科技论文写作与学术规范下载

科技论文写作规范化要求

科技论文的特点和写作 要求：

科技论文同一般的科技文章有共同之处，具有准确、鲜明、生动的特点，但作为科技论文，它又有自身的特殊属性。

一篇科技论文必须同时具有下述特点，并同时满足下述写作要求。

1)创新性或独创性。科技论文报道的主要研究成果应是前人(或他人)所没有的。没有新的观点、见解、结果和结论，就不成其为科技论文。

科技论文的创新程度是相对于人类已有的知识而言的。至于某一篇论文，其创新程度可能大些，也可能很小，但总要有一些独到之处，总要对丰富科学技术知识宝库和推动科学技术发展起到一定的作用。“首次提出”，“首次发现”，当然是具有重大价值的研究成果，这毕竟为数不很多;在某一个问题上有新意，对某一点有发展，应属于创新的范围，而基本上是重复他人的工作，尽管确实是作者自己“研究”所得的“成果”，但也不属于创新之列。在实际研究中，有很多课题是在引进、消化、移植国内外已有的先进科学技术，以及应用已有的理论来解决本地区、本行业、本系统的实际问题，只要对丰富理论、促进生产发展、推动技术进步有效果，有作用，报道这类成果的论文也应视为有一定程度的创新。

由于创新性的要求，科技论文的写作不应与教科书(讲义)和实验报告、工作总结等等同。教科书是介绍和传授已有知识的，主要读者是外行人、初学者，因此十分强调系统性、完整性和连续性，写法上要力求循序渐近，深入浅出，由浅入深。实验报告或工作总结等则要求把实验过程和操作，以及数据资料，或者做了哪些工作，怎么做的，有什么成绩和缺点，有什么经验和体会等比较详细地反映出来，即使是重复别人的工作也可以写进去。当然，这里并不否认某些实验报告或工作总结等也具有新意。科技论文报道的是作者自己的研究成果，因而与他人相重复的研究内容，基础性的知识，某些一般性的、具体的实验过程和操作或数学推导，以及比较浅显的分析等都应删去，或者只作简要的交待和说明，同时应对原始材料有整理、有取舍、有提高，要形成新观点、新认识、新结论。

对于科技论文，只有新意还不够，这只是每一篇论文写作与发表必备的条件。

2)理论性或学术性。理论性指一篇科技论文应具有一定的学术价值，它有2个方面的含义：a.对实验、观察或用其他方式所得到的结果，要从一定的理论高度进行分析和总结，形成一定的科学见解，包括提出并解决一些有科学价值的问题;b对自己提出的科学见解或问题，要用事实和理论进行符合逻辑的论证与分析或说明，总之要将实践上升为理论。从实质而言，科技论文的写作过程，本身就是作者在认识上的深化和在实践基础上进行科学抽象的过程。只有这样，论文所报道的发现或发明，才不只具有实用价值，而且具有理论价值即学术价值;所以，写一篇论文，如果仅仅是说明解决了某一实际问题，讲述了某一技术和方法，是远远不够的。从事科学研究，特别是从事工程技术研究的科技人员，应注意并学会善于从理论上总结与提高，争取写出既有创新性又有理论价值的科技论文来。

3)科学性和准确性。一篇论文有了创新性和理论性还只能定性地说它已经具备了一篇论文最主要的东西，在具体的研究及写作阶段还必须使论文具有科学性和准确性。

所谓科学性，就是要正确地说明研究对象所具有的特殊矛盾，并且要尊重事实，尊重科学。具体说来，包括论点正确，论据必要而充分，论证严密，推理符合逻辑，数据可靠，处理合理，计算精确，实验重复，结论客观，等等。

所谓准确性，是指对客观事物即研究对象的运动规律和性质表述的接近程度，包括概念、定义、判断、分析和结论要准确，对自己研究成果的估计要确切、恰当，对他人研究成果(尤其是在做比较时)的评价要实事求是，切忌片面性和说过头话。

4) 规范性和可读性。撰写科技论文是为了交流、传播、储存新的科技信息，让他人利用，因此，科技论文必须按一定格式写作，必须具有良好的可读性。在文字表达上，要求语言准确、简明、通顺，条理清楚，层次分明，论述严谨。在技术表达方面，包括名词术语、数字、符号的使用，图表的设计，计量单位的使用，文献的著录等都应符合规范化要求。一篇科技论文失去了规范性和可读性，将严重降低它的价值，有时甚至会使人怀疑它报道的研究成果是否可靠。

科技论文的写作与发表有以下几个方面的意义：

1)科技论文的写作是科技工作者进行科学技术研究的重要手段。我们有的科技工作者在接受科研任务时，往往认为他们接受的只是“1项”任务即科研;实际上，他们开始就应当认为接受的是“2项”任务——科研和写作，科技工作者应当建立起这样一个概念。法拉第说得好，“开拓，研究完成，发表”，可见写作与发表对一个科技工作者有多么重要。

不少作者往往把写作论文当作课题研究最后阶段的事来做，因而常常听到他们说：“等课题完了再写吧!”其实，写论文不是为了“交差”、“还帐”，也不只是为了发表;科技论文的写作是科学技术研究的一种手段，是科学技术研究工作的重要组成部分。最好的作法是，课题研究的开始就是论文写作的开始，即不要等课题完了才写，而应在课题研究一开始就写，因为思考一个比较复杂的问题，借助于写作效果会更好些。写，就是用文字符号把思考的过程一一记录下来，让它们在纸面上视觉化，便于反复琢磨与推敲，使飘浮、抽象、混乱的思维清晰起来，具体化和条理化起来，使思维更缜密。如果把写作贯穿在整个研究工作中，边研究，边写作，则可及时发现研究工作的不足，补充和修正正在进行的'研究，使研究成果更加完善;同时也还有这样的可能，即写作灵感的突发，将导致研究方案的重大改进，从而最终提高研究成果的水平和价值。

2)科技论文的发表可以促进学术交流。英国文学家肖伯纳说过：“倘若你有一个苹果，我也有一个苹果，而我们彼此交换，那你和我仍各有(只有)一个苹果。但倘若你有一种思想，我也有一种思想，而我们彼此交流，那我们将各有两种思想。”写作与发表的科技论文则正是科技工作者之间进行科学思想交流的永久记录，也是科学的历史，它记载了探索真理的过程，记载了各种观测结果和研究结果，而科学技术研究是一种承上启下的连续性的工作，一项研究的结束可能是另一项研究的起点;因此，科技工作者通过论文写作与发表形式进行的学术交流，能促进研究成果的推广和应用，有利于科学事业的繁荣与发展。

3)科技论文的写作与发表有利于科学积累。科技论文写作是信息的书面存储活动，通过论文的写作与发表，信息的传递将超越时空的限制，研究成果将作为文献保存下来，成为科学技术宝库的重要组成部分，为同时代人和后人提供科学技术知识，由整个人类所共享。人类整个科学技术历史长河就是由这样一个个浪花汇集而成的。

4)科技论文的发表是发现人才的重要渠道，是考核科技工作者业务成绩的重要依据。一篇论文的发表，可能使一个原来默默无闻的科技工作者被发现并受到重用，这在科技史上和当今的事例是很多的。发表论文的数量和质量是衡量一个科技工作者学识水平与业务成绩的重要指标，同时也是考核他们能否晋升学位和技术职务的重要依据。

A Flow Shop with Compatibility Constraints in a Steelmaking Plant* Abstract We present a scheduling methodology for applications where the generation of schedules is constrained by antagonistic and vague knowledge. Besides temporal and capacity constraints, compatibility constraints between consecutive jobs are managed. We model the vague constraints and uncertain data by fuzzy set theory. The importance of single jobs and the difficulty to schedule them is defined on the different constraints and is used to control the generation of schedules. A preliminary schedule is generated by considering the important jobs and those that are difficult to schedule first. Easy or not so important jobs are scheduled later. Finally, the achieved schedule is “repaired” until a schedule is found that achieves a given level of satisfaction. Since the goodness of solutions is rated by fuzzy sets, robust schedules achieve better evaluations than weak schedules. However, if no robust solution is found constraints will be relaxed. This methodology is appropriate for applications in process engineering where uncertain knowledge is dominant. We explain the methodology with a case study from a steelmaking plant for high-grade steel 补充： Bidding for the Olympic Games, in a way, an image-creating undertaking. The first and foremost thing is to let people fall in love with the city at first sight, attracting them by its unipue image. What image does Beijing intend to create for itself once it has the opportunity to host the 2008 Olympics? It is known to all that the Beijing Municipal Government has already set the theme for the future games: New Beijing, Great Olympics. For me, the 2008 Olympics will be a great green Olympics illuminated with two more special colors, yellow and red. First, yellow is a meaningful color. The Yellow River is China's Mother River and the descendants of the Yellow Emperor. This color has a special origin and great significance for the Chinese people. Beijing is the capital of New China and previously the capital for nine dynasties in Chinese history. So, yellow will naturally add splendor to the 2008 Games. Secondly, the 2008 Olympics will be a red is another traditionally cherished color for the whole country. We adore red. On big occasions, we like to decorate our homes in red. It is the color of double happiness, representing joyous moments, auspiciousness, enthusiasm and prosperity. Red is one of the most suitable colors to describe the future of Beijing . Beijing , together with the whole country, is becoming more and more prosperous in the process of modernization. Should the 2008 Olympics be held in Beijing, the whole city will be a sea of red : the red torch,red flags, red flowers, and the radiant faces of millions of joyful people. Above all, the 2008 Olympics will be a green Olympics. Adding a green ingredient is essential in creating an appealing image, as we can't deny the fact that Beijing, at the moment, is not as green a city as what we like it to be. Striving for an environmentally appealing city has become a central task for all the citizens of Beijing. Big efforts have been made in pollution control, replanting and beautification of the city. According to a project entitled" The Green Olympic Action Plan", between 1998 and 2007, Beijing, we have invested 100 billion RMB in preserving and protecting the environment. Some million trees and over 1 million acres of grass will be planted along the Fourth Ring Road. By then, the city's green area will make up 40% of its total. The city will also dredge its reservoirs used as a water supply to Beijing residents, controlling industrial pollution and moving out the 200 factories presently located within the city proper. Certainly, all of this is no easy task. But I am sure that all of us have confidence that we will realize these green goals. For now we have the full support and participation of the environmentally conscious citizens. Each citizen is showing great concern for every one of the steps the city government takes. As the saying goes, United, we stand, and a green Beijing will be achieved. When our aspiration becomes a reality, it will be a unique Olympics." New Beijing, Great Olympics"; will be weaved of these three superb colors: yellow, red and green. 追问： 用中文写清楚 这篇英文文章研究的是什么问题?这个问题是怎么研究的?发现了什么?这些发现意 味着什么? 谢谢 回答： 第一篇与电有关求采纳

With the development of science and technology, people's lives have been greatly changed. There is no doubt that we benefit a lot from the scientific advancements in many different ways. For instance, the invention of computers dramatically increases work efficiency and helps complete many difficult tasks that were impossible in the past. Apart from this, new discoveries and technology in medicine improve people's health, which allows them to enjoy a longer life. The progress of science also enlarges human's ablilities to explore the world around them, from up into space to deep under the sea. Thanks to the development of science and technology, human society has enjoyed continuous prosperity and more convenience. However, just like a double-edged sword, science can cause problems too. It is known to all that the nuclear power, an environmentally friendly source of energy, can also be developed into a weapon of mass destruction. In addition, human cloning, which is expected to cure many serious diseases and save lives, may bring disasters of social morality. As a matter of fact, most of the improvements in science are made at the cost of our precious natural resources and have done great harm to the environment where we live in. Therefore, how to deal with the progress of science and technology properly is worth our careful consideration.