英语研究论文答案

一、研究性学习的背景及特点 从20世纪80年代末开始，世界各国开始对本国的教育系统作重大改变，教育改革的一个基本点和共同点集中在如何使本国的青少年具备21世纪所需要的“关键能力”，即用新技术获取和处理信息的能力、主动探究能力、分析和解决问题的能力、与人合作及责任感、终生学习的能力等。要培养这些能力，仅靠传统的学科和原有的学习方式显然不行。于是，project--based learning或project learning,(我国称之为“研究性学习”)，应运而生。研究性学习是20世纪80年代末以来国际教育界比较普遍推崇和实施的一种新课程。这种课程源于美国，自20世纪80年代杜威提倡“新教育”以来，美国中小学始终比较强调学校与社会、教育与生活的联系，强调学生自主地探究学习。1996年美国国家科学院推出的《国家科学教育标准》明确指出，科学探究是科学教育的核心，学校教育要把科学探究作为获取知识和认识世界的一种方法，突出了学生主动探究的学习在整个教育中的地位和作用。其他国家也在这方面表达了相同的认识。 什么是研究性学习?从广义理解，研究性学习泛指学生主动探究的学习活动，它是一种学习的理念、策略、方法，适用于学生对所有学科的学习。从狭义看，作为一门独立的课程，研究性学习指在教学过程中以问题为载体，创设一种类似科学研究的情境和途径，让学生通过自己收集、分析处理信息来实际感受和体验知识的生产过程，进而了解社会，学会学习，培养分析问题，解决问题的能力和创造能力。 研究性学习的核心是要改变学生的学习方式，强调一种主动探究式的学习，是培养学生创新精神和实践能力、推行素质教育的一种新的尝试和实践，与现有的学科相比，它有以下特点： 1.“问题”(或专题、课题)是研究性学习的载体，整个课程主要围绕着问题的提出和解决来组织学生的学习活动 在研究性学习活动中，指导者通常不是提供一篇教材，让学生理解、记忆，而是呈现一个需要学习、探究的问题(专题或课题)。这个问题可以由展示一个案例、介绍某些背景或创设一种情景引出，也可直接提出；可以由教师提出，也可以引导学生自己发现和提出。 2.开放性是研究性学习在内容选择上的主要特点 在研究性学习中，问题多来自学生生活着的现实世界，内容涉及的面可以相当广泛教材、校园以外的各种教育资源，学生学习途径、方法不一，最后研究结果的内容和形式各异，它必然会突破原有学科教学的封闭状态，把学生置于一种动态，开放、主动、多元的学习环境中。 3.研究性学习过程主要由学生自己负责完成 研究性学习强调以学生的自主性，探究性学习为基础，在确定研究性学习的内容后，通常采用学生个人或小组合作的方式来进行，整个课程的内容、方式、进度、实施地点，最后的表现形态主要取决于学生个人或学生小组的努力。学生在老师的指导下，在规定的时间内，成为某一个研究课题的提出者、设计者、实施者，他对课程目标的达成负有主要的责任。 4.综合性、社会性和实践性是研究性学习内容组织时应重视的几个方面 综合性即围绕某个专题组织多方面或跨学科的知识内容，以利于知识的融合贯通和多角度、多层面的思考问题；社会性即加强理论知识与社会生活实际的联系，特别关注与人类生存、社会发展密切相关的重大问题，注意开发社区资源；实践性即在学习间接经验的同时，提供学习直接经验并在探究实践中获得积极情感体验的途径与机会。二、研究性学习设计 语法教学中的研究性学习 现行的高中英语教学中语法知识多以直接描述的方法呈现，且同一知识点分散于几个单元，这种编排虽体现了循序渐进、高复现率中加深印象的教学方法，但接触时对学生的不求甚解便可的要求无疑加重了学生的机械记忆的负担，从而减弱学生学英语的兴趣。语法是有规律性的东西，采用研究性学习让学生根据已有的初步知识自己去总结规律，在这一过程中再发现、再创造，从而培养学生的创新能力和问题意识。在教学中，教师应采用学生感兴趣的素材，尽可能多地从启发诱导入手，设计一个个有梯度、有意图的问题、逐步引导学生去归纳总结出语法知识。学生归纳正确，给予肯定，增强学生的自信心；学生归纳不正确时，分析原因，指明正确的用法，让学生在“原来如此”的情感体验中加深对此语法知识的理解与记忆；学生归纳之后，教师再给予相应的操练，以期收到触类旁通和巩固的效果。 以学习倒装为例，我采用以下步骤： 1.创设情景，提供材料(在幻灯片上打出下列句子) ①Here comes the bus. The bus comes here. ②Out rushed the children. The children rushed out. ③LiLei rushed out. So did LiMing. LiLei rushed out. So LiMing rushed out too. ④Only then did he realize that he forgot his bag. He realized that he forgot his bag only then. 2.出示问题：请学生仔细观察句子，分析每组句子的异同。 3.学生研读每个句子后，可得出如下结果：每一对句子意思都相同，但语序不同；每组的前一句都是倒装句型。(若学生首次碰到，可由教师直接告知)教师设问：何为倒装?学生归纳倒装的共性(主谓颠倒)。在学生对倒装有一定的认识之后，引导学生找疑问： Q1：倒装的作用是什么? Q2：倒装句都一样吗? Q3：在什么情况下需要倒装? 让学生把每组句子的第一句连成文章，请学生比较异同，从而回答Q1；请学生对比14两组句子，引导学生回答Q2，再观察每组句子，并且让学生研读教材上提供的例句，让学生分组讨论、总结，然后以小组为单位发言，从而回答Q3。在完成对这三个问题的回答之后，倒装作为一语法知识便已轮廓清晰、重点鲜明地凸现在学生面前。在学生归纳分析过程中，教师适当讲评、补充。这一过程始终让学生处主导地位，教师只起指导作用。 在语法教学的研究性学习中，教师应始终用问题的提出引导学生步步进入语言规律的认识，提供的素材应力求贴近学生实际富有趣味性。 总之，在高中英语教学中，本着研究性学习的特点，教师应用多尝试以问题为载体，引导学生的思维；始终以学生为主体，多创设各种合作学习的活动，让学生在讨论、合作、探究、体验中锻炼思维，培养学生学英语的兴趣和自信心，让学生在提高听、说、读、写能力的同时，养成自主学习和创新意识，从而为成为二十一世纪的主人奠定基础。

我可以理解着方面的内容，之说来我帮你的

On the Cultural Translation of Chinese Poetry From the Perspective of Peter Newmark’s Theory【Abstract】As a type of classical Chinese literature with a long history, the ancient Chinese poetry has long attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad and been translated by them. This paper attempts to make a tentative study on Peter Newmark’s theory in the culture translation of Chinese poetry. It proves that the theory plays a key role in the culture translation of Chinese poems.【Key Words】Peter Newmark;communicative translation;semantic translation; poem translationAs a type of classical Chinese literature with a long history, the ancient Chinese poetry has long attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad and been translated by them. For different translators, the translated versions and methods are quite different. Based on his own past research and some other transdisciplinary knowledge, Peter Newmark, the famous English translation theorist, has put forward the principles of “semantic translation” and “communicative translation”.1. The Characteristics of Poem TranslationPoem translation is quite different from the translations of novels, dramas, proses and film scripts. This is determined by its own characteristics. Then what are its characteristics? Generally speaking, there are three prime , poem emphasizes on the beauty of tempo and metre. A beautiful poem must have much attractiveness between the lines. When you hear some reading the charming poem, it seems that you are listening to a beautiful , from a lingual perspective, the languages of poem is quite succinct and the information in one unit structure. Its structure is rather different from some common lingual structures, due to the requirement of its metre, rhythm and , a poem is the most senior form of literature, its metre, form and idea becoming integration. The lack of anyone of them will lead to the destruction of the whole poem. What’s more,the significance should be read between the lines, because the lines consist of many constituents of imagination when the author produces the poem. That is to say, we can always see the beauty of obscurity from poems. The understanding and feeling towards a poem depends on the appreciator, time and . About Peter Newmark’s Translation TheoryAccording to Peter Newmark, communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. In theory, there are wide differences between the two translation must emphasize the effect rather than the content of the message, and semantic translation would be more informative but less effective. Semantic translation attempts to recreate the precise flavor and tone of the original and it relates to the “expressive” function of language, whereas communicative translation responds to the representational and vocative functions. Thus for “Wet Paint!”, the communicative translation “Don’t touch the wet paint” is mandatory; the semantic translation(‘paint is wet’) would be more informative but less . A Study on the Cultural Transference of Chinese Appellation CultureAppellation culture is a dual-property semiotic system which concerns with appellation and involves both linguistics and culture. It is a semiotic system because it is marked by words or phrases in languages. The evolution of Chinese history and the continuous blending among nationalities in ancient China has given rise to a complex Han culture. Appellation culture is a good case in point. Appellation can be divided into relative appellation and association. A relative appellation is a cultural symbol produced by marriage system. After long-term cultural sediment, it has become well established. In ancient China, the complex marriage system finally led to a complicated relative appellation system, which inevitably causes troubles in 未谙姑食性，先遣小姑尝。Verginial: I decide that not my my husband’s young sister shall have the first Yuanchng: To meet my mother-in-law’s taste,I send her daughter the first : But what kind of taste auntie likes, I don’t know,So send to my sister-in-law the first ancient China, there was a traditional custom, which meant to turn cousinship into marriageship. In other words, a girl was supposed to marry the son of her mother’s brother, thus she would call her husband’s parents, . her father-in-law and mother-in-law uncle and aunt or auntie. Fletcher, obviously, has been confused by the surface meaning of “姑”, hence, he translates this word semantically as “auntie”. Although the girl calls her husband’s mother aunt, she has to present as a daughter-in-law and look at the “aunt” as mother-in-law and serve her everyday after the marriage. This is determined by the feudal marriage system. Thus, Fletcher has made a semantic here the “auntie” only acts as a “signifier”. A good way to deal with it is to uncover its veil and make the readers see clearly its face, to reveal the word in its true colours. After analyzing and consulting reference books, this is not a difficult task. The best way is to take a communicative translation. Both the first two translators have done in this way. “姑”is translated communicatively as “mother in law”. Under this condition, the TL readers will understand the poem in a full; otherwise, they must be confused about the let’s take another example: 嫦娥应悔偷灵药，碧海青天夜夜心。Zhang Tingchen & Wei Bosi: Chang E must regret having stolen the magic elixir——In that blue ocean of a sky: endless thoughts, night after Dayu: Chang’e should now sorely regretFor stealing the herb of fay,So she hath to face all alone the blue skyAnd the sea immense night and : Are you sorry for having stolenThe potion that has set purple seas and blue skies,To brood through the long nights?Chang’e is a fairy lady in a Chinese legend who swallowed elixir stolen from her husband and flew to the moon. Here, in order to let the TL readers get to know the legendary figure in Chinese culture, both Chinese translators have taken the semantic translation and transcribed it into “Chang’e”, the alphabetic correspondence of “嫦娥”. Since the original verse is a narrative, in which “Chang’e” functions only as a sign of a person, it is hard for readers to fully understand the figure in the poem. So, this kind of transcription is quite all , Bynner, starting from the western thinking mode, has communicatively translated the verse by using the second as if in a dialogue with God or someone else. This kind of tone may bring the TL readers kindness and make them feel as if they are participating. But this can’t yet explain who “嫦娥”is. This shows that sometimes when the differences between the two languages can’t be understood by TL readers, they should be eliminated by sensible Culture about Weights and MeasuresWeights and measures were very complicated before the unity by the Qin Dynasty. Each country followed its own system of weights and measures. After the unity of the country, Qin also standardized them. Such a system is handed down from generation to generation. Nevertheless, they are unknown or unfamiliar to foreigners. Although the Tang Dynasty reached in a peak in cultural influence abroad, some of the cultural concepts are unknown to foreigners. Now let’s see the following instances: 桃花潭水深千尺，不及汪伦送我情。Obata: The Peach Flower Lake is a thousand fathoms deep,But it cannot compare, O Wang Lun,With the depth of your love for 一片孤城万仞山。Wen Shu: On a steep high mountain the lone garrison town standsZhang Tingchen & Wei Bosi: Amid the massive mountains lies the solitary sliver of a townSun Dayu: And a lone pile lies by a mount a hundred furlongs highXu Yuanchong: The lone Great Wall lost amid the mountains proudFletcher: ‘Mid peaks so high our tiny town to sight is almost lostSuch units as “尺” (in its ancient meaning), “仞”have no equivalence in Anglo-American culture or modern Chinese culture. According to A Dictionary for Ancient Chinese Words, both of them are measures of length, height or depth. In ancient Chinese, 1尺≈; 1仞≈(current)≈. So “万仞”≈24000meter~25000m. Even people in China today may not know these. We may translate them semantically as 260m and 24000m, but which may make the translated versions lost their original charming and become more complicated. Therefore, Obata chooses another way, he adapts and makes the thought and cultural content of original more accessible to reader. In his version, “尺”is replaced by “fathom”, a word familiar to foreigners. 1尺≈, then 1000尺≈260m; 1fathom≈, then 1000fathoms≈1800m. Thus it seems the two figures differ largely from each other, but after all, the “千尺” here is in its exaggerated meaning. In this way, the readers can get the rough meaning of a great depth conveyed by the original in the second version, Sun Dayu has semantically translated “仞”into “a hundred furlongs”. He used a similar unit in Anglo-American culture for replacement. 1furlong≈201m, then 100furlong≈20100m. This is almost equal to the height of “万仞”. The domesticating method here has not merely made the TL readers understand the grandeur of the mountains the author wanted to convey, but also given them a perceptual knowledge of this point. Thus we can see that Mr. Sun has really given much thought to the for the other versions, they should be categorized under communicative translation. Although the key cultural word has been sacrificed, all the versions have become clear enough to be accepted by TL the above examples, we see that semantic translation is not always the only valid method. Sometimes communicative translation may also help to translate those words that are heavily culture-loaded. However, when it is imperative to retain the culture, semantic translation should be considered, that is, we can translate the words literally and then add a note. In versions that aim to introduce Chinese culture, it is necessary to use this Time CultureTime culture refers to some culture that is related to time or the techniques to express time. During the development of Chinese history, ancient Chinese invent their own special methods to express time. Using lunar calendar to calculate months is a good case in point. That is to divide a year according to the twenty-four solar terms. In this way, people can easily depict what the climate or scenery is like during a period of 烟花三月下扬州Yang Xianyi &Gladys Yang: In the mist and flowers of spring,He goes down to Dayu: In this flowery April clime,For thickly peopled Yuanchong: For Yangzhou in spring green with willows and red with to Best-Known Tang and Song Four-Line Poems,“烟花” is a phrase to depict the spring that is filled with the mist-like willow catkin and the brocade-like flowers, that is to describe a splendid spring. Here in the verse, it is used to modify “三月”. “三月”in the lunar calendar refers to the third month, the period almost from the pure Brightness till soon after Grain Rain. This period of time is nearly equal to the fourth month of the year,April. During this time, flowers blossom and the trees begin to put forth new leaves.”Against such a background, starting from the TL culture, Mr. Sun Dayu communicatively translates it into “flowery April”. Thus, the TL readers can easily imagine the flowery scenery. The same strategy has been adopted in the others. From the readers’ angle, the other two translators have succeeded in avoiding confusion to the TL readers by omitting “三月”. Otherwise the TL readers will wonder why it says it is spring and flowery since it is obviously cold in March? By omission of “三月”, the two versions appear clearer in meaning and easier to the above several examples, we may draw a conclusion that communicative translation is mainly adopted to transfer the culture, especially in appellation culture and culture about weights and measures, while semantic translation is added to render some culture in Chinese poetry. But no matter which method a translator adopts, he must render the original accurately and accurately convey the true information to the TL in all, Peter Newmark’s translation theory applies successfully to the English versions of ancient Chinese poems. It proves that all translations must be in some degree both communicative and semantic. Both semantic translation and communicative translation are necessary in translation. The theory plays a key role in the English translation of Chinese poems.

你要是找国淘论文写作，就不会出现这种问题了好不好？毕业论文是学术论文的一种形式，为了进一步探讨和掌握毕业论文的写作规律和特点，需要对毕业论文进行分类。由于毕业论文本身的内容和性质不同，研究领域、对象、方法、表现方式不同，因此，毕业论文就有不同的分类方法。按内容性质和研究方法的不同可以把毕业论文分为理论性论文、实验性论文、描述性论文和设计性论文。后三种论文主要是理工科大学生可以选择的论文形式，这里不作介绍。文科大学生一般写的是理论性论文。理论性论文具体又可分成两种：一种是以纯粹的抽象理论为研究对象，研究方法是严密的理论推导和数学的运算，有的也涉及实验与观测，用以验证论点的正确性。另一种是以对客观事物和现象的调查、考察所得观测资料以及有关文献资料数据为研究对象，研究方法是对有关资料进行分析、综合、概括、抽象，通过归纳、演绎、类比，提出某种新的理论和新的见解。

《浅谈小学英语教育的现状分析》

摘 要：自2001年教育部决定在全国城市、县、镇小学开设英语课，在这十五的教学过程中，英语教学对学生的综合能力发展及国民素质教育和综合国力的提升都起到了一定的推动作用，得到社会的认可。在基础教育的开端，对学生实行英语教学的必然性毋庸置疑，总体来看获得较高成效，但目前的小学英语教育具体操作起来仍存在一定的问题，本文对我国目前的小学英语教育现状进行分析，并且提出几点浅薄的建议，为研究小学英语教育的相关工作人员提供了参考性意见。

关键词：小学英语 教育 理论性研究

外语是吸取人类文明和对外交流合作的重要工具，外语学科作为我国学校中的一门基础学科，目前受到前所未有的重视[1]。随着我国经济的快速发展和社会的不断进步，教育越来越被人们所重视，特别学好英语对一个学生来说至关重要，尤其是英语。2001年秋季教育部决定在全国城市、县、镇小学开设英语课，将英语教育的起始阶段从初中转为小学，可以看出英语的重要性和我国对英语教育的重视程度，将英语教育开设在基础教育的开端，对学生来说有一定的好处。针对人在进行语言学习的研究，Lenneberg 指出，学习语言最好的时间段是在儿童时期，儿童从两岁起至青春期(10-12岁)之前，可以轻松的接受并且学习语言，因为受大脑中的语言习得机制的影响;而人进去青春期之后，大多数人的大脑发生了侧化，人脑已经发育成熟，神经系统不再有弹性，儿童的语言习得机制开始失去作用，语言学习也就越来越困难[2]。虽然在过去十多年的小学英语教育中各方面取得了很好的成绩，但我国目前的小学英语教育仍存在一些问题需要解决。

一、目前我国小学英语教育的现状分析

首先，小学英语教育工作日益完善。各级教育行政部门和教研部门重视小学英语教育，不断加大教育投资，逐步改善教学的硬件和软件，为教育质量的提高提供了有利的保障[3]。我国各小学都认识到在基础教育开端进行英语教育的重要性，基本在小学三年级就开设了英语教育课程，在英语教育方面加大了重视程度，不段的加大人力、物力的投入以保证小学英语教育的稳定进行。令人欣慰的是很多家长也认识到了这一点，他们也将英语和其它课程如语文、数学等一样要求孩子，家长对学生在英语学习方面的辅助帮助也是保证学生有效学习英语的一个重要因素。近年来，很多师范院校开设了小学英语教育专业，具备这种专业能力的青年教师毕业后进入小学教学，可以说给整个教学带来了新的教学理念加强了教学的可塑性，同时社会各个层次开展的在职英语教师培训也是提高小学英语教学的重要保障。在偏远的农村小学教育中却存在着很多问题，如教育理念落后、专业教师紧缺等问题。一般农村教师的教学思想都比较落后，有的教师甚至是为了教课而教课，没有掌握科学的教学理念与规律。很多甚至发音不标准，英语是一门语言，是交流的工具，不能精准发音，英语教学就是失败的，正确的读音和敢于说出英语的习惯正是要让学生在入门阶段修炼成功的，严重影响了学生英语的学习[4]。

其次，小学英语教育的研究。目前我国小学英语教育研究主要集中在可行性探讨、实践性研究和理论性研究等三方面[5]。可行性研究的主要内容是小学英语教育的目标，及通过小学英语的学习能否很好的和初中英语学习衔接起来;实践性研究的主要内容是小学英语教育所使用的教材、教案及教学思想理念;理性行研究的主要内容是对实际的教学工作进行总结，从中总结出构成小学英语教育各个要素及相关规律，以此来更好的科学指导教学的具体实践工作。

二、提高小学英语教育效果的措施

首先，加强小学英语教育的科学性。小学英语教育工作的开展时间不如语文和数学等学科时间长，所以小学英语教育工作很多方面还需进一步提高。要正确合理的分配英语和其它学科的课时，充分认识到英语教学的重要性，应建立科学和明确的教学目标和教学体系。鉴于我国多数学生缺少英语语言环境和儿童认知与记忆规律的特殊性，这就要求在给学生安排课程时，不要间隔时间太长，学生在课堂上进行操练语言的时间有限，接触英语的机会又少，这对学生语言的连续性学习和语言习惯的养成非常不利于。

其次，提高教师的综合能力。要从师范类高校引入专业的教师，专业英语知识底蕴是进行正确、有效授课的前提，同时青年教师会将最新的和最科学的教学理念带进学校与其他教师分享，对提高教师团队的整体综合素质起到促进作用。此外，要建立科学合理的测评方式，测评主要是针对教师授课效果，教师之间可以采取相互听课制，对教师的上课情况进行点评，以便于教师能够有效的发现自己的不足，以此来改正自己在教学中的缺欠，努力提高自己的授课综合能力。针对一些偏远农村的小学，相关部门应提高教师的待遇以此来吸引更多的优秀人才，定期将英语教师外送学习，使他们掌握并且吸纳新的教学思想和理念，要进一步增强培训工作的针对性，基础性、实践性、应用性和实效性，着眼于教师专业素质和教学技能的深化发展提高，注意理论培训与教学实践相结合，注意专业知识培训与教学技能培训相结合。一个合格的教师应该为学生提供语言学习和运用的过程，在这个过程中使学生掌握“学什么”、“如何学”和“怎么用”。

小学英语教育关系到学生以后的学习生涯，社会和学校应该对此给予高度重视，它经过了十多年的发展阶段，经历了从无到有，现在已进入稳定的、长足发展阶段，同时取得了很多的成绩，但良好发展的背后仍存在很多问题，这就给小学英语教育工作者提出了新的挑战，要求教师从实际出发，不仅要善于发现问题，还应该更善于解决问题，取长补短，付出自己的不懈努力，这样我国教学英语教育才能达到更高的一个水平。

参考文献

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