水污染论文参考文献英文翻译

大气 ATMOSPHERE大气组成 Atmospheric composition空气质量 Air quality大气化学 Atmospheric chemistry大气成分 Atmospheric components大气颗粒物 Atmospheric particulates二氧化碳 Carbon dioxide温室气体 Greenhouse gases氧气 Oxygen臭氧层 Ozone layer大气过程 Atmospheric processes空气－水相互作用 Air-water interaction大气环流 Atmospheric circulation大气降水 Atmospheric precipitation碳循环 Carbon cycle蒸发作用 Evaporation降水增加 Precipitation enhancement降雨 Rainfall太阳辐射 Solar radiation蒸腾作用 Transpiration风 Winds空气污染 Air pollution酸雨 Acid rain空气污染物 Air pollutants氯氟碳 Chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物 Deposited particulate matter飞灰 Fly ash雾 Fog薄烟 Haze空内空气污染 Indoor air pollution烟雾 Smog气候问题 Climatic issues农业气象学 Agrometeorology气候 Climate气候变化 Climatic change气候带 Climatic zones干旱 Drought全球变暖 Global warming温室效应 Greenhouse effect湿度 Humidity微气候影响 Microclimate effects海平面上升 Sea level rise人工影响天气 Weather modification岩石圈 LITHOSPHERE固态地球 Solid Earth洞穴 Caves地震活动 Seismic activity地震监测 Seismic monitoring火山 Volcanoes风蚀 Wind erosion陆地生态系统 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS土壤 Soils农用土地 Agricultural land碱地 Alkali lands污染的土地 Contaminated land污染的土壤 Contaminated soil沙坑 Gravel pits荒地 Heath lands土地承载能力 Land carrying capacity土地污染 Land pollution土地开垦 Land reclamation土地恢复 Land restoration土地使用分类 Land use classification边缘土地 Marginal lands沙石开采 Sand extraction沉积 Sedimentation土壤潜力 Soil capabilities土壤保持 Soil conservation土壤污染 Soil contamination土壤退化 Soil degradation土壤侵蚀 Soil erosion土壤改良 Soil improvement土壤盐碱化 Soil salination水蚀 Water erosion干旱地区生态系统 Arid land ecosystems干旱土地 Arid lands沙漠化 Desertification抗旱 Drought control旱作 Dry farming沙丘固定 Sand dune fixation沙丘 Sand dunes半干旱地区生态系统 Semi-arid land ecosystems森林生态系统 Forest ecosystems植树造林 Afforestation针叶林 Coniferous forests森林砍伐 Deforestation森林保护 Forest conservation森林火灾 Forest fires草地火灾 Grass fires绿化带 Greenbelts本地森林 Indigenous forests再造林 Reafforestation植被恢复 Revegetation亚热带生态系统 Sub-tropical ecosystems温带森林 Temperate forests温带林地 Temperate woodlands树木 Trees热带生态系统 Tropical ecosystems热带森林 Tropical forests热带森林生态系统 Tropical forest ecosystems林地生态系统 Woodland ecosystems温带生态系统和寒带生态系统 Temperate ecosystems and cold zone ecosystems南极生态系统 Antarctic ecosystems南极地区 Antarctic region北极生态系统 Arctic ecosystems北极地区 Arctic region寒带生态系统 Cold zone ecosystems草地生态系统 Grassland ecosystems永久冻土生态系统 Permafrost ecosystems极地生态系统 Polar ecosystems温带生态系统 Temperate ecosystems山地生态系统 Mountain ecosystems高原生态系统 Highland ecosystems登山运动 Mountaineering湿地生态系统 Wetlands ecosystems红树沼泽 Mangrove swamps水禽 Waterfowl水涝地 Waterlogged lands流域管理 Watershed management水边开发 Waterside development生物多样性和保护区 Biological diversity and protected areas适应性强的物种 Adaptable species藻类 Algae两栖动物 Amphibians动物习性 Animal behaviour动物资源 Animal resources节肢动物 Arthropods生物多样性 Biological diversity生物资源 Biological resources生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserves群落生境 Biotopes鸟类 Birds植物园 Botanical gardens基因资源保护 Conservation of genetic resources生态平衡 Ecological balance濒危动物物种 Endangered animal species濒危植物物种 Endangered plant species河口保护区 Estuarine conservation areas动物区系 Fauna植物区系 Flora食物链 Food chain捕猎 Hunting无脊椎动物 Invertebrates陆地哺乳动物 Land mammals哺乳动物 Mammals海洋保护区 Marine conservation areas微生物 Microorganisms移栖种 Migratory species国家公园 National parks国家保护区 National reserves寄生生物 Parasites愉猎 Poaching灵长目 Primates保护区 Protected areas受保护的物种 Protected species爬行动物 Reptiles陆地生物资源 Terrestrial biological resources植被 Vegetation杂草 Weeds野生生物 Wildlife野生生物保护 Wildlife conservation野生生物生境 Wildlife habitats动物园 Zoological gardens细菌 Bacteria酶 Enzymes真菌 Fungi基因库 Gene banks种质 Germ plasm微生物资源 Microbial resources原生生物 Protozoa病毒 Viruses酵母 Yeasts生物技术问题 Biotechnological issues农业生物技术 Agricultural biotechnologies生物伦理学 Bioethics生物安全 Biosafety生物技术 Biotechnologies无性繁殖 Cloning与健康有关的生物技术 Health-related biotechnologies诱变剂 Mutagens突变微生物释放 Mutated microorganisms release突变体 Mutants繁殖控制 Reproductive manipulationDNA重组技术 Recombinant DNA technology动物的选择性繁殖 Selective breeding of animals植物的选择性繁殖 Selective breeding of plants生物技术的社会－经济影响 Socio-economic impact of biotechnologies致畸剂 Teratogens淡水 FRESHWATER淡水资源 Freshwater resources谈水保护 Conservation of freshwater水坝 Dams冰 Ice湖泊 Lakes自然排水系统 Natural drainage systems河流流域开发 River basin development河流 Rivers雪 Snow地下水 Subterranean water地表水 Surface waters水资源保护 Water resources conservation水资源开发 Water resources development淡水生态系统 Freshwater ecosystems集水区 Catchment areas国际河流流域 International river basins湖泊流域 Lake basins池塘尾渣 Ponds tailings河流流域 River basins淡水恶化 Freshwater degradation河流污染 River pollution径流 Run-off沉积物移动 Sediment mobilization沉积物运移 Sediment transport沉积盆地 Sedimentary basins渗漏 Seepage凤眼蓝 Water hyacinth水污染 Water pollution水的盐化 Water salination饮用水供应 Drinking water supply脱盐 Desalination饮用水 Drinking water饮用水处理 Drinking water treatment城市配水系统 Municipal water distribution systems农村供水 Rural water supply污水处理厂 Sewage treatment plants水泵 Water pumps水处理 Water treatment水井 Water wells海洋环境 MARINE ENVIRONMENTS海洋生态系统 Marine ecosystems藻花 Algal bloom海底生态系统 Benthic ecosystems海洋污染 Marine pollution污染沉积物 Marine sediments海洋环境 Ocean circulation洋流 Ocean currents海洋 Oceans海洋温度 Ocean temperature赤潮 Red tide海平面 Sea level潮,潮汐 Tides沿海生态系统 Coastal ecosystems群岛 Archipelagoes沿海地区 Coastal areas沿海开发 Coastal development沿海环境 Coastal environments海岸侵蚀 Coastal erosion疏浚 Dredging河口生态系统 Estuarine ecosystems岛屿生态系统 Island ecosystems小岛屿 Small islands海洋生物资源 Living marine resources水生哺乳动物 Aquatic mammals水生微生物 Aquatic microorganisms水生植物 Aquatic plants珊瑚礁 Coral reefs甲壳纲动物 Crustaceans鱼类 Fish海洋资源保护 Marine resources conservation软体动物 Molluscs水生贝壳类动物 Shellfish环境管理 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT资源管理 Resources management深海矿藏 Deep sea deposits森林管理 Forest management森林政府 Forest policy资源的地埋分布 Geographic di

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities, which can be harmful to organisms and plants which live in these water natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water, water is typically referred to as polluted when it impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use (like serving as drinking water) or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities. Water pollution has many causes and characteristics. The primary sources of water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their point of origin. Point-source pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway through a discrete "point source". Examples of this category include discharges from a wastewater treatment plant, outfalls from a factory, leaking underground tanks, etc. The second primary category, non-point source pollution, refers to contamination that, as its name suggests, does not originate from a single discrete source. Non-point source pollution is often a cumulative affect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. Nutrient runoff in stormwater from sheet flow over an agricultural field, or metals and hydrocarbons from an area with high impervious surfaces and vehicular traffic are examples of non-point source pollution. The primary focus of legislation and efforts to curb water pollution for the past several decades was first aimed at point sources. As point sources have been effectively regulated, greater attention has come to be placed on non-point source contributions, especially in rapidly urbanizing/suburbanizing or developing specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensory changes. While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be naturally occurring (iron, manganese, etc) the concentration is often the key in determining what is a natural component of water, and what is a contaminant. Many of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can produce waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts. Alteration of water's physical chemistry include acidity, electrical conductivity, temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is the fertilisation of surface water by nutrients that were previously scarce. Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases,[1][2] and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people dailyContaminantsContaminants may include organic and inorganic organic water pollutants are:Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalide and other chemicals Bacteria, often is from sewage or livestock operations Food processing waste, including pathogens Tree and brush debris from logging operations VOCs (volatile organic compounds), such as industrial solvents, from improper storage DNAPLs (dense non-aqueous phase liquids), such as chlorinated solvents, which may fall at the bottom of reservoirs, since they don't mix well with water and are more dense Petroleum Hydrocarbons including fuels (gasoline, diesel, jet fuels, and fuel oils) and lubricants (motor oil) from oil field operations, refineries, pipelines, retail service station's underground storage tanks, and transfer operations. Note: VOCs include gasoline-range hydrocarbons. Detergents Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic products Disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in chemically disinfected drinking water Some inorganic water pollutants include:Heavy metals including acid mine drainage Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially sulfur dioxide from power plants) Pre-production industrial raw resin pellets, an industrial pollutant Chemical waste as industrial by products Fertilizers, in runoff from agriculture including nitrates and phosphates Silt in surface runoff from construction sites, logging, slash and burn practices or land clearing sites [edit] Transport and chemical reactions of water pollutantsMost water pollutants are eventually carried by the rivers into the oceans. In some areas of the world the influence can be traced hundred miles from the mouth by studies using hydrology transport models. Advanced computer models such as SWMM or the DSSAM Model have been used in many locations worldwide to examine the fate of pollutants in aquatic systems. Indicator filter feeding species such as copepods have also been used to study pollutant fates in the New York Bight, for example. The highest toxin loads are not directly at the mouth of the Hudson River, but 100 kilometers south, since several days are required for incorporation into planktonic tissue. The Hudson discharge flows south along the coast due to coriolis force. Further south then are areas of oxygen depletion, caused by chemicals using up oxygen and by algae blooms, caused by excess nutrients from algal cell death and decomposition. Fish and shellfish kills have been reported, because toxins climb the foodchain after small fish consume copepods, then large fish eat smaller fish, etc. Each successive step up the food chain causes a stepwise concentration of pollutants such as heavy metals (. mercury) and persistent organic pollutants such as DDT. This is known as biomagnification which is occasionally used interchangeably with big gyres in the oceans trap floating plastic debris. The North Pacific Gyre for example has collected the so-called "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" that is now estimated at two times the size of Texas. Many of these long-lasting pieces wind up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals. This results in obstruction of digestive pathways which leads to reduced appetite or even chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemically change especially over long periods of time in groundwater reservoirs. A noteworthy class of such chemicals are the chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics manufacturing) and tetrachloroethylene used in the dry cleaning industry (note latest advances in liquid carbon dioxide in dry cleaning that avoids all use of chemicals). Both of these chemicals, which are carcinogens themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions, leading to new hazardous chemicals (including dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride).Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen aquifers. Non-porous aquifers such as clays partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity: however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to soil contaminants. Groundwater that moves through cracks and caverns is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural sinkholes as dumps in areas of Karst are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the original pollutant, but a derivative condition. Some of these secondary impacts are:Silt bearing surface runoff from can inhibit the penetration of sunlight through the water column, hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants. Thermal pollution can induce fish kills and invasion by new thermophilic species. This can cause further problems to existing wildlife. Sampling & monitoringSampling water can take several forms depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant. Many contamination events are temporal and most commonly in association with rain events. For this reason 'grab' samples can be used as indicators, but are often inadequate for fully accessing contaminant concerns in a water body. Scientists gathering this type of data often employ auto-sampler devices that pump increments of water at either time or discharge intervals.[edit] Regulatory frameworkIn the UK there are common law rights (civil rights) to protect the passage of water across land unfettered in either quality of quantity. Criminal laws dating back to the 16th century exercised some control over water pollution but it was not until the River (Prevention of pollution )Acts 1951 - 1961 were enacted that any systematic control over water pollution was established. These laws were strengthened and extended in the Control of Pollution Act 1984 which has since been updated and modified by a series of further acts. It is a criminal offense to either pollute a lake, river, groundwater or the sea or to discharge any liquid into such water bodies without proper authority. In England and Wales such permission can only be issued by the Environment Agency and in Scotland by the USA, concern over water pollution resulted in the enactment of state anti-pollution laws in the latter half of the 19th century, and federal legislation enacted in 1899. The Refuse Act of the federal Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 prohibits the disposal of any refuse matter from into either the nation's navigable rivers, lakes, streams, and other navigable bodies of water, or any tributary to such waters, unless one has first obtained a permit. The Water Pollution Control Act, passed in 1948, gave authority to the Surgeon General to reduce water public awareness and concern for controlling water pollution led to enactment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. As amended in 1977, this law became commonly known as the Clean Water Act. The Act established the basic mechanisms for regulating contaminant discharge. It established the authority for the United States Environmental Protection Agency to implement wastewater standards for industry. The Clean Water Act also continued requirements to set water quality standards for all contaminants in surface waters. Further amplification of the Act continued including the enactment of the Great Lakes Legacy Act of 2002

河流污染 River pollutionRiver Pollution It seems that almost every day there is another story about pollution of one form or another, in the food we eat, the water we drink and the air we breathe. Very often our own actions lead to that pollution and in many cases we can do something about it. These notes explain how you can investigate pollution and advise on positive action to improve our the riversOver 97% of all the water on Earth is salty and most of the remaining 3% is frozen in the polar ice-caps. The atmosphere, rivers, lakes and underground stores hold less than 1% of all the fresh water and this tiny amount has to provide the fresh water needed to support the Earth's population. It is estimated that, with the expected increase in population, there will be a 200% increase in world water needs by the year 2000. Fresh water is a precious resource and the increasing pollution of our rivers and lakes is a cause for river pollutionMost fresh water pollution is caused by the addition of organic material which is mainly sewage but can be food waste or farm effluent. Bacteria and other micro-organisms feed on organic matter and large populations quickly develop using up much of the oxygen dissolved in the water. Normally oxygen is present in high quantities but even a small drop in the level can have a harmful effect on the river animals. Animals can be listed according to their ability to tolerate low levels of oxygen. In the following list animals which indicate a high level of dissolved oxygen are at the beginning while animals indicating a low level of oxygen are at the end: stone-fly nymphs, mayfly nymphs, freshwater shrimps, freshwater hog lice, blood worms, tubifex worms and rat-tailed maggots. Sampling techniqueChoose a place on a river bank which is safe to work from and where there is reasonable access to the water. Push your net through the weeds at the edge of the river and collect any animals hiding there. If the water is shallow you could stand in the river and place your net on the bottom with the opening pointing upstream allowing the current to wash the animals into the net. Tip the catch into a white dish and identify the you find only blood worms, tubifex worms or rat-tailed maggots it would suggest that there is little oxygen in the water and that pollution is occurring. If this is the case write to your regional Water Authority informing them of your investigation giving details of where you sampled and what you think might be the possible source of pollution. Signs of pollutionIf you see dead fish floating on the river or notice that the water is discoloured and smelly any one of the following forms of pollution may be the cause:fertilisersindustrial wasteoilwarm water All incidents of river pollution should be reported to the Pollution Control officer at the Water Authority giving as much detail as you can: date, time, exact place and precisely what you saw. a) FertilisersIf large amounts of fertiliser or farm waste drain into a river the concentration of nitrate and phosphate in the water increases considerably. Algae use these substances to grow and multiply rapidly turning the water green. This massive growth of algae, called eutrophication, leads to pollution. When the algae die they are broken down by the action of the bacteria which quickly multiply, using up all the oxygen in the water which leads to the death of many ) Industrial Waste Chemical waste products from industrial processes are sometimes accidentally discharged into rivers. Examples of such pollutants include cyanide, zinc, lead, copper, cadmin and mercury. These substances may enter the water in such high concentrations that fish and other animals are killed immediately. Sometimes the pollutants enter a food chain and accumulate until they reach toxic levels, eventually killing birds, fish and poisonous substances are deliberately dumped into rivers and if you see this so-called 'fly-tipping' going on take the registration number of the vehicle and if possible the name of the firm. Report the matter to the police who will then take it ) Oil PollutionIf oil enters a slow-moving river it forms a rainbow-coloured film over the entire surface preventing oxygen from entering the water. On larger stretches of water the oil contaminates the feathers of water birds and when they preen the oil enters the gut and kills them. d) Warm WaterIndustry often uses water for cooling processes, sometimes discharging large quantities of warm water back into rivers. Raising the temperature of the water lowers the level of dissolved oxygen and upsets the balance of life in the ) Lead poisoningIn the UK about 4000 mute swans die each year after becoming entangled in discarded fishing tackle or after swallowing lead weights thrown away by anglers. If lead shot is used it should be kept in a spill-proof container and all unwanted tackle should be picked up and taken away. Tiny hooks and fine line should be avoided since they increase the risk of losing a hooked fish and tackle as well. For the latest news on swans and lead poisoning send a stamped addressed envelope to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 sampling polluted water simple precautions must be taken to avoid getting infected. Packed lunches should be eaten before visiting the river or after washing carefully in a supply of clean water. Rubber gloves should be worn and all the equipment should be thoroughly washed at the end of the investigation.