湿法磷酸毕业论文

湿法磷酸 wet -process phosphoric acid资料 acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid, is a mineral (inorganic) acid having the chemical formula H3PO4. By contrast, orthophosphoric acid molecules can combine with themselves to form a variety of compounds referred to as phosphoric acids in a more general way. The term phosphoric acid can also refer to a chemical or reagent consisting of phosphoric acids, usually mostly orthophosphoric acid chemistryPure anhydrous phosphoric acid is a white solid that melts at °C to form a colorless, viscous people and even chemists refer to orthophosphoric acid as phosphoric acid, which is the IUPAC name for this compound. The prefix ortho is used to distinguish the acid from other phosphoric acids, called polyphosphoric acids. Orthophosphoric acid is a non-toxic, inorganic, rather weak triprotic acid, which, when pure, is a solid at room temperature and pressure. The chemical structure of orthophosphoric acid is shown above in the data table. Orthophosphoric acid is a very polar molecule; therefore it is highly soluble in water. The oxidation state of phosphorus (P) in ortho- and other phosphoric acids is +5; the oxidation state of all the oxygen atoms (O) is -2 and all the hydrogen atoms (H) is +1. Triprotic means that an orthophosphoric acid molecule can dissociate up to three times, giving up an H+ each time, which typically combines with a water molecule, H2O, as shown in these reactions:H3PO4(s) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + H2PO4–(aq) Ka1= ×10−3 H2PO4–(aq)+ H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + HPO42–(aq) Ka2= ×10−8 HPO42–(aq)+ H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + PO43–(aq) Ka3= ×10−13 The anion after the first dissociation, H2PO4–, is the dihydrogen phosphate anion. The anion after the second dissociation, HPO42–, is the hydrogen phosphate anion. The anion after the third dissociation, PO43–, is the phosphate or orthophosphate anion. For each of the dissociation reactions shown above, there is a separate acid dissociation constant, called Ka1, Ka2, and Ka3 given at 25°C. Associated with these three dissociation constants are corresponding pKa1= , pKa2= , and pKa3= values at 25°C. Even though all three hydrogen (H ) atoms are equivalent on an orthophosphoric acid molecule, the successive Ka values differ since it is energetically less favorable to lose another H+ if one (or more) has already been lost and the molecule/ion is more the triprotic dissociation of orthophosphoric acid, the fact that its conjugate bases (the phosphates mentioned above) cover a wide pH range, and, because phosphoric acid/phosphate solutions are, in general, non-toxic, mixtures of these types of phosphates are often used as buffering agents or to make buffer solutions, where the desired pH depends on the proportions of the phosphates in the mixtures. Similarly, the non-toxic, anion salts of triprotic organic citric acid are also often used to make buffers. Phosphates are found pervasively in biology, especially in the compounds derived from phosphorylated sugars, such as DNA, RNA, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). There is a separate article on phosphate as an anion or its heating orthophosphoric acid, condensation of the phosphoric units can be induced by driving off the water formed from condensation. When one molecule of water has been removed for each two molecules of phosphoric acid, the result is pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7). When an average of one molecule of water per phosphoric unit has been driven off, the resulting substance is a glassy solid having an empirical formula of HPO3 and is called metaphosphoric acid.[1] Metaphosphoric acid is a singly anhydrous version of orthophosphoic acid and is sometimes used as a water- or moisture-absorbing reagent. Further dehydrating is very difficult, and can be accomplished only by means of an extremely strong desiccant (and not by heating alone). It produces phosphoric anhydride, which has an empirical formula P2O5, although an actual molecule has a chemical formula of P4O10. Phosphoric anhydride is a solid, which is very strongly moisture-absorbing and is used as a desiccant.[edit] pH and composition of a phosphoric acid solutionFor a given total acid concentration [A] = [H3PO4] + [H2PO4−] + [HPO42−] + [PO43−] ([A] is the total number of moles of pure H3PO4 which have been used to prepare 1 liter of solution) , the composition of an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid can be calculated using the equilibrium equations associated with the three reactions described above together with the [H+][OH−] = 10−14 relation and the electrical neutrality equation. The system may be reduced to a fifth degree equation for [H+] which can be solved numerically, yielding:[A] (mol/L) pH [H3PO4]/[A] (%) [H2PO4−]/[A] (%) [HPO42−]/[A] (%) [PO43−]/[A] (%) 1 ×10−6 ×10−17 10−1 ×10−5 ×10−16 10−2 ×10−4 ×10−14 10−3 ×10−3 ×10−12 10−4 ×10−2 ×10−10 10−5 ×10−8 10−6 ×10−2 ×10−6 10−7 ×10−3 ×10−5 10−10 ×10−4 ×10−5 For large acid concentrations, the solution is mainly composed of H3PO4. For [A] = 10−2, the pH is closed to pKa1, giving an equimolar mixture of H3PO4 and H2PO4−. For [A] below 10−3, the solution is mainly composed of H2PO4− with [HPO42−] becoming non negligible for very dilute solutions. [PO43−] is always negligible.[edit] Phosphoric acid as a chemical reagentPure 75-85% aqueous solutions (the most common) are clear, colourless, odourless, non-volatile, rather viscous, syrupy liquids, but still pourable. Phosphoric acid is very commonly used as an aqueous solution of 85% phosphoric acid or H3PO4. Because it is a concentrated acid, an 85% solution can be corrosive, although nontoxic when diluted. Because of the high percentage of phosphoric acid in this reagent, at least some of the orthophosphoric acid is condensed into polyphosphoric acids in a temperature-dependent equilibrium, but, for the sake of labeling and simplicity, the 85% represents H3PO4 as if it were all orthophosphoric acid. Other percentages are possible too, even above 100%, where the phosphoric acids and water would be in an unspecified equilibrium, but the overall elemental mole content would be considered specified. When aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid and/or phosphate are dilute, they are in or will reach an equilibrium after a while where practically all the phosphoric/phosphate units are in the ortho- form.[edit] Preparation of hydrogen halidesPhosphoric acid reacts with halides to form the corresponding hydrogen halide gas (steamy fumes are observed on warming the reaction mixture). This is a common practice for the laboratory preparation of hydrogen (s) + H3PO4(l) → NaH2PO4(s) + HCl(g) 3NaBr(s) + H3PO4(l) → NaH2PO4(s) + HBr(g) 3NaI(s) + H3PO4(l) → NaH2PO4(s) + HI(g) [edit] Rust removalPhosphoric acid may be used by direct application to rusted iron, steel tools, or surfaces to convert iron(III) oxide (rust) to a water-soluble phosphate compound. It is usually available as a greenish liquid, suitable for dipping (acid bath), but is more generally used as a component in a gel, commonly called naval jelly. As a thick gel, it may be applied to sloping, vertical, or even overhead surfaces. Care must be taken to avoid acid burns of the skin and especially the eyes, but the residue is easily diluted with water. When sufficiently diluted, it can even be nutritious to plant life, containing the essential nutrients phosphorus and iron. It is sometimes sold under other names, such as "rust remover" or "rust killer." It should not be directly introduced into surface water such as creeks or into drains, however. After treatment, the reddish-brown iron oxide will be converted to a black iron phosphate compound coating that may be scrubbed off. Multiple applications of phosphoric acid may be required to remove all rust. The resultant black compound can provide further corrosion resistance (such protection is somewhat provided by the superficially similar Parkerizing and blued electrochemical conversion coating processes.) After application and removal of rust using phosphoric acid compounds, the metal should be oiled (if to be used bare, as in a tool) or appropriately painted, by using a multiple coat process of primer, intermediate, and finish coats.[edit] Processed food useFood-grade phosphoric acid is used to acidify foods and beverages such as various colas, but not without controversy regarding its health effects. It provides a "tangy" taste, and, being a mass-produced chemical, is available cheaply and in large quantities. The low cost and bulk availability is unlike more expensive natural seasonings that give comparable flavors, such as ginger for tangyness, or citric acid for sourness, obtainable from lemons and limes. (However most citric acid in the food industry is not extracted from citrus fruit, but fermented by Aspergillus niger mold from scrap molasses, waste starch hydrolysates and phosphoric acid.) It is labeled as E number E338.[edit] Biological effects on bone calcium and kidney healthPhosphoric acid, used in many soft drinks (primarily cola), has been linked to lower bone density in epidemiological studies. For example, a study[2] using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry rather than a questionnaire about breakage, provides reasonable evidence to support the theory that drinking cola results in lower bone density. This study was published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. A total of 1672 women and 1148 men were studied between 1996 and 2001. Dietary information was collected using a food frequency questionnaire that had specific questions about the number of servings of cola and other carbonated beverages and that also made a differentiation between regular, caffeine-free, and diet drinks. The paper cites significant statistical evidence to show that women who consume cola daily have lower bone density. Total phosphorus intake was not significantly higher in daily cola consumers than in nonconsumers; however, the calcium-to-phosphorus ratios were lower. The study also suggests that further research is needed to confirm the the other hand, a study funded by Pepsi suggests that low intake of phosphorus leads to lower bone density. The study does not examine the effect of phosphoric acid, which binds with magnesium and calcium in the digestive tract to form salts that are not absorbed, but, rather, it studies general phosphorus intake.[3]However, a well-controlled clinical study by Heaney and Rafferty using calcium-balance methods found no impact of carbonated soft drinks containing phosphoric acid on calcium excretion.[4] The study compared the impact of water, milk, and various soft drinks (two with caffeine and two without; two with phosphoric acid and two with citric acid) on the calcium balance of 20- to 40-year-old women who customarily consumed ~3 or more cups (680 ml) of a carbonated soft drink per day. They found that, relative to water, only milk and the two caffeine-containing soft drinks increased urinary calcium, and that the calcium loss associated with the caffeinated soft drink consumption was about equal to that previously found for caffeine alone. Phosphoric acid without caffeine had no impact on urine calcium, nor did it augment the urinary calcium loss related to caffeine. Because studies have shown that the effect of caffeine is compensated for by reduced calcium losses later in the day,[5] Heaney and Rafferty concluded that the net effect of carbonated beverages – including those with caffeine and phosphoric acid - is negligible, and that the skeletal effects of carbonated soft drink consumption are likely due primarily to milk chemicals such as caffeine (also a significant component of popular common cola drinks) were also suspected as possible contributors to low bone density, due to the known effect of caffeine on calciuria. One other study, comprised of 30 women over the course of a week, suggests that phosphoric acid in colas has no such effect, and postulates that caffeine has only a temporary effect, which is later reversed. The authors of this study conclude that the skeletal effects of carbonated beverage consumption are likely due primarily to milk displacement.[4] (Another possible confounding factor may be an association between high soft drink consumption and sedentary lifestyle.)Cola consumption has also been linked to chronic kidney disease and kidney stones through medical research.[6] This study differentiated between the effects of cola (generally contains phosphoric acid), non-cola carbonated beverages (substitute citric acid) and coffee (control for caffeine), and found that drinking 2 or more colas per day more than doubled the incidence of kidney disease.[edit] Medical usePhosphoric acid is used in dentistry and orthodontics as an etching solution, to clean and roughen the surfaces of teeth where dental appliances or fillings will be placed. Phosphoric acid is also an ingredient in over-the-counter anti-nausea medications that also contain high levels of sugar (glucose and fructose). It should not be used by diabetics without consultation with a doctor. This acid is also used in teeth whiteners to eliminate any plaque that may be on your teeth.[edit] Preparation of phosphoric acidPhosphoric acid can be prepared by two routes - the Thermal Process and the Wet phosphoric acid: This very pure phosphoric acid is obtained by burning elemental phosphorus to produce phosphorus pentoxide and dissolving the product in dilute phosphoric acid. This produces a very pure phosphoric acid, since most impurities present in the rock have been removed when extracting phosphorus from the rock in a furnace. The end result is food-grade, thermal phosphoric acid; however, for critical applications, additional processing to remove arsenic compounds may be phosphoric acid: Wet process phosphoric acid is prepared by adding sulfuric acid to calcium phosphate simplified reaction is:3 H2SO4 + Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 H2O ↔ 2 H3PO4 + 3 Wet-process acid can be purified by removing fluorine to produce animal-grade phosphoric acid, or by solvent extraction and arsenic removal to produce food-grade phosphoric acid.[edit] Other applicationsPhosphoric acid is used as the electrolyte in phosphoric-acid fuel cells. It is also used as an external standard for phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).Phosphoric acid is used as a cleaner by construction trades to remove mineral deposits, cementitious smears, and hard water stains. It is also used as an ingredient in some household cleaners aimed at similar cleaning phosphoric acid is used in microfabrication to etch silicon nitride (Si3N4). It is highly selective in etching Si3N4 instead of SiO2, silicon dioxide. [7]Phosphoric acid is used as a flux by hobbyists (such as model railroaders) as an aid to acid is also used in hydroponics pH solutions to lower the pH of nutrient solutions. While other types of acids can be used, phosphorus is a nutrient used by plants, especially during flowering, making phosphoric acid particularly desirable. General Hydroponics pH Down liquid solution contains phosphoric acid in addition to citric acid and ammonium bisulfate with buffers to maintain a stable pH in the nutrient acid is used as a pH adjuster in cosmetics and skin-care products.[8]Phosphoric acid is used as a chemical oxidizing agent for activated carbon production.[9]Phosporic acid is also used for High Pressure Liquid Chromotography.

1、固体缓释性防腐阻垢剂研究一种固体缓释性防腐阻垢剂(体),把它安装在抽油泵下端,当采出液流过时,它可以缓慢溶解,同时将其中的防腐阻垢有效成分一点点释放出来,达到缓蚀和阻垢的目的。进而可以避免抽油泵被垢层所卡死,延长了检泵周期。文中分析了油井采出液(即油田污水)结垢的各种原因。认为在高PH值情况下,钙、镁离子和硅酸盐离子极易通过吸附、结晶、沉降等过程形成结垢;而适宜的温度、较缓的流速又对结垢起到加速的作用。对常用的无机化合物、有机化合物类阻垢剂的阻垢缓蚀机理进行了理论上的分析研究。通过实验确定了固体缓蚀阻垢剂的最佳配方。其中可溶性固体.........共40页2、绿色阻垢剂的制备研究了PASP的制备，探讨了各种反应的影响因素，表征了合成得到的产品，进一步对其阻垢性能进行了详细的静态和动态研究，探讨了PASP的阻垢机理及影响因素。主要研究工作如下：1.以马来酸(顺丁烯二酸)和氨水(质量分数25％)为原料，在一定的温度下进行缩合得到聚琥珀酰亚胺，然后在氢氧化钠水溶液的作用下水解成PASP的钠盐。避免了气体氨的使用，优化了合成工艺。分别对合成条件和水解条件进行了单因素研究，利用正交实验方法得到的最佳合成工艺条件为：加料摩尔比马来酸：氨=1：(mol)，干燥温度180℃，干燥时间小时，脱水环化温度.........共78页3、新型水质稳定剂_AADMP_的合成及其阻垢缓蚀性能根据分子结构优化理论设计并合成了一种新型大分子有机膦羧酸类药剂——2—氨基己二酸—N,N—二甲叉膦酸(AADMP)。它综合了大分子有机膦酸和膦酰基羧酸的缓蚀阻垢剂的共同特点,保持了大分子有机膦酸和膦酰基羧酸两种水处理剂的分子结构特征,同时比低分子有机膦酸的含磷量大大减少,分子中增加了氨基酸基的结构,所以生物降解性能得到了改善,可代替目前使用的低分子有机膦酸类药剂,解决目前有机膦酸类水处理剂含磷量高,不易生物降解带来的环境难题,因此更加符合环保要求,可广泛使用在工业循环冷却水中。2—氨基己二酸、甲醛和亚磷酸在一定的条件下,合成了有机膦羧酸新型阻垢缓蚀剂——2—氨基己二酸—N,N—二甲叉膦酸;分析了合成药剂的理化性质,选定甲醇作为.........共58页4、锅炉水处理中高效阻垢剂通过挂片法,实验测定了在总硬度为7mmol/L、碱度分别为3、4、5、6mmol/L时,无机阻垢剂碳酸钠(Na_2CO_3)和有机阻垢剂乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-Na_2)、氨基三亚甲基膦酸(ATMP)的阻垢率。并与有机药剂1,2-亚乙基二膦酸(HEDP)、水解聚马来酸酐(HPMA)和聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)的阻垢效果进行对比,结果表明有机阻垢剂的阻垢效果远远好于无机阻垢剂。在有机阻垢剂中ATMP的阻垢效果相对较好。在此基础上,选定ATMP作为复合配方的主体有机药剂。通过多组分药剂的复合实验,提出了针对天津市锅炉给水的高效复合阻垢剂配方为ATMP/Na_2CO=。同时,通过静态实验法研究了影.........共69页5、新型高效铜缓蚀阻垢剂研究针对目前国内大多冷却水含膦水处理药剂污染环境、铜缓蚀剂需要专门预膜剂做预膜处理及多数铜缓蚀剂在以氧化性氯作杀生剂的冷却水体系中缓蚀性能下降等问题,研究开发出一种新型高效的铜缓蚀阻垢剂——CH。通过大量实验筛选优化配方组份,采用挂片失重法、线性极化法、极化曲线法、交流阻抗法、SEM、XPS、静态阻垢法等测试方法对添加CH的去离子水、自来水、含氯气的去离子水等介质中黄铜的腐蚀行为、常见离子对其缓蚀性能的影响、CH的阻垢性能进行了研究,探讨了CH的缓蚀性能、缓蚀机理及阻垢性能、阻垢机理。研究发现,CH缓蚀阻垢剂在被处理.........共72页6、循环冷却水系统缓蚀阻垢剂的开发冷却水在经过系统的热交换器、敞开式冷却塔及长短不一的管道传输后,会发生变温、蒸发浓缩、富氧化等一系列变化,造成设备腐蚀和结垢,传热效果大大下降,设备严重耗损。为达到节水节能,延长设备使用寿命的目的,必须解决循环冷却水系统腐蚀与结垢两大问题,添加缓蚀阻垢剂是最常用的解决方法,但目前应用的缓蚀阻垢剂,使用成本高、难以达到越来越严格的环保要求。2—羟基膦酰基乙酸(hydroxyphonoacetic acid,简称HPAA),属低膦系列的有机膦羧酸型水质稳定剂,具有良好的缓蚀阻垢性能。本文在前人研究的基础上,对HPAA的合成方法进行了改进,根据相关缓蚀理论对HPAA的分子结构进行了改进探索;参照国家行业标准方法对HPAA的缓蚀性能、阻垢性能和稳定性能进行测试并.........共50页7、一种耐高温固体缓蚀阻垢剂研制在油田开发过程中,向油、气井中投加液体缓蚀阻垢剂是常用的一种防腐阻垢措施,但存在以下问题: ①、气举井产液量大且流速高,投加的液体药剂易被快速带出,药剂的有效保护周期短;②、从油套环空加入的液体药剂难以到达工作阀以下井段,有30%—50%的管柱得不到保护;③、投加液体药剂要动用高压注液泵、容器及载泵车等地面设备设施, 管理难度大;④、液体药剂在油管壁上易粘附,造成不必要的损失。论述了以环境友好的聚天冬氨酸为阻垢剂主要成分,咪唑啉酰胺类缓蚀剂为缓蚀剂主要成分的一种固体缓蚀阻垢剂的研制过程。对这种固体缓蚀阻垢剂在水中溶解性、分散性、耐高温性、缓蚀效率、阻垢效率进行了研究分析,并从电化学的角度研究了它在金属表面的吸脱附行为。.........共76页8、新型缓蚀_阻垢剂研究设计了以水为溶剂，以马莱酸酐、丙烯酸、次亚磷酸钠为原料，过氧化氢为引发剂，添加催化剂一步合成的低磷有机聚膦羧酸型多元共聚物缓蚀阻垢剂的方法，最佳工艺条件及合适的物料比，并对产品进行了缓蚀阻垢性能的测试，总磷含量(以P0_4~(3-)计≤5％)，经静态、动态实验及现场试验结果表明：该产品具有优异的缓蚀阻垢性能，含磷低，符合环保要求，具有广阔应用前景。这是一种分子结构中含有膦酰基和羧基的高分子聚合物，多种功能团的并存，使得该类物质性能兼具有有机聚膦酸聚合物和羧酸聚合物阻垢分散、缓蚀的特点，同时有结构稳定(含有C—P键)，含磷低(P0_4~(3-)≤5％)，毒性小、对环境无污染、与其它药剂配伍性能好等优点，非常适合在高硬度.........共85页9、新型聚合物阻垢剂的合成水处理技术作为一门跨学科跨专业的综合性技术，必将发挥独特和重要的作用。在冷却水中采用水质稳定技术是节水、节能的必由之路。根据丙烯酸聚合物阻垢剂的特点，使用过硫酸铵((NH_4)_2S_2O_8、次亚磷酸钠(Na_2PO_3)构成的氧化——还原型引发剂，水为溶剂，合成了新型可用于处理工业循环冷却水的丙烯酸(AA)—丙烯酰胺(AM)—二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)两性型三元共聚物。经试验测定，该产品在具有较高的阻垢效果的同时，还具有一定的杀菌效果，基本实现了一剂多效，通过自由基水溶液聚合生成了一系列两性型共聚物阻垢剂.........共60页10、循环水系统缓蚀阻垢剂的研究为明确研究重点，调查了大庆油田天然气公司八座循环水场的运行现状，以及冷换设备的更换情况；分析了循环水场补充水源的水质；从电化学角度和无机化学的难溶盐的离子浓度积及络合理论，简明系统的论述了循环水的结垢和腐蚀机理，以及缓蚀阻垢机理。然后，将研究重点定位于研发循环水交流的缓蚀阻垢剂。在不同温度和不同药剂浓度下，首先系统的评价了单项药剂PBTCA(2—膦酰基—丁烷—1，2，4三羧酸)、HPAA(2—羟基膦酰基乙酸)、HL—1(三元共聚物)和HL—2(三元共聚物)对不同水源水的静态阻垢性能，也系统的评价了这些药剂的缓.........共55页11、绿色阻垢剂聚环氧琥珀酸的合成及阻垢研究以顺丁烯二酸酐为原料，通过环氧化和开环聚合的方法合成了一种聚环氧琥珀酸(PESA)。整个合成过程分两步进行研究：环氧琥珀酸(ESA)的合成和聚环氧琥珀酸的合成。在第一步反应中，利用紫外一可见分光光度法测得了产物中未反应的马来酸和副产物酒石酸的含量，间接求出了环氧琥珀酸的收率；通过设计系统研究了各工艺参数对环氧琥珀酸收率的影响，得到了优化的环氧琥珀酸合成工艺。在此基础上，加入引发剂使ESA聚合得到了PESA，同样进行了系统的实验，以产物的最终阻垢率为考察目标，研究了影响因素与产物阻垢性能之间的关系，最终得到了较好的聚环氧琥珀酸的合成工艺。利用红外光谱表征了环氧琥珀酸.............共70页12、有机阻垢缓蚀剂作用机理的研究运用量子化学(QC)、分子动力学(MD)方法研究了循环冷却水常用阻垢缓蚀剂的作用机理，共分两大部分。第一部分，结合实验结果及理论模型，确定了方解石、硬石膏、羟基磷灰石这三种常见的成垢晶体作为底物，采用量子化学、分子动力学方法系统地考察了羧酸类均聚及共聚物、多胺基多醚基亚甲基膦酸的阻垢机理，有机膦酸的阻垢缓蚀机理；第二部分，研究了吡啶及其衍生物对铝、BTA及其羧基烷基酯衍生物对铜、咪唑及咪唑啉类衍生物对铁的缓蚀机理。运用MD方法对聚羧酸类阻垢分散剂与方解石、硬石膏、羟基磷灰石晶体的相互作用进行了动态模拟。发现6种聚羧酸分子阻方解石垢的能力强弱依次为AA-MA＞HPMA＞AA-HPA＞PAA＞AA-MAE＞PMAA.........共175页13、一种用于处理循环冷却水的复合缓蚀阻垢剂14、用于高温高密度测试液的复合缓蚀剂15、一种处理中高硬度循环水的复合缓蚀阻垢剂16、一种处理低硬度循环水的复合缓蚀阻垢剂17、一种油田用注水缓蚀剂18、一种铜缓蚀剂及其生产方法19、内燃机冷却液用缓蚀剂20、用天然高分子制备缓蚀剂的方法21、一种铁离子缓蚀剂22、一种杀菌缓蚀剂23、一种无磷缓蚀剂及其制备24、一种用于循环冷却水的缓蚀剂组合物25、一种用于去离子水质的缓蚀剂组合物26、复合阻垢缓蚀剂27、一种适合含氨氮污水回用于循环冷却水的复合阻垢缓蚀剂28、用于高温酸性介质中的钢铁缓蚀剂及其制备方法29、黑色缓蚀阻垢剂30、环保型阻垢剂聚环氧丁二酸及其制备方法31、环保型阻垢剂聚天冬氨酸的制备方法32、一种水处理缓蚀阻垢剂及其制备方法33、表面蒸发空冷专用缓蚀阻垢剂34、用于锌锰干电池中的代汞缓蚀剂35、用天然植物胶粉进行氮杂环化合物改性制备酸缓蚀剂方法36、一种抑制钢铁在10％－25％食盐溶液中腐蚀的新型缓蚀剂37、用于ＨＣＬ－Ｈ2Ｓ－Ｈ2Ｏ的腐蚀体系中的缓蚀剂38、一种用于HSn70-1黄铜的绿色环保型缓蚀剂39、一种抗H2S与CO2联合作用下的缓蚀剂40、一种抑制碳钢CO2腐蚀的水溶性缓蚀剂及其制备方法41、一种油田用新型抗CO2腐蚀缓蚀剂42、一种复合阻垢缓蚀剂及其在含氨氮污水回用于循环冷却水中的应用43、一种金属缓蚀剂44、一种除氧阻垢剂及其生产方法45、一种用于络合铁脱硫溶液的缓蚀剂46、衣康酸多元共聚高效阻垢剂及制备方法47、含巯基杂环化合物与碱金属碘化物的复配缓蚀剂48、两性杀菌缓蚀剂49、用于水系统的缓蚀剂50、气相缓蚀剂及其制备方法51、一种绿色阻垢缓蚀剂52、一种复合阻垢缓蚀剂及其应用53、一种复合阻垢缓蚀剂及其应用54、一种缓蚀剂组合物及其制备和应用55、多功能缓蚀剂及其制备方法56、固体缓蚀剂及其制备方法57、钡锶阻垢剂58、一种缓蚀剂、制备方法及用途59、一种用于炼油装置高温部位设备的缓蚀剂60、长效无磷循环冷却水缓蚀剂61、井下固体防蜡阻垢剂62、用于工业设备保护的气相缓蚀剂及其制备方法63、一种有机或无机盐和复合盐类融雪剂的高效缓蚀剂64、一种有机或无机盐和复合盐类融雪剂的高效缓蚀剂65、锅炉用纳米改性高岭土类阻垢剂及制备方法66、反渗透浓缩液中阻垢剂的电芬顿氧化方法67、一种电池负极缓蚀剂的配制方法68、一种含聚环氧琥珀酸的复合阻垢缓蚀剂及其应用69、一种复合缓蚀阻垢剂及其在循环冷却水处理中的应用70、一种用于处理循环冷却水的无磷复合阻垢缓蚀剂71、一种复合无磷水处理缓蚀剂及其制备方法72、冲灰水管道用阻垢剂73、工业锅炉蒸汽凝结水系统缓蚀剂及其制造方法74、一种石油化工工艺过程阻垢剂的评价方法75、聚苯胺油井缓蚀剂76、锌材专用气相缓蚀剂77、生物可降解缓蚀阻垢剂聚天冬氨酸的制备方法78、生物可降解缓蚀阻垢剂胺基聚环氧丁二酸的制备方法79、吗啉衍生物气相缓蚀剂的制备方法80、抗硫化氢腐蚀缓蚀剂81、一种阻垢剂的制备方法82、连铸软水、炼钢软水系统用缓蚀阻垢剂83、一种酸性缓蚀剂84、高效缓蚀阻垢剂85、一种缓蚀阻垢剂86、一种稳定型缓蚀阻垢剂87、一种缓蚀剂及其制造方法88、一种含生物法转化的二元酸产物的金属缓蚀剂89、一种油井酸化缓蚀剂及制备方法90、一种酸液缓蚀剂及其制备方法91、酸液缓蚀剂及其制备方法92、一种天然绿色酸洗缓蚀剂及其应用93、高效酸洗缓蚀剂94、耐高温高压缓蚀剂及生产方法95、一种用于乙烯装置裂解气压缩机的阻垢剂及其使用方法96、环境友好型硅钢专用气相缓蚀剂97、低膦复合缓蚀阻垢剂98、一种用于空调循环水系统的缓蚀剂及其使用方法99、一种用于空调系统的缓蚀阻垢剂及其使用方法100、一种用于工业冷却循环水系统的缓蚀剂101、一种用于工业冷却水系统的缓蚀阻垢剂102、一种用于锅炉的酸性缓蚀剂103、用于加氢装置的缓蚀剂104、一种低磷阻垢缓蚀剂及其应用105、一种低磷复合阻垢缓蚀剂及其在水处理中的应用106、硅藻土净水剂107、尿胺衍生物气相缓蚀剂的制备方法108、铜缓蚀剂109、一种用于循环冷却水处理的复合阻垢缓蚀剂110、一种无磷复合阻垢缓蚀剂及其在水处理中的应用111、一种用于反渗透系统的复合阻垢剂及其应用112、含有烷氧基的磷氧酸酯用作钢筋混凝土缓蚀剂的用途113、磷-氧酸的含烷氧基的酯及其作为缓蚀剂和防火剂的用途114、聚合物组合物--缓蚀剂115、一种控制二氧化碳腐蚀的缓蚀剂及其制备方法116、一种控制电偶腐蚀的缓蚀剂117、无磷水质阻垢剂118、用于加氢装置的阻垢缓蚀剂119、一种抗氧化的锅炉缓蚀阻垢剂120、多功能锅炉水处理阻垢剂121、铜锌合金水处理缓蚀剂122、铜镍合金水处理缓蚀剂123、缓蚀剂浓度的测定方法124、锅炉防垢缓蚀剂及其使用方法125、用于炼油设备的阻垢剂126、海水中铜镍合金用复合缓蚀剂的制备方法127、一种新型高温酸化缓蚀剂及其制备方法128、含磷有机废液在阻垢缓蚀剂上的应用129、硫基缓蚀剂130、一种三元协同缓蚀剂131、一种抑制碳钢在海水中腐蚀的复配型绿色缓蚀剂132、一种抑制碳钢在海水中腐蚀的成膜型绿色缓蚀剂133、固体缓蚀剂配方、制备方法及其使用方法134、一种评定阻垢剂性能的方法135、用于半导体晶片清洗的缓蚀剂体系136、高温缓蚀剂137、一种用于循环冷却水处理的杀菌缓蚀剂138、钼膦系复合缓蚀阻垢剂及其制备方法139、一种缓释阻垢剂及其生产使用方法140、一种用于抑制甲醇溶液中碳钢腐蚀的复合缓蚀剂及其应用141、湿法磷酸生产用阻垢剂142、基于多胺的缓蚀剂143、一种高效多功能反渗透膜阻垢剂及其制备方法144、可生物降解复合缓蚀阻垢剂及其制备方法145、一种反渗透膜用阻垢剂146、基于电导检测的阻垢剂性能快速自动评价装置147、一种高温缓蚀剂及其制备方法和应用148、一种成膜缓蚀剂及其制备方法149、黑色金属气相缓蚀剂及其制备方法150、酸洗缓蚀剂及其生产方法151、缓蚀剂连续加注装置152、一种适用于高氯高钙水质的缓蚀阻垢剂153、一种用于循环冷却水处理的绿色环保型复合缓蚀阻垢剂154、一种复合型阻垢缓蚀剂及其应用155、一种抑制碳钢腐蚀的缓蚀阻垢剂156、一种碳钢缓蚀剂及其应用157、高效螯合型无汞非金属缓蚀剂158、一种金属酸洗缓蚀剂及其制备方法159、一种绿色高效酸洗缓蚀剂及其应用160、一种抑制金属腐蚀的缓蚀剂及其制备方法161、反渗透浓缩液中阻垢剂的内电解破坏方法162、一种用于处理循环冷却水的低磷环保型复合缓蚀阻垢剂及使用方法163、一种气相缓蚀剂的制备方法164、长效环保型密闭循环冷却水缓蚀剂165、一种环保型复合缓蚀阻垢剂166、一种反渗透膜阻垢剂及其制备方法167、一种溴化锂吸收式制冷机缓蚀剂及其制备方法168、核电厂冷却水系统用缓蚀剂169、一种钡锶阻垢剂170、烯丙氧基聚醚阻垢剂及其制备方法171、一种用于氨基酸基酸性气体吸收剂的复合缓蚀剂172、一种无磷环保型缓蚀阻垢剂及其制备方法173、一种荧光聚醚阻垢剂及制备方法174、反渗透阻垢剂性能的动态测试方法175、阻垢剂存在下阻滞反渗透膜结垢的切换流向方法176、一种用于不锈钢管凝汽器的低磷阻垢缓蚀剂177、高效马来酸酐系聚合物阻垢剂的制备方法178、一种无磷缓蚀阻垢剂及其应用179、基于透光率法评定阻垢剂性能的测量装置180、一种酸化压裂用高温缓蚀剂181、一种油井用清蜡防腐阻垢剂182、羧甲基落叶松单宁生物降解型阻垢剂的制备方法183、一种酸洗缓蚀剂及其制备方法184、一种用于加氢精制装置的成膜性缓蚀剂185、处理高浓缩倍数循环水的复合缓蚀阻垢剂186、反渗透阻垢剂的阻垢性能评价方法187、一种用于反渗透膜的缓蚀阻垢剂及制备方法188、一种专用于乙烯压缩系统的缓蚀阻垢剂189、一种无磷缓蚀阻垢剂及其合成方法190、一种臭氧、硅藻精土联合应用净化污水的方法191、缓蚀阻垢剂环氧琥珀酸 对环氧乙基苯磺酸共聚物及其制备方法192、一种阻止工业水处理系统中二氧化硅垢沉积的复合阻硅阻垢剂193、一种拟制水中二氧化硅垢沉积的环保型复合阻垢剂194、一种用于加氢装置的阻垢剂及其制备方法和应用195、一种工业循环冷却水的缓蚀阻垢剂196、一种四元聚合型缓蚀阻垢剂及其制备方法197、荧光标记聚醚羧酸类阻垢剂及制备方法198、一种TRT专用缓蚀阻垢剂199、反渗透膜阻垢剂及其制备方法200、一种湿式除尘高炉煤气能量回收透平装置专用阻垢剂201、用作缓蚀剂的吗啉衍生物与酮酸的配合物202、一种用于冷冻液的缓蚀剂203、铜缓蚀剂及其使用方法204、一种含磷的三元共聚物水质阻垢剂205、一种碱性锌系列电池中代汞缓蚀剂206、灰水阻垢剂207、热水锅炉防腐阻垢剂及其使用方法208、用于软水密闭循环冷却系统的硅系缓蚀剂209、一种油井酸化缓蚀剂及制备方法210、一种用于处理循环冷却水的复合缓蚀阻垢剂211、速溶复合缓蚀剂及复合生产工艺212、低压锅炉用有机阻垢缓蚀剂及配制方法213、膦系阻垢剂快速分解方法及装置214、高压锅炉汽相缓蚀剂和制备方法215、羧酸的氨基硅烷盐和硅烷酰胺缓蚀剂216、用于铝合金的非铬酸盐缓蚀剂217、硅酸盐被膜缓蚀阻垢剂218、常温铜酸洗缓蚀剂219、一种用于强腐蚀性水质的复合缓蚀阻垢剂220、一种汽车冷却系统用的阻垢剂221、一种抑制钢铁在盐水中腐蚀的新型缓蚀剂222、一种抑制钢铁在海水中腐蚀的新型缓蚀剂223、一种抑制钢铁在自来水中腐蚀的新型缓蚀剂224、锅炉用缓蚀阻垢剂225、制糖专用缓蚀剂及使用方法226、多元复配阻垢缓蚀剂227、一种低磷聚合物分散阻垢缓蚀剂及其制备方法228、盐酸酸洗抑雾缓蚀剂及生产方法229、一种用于软化水质循环水的复合缓蚀阻垢剂230、用于在传热流体和发动机冷却剂中保护轻金属的缓蚀剂和协同抑制剂组合

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