互联网保险论文外国文献综述

文献综述是对某一领域某一方面的课题、问题或研究专题搜集大量情报资料，分析综合当前该课题、问题或研究专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议，从而揭示有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等，为后续研究寻找出发点、立足点和突

约翰 W.克雷斯威尔（John W. Creswell）曾提出过一个文献综述必须具备的因素的模型。他的这个五步文献综述法倒还真的值得学习和借鉴。

克雷斯威尔认为，文献综述应由五部分组成：即序言、主题1（关于自变量的）、主题2（关于因变量的）、主题3（关于自变量和因变量两方面阐述的研究）、总结。

（1）序言告诉读者文献综述所涉及的几个部分，这一段是关于章节构成的陈述。

（2）综述主题1提出关于“自变量或多个自变量”的学术文献。在几个自变量中，只考虑几个小部分或只关注几个重要的单一变量。

（3）综述主题2融合了与“因变量或多个因变量”的学术文献，虽然有多种因变量，但是只写每一个变量的小部分或仅关注单一的、重要的因变量。

（4）综述主题3包含了自变量与因变量的关系的学术文献。这是我们研究方案中最棘手的部分。

这部分应该相当短小，并且包括了与计划研究的主题最为接近的研究。或许没有关于研究主题的文献，那就要尽可能找到与主题相近的部分，或者综述在更广泛的层面上提及的与主题相关的研究。

（5）总结强调最重要的研究，抓住综述中重要的主题，指出为什么我们要对这个主题做更多的研究。

一、文献综述的含义

文献阅读报告，即“文献综述”,英文称之为“survey”、“overview”、“review”.是在对某研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上，对该领域研究成果的综合和思考。一般认为，学术论文没有综述是不可思议的。需要将“文献综述（ Literature Review）”与“背景描述（Backupground Description）”区分开来。

我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外政府发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”,关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”,关注的是现实层面问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”.

“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。

其次，文献综述是评论性的（ Review 就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光（critical thinking）来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”.

评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。

二、意义和目的

总结和综合该方向前人已经做了的工作，了解当前的研究水平，分析存在问题，指出可能的研究问题和发展方向等，并且列出了该方向众多的参考文献，这对后人是一笔相当大的财富，可以指导开题报告和论文的写作。

三、主要内容

（1）该领域的研究意义。

（2）该领域的研究背景和发展脉络。

（3）目前的研究水平、存在问题及可能的原因。

（4）进一步的研究课题、发展方向概况。

（5）自己的见解和感想。

四、分类

综述分成两类。

一类是较为宏观的，涉及的范围为整个领域、专业或某一大的研究方向。

一类是较为微观的，这类综述可以涉及到相当小的研究方向甚至某个算法，谈的问题更为具体与深入。前者立意高，范围广，面宽，故也不易深入，比较好读好懂。这对初入道者、欲对全局有所了解的读者而言很有参考价值。

然而，欲深入课题的研究，则希望能有后一类的综述为自己鸣锣开道，这会节约很多的时间与精力，但往往不能遂人意，于是只好旁征博引，由自己来完成该课题的综述。当写学位论文时，我们要写的也就是这类结合自己研究课题而写就的综述。

五、难点

一篇好的文献综述既高屋建瓴，又脚踏实地；既探?索隐，又如醍醐灌顶。文献综述顾名思义由“综”和“述”组成。前半部分的“综”不算太难，根据所查阅大量的文献进行综合的归类、提炼、概括即可做到的话。

后半部分的评“述”与分析则是一篇“综述”质量高下的分界线，这需要融入作者自己理论水平、专业基础、分析问题、解决问题的能力，在对问题进行合情合理的剖析基础上，提出自己独特的见解。

六、如何收集资料

虽说，尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度，但如果缺乏标准，就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。

技巧一：

瞄准主流。主流文献，如该领域的核心期刊、经典着作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等，是做文献综述的“必修课”.而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。怎样摸清该领域的主流呢？

建议从以下几条途径入手：

一是图书馆的中外学术期刊，找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”,留意它们的参考文献。质量较高的学术文章，通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典文献的。

二是利用学校图书馆的“中国期刊网”、“外文期刊数据库检索”和外文过刊阅览室，能够查到一些较为早期的经典文献。

三是国家图书馆，有些上世纪七八十年代甚至更早出版的社科图书，学校图书馆往往没有收藏，但是国图却是一本不少（国内出版的所有图书都要送缴国家图书馆），不仅如此，国图还收藏了很多研究中国政治和政府的外文书籍，从互联网上可以轻松查询到。

技巧二：

随时整理，如对文献进行分类，记录文献信息和藏书地点。做博士论文的时间很长，有的文献看过了当时不一定有用，事后想起来却找不着了，所以有时记录是很有必要的。罗仆人就积累有一份研究中国政策过程的书单，还特别记录了图书分类号码和藏书地点。

同时，对于特别重要的文献，不妨做一个读书笔记，摘录其中的重要观点和论述。这样一步一个脚印，到真正开始写论文时就积累了大量“干货”,可以随时享用。

技巧三：

要按照问题来组织文献综述。看过一些文献以后，我们有很强烈的愿望要把自己看到的东西都陈述出来，像“竹筒倒豆子”一样，洋洋洒洒，蔚为壮观。仿佛一定要向读者证明自己劳苦功高。

我写过十多万字的文献综述，后来发觉真正有意义的不过数千字。

文献综述就像是在文献的丛林中开辟道路，这条道路本来就是要指向我们所要解决的问题，当然是直线距离最短、最省事，但是一路上风景颇多，迷恋风景的人便往往绕行于迤逦的丛林中，反面“乱花渐欲迷人眼”,“曲径通幽”不知所终了。

因此，在做文献综述时，头脑时刻要清醒：我要解决什么问题，人家是怎么解决问题的，说的有没有道理，就行了。

综述是你查阅相关文献的成果。

任何研究都要建立在前人的基础上，并且遵守学术传统，而不是空穴来风。

你需要告诉读者，关于这个问题前人研究到了何种地步，有什么缺陷，应该在哪些方面进行拓展。这一方面是对前人研究的尊重，另一方面也表明了你的文章价值何在。

任何与本文相关的重要成果都应当在综述中得到体现，并且在参考文献中列出。综述不是概述，不能泛泛地引用和概括，要有扬弃，特别是有批评。

否则，如果别人都做好了，要你写文章干嘛。

综述比较容易看出作者对该领域所下的工夫，因为作者需要广泛阅读，理解不同论文在关键假设和模型上的主要分歧。好的综述本身就是一篇独立的文章。

Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and duty of care. there are a few principles of insurance, which are considered as the uncertain losses, the predictable rate and distribution of losses,the sinificant of loss and the loss must be catastrophic. A property or liability insurance policy is a "personal contract," a "conditional contract," a "unilateral contract," a "contract of adhesion," a "contract of indemnity," and a contract which requires that the person insured have an insurable interest at the time of the insured-against contingency. Further: An Insurance Contract is one of Uberrima fides. This is a Latin phrase meaning "utmost good faith" (or translated literally, "most abundant faith"). It is the name of a legal doctrine which governs insurance contracts. This means that all parties to an insurance contract must deal in good faith, making a full declaration of all material facts in the insurance proposal. This contrasts with the legal doctrine of caveat emptor (let the buyer beware). An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, defined as an insurance 'policy'. This legal contract sets out terms and conditions specifying the amount of coverage (compensation) to be rendered to the insured, by the insurer upon assumption of risk, in the event of a loss, and all the specific perils covered against (indemnified), for the term of the contract. When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the amount of loss as specified by the policy contract. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many clients are used to fund accounts set aside for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses, the remaining margin becomes their profit. Insurers make money in two ways. Through underwriting, the process through which insurers select what risks to insure and decide how much premium to charge for accepting those risks and by investing the premiums they have collected from insureds Some people consider insurance a type of wager (particularly as associated with moral hazard) that executes over the policy period. The insurance company bets that you or your property will not suffer a loss while you put money on the opposite outcome. The difference in the fees paid to the insurance company versus the amount for which they can be held liable if an accident happens is roughly analogous to the odds one might expect when betting on a racehorse (for example, 10 to 1). For this reason, a number of religious groups, including the Amish and some Muslim groups, avoid insurance and instead depend on support provided by their communities when disasters strike. This can be thought of as "social insurance," as the risk of any given person is assumed collectively by the community who will all bear the cost of rebuilding. In closed, supportive communities where others can be trusted to step in to rebuild lost property, this arrangement can work. Any risk that can be quantified probably has a type of insurance to protect it. Among the different types of insurance are: Automobile insurance, also known as auto insurance, car insurance and in the UK as motor insurance, is probably the most common form of insurance and may cover both legal liability claims against the driver and loss of or damage to the vehicle itself. Over most of the United States purchasing an auto insurance policy is required to legally operate a motor vehicle on public roads. Recommendations for which policy limits should be used are specified in a number of books. In some jurisdictions, bodily injury compensation for automobile accident victims has been changed to No Fault systems, which reduce or eliminate the ability to sue for compensation but provide automatic eligibility for benefits. Boiler insurance (also known as Boiler and Machinery insurance or Equipment Breakdown Insurance) Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property. Credit insurance pays some or all of a loan back when certain things happen to the borrower such as unemployment, disability, or death. Financial loss insurance protects individuals and companies against various financial risks. For example, a business might purchase cover to protect it from loss of sales if a fire in a factory prevented it from carrying out its business for a time. Insurance might also cover failure of a creditor to pay money it owes to the insured. Fidelity bonds and surety bonds are included in this category. Health insurance covers medical bills incurred because of sickness or accidents. Liability insurance covers legal claims against the insured. For example, a homeowner's insurance policy provides the insured with protection in the event of a claim brought by someone who slips and falls on the property, and brings a lawsuit for her injuries. Similarly, a doctor may purchase liability insurance to cover any legal claims against him if his negligence (carelessness) in treating a patient caused the patient injury and/or monetary harm. The protection offered by a liability insurance policy is two-fold: a legal defense in the event of a lawsuit commenced against the policyholder, plus indemnification (payment on behalf of the insured) with respect to a settlement or court verdict. Life insurance provides a cash benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for burial, funeral and other final expenses. Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance. Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Locked Funds Insurance is a little known hybrid insurance policy jointly issued by governments and banks. It is used to protect public funds from tamper by unauthorised parties. In special cases, a government may authorise its use in protecting semi-private funds which are liable to tamper. Terms of this type of insurance are usually very strict. As such it is only used in extreme cases where maximum security of funds is required. Marine Insurance covers the loss or damage of goods at sea. Marine insurance typically compensates the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier. Nuclear incident insurance — damages resulting from an incident involving radioactivive materials is generally arranged at the national level. (For the United States, see Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act.) Environmental Liability Insurance protects the insured from bodily injury, property damage and cleanup costs as a result of the dispersal, release or escape of a pollutant. Political risk insurance can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. Professional Indemnity Insurance is normally a mandatory requirement for professional practitioners such as Architects, Lawyers, Doctors and Accountants to provide insurance cover against potential negligence claims. Non licensed professionals may also purchase malpractice insurance, it is commonly called Errors and Omissions Insurance and covers a service provider for claims made against them that arise out of the performance of specified professional services. For instance, a web site designer can obtain E&O insurance to cover them for certain claims made by third parties that arise out of negligent performance of web site development services. Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance. Terrorism insurance Title insurance provides a guarantee that title to real property is vested in the purchaser and/or mortgagee, free and clear of liens or encumbrances. It is usually issued in conjunction with a search of the public records done at the time of a real estate transaction. Travel insurance is an insurance cover taken by those who travel abroad, which covers certain losses such as medical expenses, lost of personal belongings, travel delay, personal liabilities.. etc. Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred due to a job-related injury. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the above categories. For example, car insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from say, causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the . typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property. Potential sources of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". Examples of perils might be fire, theft, earthquake, hurricane and many other potential risks. An insurance policy will set out in details which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Insurance companies may be classified as Life insurance companies, who sell life insurance, annuities and pensions products. Non-life or general insurance companies, who sell other types of insurance. In most countries, life and non-life insurers are subject to different regulations, tax and accounting rules. The main reason for the distinction between the two types of company is that life business is very long term in nature — coverage for life assurance or a pension can cover risks over many decades. By contrast, non-life insurance cover usually covers a shorter period, such as one year.

论文国外文献综述怎么写内容如下：

外文综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。而外文综述则是用汉语以外的语言来完成综述的写作。

1、首先根据你的论文主题想出5个关键词，依次输入谷歌学术搜索引擎（或者其他学校资源论文库）

2、在电脑里准备两个参考文献文件夹，一 个文件名写useful （有用），另一个文件名写maybe useful（可能有用）。

3、接下来浏览搜索到的文献的标题，看到和自己研究方向相关的题目就点进去， -目十行扫视文献，其中最主要看Abstract , Introduction和Conclusion三部分，也就是头和尾。

4、把扫视后觉得和自己的论文主题相关度高的，保存放进useful文件夹，如果看完觉得emmm（这个语气词是我导师给我讲的时候的原话，哈哈哈这种感觉只可意会不可言传）大概就是觉得有那么点关系，但又不舍得pass的文献，就放进maybe useful文件夹。

保险论文英文参考文献

下面是我整理的保险论文英文参考文献，希望对大家有所帮助。

[1]Syed ， Ali ，and NJohn Kurian. Toward a Theory of Agricultural Insurance[J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics，Vol. 64， ，Aug，1982

[2]Carl and Edna . Further Toward a Theory of Agricultural Insurance[ J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics， Vol. 69’ ， Aug， 1987

[3] Barry . An Empirical Analysis of the Demand for Multiple Peril Crop Insurance [J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 75，No. 2，May， 1993

[5] ， and . "Subsidized Crop Insurance and Extensive Margin"University of California，Berkeley，Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Policy，2

[6] Moschini G and Hennessy . Uncertainty，Risk Aversion and Risk Management for Agricultural Producers [J] .American Journal of Agricultural

[7] Barry ，Monte ，and John . An EmpiricalAnalysis of Acreage Effects of Participation In The Federal Crop Insurance Program[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 86， No. 4，Nov， 24

[8] Keith H. Coble，Thomas ， Rulon ，and Jeffery R. Expected-IndemnityApproach to the Measurement of Moral Hazard in Crop InsurancefJ] .American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics. Vol. 79，No. 1，Feb， 1997