物流外文论文文献综述

[1]李宝珠,王颖. 基于ANP的企业物流外包服务评价研究[J]. 中国农机化,2010,(2). [2]彭本红,罗明,周叶. 物流外包中的最优契约分析[J]. 软科学,2007,(1). [3]刘福华,陶杰,黄秀娟. 企业物流外包的风险与防范[J]. 物流科技,2005,(7). [4]黄玉华. 基于资源基础理论的物流外包决策研究[D]. 兰州理工大学: 兰州理工大学,2009. [5]黄赪. 金恒利公司物流外包服务水平提升策略研究[D]. 华南理工大学: 华南理工大学,2010. [6]徐娟,刘志学. 基于实物期权的物流外包成本风险[J]. 系统工程,2007,(12). [7]熊吉陵,雷霆. 中小企业物流外包的动因及策略简析[J]. 中国市场,2008,(2). [8]李桂艳. 物流外包风险的防范策略[J]. 经济与管理,2008,(5). [9]杨淼,邵鲁宁. 浅析物流外包[J]. 上海管理科学,2004,(3). [10]涂筱兰. 生态坊化妆品有限公司物流外包研究[D]. 华中科技大学: 华中科技大学,2004. [11]陈文粤. 成都可口可乐饮料有限公司物流外包研究[D]. 西南交通大学: 西南交通大学,2007. [12]戴一兵. 广州地铁运营物资采购物流外包研究[D]. 华南理工大学: 华南理工大学,2009. [13]宗涛. 外包关系对制造企业物流外包绩效的影响[D]. 西安理工大学: 西安理工大学,2009. [14]田宠. 家具企业物流外包的策略研究[D]. 南京林业大学: 南京林业大学,2010. [15]张洁. 基于WNN的企业物流外包风险预测研究[D]. 河北工程大学: 河北工程大学,2009. [16]刘健. 基于委托代理理论的物流外包激励机制研究[D]. 清华大学: 清华大学,2009. [17]姚卓顺,鲁雅萍. 基于企业物流外包的第三方物流选择[J]. 科技和产业,2010,(8). [18]田宇. 从物流外包到物流联盟:契约机制体系与模型[J]. 国际贸易问题,2007,(2). [19]罗勇,卿海锋. 物流外包和自营物流的比较分析——以新一佳超市有限公司为例[J]. 物流技术,2007,(5). [20]赵卫华. 物流外包——烟草商业物流的方向[J]. 贵州工业大学学报(社会科学版),2008,(5). [21]袁志锋. 企业物流外包与物流企业博弈探析[J]. 中国市场,2008,(10). [22]洪怡恬,李晓青. 企业物流外包风险预警指标体系的构建及外包风险分析与评价[J]. 物流技术,2008,(9). [23]顾睿. 生产企业物流外包中甄选最佳第三方物流供应商模型研究[D]. 武汉科技大学: 武汉科技大学,2008. [24]曾叶. 物流外包及物流绩效评价研究[D]. 浙江工业大学: 浙江工业大学,2006. [25]陈志. 制造业物流成本核算及物流外包决策研究[D]. 大连海事大学: 大连海事大学,2007. [26]马鹏,刘斌,徐国强,李秋香. 企业物流业务外包的双向选择模型[J]. 华北水利水电学院学报,2006,(1). [27]招莉莉. 供应链管理环境下的港口企业物流服务外包[D]. 中南大学: 中南大学,2009. [28]记者 阮栩. 物流外包好看不好吃？[N]. 信息时报,2003-01-23(C04). [29]程凯媛. 企业物流业务外包中存在的问题及解决方法[J]. 物流科技,2009,(2). [30]田宇,阎琦. 物流外包关系中物流服务需求方信任的影响因素研究[J]. 国际贸易问题,2007,(5). [31]胡从旭. 基于价值链的企业物流业务外包问题探讨[J]. 物流科技,2008,(11). [32]刘联辉,王坚强. 企业物流外包风险分析及其防范[J]. 湖南工程学院学报(社会科学版),2005,(4). [33]王淑云. 物流外包的效益及外包区域分析[J]. 公路交通科技,2004,(8). [34]记者 鲁松实习生 时琪. 淮矿物流大市场“第三方物流外包”成功运作[N]. 淮南日报,2008-08-10(001). [35]杨树果. 物流外包决策的模糊综合评价[J]. 黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2010,(4). [36]俞仲秋. 当代物流外包中企业战略关系矩阵的探索与研究[J]. 物流科技,2011,(4). [37]俞仲秋. 当代物流外包中有效沟通系统模型研究[J]. 物流技术,2011,(3). [38]杨涛,孙军伟. 物流外包风险管理研究现状述评[J]. 价值工程,2011,(13). [39]虞上尚,刘丹. 基于承包商视角的物流外包风险分析与对策研究[J]. 物流技术,2011,(7). [40]王宇楠. 基于企业生命周期的物流外包策略研究[J]. 辽宁工业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,(2). [41]周立军. 企业物流外包风险分析与控制研究[J]. 物流技术,2010,(21). [42]郑平,何雪君. 物流外包业务的风险矩阵模型[J]. 上海海事大学学报,2011,(1). [43]李朝敏. 浙江省制造企业物流外包程度影响因素及对策研究[J]. 嘉兴学院学报,2011,(2). [44]陈兰芳,吴刚. 基于委托-代理理论的逆向物流外包模式研究[J]. 数学的实践与认识,2010,(7). [45]公彦德,李帮义. 三级CLSC物流外包与废品回收的临界条件整合研究[J]. 管理工程学报,2010,(2). [46]周湘峰. 生产企业物流外包决策行为分析[J]. 华东经济管理,2010,(5). [47]刘艳锐,孙福田,索瑞霞,孙玉凤. 基于效益最优的企业物流外包决策的量化研究[J]. 数学的实践与认识,2010,(10). [48]怀劲梅,颜慧. 基于供应链环境的物流外包风险研究[J]. 物流工程与管理,2010,(6). [49]余泳泽,马欣. 物流外包中专用性资产投资不足的治理模式研究[J]. 物流技术,2010,(12). [50]包祖琦,杨斌. 非对称信息下企业的物流外包服务商数量选择模型[J]. 物流技术,2010,(12).

论文国外文献综述怎么写内容如下：

外文综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。而外文综述则是用汉语以外的语言来完成综述的写作。

1、首先根据你的论文主题想出5个关键词，依次输入谷歌学术搜索引擎（或者其他学校资源论文库）

2、在电脑里准备两个参考文献文件夹，一 个文件名写useful （有用），另一个文件名写maybe useful（可能有用）。

3、接下来浏览搜索到的文献的标题，看到和自己研究方向相关的题目就点进去， -目十行扫视文献，其中最主要看Abstract , Introduction和Conclusion三部分，也就是头和尾。

4、把扫视后觉得和自己的论文主题相关度高的，保存放进useful文件夹，如果看完觉得emmm（这个语气词是我导师给我讲的时候的原话，哈哈哈这种感觉只可意会不可言传）大概就是觉得有那么点关系，但又不舍得pass的文献，就放进maybe useful文件夹。

Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. Mode Main article: Mode of transport A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes. Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries [edit] Human-powered Main article: Human-powered transport Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation. Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. [edit] Animal-powered Main article: Animal-powered transport Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world. [edit] Air Main article: Aviation Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft. Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water. The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1] InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train [edit] Rail Main article: Rail transport Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev. A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships. Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains. [edit] Road Main article: Road transport Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[6] The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport. [edit] Water Main article: Ship transport Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10] Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil [edit] Other Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas. Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport. Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System. [edit] Elements Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water [edit] Infrastructure Main article: Infrastructure Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals. Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use. The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles. A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship [edit] Vehicles Main article: Vehicle A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure. Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver. [edit] Operation Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13] [edit] Function Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India [edit] Passenger Main article: Travel Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration. Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station. International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements. [edit] Freight Main article: Shipping Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[18] Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19] Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline. Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing. [edit] History Main article: History of transport Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution. The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.