomers for artificial muscles * thermally sensitive fibres and fabrics * cross-linked polyol fibrous substrates stimuli-responsive interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel * permeation control through stimuli-responsive polymer membranes * optical fibre sensors, hollow fibre membranes for gas separation * integrating fibre-formed components into textile structures * wearable electronic and photonic technologies * adaptive and responsive textile structures (ARTS) * and biomedical applications including the applications of scaffolds in tissue engineering This book provides a guide to the fundamentals and latest developments in smart technology for textiles and clothing. The contributors represent a distinguished international panel of experts and the book covers many aspects of cutting edge research and development. It gives you insight into technological developments in the field valuable and Fibres, Fabrics and Clothingedited by Xiaoming TaoReviews background to smart technology and goes on to cover a wide range of the material science and fiber science aspects of the technology Provides insight into the latest technological developments such as thermally sensitive fibers and fabrics, wearable electronic and photonic technologies, adaptive and responsive textile structures, biomedical applications, and more Contains contributions from a distinguished international panel of experts Covers many aspects of cutting edge research and developmentSmart Fibres, Fabrics and Clothing starts with a review of the background to smart technology and goes on to cover a wide range of the material science and fiber science aspects of the technology including:Electrically active polymeric materials and the applications of nonionic polymer gel and elastomers for artificial muscles Thermally sensitive fibres and fabrics Cross-linked polyol fibrous substrates Stimuli-responsive interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel Permeation control through stimuli-responsive polymer membranes Optical fibre sensors, hollow fibre membranes for gas separation Integrating fibre-formed components into textile structures Wearable electronic and photonic technologies Adaptive and responsive textile structures (ARTS) And biomedical applications including the applications of scaffolds in tissue engineeringSmart Fibres, Fabrics and Clothing provides a guide to the fundamentals and latest developments in smart technology for textiles and clothing. The contributors represent a distinguished international panel of experts and the book covers many aspects of cutting edge research and development. It gives you insight into technological developments in the field valuable and technology for textiles and clothing - An overview and review Introduction Development of smart technology for textiles and clothing Outline of the book Electrically active polymer materials: application of non-ionic polymer gel and elastomers for artificial muscles Introduction Polymer materials as actuators or artificial muscle Peculiarity of polymer gel actuator Triggers for actuating polymer gels Electro-active polymer gels as artificial muscles From electro-active polymer gel to electro-active elastomer with large deformation Heat storage and thermo-regulated textiles and clothing Development introduction Basics of heat-storage materials Manufacture of heat-storage and thermo-regulated textiles and clothing Properties of heat-storage and thermo-regulated textiles and clothing application Development trends Thermally sensitive materials Introduction Thermal storage and thermal insulating fibres Thermal insulation through polymeric coatings Design of fabric assemblies Cross-linked polyol fibrous substrates as multifunctional and multi-use intelligent materials Introduction Fibrous intelligent materials Experimental Results and discussion Stimuli-responsive interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid) Introduction Experimental Results and discussion Permeation control through stimuli-responsive polymer membrane prepared by plasma and radiation grafting techniques Introduction Experimental Results and discussion Mechanical properties of fibre Bragg gratings Introduction Fabric techniques Mechanisms of FBG sensor fabrication Mechanical properties Influence of the UV irradiation on mechanical properties Polymeric fibre Optical responses of FBG sensors under deformations Introduction Optical methodology for FBG sensors Optical responses under tension Optical responses under torsion Optical responses under lateral compression Optical responses under bending Smart textile composites integrated with fibre optic sensors Introduction Optical fibres and fibre optic sensors Principal analysis of embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors Simultaneous measurements of strain and temperature Measurement effectiveness Reliability of FBGs Error of strain measurement due to deviation of position and direction Distributed measurement systems Hollow fibre membranes for gas separation Historical overview of membranes for gas separation Developments of membranes for industrial gas separation Theories of permeation processes Phase inversion and hollow fibre membrane Future hollow fibre membranes and industrial gas separation Embroidery and smart textiles Introduction Basics of embroidery technology Embroidery for technical applications - tailored fibre placement Embroidery technology used for medical textiles Embroidered stamp - gag or innovation? Adaptive and responsive textile structures (ARTS) Introduction Textiles in computing: the symbiotic relationship The Georgia Tech Wearable MotherboardTM GTWM: contributions and potential applications Emergence of a new paradigm: harnessing the opportunity Wearable technology for snow clothing Introduction Key issues and performance requirements The prototype Bio-processing for smart textiles and clothing Introduction Treatment of wool with enzymes Treatment of of cotton with enzymes Enzymatic modification of synthetic fibres Spider silk 'Intelligent fibres' Tailor-made intelligent polymers for biomedical applications Introduction Fundamental aspects of shape memory materials Concept of biodegradable shape memory polymers Degradable thermoplastic elastomers having shape memory properties Degradable polymer networks having shape memory properties Textile scaffolds in tissue engineering Introduction Ideal scaffold system Scaffold materials Textile scaffolds
你好， foreknown下文从工业设计属性出发，讲到发展进程，立法权益保护还有产品设计的相关内容，字数有限，希望能多给你参考，期望能帮得上你。Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of mass-produced products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of form, usability, user ergonomics, engineering, marketing, brand development and term "industrial design" is often attributed to the designer Joseph Claude Sinel in 1919 (although he himself denied it in later interviews) but the discipline predates that by at least a decade. Its origins lay in the industrialization of consumer products. For instance the Deutscher Werkbund, founded in 1907 and a precursor to the Bauhaus, was a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United of industrial design Water kettle designed by Peter Behrens in 1909 A Braun stereo Vox Phantom guitar, 1962General Industrial Designers are a cross between an engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement, but they can affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and Depth "Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer" according to the IDSA (Industrial Designers Society of America).Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state." This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an 'industrial designer'. This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) "Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange."Process of designAlthough the process of design may be considered 'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, the Jeep, the Fender Stratocaster, the Coke bottle, and the VW Beetle are frequently-cited design also has a focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the emotional attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different schools of thought and among practicing design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design, to schools where aesthetic design is almost completely subordinated to concerns of function and ergonomics of use (the so-called functionalist school）。Industrial design rightsIndustrial design rights are intellectual property rights that protect the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired. Design rights started in the United Kingdom in 1787 with the Designing and Printing of Linen Act and have expanded from 's Design Act, 2000 was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to protection of design and to comply with the articles 25 and 26 of TRIPS agreement. The new act, (earlier Patent and Design Act, 1911 was repealed by this act) now defines "design" to mean only the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament, or composition of lines or colours applied to any articlewhether in two or three dimensional, or in both forms, by any industrial process or means, whether manualal or mechanical or chemical, separate or combimed, which in the finished article appeal to and are judged solely bt the eye; but does not include any mode or principle of 's industrial design act affords ten years of protection to industrial designs that are registered; there is no protection if the design is not registered. The Industrial Design Act (., c. I-8) defines "design" or "industrial design" to mean features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament and any combination of those features that, in a finished article, appeal to and are judged solely by the the existence of an exclusive right, no person can "make, import for the purpose of trade or business, or sell, rent, or offer or expose for sale or rent, any article in respect of which the design is registered." The rule also applies to kits and substantial differences are in reference to previously published KingdomIn addition to the design protection available under Community designs, UK law provides its own national registered design right and an unregistered design right. The unregistered right, which exists automatically if the requirements are met can last for up to 15 years. The registered design right can last up to 25 years subject to the payment of maintenance fees。United . design patents last fourteen years from the date of grant and cover the ornamental aspects of utilitarian objects. Objects that lack a use beyond that conferred by their appearance or the information they convey, may be covered by copyright -- a form of intellectual property of much longer duration that exists as soon as a qualifying work is created. In some circumstances, rights may also be acquired in trade dress, but trade dress protection is akin to trademark rights and requires that the design have source significance or "secondary meaning." It is useful only to prevent source misrepresentations; trade dress protection cannot be used to prevent others from competing on the designProduct design can be defined as the idea generation, concept development, testing and manufacturing or implementation of a physical object or service. Product Designers conceptualize and evaluate ideas, making them tangible through products in a more systematic approach. The role of a product designer encompasses many characteristics of the marketing manager, product manager, industrial designer and design term is sometimes confused with industrial design, which defines the field of a broader spectrum of design activities, such as service design, systems design, interaction design as well as product design.[citation needed] The role of the product designer combines art, science and technology to create tangible three-dimensional goods. This evolving role has been facilitated by digital tools that allow designers to communicate, visualize and analyze ideas in a way that would have taken greater manpower in the neededProduct designers are equipped with the skills needed to bring products from conception to market. They should have the ability to manage design projects, and subcontract areas to other sectors of the design industry. Aesthetics is considered important in Product Design but designers also deal with important aspects including technology, ergonomics, usability, stress analysis and materials with most of the design fields the idea for the design of a product arises from a need and has a use. It follows a certain method and can sometimes be attributed to more complex factors such as association and telesis. Also used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer. The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002).ApplicationSome companies or individuals have particularly strong feel for developing new products than others. In the modern world these include especially technological companies like iRobot, Google or Nokia. Many product designers are strategic assets to companies that need to maintain a competitive edge in innovation.
英语论文参考文献标准格式
在各领域中，说到论文，大家肯定都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以培养我们独立思考和创新的能力。那么一般论文是怎么写的呢？以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文参考文献标准格式，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
用Times New Roman.每一条目顶格，如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。
参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。
1）英文参考文献：
（1）专著与编著
排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。
例如：
Brinkleyork: Knopf, 1993.
专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。
例如：
Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane EyreNew York: Norton, 1971.
A、两个至三个作者
第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开；其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号；每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。
例如：
B、三个以上作者
第一作者姓名（姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号）后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。
例如：
University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
C、同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例：
Widdowson, Henry G1998a.
Widdowson, Henry G. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1998b.
（2）论文集
参照下例：
Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.
（3）百科全书等参考文献
参照下例：
Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. ork: Macmillan, 2001.
（4）学术期刊论文
参照下例：
Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”.
（5）网络文献
参照下例：
“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL”.
（6）专著：
参照下例：
皮亚杰.结构主义[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1984.
（7）期刊文章：
参照下例：
杨忠,张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究,1999,(2):1-3.
（8）学位论文
参照下例：
梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学,2002.
（9）论文集
参照下例：
许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1999:5-7.
（10）附录
2）中文参考文献
一、参考文献的类型
参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
[M]--专着，着作
[C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》
[N]-- 报纸文章
[J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网)，但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版
[D]--学位论文 :不区分硕士还是博士论文
[R]--报告：一般在标题中会有“关于****的.报告”字样
[S]-- 标准
[P]--专利
[A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章
[Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母“Z”标识，但这种情况非常少见
常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：
[DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online)
[DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)
[M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)
[CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)
[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online)
[EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)
很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)起止页码。
【举例】
[1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星。对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6)：107-109.
[2] 夏鲁惠。高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1)：46-52.
[3] Heider, . The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3)： 62 67.
2.专着类
【格式】[序号]作者。书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码。
【举例】
[4] 刘国钧，王连成。图书馆史研究[M].北京：高等教育出版社，1979:15-18,31.
[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次)。
【举例】
[6] 李大伦。经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3)。
[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33)。
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名 [C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。
【举例】
[8] 伍蠡甫。西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979:12-17.
[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In & L. Grossberg(eds.)。 Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, .
[10] Almarza, . Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In and (eds.)。 Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. .
5.学位论文
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码。
【举例】
[11] 张筑生。微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所， 1983:1-7.
6.研究报告
【格式】[序号]作者。名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。
【举例】
[12] 冯西桥。核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院， 1997:9-10.
7.专利
【格式】[序号]专利所有者。题名[P].国别：专利号，发布日期。
8.标准
【格式】[序号]标准编号，标准名称[S].
【举例】
[14] GB/T 16159-1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则 [S].
9.条例
【格式】[序号]颁布单位。条例名称。发布日期
【举例】
[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会。科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991-06-05
10.电子文献
【格式】[序号]主要责任者。电子文献题名。电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期。
【举例】
[16] 王明亮。关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].
[17] 万锦。中国大学学报论文文摘(1983 1993)。英文版 [DB/CD]. 北京： 中国大百科全书出版社， 1996.
11.各种未定义类型的文献
【格式】[序号] 主要责任者。文献题名[Z].出版地：出版者， 出版年。
特别说明：凡出现在“参考文献”项中的标点符号都失去了其原有意义，且其中所有标点必须是半角，如果你的输入法中有半角/全解转换，则换到半角状态就可以了，如果你的输入法中没有这一转换功能，直接关闭中文输入法，在英文输入状态下输入即可。
其实，很多输入法(如目前比较流行的搜狐输入法)都提供了四种组合：
(1)中文标点+ 全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(而这时，我没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号)也就是说，这些符号是一定不能出现在“参考文献”中的;
(2)中文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(这时，我还是没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号)也就是说，这些符号也不能出现在“参考文献”中的;
上面列出的符号，中间没有任何的空格，你能看出它们有什么区别吗?我看只是-的宽度有一点点不同，其它都一样
(3)英文标点+全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，.:[1]-/
(4)英文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的，.:[1]-/
从这两项可以明显的看出，半角和全角其实最大的差别是所占的宽度不一样，这一点对于数字来说最为明显，而英文标点明显要比中文标点细小很多(也许因为英文中，标点的功能没有中文那么复杂，就是说英文中标点符号的能力没有中文那么强大)
所以，很多人在写“参考文献” 时，总是觉得用英文标点+半角很不清楚，间距也太小，其实这点完全不用担心如果你觉得真的太小不好看，就用英文标点+全角吧而在[1] 之后，一般也都有一个空格。
对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母。 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, .,如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & .
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature,English Weekly.
三、注释
注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明注释应置于本页页脚，前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。
英文论文写作参考文献
参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献，文后参考文献是指为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。
[1]AgranoflF, R. and Michael,M., 2003,“Collaborative Public Management; New Stiategies for Local Governments”, Geo^etown University Press,Washington,D. C.
[2]Aguinis, H. and Glavas, A., 2012, “What We Know and Don't Know About Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review and Research Agenda”,Journal of Management, 38(4)，pp. 932-968.
[3]Altman, E.,1998' “Financial Ratio,Discriminant Analysis and the Prediction of Corporate Banlruptcy”? Journal of Finance, 23(4)，pp. 589-609.
[4]Arenas, D.,Lozano,J. M. and Albareda,L.,2009,“The role ofNGOs in CSR:Mutual Perceptions Among Stakeholders”, Journal of Business Ethics,88,pp. 175-197.
[5]Aupperie, K., Carroll, A. and Hatfield,J.,1985,“An Empirical Examination of the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability”,Academy of Management Journal, 28(2)， pp. 446-463.
[6]Austin, J. E.,2000,“Strategic collaboration between nonprofits between businesses”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 29(1)， pp. 69-97.
[7]Baron,D. R, 1997,Integrated strategy* trade Policy, and global competition'California Management Review? 39(2)， pp. 145-169.
[8]Baron,R. A., 2006, “Opportunity Recognition as the Detection of Meaningful Patterns: Evidence from Comparisons of Novice and Experienced Entrepreneurs”?Management Science, 9,pp. 1331-1344.
[9]Baiy, A. D?,1879,: “Die Erscheinung der Symbiose”, Strasbourg.
[10] Kotha, B. ., 1999,“Does Stakeholder Orientation Matter? The Relationship Between Stakeholder Management Models and Firm Performance”. Academy ofManagement Jounal, 42,pp. 488-506.
[11]Binghamf C. B. and Davis,J. P.,2012, “Learning Sequences: Their Emeigence? Evolution and Effect”. Academy of Management Journal 55(3)， pp. 611-641.
[12]Blumer, H. , 1980, “Mead and Blumer : The Convei^ent Methodological Perspectives of Social Behaviorism and Symbolic Interactionism”,AmericanSociological Review, 45,pp. 409-419.
[13]Bondy,K.,2008,“The Paradox of Power in CSR : A Case Study on Implementation”. Journal of Business Ethics? 82(2)，pp. 307-323.
[14]Bowen, F.,Aloysius. N. K. and Herremans,I.,2010,“When Suits Meet Roots:The Antecedents and Consequences of Community Engagement Strategy”, Journal of Business Ethics, 95,pp. 297-318 ?
[15]Brammer,S, and Millington,A., 2003, “The Effect of Stakeholder Preferences >Organizational Structure and Industry Type on Corporate Community Involvement”,Journal of Business Ethics,45(3)? pp. 213-226.
[16]Bridoux, F. and Stoelhorst, J. W.,2014, “Microfoundations for Stakeholder Theoiy : Managing Stakeholders with Heterogeneous Motives” , Strategic Management Joumah 35, pp. 107-125
[17]Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C, and Stone? M. M.,2006, “The Design and Implementation of Cross-Sector Collaborations: Propositions from the Literature”,Public Administration Review, 66(sl)。
[18]Carey, J. M.,Beilin, R., Boxshall,A.,Burgman M. A. and Flander , “Risk-Based Approaches to Deal with Uncertainty in a Data-Poor System:Stakeholder Involvement in Hazard Identification for Marine National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries in Victoria,Australia”, Risk Analysis: An International Journal,27(1)，pp. 271-281,
[19]Carroll> A. B., 1979, “A TTiree-Dimensional conceptual Model of Corporate Performance”. Academy of Management Review, 4(4)， pp. 497-505.
[20] Carroll, A. B?,1991,“The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders”. Business Horizons,34(4)，pp. 39-48.
[1] Zhixin W, Chuanwen J, Qian A, et al. The key technology of offshore wind farm and its new development in China[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13(1)：216-222.
[2] Shahir H, Pak A. Estimating liquefaction-induced settlement of shallow foundations by numerical approach[J]. Computers and Geotechnics, 2010, 37(3)： 267-279.
[3] Hausler EA. Influence of ground improvement on settlement and liquefaction:a study based on field case history evidence and dynamic geotechnicalcentrifuge tests. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley; 2002.
[4] Kemal Hac efendio lu. Stochastic seismic response analysis of offshore wind turbine including fluid‐structure‐soil interaction[J]. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build.,2010,
[5] Arablouei A, Gharabaghi A R M, Ghalandarzadeh A, et al. Effects of seawater–structure–soil interaction on seismic performance of caisson-type quay wall[J]. Computers &Structures, 2011, 89(23)： 2439-2459.
[6] Zafeirakos A, Gerolymos N. On the seismic response of under-designed caisson foundations[J]. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2013: 1-36.
[7] Snyder B, Kaiser M J. Ecological and economic cost-benefit analysis of offshore wind energy[J]. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34(6)： 1567-1578.
[8] Ding H, Qi L, Du X. Estimating soil liquefaction in ice-induced vibration of bucket foundation[J]. Journal of cold regions engineering, 2003, 17(2)： 60-67.
[9] Shooshpasha I, Bagheri M. The effects of surcharge on liquefaction resistance of silty sand[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2012: 1-7.
[10] Bhattacharya S, Adhikari S. Experimental validation of soil–structure interaction of offshore wind turbines[J]. Soil dynamics and earthquake engineering, 2011, 31(5)： 805-816.
[11] H. Bolton Seed, Izzat M. Idriss. Simplified procedure for evaluating soilliquafaction potential. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division. 1971,97(9)： 1249-1273
[12] W. D. Liam Finn, Geoffrey , Kwok . An effective stress model for liquefaction. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 1977, 103(6)：517-533
[13] liquefaction and Cyclic Mobility Evolution for Level Ground During Earthquakes, J of the Geotechnical Engineering Division ASCE , 1979,
[14] and Cyclic Deformation of Sands-A Critical Review,Proceedings of the Fifth Pan American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,Buenos Aires,Argentina,1975.
[1] T. Paulay and J. R. Binney. Diagonally Reinforced coupling beams of shear Walls[S].ACI Special Publication 42, Detroit, 1974, 2: 579-598
[2] Lam WY, Su R K L, Pam H J. Experimental study of plate-reinforced composite deep coupling beams[J]. Structural Design Tall Special Building, 2009(18)： 235-257
[3] ACI 318-02: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, ACI318R-02:Commentary, An ACI Standard, reported by ACI Com-mittee318, American Concete Institute, 2002
[4] Siu W H, Su R K L. Effects of plastic hinges on partial interaction behaviour of bolted side-plated beams[J]. Journal of Construction Steel Research, 2010, 66(5)：622-633
[5] Xie Q. State of the art of buckling-restrained braces inAsia[J]. Journal of Construction Steel Research, 2005, 61(6)：727-748
[6] Kim J,Chou H. Behavior and design of structures with buckling-restrained braces[J].Structural Engineering, 2004,26(6)：693-706
[7] Tsai K C, Lai J W. A study of buckling restrained seismic braced frame[J].Structural Engineering, Chinese Society of Structural Engineering, 2002, 17(2)：3-32
[8] Patrick J. Fortney, Bahrem M. Shahrooz, Gian A. Rassati. Large-Scale Testing of a Replaceable “Fuse” Steel Coupling Beam[J]. Journal of Structural 2007:1801-1807
[9] Qihong Zhao. Cyclic Behavior of traditional and Innovative Composite Shear Walls[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering, Feb. 2004:271-284
英文参考文献标准格式
参考文献是学术论文的重要组成部分，它的作用众所周知，在此不再赘述。参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分，也是编辑加工和重要内容。为帮助大家顺利完成学术论文的撰写，我为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求，欢迎阅读。
学位论文参考文献的.格式
丨 期刊
期刊作者.题名[J].刊名，出版年，卷(期)：起止页码
周庆荣，张泽廷，朱美文，等.固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的溶解度[J].化工学报，1995，46(3)：317 323
Dobbs J M, WongJ M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polorcoselvent[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56
刘仲能，金文清.合成医药中间体4-甲基咪唑的研究[J].精细化工，(2)：103-105
Mesquita A C,Mori M N, Vieira J M, et al . Vinyl acetatepolymerization by ionizingradiation[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002, 63:465
丨 专著
专著作者.书名[M].版本(第一版不著录).出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码
蒋挺大.亮聚糖[M].北京：化学工业出版社，
Kortun Spectroscopy[M]. New York: Spring-Verlag,1969
丨 论文集
论文集作者.题名[C].编者.论文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码
郭宏,王熊,刘宗林.膜分离技术在大豆分离蛋白生产中综合利用的研究[C].余立新.第三届全国膜和膜过程学术报告会议论文集.北京：高教出版社,
Eiben A E,vander Hauw J 3-SAT with adaptive geneticalgorithms [C].Proc 4th IEEEConfEvolutionary Press,
丨 学位论文
学位论文作者.题名[D].保存地点：保存单位，年份
陈金梅.氟石膏生产早强快硬水泥的试验研究(D).西安：西安建筑科学大学,2000
ChrisstoffelsL A J . Carrier-facilitated transport as a mechanistic tool insupramolecular chemistry[D].The Netherland：
丨 专利文献
专利文献题名[P].国别，专利文献种类，专利号.出版日期
仲前昌夫， 佐藤寿昭. 感光性树脂[ P ]. 日本， 特开平
Hasegawa,Toshiyuki, Yoshida,et Coating composition[P].EP
Yamaguchi K,Hayashi A. Plant growth promotor and productionthereof [P].Jpn,
丨 技术标准文献
标准标准编号，标准名称[S]
ISO 1210-1982，塑料 小试样接触火焰法测定塑料燃烧性[S]
GB 2410-80，透明塑料透光率及雾度实验方法[S]
丨 报纸
报纸作者.题名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次)
陈志平.减灾设计研究新动态[N].科技日报，1997-12-12(5)
丨 报告
报告作者.题名[R].保存地点：年份
中国机械工程学会.密相气力输送技术[R].北京：1996
丨 电子文献
电子文献作者.题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].文献出处，日期
万锦柔.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993)[DB/CD].北京：中国百科全书出版社，1996
文献类型及其标识
根据GB3469 规定：
①期刊[J]
②专著[M]
③论文集[C]
④学位论文[D]
⑤专利[P]
⑥标准[S]
⑦报纸[N]
⑧技术报告[R]
电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，例如：
①磁带[MT]
②磁盘[DK]
③光盘[CD]
④联机网络[OL]
①联机网上数据库[DB/OL]
②磁带数据库[DB/MT]
③光盘图书[M/CD]
④磁盘软件[CP/DK]
⑤网上期刊[J/OL]
⑥网上电子公告[EB/OL]
英文文献采用 APA格式
丨 单一作者著作的书籍：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.
Sheril, R. D.(1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego:Halstead.
丨 两位作者以上合著的书籍：
姓，名字首字母., & 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.
Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992).Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON:McMaster University Press.
丨 文集中的文章：
Mcdonalds, A.(1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment ofsupernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies:Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.
丨 期刊中的文章(非连续页码)：
Crackton, P.(1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change?Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
丨期刊中的文章(连续页码)：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.
Rottweiler, F. T.,& Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink ofdestruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
丨月刊杂志中的文章：
Henry, W. A., III.(1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
发个样例给你看看大型轴齿轮专用机床设计的设计摘要：结合机电一体化的需要，设计以单片机作为控制系统的X-Y型工作台。通过对X-Y型工作台机械结构设计和控制电路接口的设计，阐述了机电一体化设计中的共性和关键技术。这种工作台通常与整机设计成一个整体，其形状，尺寸，结构因机器类型不同而有较大差异，但其工作原理有着共同点。关键词：X-Y数控十字滑台；机电一体化；单片机 Abstract : Combine mechanical-electrical integration’s need, design a Model X-Y workingbench with one-chip computer as the of the control system. Though describing the workingbench mechanical’s design of structure and interface of the control circuit to Model X-Y, have explained generality in the design of mechanical-electrical integration and its key technology. This kind of workingbench is usually designed with the complete machine into a whole , its form , size, there is a greater difference because types of the machine are different in the structure, but its operation principle has common point. Keywords: X-Y numerical control cross slippery platform; The mechanical-electrical integration; One-chip computer三人行资料网提供！
浅论应用ＣＡＤ技术的现代机械设计 摘要：在机械设计中引入CAD技术,可以解决机械企业中重复性设计多、信息资源利用率低的难题,缩短产品开发周期,具有巨大的经济效益和应用前景。 关键词：机械设计；CAD技术 1 CAD技术的发展 CAD(Computer Aided Design)是计算机辅助设计的英文缩写，是利用计算机强大的图形处理能力和数值计算能力，辅助工程技术人员进行工程或产品的设计与分析，达到理想的目的，并取得创新成果的一种技术。自1950年计算机辅助设计（CAD）技术诞生以来，已广泛地应用于机械、电子、建筑、化工、航空航天以及能源交通等领域，产品的设计效率飞速地提高。现已将计算机辅助制造技术（Com-puter Aided Manufacturing，CAM）和产品数据管理技术（Product Data Management，PDM）及计算机集成制造系统（Computer Itegrated manufacturing system，CIMS）集于一体。 产品设计是决定产品命运的研究，也是最重要的环节，产品的设计工作决定着产品75%的成本。目前，CAD系统已由最初的仅具数值计算和图形处理功能的CAD系统发展成为结合人工智能技术的智能CAD系统（ICAD）(Intelligent CAD)。21世纪，ICAD技术将具备新的特征和发展方向，以提高新时代制造业对市场变化和小批量、多品种要求的迅速响应能力。 以智能CAD（ICAD）为代表的现代设计技术、智能活动是由设计专家系统完成。这种系统能够模拟某一领域内专家设计的过程，采用单一知识领域的符号推理技术，解决单一领域内的特定问题。该系统把人工智能技术和优化、有限元、计算机绘图等技术结合起来，尽可能多地使计算机参与方案决策、性能分析等常规设计过程，借助计算机的支持，设计效率有了大大地提高。 2 三维CAD技术在机械设计中的优点 通过实际应用三维CAD系统软件,笔者体会到三维CAD系统软件比二维CAD在机械设计过程中具有更大的优势,具体表现在以下几点: 零件设计更加方便 使用三维CAD系统,可以装配环境中设计新零件,也可以利用相邻零件的位置及形状来设计新零件,既方便又快捷,避免了单独设计零件导致装配的失败。资源查找器中的零件回放还可以把零件造型的过程通过动画演示出来,使人一目了然。 装配零件更加直观 在装配过程中,资源查找器中的装配路径查找器记录了零件之间的装配关系,若装配不正确即予以显示,另外,零件还可以隐藏,在隐藏了外部零件的时候,可清楚地看到内部的装配结构。整个机器装配模型完成后还能进行运动演示,对于有一定运动行程要求的,可检验行程是否达到要求,及时对设计进行更改,避免了产品生产后才发现需要修改甚至报废。 缩短了机械设计周期 采用三维CAD技术,机械设计时间缩短了近1/3,大幅度地提高了设计和生产效率。在用三维CAD系统进行新机械的开发设计时,只需对其中部分零部件进行重新设计和制造,而大部分零部件的设计都将继承以往的信息,使机械设计的效率提高了3~5倍。同时,三维CAD系统具有高度变型设计能力,能够通过快速重构,得到一种全新的机械产品。 提高机械产品的技术含量和质量 由于机械产品与信息技术相融合,同时采用CAD CIMS组织生产,机械产品设计有了新发展。三维CAD技术采用先进的设计方法,如优化、有限元受力分析、产品的虚拟设计、运动方针和优化设计等,保证了产品的设计质量。同时,大型企业数控加工手段完善,再采用CAD/CAPP/CAM进行机械零件加工,一致性很好,保证了产品的质量。 3 CAD技术在机械设计中的应用 零件与装配图的实体生成 零件的实体建模。CAD的三维建模方法有三种,即线框模型、表面模型和实体模型。在许多具有实体建模功能的CAD软件中,都有一些基本体系。如在AutoCAD的三维实体造型模块中,系统提供了六种基本体系,即立方体、球体、圆柱体、圆锥体、环状体和楔形体。对简单的零件,可通过对其进行结构分析,将其分解成若干基本体,对基本体进行三维实体造型,之后再对其进行交、并、差等布尔运算,便可得出零件的三维实体模型。 对于有些复杂的零件,往往难以分解成若干个基本体,使组合或分解后产生的基本体过多,导致成型困难。所以,仅有基本体系还不能完全满足机器零件三维实体造型的要求。为此,可在二维几何元素构造中先定义零件的截面轮廓,然后在三维实体造型中通过拉伸或旋转得到新的“基本体”,进而通过交、并、差等得到所需要零件的三维实体造型。 实体装配图的生成。在零件实体构造完成后,利用机器运动分析过程中的资料,在运动的某一位置,按各零件所在的坐标进行“装配”,这一过程可用CAD软件的三维编辑功能实现。 模具CAD/CAM的集成制造 随着科学技术的不断发展,制造行业的生产技术不断提高,从普通机床到数控机床和加工中心,从人工设计和制图到CAD/CAM/CAE,制造业正向数字化和计算机化方向发展。同时,模具CAD/CAM技术、模具激光快速成型技术(RPM)等,几乎覆盖了整个现代制造技术。 一个完整的CAD/CAM软件系统是由多个功能模块组成的。如三维绘图、图形编辑、曲面造型、仿真模拟、数控加工、有限元分析、动态显示等。这些模块应以工程数据库为基础,进行统一管理,而实体造型是工程数据的主要来源之一。 机械CAE软件的应用 机械CAE系统的主要功能是:工程数值分析、结构优化设计、强度设计评价与寿命预估、动力学/运动学仿真等。CAD技术在解决造型问题后,才能由CAE解决设计的合理性、强度、刚度、寿命、材料、结构合理性、运动特性、干涉、碰撞问题和动态特性等。 4 CAD前沿技术与发展趋势 图形交互技术 CAD软件是产品创新的工具,务求易学好用,得心应手。一个友好的、智能化的工作环境可以开拓设计师的思路，解放大脑，让他把精力集中到创造性的工作中。因此,智能化图标菜单、“拖放式”造型、动态导航器等一系列人性化的功能，为设计师提供了方便。此外，笔输入法草图识别、语言识别和特征手势建模等新技术也正在研究之中。 智能CAD技术 CAD/CAM系统应用逐步深入,逐渐提出智能化需求.设计是一个含有高度智能的人类创造性活动。智能CAD/CAM是发展的必然方向。智能设计在运用知识化、信息化的基础上，建立基于知识的设计仓库,及时准确地向设计师提供产品开发所需的知识和帮助,智能地支持设计人员，同时捕获和理解设计人员意图、自动检测失误，回答问题、提出建议方案等。并具有推理功能,使设计新手也能做出好的设计来,现代设计的核心是创新设计,人们正试图把创新技法和人工智能技术相结合应用到CAD技术中,用智能设计、智能制造系统去创造性指导解决新产品、新工程和新系统的设计制造,这样才能使我们的产品、工程和系统有创造性。 虚拟现实技术 虚拟现实技术在CAD中已开始应用,设计人员在虚拟世界中创造新产品,可以从人机工程学角度检查设计效果,可直接操作模拟对象,检验操作是否舒适、方便,及早发现产品结构空间布局中的干涉和运动机构的碰撞等问题,及早看到新产品的外形,从多方面评价所设计的产品.虚拟产品建模就是指建立产品虚拟原理或虚拟样机的过程.虚拟制造用虚拟原型取代物理原型进行加工、测试、仿真和分析,以评价其性能,可制造性、可装配性、可维护性和成本、外观等,基于虚拟样机的试验仿真分析,可以在真实产品制造之前发现并解决问题,从而降低产品成本.虚拟制造、虚拟工厂、动态企业联盟将成为CAD技术在电子商务时代继续发展的一个重要方向.另外,随着协同技术、网络技术、概念设计面向产品的整个生命周期设计理论和技术的成熟和发展,利用基于网络的CAD/CAPP/CAM/PDM/ERP集成技术,实现真正的全数字化设计和制造,已成为机械设计制造业的发展趋势。 参考文献 [1]黄森彬主编.机械设计基础.高等教育出版社. [2]荣涵锐.新编机械设计CAD技术基础〔M〕.北京:机械工业出版社,2002. [3]徐平,虚拟现实技术研究,文秘杂烩网 . [4]葛海霞,刘村.AutoCAD2004/2005辅助设计[M].上海:上海科学普及出版社,2004. [5]秦志峰,齐月静,胡仁喜,等.AutoCAD2005机械设计及实例解析[M].北京:机械出版社,2005.
Micromachined W-band waveguide and filter with two embedded H-plane bends
[1]熊兴福,孟永刚.析儿童食品包装的人性化设计[J] 包装工程 2007(01) [2]程惠峰,吕尚书.食品包装的色彩心理研究[J] 中国包装 2007(03) [3]代尤佳,曾宪凯.论食品包装色彩设计的知觉联想[J]科技咨询导报 2007(24) [4]武珊,聂鑫鑫.儿童食品的包装色彩研究[J] 包装工程 2006{03)[5] 蒋尚文,龙英. 论儿童食品包装设计中的味觉感[J]装饰, 2005,(07)[6] 董亚平. 现代紫砂包装的设计思路探讨[J]江苏陶瓷, 2007,(06). [7] 张小艺. 从白酒包装看设计的功能与形式[J]苏州大学学报(工科版), 2007,(05). [8] 江南. 诗与画的交融——论广告词与广告画面的关联[J]武汉科技学院学报, 2005,(02).
英〕艾伦·斯旺.英国平面设计基础教程.张锡九等译，上海人民美术出 版社，2003 加德纳,费加尔；王毅译. 21世纪超级标志设计［M］.上海：上海人民美术出版社，2000. 爱德华�6�1丹尼森，理查德�6�1考索雷；沈慧，刘玉民译.包装纸型设计［M］.上海：上海人民美术出版社，2003，31-69. ［9］ 拉兹罗�6�1鲁斯，乔治�6�1L�6�1威本佳；赵黎明译.包装设计图形手册［M］.沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社，2002，154.
当前市场商品包装英文使用现状研究
近年来，随着英文包装的泛滥，许多英文词汇的运用开始变的随意和混乱，用词和语法使用不规范、随意套用外国商标等现象时有出现，这大大降低了中国商品的市场价值，对我国的广告宣传也造成了消极影响。以下是我为您整理的当前市场商品包装英文使用现状研究论文，希望能对您有所帮助。
摘 要： 当前社会，生产者在进行产品包装设计时，在包装上使用英文已经成为一种重要的宣传方式，尤其是在食品包装上，采用英文设计不仅可以提高产品的销量，还可以提高包装设计上的美观和艺术品质。这是一种针对消费者心理的特殊营销方式。但是由于设计者的语言背景和专业知识，在设计和语言使用上出现了许多错误。这些都极大地影响了我国食品包装英语的规范化使用程度。
关键词： 产品包装 英语 设计 规范化 使用
引言
改革开放以来，我国的商品经济得到了较大的发展，越来越多的中国商品上开始使用外语词汇作为包装手段。尤其是食品包装上的外语词汇，不仅方便了外国人对商品的选择，促进了我国商品的出口和消费，在宣传上也体现了时代潮流，迎合了大众的消费心理。
近年来，随着英文包装的泛滥，许多英文词汇的运用开始变的随意和混乱，用词和语法使用不规范、随意套用外国商标等现象时有出现，这大大降低了中国商品的市场价值，对我国的广告宣传也造成了消极影响。
一、食品包装英语规范化使用的重要性
从消费学上来讲，商品的包装就是一种无形的品牌，而英文的使用就和品牌的商标一样重要。作者看来，品牌商标是所有关于该产品名称、术语、标记、符号或设计元素的组合。这其中，英文作为被人们广泛认知的国际性语言，其表达的准确性与规范性至关重要。
从消费心理学上来说，中国当前的消费者对于国外产品的认可度更高，食品包装上使用英文包装或者英文广告可以提高消费者消费的潜在欲望，提升品牌的价值。一旦产品包装上的英文使用不规范或者出现“冒用”、“套用”的现象，会降低消费者对该产品的评价，影响企业形象。所以，食品包装在使用英语进行创新的同时，必须要保留一定的语言规范性。
二、当前市场上商品包装中英文使用的现状
名称翻译错误
在许多超市中，我们都能看到进口商品或者国产商品为了追求视觉效应，在食品的外包装上使用英文字母，但是这些产品的单词选用不是很准确，而且有时出现的是浅显的翻译错误。
专业语法错误
产品对于产地的要求是十分严格的，尤其是食品产品，必须明确指出原产地和生产日期以及原材料等。但是当前市场上对于这些细节的翻译，还存在不足。比如对产地“虎门”，有的厂商直接采用翻译工具提供的单词“tiger door”，像这种单词，正确的'语法应该是音译，即：“Humen”。再有就是许多特殊意义的词语：比如“开封”，有的产品表达成“Open it and help yourself”，这句话讲的是：免费自用，完全不符合语法和翻译规则。正确的应该是“Ready to be served”。
发生错误的原因分析
经过作者调查，出现食品包装英语混乱使用的原因有以下几种：第一，机器翻译。指的是许多设计者使用谷歌翻译或者百度翻译来进行词语转换，导致语言性错误。第二，审核不严。对于英文的使用，食品包装袋的制作者没有认真审核，或者生产者本身的英语底蕴不足，导致出现英语使用混乱的状况。第三，故意混淆，模糊产品。这种属于通过对产品包装的复杂化来欺蒙蔽消费者，以达到产品销售的目的。
三、如何加强食品包装中的英语规范化使用
充分理解商品包装再设计
商品包装一次设计，是使用视觉平面设计来进行产品的整体包装。比如：食品的包装形式，材料和主题形状颜色等。商品包装再设计就是指在一次设计的基础上为包装添加文字、图案、色彩等设计元素。作为包装的设计者，必须要了解英文的使用目的和使用效果，结合产品的特点进行规范化使用，提升产品的形象，推动产品进入市场。
掌握基本的商务英文使用规范
食品包装中的英语属于商务英语的一种，它的翻译方式和语法结构与普通的对话和学术性英语有所不同。所以，食品包装中使用的英语必须符合简短、精要、吸引性等特点。所以设计者在使用英语的时候，除了要兼顾商品的属性和广告效应，还要懂得一定的商务英语使用规则，对于像食品产品的单位、固定用语等词汇一定要专业，这样才能提升产品的整体价值。除此之外还要对中国的地名专有翻译进行了解，对于英语翻译的地名与汉语拼音翻译的地名区别使用。
加强对广告的审核，减少英文使用的低级错误
最后就是要加强对食品包装中的英语的审核，厂商作为设计者和使用者，要提高对产品包装的重视程度，仔细检验英语使用是否规范。减少低级错误的出现和浅显的语法错误。
此外，我国的有关部门也应该加强对食品包装方面的审核，实行不定期的抽查，对于不符合要求的产品限期整改或更换包装。利用行政手段帮助市场规范产品包装的发展。
四、结语
综上所述，在当前市场经济不断发展的今天，各行各业应当加深相互之间交流的程度。英语研究人士要利用自己的专业知识帮助食品生产者和广告设计者规范商业英语的应用，在提高食品包装中英语使用专业程度的同时，为我国商品经济发展做贡献，为中外交流拓宽便利之门。
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[2]郭著章，李庆生.英汉互译实用教程[M].武昌：武汉大学出版社，2004：172.
[3]李凇.商务英语词汇特征及翻译策略[J].赤峰学院学报，2010(08).