艾滋病起源论文参考文献

3 艾滋病健康知识教育对收容教育女性艾滋病乐观偏差的效果评价及启示 陈静; 蒋索; 陈月凤 温州医学院学生处; 温州医学院环境与公共卫生学院 【期刊】中国医学伦理学 2009-10-05 27 4 贫困地区艾滋病社会救助机制构建的对策探讨——对安徽阜阳地区艾滋病的调研 叶良均; 俞宁; 黄邦汉 安徽农业大学人文学院; 安徽农业大学人文学院 安徽合肥; 安徽合肥 【期刊】医学与哲学(人文社会医学版) 2006-02-08 4 121 17 受艾滋病影响的儿童受教育权状况调查研究——对受艾滋病影响儿童受教育权的社会控制与反歧视对策分析 刘玉强; 窦云云 云南大学法学院; 云南大学国际关系研究院 【期刊】法制与社会 2009-11-25 1 87 18 艾滋病感染孕产妇接受预防艾滋病母婴传播措施情况及对策分析 王爱玲; 乔亚萍; 苏穗青; 王临虹 中国疾病预防控制中心妇幼保健中心 【期刊】中国妇幼保健 2006-07-28 15 103 19 浅谈AIDS防治难点及对策——附HIV感染者和AIDS病人5例 杨绪红; 刘伯雁; 崔峰 山东省淄博市卫生防疫站; 山东省淄博市卫生防疫站 淄博市 【期刊】中国热带医学 2003-05-28 0

爱滋病传播途径及预防方法 摘要:艾滋病的医学全称为:"获得性免疫缺陷综合症",英文缩写"AIDS",是由人体感染人类免疫缺陷病毒即艾滋病毒(HIV)引起的免疫缺陷综合症. 大多数感染了艾滋病病毒的人,仍然是健康的,并能在没有症状或只有轻微疾病的情况下生活多年.即使他们看起来健康,自己也感觉健康的时候,他们仍能够将艾滋病病毒传染给其他人,终生具有传染性. HIV 具有严格的宿主特异性,可感染人类并导致AIDS.在实验条件下,HIV-1可感染黑猩猩,HIV-2可感染恒河猴,可导致病血症及血清抗体转为阳性,但不能引起动物发病.从HIV感染者外周血,精液,乳汁,脑脊液,唾液,泪液和其他体液中均可分离到病毒,不过目前尚无经泪液,唾液和汁液等感染HIV的报道.HIV一般通过血液和精液和,其传播途径主要包括: (1)性传播,通过性行为在男同性恋者之间及异性间传播,也可通过人工授精传播; (2)血液传播,通过接受HIV感染者捐献的血液或器官,使用受HIV污染的血染液制品或与HIV感染者共用注射针头而被感染,此外,接触HIV感染者体液或HIV培养物的医务人员和实验人员存在感染HIV的职业危险性; (3)母婴传播,感染HIV者的母亲,可在子宫内或在分娩时将HIV传染给新生儿(Connor,1997).除此之外,人与人的一般接触并不会导致HIV的传播,对此不必过分敏感和恐惧. 在体外,HIV可感染CD4+T淋巴细胞(T4细胞)和单核-巨噬细胞,在其中增殖并引起细胞病变中,表明CD4+T淋巴细胞和单核-巨噬细胞是HIV主要的靶细胞.此外,HIV还可感染正常B淋巴细胞,经EB病毒转化形成的B淋巴母细胞系,小胶质细胞,神经胶质细胞,中幼粒细胞及多种细胞系 (O'Brien,1997) 在体内,HIV除感染结缔组织中的CD4+T淋巴细胞,单核-巨噬细胞,B淋巴细胞,中幼粒细胞和滤泡树突状细胞外,还可感染上皮组织中的朗格汉细胞(Langerhanscell)及神经组织中的小胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞,星形胶质细胞和脑内皮细胞,其分布遍及骨骼,胸腺,脑,心,肺,肠,眼,肾,皮肤和性腺等器官(Dittmar,1997a).HIV具有如此广泛的细胞和组织嗜性,同它所引起的CD4+T淋巴细胞缺陷,淋巴腺病,卡波西肉瘤以及神经系统损伤等多脏器症状是相吻合的. 高度的变异性是HIV及其他反转录病毒所具有的显著特征.突变主要来自反转录过程,其中env和nef等基因变异幅度最大,而gag和pol等则相对保守,变异程度较低且多为沉默的点突变.根据env和gag等基因的变异, 至少可将HIV-1划分为2群,共11个亚型.其中M(main)群由10个亚型组成,即A-J亚型.欧美主要为B亚型,非洲流行A,C,D,E等亚型; 在我国B亚型占优势,其次为C亚弄和A亚型;此外,M群中还存在着各亚型之间的嵌合体(mosaic),如A/E,G/A等.O(outlier)群主要分布于西百和中非,由于成员较少,常被视为一个亚型(O亚型).根据同样的方法,可将HIV-2划分为A,B等亚型(UNAIDS,1997).不仅各地区或不同个体之间HIV存在很大的变异,即使在同一个体内部,差异同样明显.事实上,每个HIV感染者所携带的都是一个异质性的病毒群体,各种突变株共存于体内.高度变异性有助于HIV逃避宿主的免疫监视,同时也为HIV感染的预防,诊断和治疗设置了巨大的障碍. 怎样预防艾滋病 针对不同传播途径,科学家们建议应当采取以下措施: 1,预防艾滋病的性传播 洁身自爱,保持忠贞单一的性关系; 发生危险性行为时正确使用避孕套; 及时治疗性病. 2,预防艾滋病的血液传播 不使用未经检测的血液及血液制品. 不吸毒,不与别人共用针具吸毒. 穿耳或身体穿刺,文身,针刺疗法或者任何需要侵入性的刺破皮肤的过程,都有一定的艾滋病病毒传播危险. 3,母婴传播预防 艾滋病病毒可在怀孕,分娩或者孩子出生后的母乳喂养过程中传播. 感染艾滋病病毒的妇女应避免怀孕,如怀孕应人工流产. 孕,产妇在分娩前,后使用抗病毒药物,可降低母婴传播的几率. 采用人工喂养,也可减少艾滋病病毒感染的危险性.

World Aids Day According to UNAIDS（联合国艾滋病规划署）estimates there were million adults and million children living with HIV at the end of 2002, and during the year 5 million new people became infected with the virus. Around half of all people who become infected with HIV do so before they are 25 and are killed by AIDS before they are 35. 95% of the total number of people with HIV live in the developing world. But HIV still remains a threat to people of all ages and nationalities. Stigma and Discrimination is the theme of the 2003 World AIDS day. In many parts of the world, discrimination prevents people who are known to have HIV from securing a job or caring for their families. Discrimination can cause isolation and marginalizes（排斥）people who have HIV and AIDS. This can prevent people from being offered or seeking the treatment which could save their lives. In order for HIV to be effectively tackled on an international level, efforts need to be made to End the discrimination against people with HIV and AIDS. Educate people in safer sex and drug use, using appropriate media. Provide condoms freely to people in the developing world. Provide financial and medical assistance so that people with HIV and AIDS can be treated. Started in 1988, World AIDS Day is not just about raising money, but also about raising awareness, education and fighting prejudice. World AIDS Day is also important in reminding people that HIV has not gone away, and that there are many things still to be done. Themes for World Aids Day The theme for world AIDS day 2003 is Stigma and Discrimination. Each year there is a particular theme chosen for World AIDS Day, and for the last fourteen years the themes have been as follows: 2004 Women and AIDS 2003 Stigma and Discrimination 2002 Stigma and Discrimination 2001 I care. Do you? 2000 AIDS : Men make a difference 1999 Listen, Learn, Live: World AIDS Campaign with Children and Young People 1998 Force For Change: World AIDS Campaign With Young People 1997 Children Living in a World with AIDS 1996 One World, One Hope 1995 Shared Rights, Shared Responsibilities 1994 AIDS and the Family 1993 Time to Act 1992 Community Commitment 1991 Sharing the Challenge 1990 Women & AIDS 1989 Youth 1988 Communication The Red Ribbon The Red Ribbon is an international symbol of AIDS awareness that is worn by people all year round and particularly around world AIDS day to demonstrate care and concern about HIV and AIDS, and to remind others of the need for their support and commitment. The red ribbon started as a "grass roots" effort, and as a result there is no official red ribbon, and many people make their own. To make your own ribbons, get some ordinary red ribbon, about cms wide and cut it into strips about 15 cms long. Then fold at the top into an inverted "V" shape and put a safety pin through the centre which you use to attach the ribbon to your clothing.