中国美式英语教育研究论文

Diet idea the Europeans said that in the world has three big good food, in each edition has China and France, only then actually had different explanations about third, has said that was Italy, also had said that was countries' and so on Turkey, Tunisia or Morocco. Although reaches a stalemate, but everybody has a mutual recognition, the diet often can reflect the different nationality aspect and so on habits and customs and cultural thought differences. one time hosts the banquet in the Chinese restaurant, on the hotel vegetable very slowly, unconscious has passed for nearly two hours, but the vegetable has as if only then gotten up half. Is first time attends the Chinese meal banquet near a place woman, cannot bear asks me, your Chinese treats on these many vegetables? I said that must be many in China, usually is above 10. She is very surprised, including said that China's banquet too has been really rich, China's good food is very no wonder famous. But after a while, she also asks me, has a phenomenon to be very strange: The Chinese eats meal each time on that many vegetables, can be why long so thinly. But France enters the vegetable to be very each time few, but is why fatter than the Chinese? I am at a loss for words for a while, but thought that she asks how many truth a little, because that day shares a table several Chinese appear quite emaciated, but several French are all tall and sturdy. Thinks that spoke an own idea with her: China is a hospitable nationality, only then on a table vegetable had only then thought that has not neglected the visitor. Sometimes moreover the Chinese pays great attention the form, therefore in China's cooking, the vegetable style is ever changing, makes concrete is fastidious about the color fragrance to each vegetable matching. But European as if some, are inferior to China obviously actually in the vegetable variety change high and low free time, what but is fastidious is its nutrition matching and the protection. This is, the French diet idea important difference, how many also reflected the French chemical property standard difference. each people have the color which to color understanding oneself like, a country and the nationality are also same, likes to the different color being possible to reflect a national or the national esthetic appeal and the likes and dislikes tendency overall. has one time bumps into an EU commission's pair of professor husbands and wives, mentions China national dress which in the Shanghai APEC conference various countries' leader puts on, they said are attractive, but has a point to be not too clear, why do the Asian leaders mostly put on red, but the Western leader has chosen the blue color. I said that the color is leader designates. The Asian country has the same cultural context probably, red in the Chinese culture, is also possibly representing lucky, the wealth in the entire Asian culture and propitious pleasant, therefore the Asian leaders as if by prior agreement have chosen red. I ask in reply them, what does the blue color represent in the Western culture? They said the westerner to believe that the blue color represents is calm and is calm. thinks that I also said the East and West cultural difference was really too big, for example the dragon in China was nationality's symbol, but had one in Belgium's Mongolian Si Shize to hit the dragon festival, the dragon is regarded as the devil, has been massacred by fable in protection sacred · Michelle, therefore did specially hits the dragon festival to congratulate that eliminated the disaster shortcoming to thank Michelle. Professor husbands and wives also approves the East and West cultural difference hugeness, and approves the culture to need to exchange. in thinking mode West's cultural difference also displays in many aspects, but simple summarizes is not actually complex: Reflected that to the thinking mode in is abstract and the embodiment difference, reflected that to the life manner in as if may understand is more practical for the westerner, but Chinese how many stresses some mental feeling. For instance compares French word and Chinese writing, this point is very obvious. The Chinese writing makes the word to pay great attention the image much, what but in the French more pays great attention to consider is the use value. Looks like in Chinese the name card, in the French translates literally is the card which the visit uses, but the aircraft carrier calls in the French to carry airplane's warship and so on, is embarks from the actual uses makes the word. But presses the glass plate which likely the picture uses, we are also the words which makes from its use value angle, but the French has been more direct-viewing, the literal translation is “places above the picture”. reflects to the drawing in is so. Everybody knew that the traditional Chinese painting greatly opens big he, splashes ink enjoyably the human body proportion which and optics principle is fastidious with the European oil painting and so on completely belongs to the technical category which two have nothing to do with one another, is as if very difficult to have the common language. Sometimes the European not too can understand that sometimes we too abstract art expression means that we also will think European's artistic skill too practical duty, deficient divine and wonderful spirit. Looked that sometimes in many European drawing history has been presented for the classics religious theme painting, the Chinese while sighs its technique practical exquisite, also will sigh with emotion European master the imagination the deficiency: In order to explain that the angel is flying, must give these lovable young and clevers to add on a pair of wing. But our ancestor has not also drawn several thousand years, how many white clouds adds on nearby these beautiful female celestial, they have not flown? Has the ideal condition, has the imagination space. this is the cultural difference. But, the difference brings not always the difference, it gave culture masters of art to leave behind the broad creation space exactly, if could find an accurate combining site, not only that will give two nationalities, will also give the entire world to bring one kind to have forgives the significance the harmony and beautiful, for instance Zhao Wuji's painting manifested the inexhaustible charm which the culture blended 饮食观念 欧洲人都说世界上有三大美食，每一个版本里都有中国和法国的，只有关于第三家却说法不一，有说是意大利的，也有说是土耳其、突尼斯或摩洛哥等国的。尽管相持不下，但大家都有个共识，饮食常能反映出不同民族的生活习惯和文化思维等方面的差异。 一次在中餐馆举行宴会，饭店菜上得很慢，不知不觉中过去了近两个小时，但菜似乎才上了一半。临座的一位女士是第一次参加中餐宴会，忍不住问我，你们中国人请客都上这么多菜吗？我说，在中国还要多，通常是10道以上。她很惊讶，连说中国的宴会实在太丰富了，难怪中国的美食很有名。但过了一会儿，她又问我，有个现象很奇怪：中国人吃饭每次都上那么多菜，可为什么都长得那么瘦。而法国入每次菜很少，但为什么都比中国人胖呢？ 我一时语塞，但又觉得她问得多少有点道理，因为那天同桌的几个中国人都显得比较瘦弱，而几个法国人个个人高马大。想了想，和她讲了自己的一点想法：中国是个好客的民族，只有上了一桌子菜才觉得没怠慢客人。另外中国人有时候更注重形式，所以在中国的烹调里，菜的样式千变万化，具体到每一道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。而欧洲人似乎更实际一些，在菜的花色变化上下的工夫显然不如中国，但讲究的是其营养的搭配和保护。这是中、法饮食观念的重要差异，多少也反映出了中法文化性格的不同。 对色彩的认识 每个人都有自己喜欢的颜色，一个国家和民族也一样，对不同颜色的喜好从整体上可以反映出一个民族或者国家的审美情趣与好恶倾向。 有一次碰到欧盟委员会的一对教授夫妇，谈起上海APEC会议上各国领导人穿的中国民族服装，他们都说非常好看，但有一点不太明白，为什么亚洲领导人大多穿红色，而西方领导人则多选择了蓝色。我说颜色都是领导人自己选定的。大概亚洲国家有着相同的文化背景，红色在中国文化里，也可能在整个亚洲文化中都代表着幸运、财富和吉祥如意，所以亚洲领导人都不约而同地选择了红色。我反问他们，蓝色在西方文化里代表什么?他们说西方人认为，蓝色代表冷静和沉着。 想了想，我又补充说东西方文化差异实在是太大了，比如说龙在中国是民族的象征，而在比利时的蒙斯市则有一个打龙节，龙被视作恶魔，被传说中的保护神圣·米歇尔杀掉了，因此特意搞打龙节来庆贺除灾弊感谢米歇尔。教授夫妇也非常认同东西方文化差异的巨大，并认可文化需要交流。 思维方式 中西方的文化差异还表现在诸多方面，但简单加以概括其实并不复杂：反映到思维方式上是抽象和具象的差别，反映到生活态度上则似乎可以理解为西方人更加实用，而中国人则多少更偏重一些精神感受。比如把法语单词和中文文字加以比较，这一点就很明显。中国文字造词多注重形象，而法文里更多地注重考虑的是实用价值。像中文里的名片，法文里直译就是访问用的卡片，而航空母舰在法文里叫载飞机的军舰等等，都是从实际用途出发来造词的。而像压照片用的玻璃板，我们也是从其使用价值角度来造的词，但法国人就更加直观了，直译就是“放在照片上面的”。 反映到绘画上更是如此。大家都知道中国画的大开大阖、泼墨写意和欧洲油画讲究的人体比例和光学原理等完全是属于两个风马牛不相及的技术范畴，似乎很难有共同语言。欧洲人有时不太能够理解我们过于抽象的艺术表现手法，我们有时也会认为欧洲人的艺术技巧过于写实本分，缺乏灵气。看多了欧洲绘画史上被奉为经典的宗教题材画作，中国人有时在感叹其技法写实细腻的同时，也会感慨欧洲大师们想象力的贫乏：为了说明天使在飞，就非得给那些可爱的小精灵们加上一双翅膀。而我们的祖先不也画了几千年了吗，在那些美丽的仙女旁边加上几朵白云，她们不就飞起来了吗?多有意境，多有想象空间啊。 这就是文化的差异。但是，差异带来的并不总是分歧，它恰恰给文化艺术大师们留下了广阔的创作空间，如能从中找到一个准确的结合点，那不仅会给两个民族，而且也会给整个世界带来一种更具包涵意义的和谐与美丽，比如赵无极的画作就体现出了文化交融的无尽魅力。

only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

于饮食文化的论文： 论饮食文化汉译英中的“意译 论饮食文化汉译英中的 意译” 意译〔摘要〕把中国的饮食文化翻译为英语是一件很复杂的工作。要把饮食文 化，尤其是菜谱忠实地传达出来，要兼顾菜名的“形美、音美、意美”，又要考 虑到西方人的饮食所讲究的内容和实质，同时还需要关注菜肴本身的材料、烹 调方法和人们的饮食文化心理。本文搜集了大量的菜谱英语译名并加以归纳， 总结出中国饮食文化尤其是菜谱汉译英中的“意译”情况。 〔关键词〕菜谱 翻译 “意译” 〔中图分类号〕H315〔文献标识码〕A〔文章编号〕1009-5349（2010） 11－0042－02 引言 民以食为天，饮食是人们日常生活的大事。饮食文化也是世界各族人民文 化中不可缺少的一部分，在各族文化中占有非常重要的地位。在经济全球化的 趋势下，越来越多的外国人到中国来工作，或者跟中国人打交道，而他们也在 不断地了解中国， 学习中国文化。 饮食文化是中国文化中的一个很重要的部分， 很多外国学者及外国游客对此兴趣浓厚。要做好饮食文化的对外宣传，我们首 先就要把我国的菜谱翻译出来、整理成文。大多数中国食谱的命名方式都是“形 美、音美、意美”，让食客看得舒服的同时，还充满着期待。中式菜谱的翻译除 了要求语义对等，还必须注重文化联系，这就要求翻译出来的菜名符合西方人 的文化、语言、价值观等思维。 根据王秀芬在其论文《浅析中式菜谱的文化和翻译》的总结和归纳，我国 的学者把菜名译成英文的常用方法有四种。 (1)写实型命名法。如“烤乳猪”被译为 Roast Piglot，“糖醋排骨”被译为 Spareribs with Sweet and Soysauce” (2)写意型命名法。如“红烧狮子头”被译为 Stewed Meat Balls with Brown Sauce.“芙蓉水晶虾”被译为 Shrimps Cooked with Eggwhite. (3)典故型命名法。如“东坡肉”被译为 Dongpo Braised Pork.“叫花鸡”被译 为 Beggar’s Chicken. (4)以地名、数字命名法。如“北京烤鸭”被译为 Peking Duck.“八宝饭”被译 为 Eight-Jewel Rice Pudding. 这四种菜谱的翻译法基本上都能被外国人所接受。 然而从翻译的方法来说， 许多菜名都采用了意译。 一、意译 意译总是与直译、音译联系在一起的。关于意译，钱歌川在其著作《翻译 漫谈》中是这样定义的：“采用原文大意，或甚至有时候改变原意，依译者自己 的意思写出，结果是不大忠于原文（钱歌川，1980：11）。”在汉译英中，很 多时候，直译会让外国人莫名其妙。 在把中国饮食文化对外宣传的翻译过程中，不管写实型命名法还是典故型 命名法的菜谱，都不可避免地采用意译。 二、中国菜谱的意译 中国的菜谱五花八门， 各具特色。 有的只看菜名就对其做工材料一目了然， 有的则采用历史文化典故，让客人在品菜的同时，感受文化气氛；而有的菜名 确实展示了地方特色和民族风情，有的则采取的是浪漫主义的命名方式，让食 客充满遐想。很多菜名还采用了文化典故、历史事件、成语、俗语、谚语来命 名，这就约束了中国菜名翻译时的直译手法。因为很多时候，直译会让外国人 费解，中国人若是不了解这道菜，也会被英文译文弄得莫名其妙，不知所谓。 所以，在把中国菜名翻译成译文的时候，更应该多采用意译的方法。本文通过 分析、归纳和总结，发现中国菜谱采用意译通常有以下三种。 （一）直译表达不明时，常采用意译把菜谱译出 文化的差异必然导致理解上的困难。不是所有的外国人都有那么好的中文 语言基础和积淀，很多中文说法、词语在我们炎黄子孙看来毫不费劲，但是在 外国人眼里，这些表达可能引起误解，或者让他们在点菜时，因为不理解不了 解而无从下手。直译菜名很多时候并不适合外国人看，因为直译往往会让一样 东西在两种语言中呈现出很大的差异，译文跟原文也许会互不相干或是背道而 驰。因为不是所有的中文词汇都能在英文中找到语义与之对等的单词。或者有 时候找到与之意思相近或者相同的单词，但是这些词不一定可以传达菜名的用 意，因为菜名通常还包含着深厚的文化内涵。这时候，菜名的翻译只能采用意 译，在直译不能确切表达菜名本意的时候，添加成分，以达到解释说明的作用。 如，白饭，如果直译，则为 White Rice，但是中国人说“白饭”，强调的并 非它的颜色而是它的内容，是指单独的米饭，不包括菜或其他配料。所以，为 求更准确地表达出中文“白饭”二字的涵义，译者此时应该舍弃直译而采用意译， “Plain White Rice”，加上 plain 一词，外国人更容易联想到饭本身的材料，有 white 他们也不会想到“黑米饭去”。 又如“凤凰玉米羹”这道菜，中国人大概都知道这道菜中的凤凰并非指一种 鸟，而指的是鸡，称之为凤凰只是为求好听，因为这样命名会让这道菜显得更 有档次。若把其中的“凤凰”译为 phoenix，则让外国人纳闷，因为凤凰仅仅是传 说中的一种鸟，并非真实存在的动物，如果搬到餐桌上来了，让人难以置信。 虽然很多外国人可以在不明真相的情况下点了这道菜，但是上菜时，他们总会 知道这里的“凤凰”的真实身份，或许到时候很多外国食客会觉得失望。所以对 于这道菜，我们可以译为 corn and chicken porridge。 又如“臭豆腐”，有人直译为“Smelly tofu”。这种译法算不上错，因为 Smelly 一词本身就能很确切地描述出臭豆腐的气味特点。但是，很多外国食客也会因 为“Smelly”一词而放弃对此食物的尝试。其实臭豆腐除了臭，也还有香的一面， 闻起来臭，吃起来香，这就是臭豆腐的特点。所以，我们应该采用意译的方法， 把“臭豆腐”译为“stinky tofu”。 （二）结合菜肴所需的主要材料翻译菜名 很多菜谱包含了俗语或习语，而对于俗语、习语的翻译，直译也无法正确 表达其含义，此时多采用意译。然而，对于菜名的翻译，又不能完全等同于单 独的俗语、习语本身的翻译。单独的俗语、习语本身的翻译采用解释、增译等 方法传达其内涵和意思，然而包含俗语、习语的菜名，不仅要求翻译工作者能 够通彻领悟俗语、习语本身的含义，还要注意俗语、习语本身与菜肴之间的紧 密联系。习语、成语做菜名时所反映的文化内涵和历史渊源，比菜名本身更为 重要。此外，翻译人员在翻译时还必须注意把菜肴所需的主要材料表达出来， 但又不能过多剔除习语、成语本身的意蕴。因为如果仅仅传达了成语、俗语等 意思，而忽略菜肴材料的介绍，则会让食客在点菜的时候难以兼顾营养的搭配 和均衡。如果食客只是对菜名好奇而点菜，到时候上的菜全部是肉类，这会让 客人觉得很油腻，整个饭局吃得不够尽兴。同时从营养的角度来说，也是不科 学的。所以，翻译人员在翻译的过程中，不能仅仅把菜名当作是简单的一个词 语来翻译，而应该把菜名与菜肴所需的主要材料结合起来，力求使菜谱的翻译 能够完美、忠实地表达原意。 如，中国有道菜叫“过山峰炖清汤”，如果翻译此菜名时采用直译，则会将 其译为 Guoshan Peak clear soup。对于此译文，不仅外国人看不懂，就连土 生土长的中国人也摸不清这道菜是用什么做的，点了这道菜他们将会品尝到什 么。实际上，这是一道鸡汤。“过山峰”在此当然不可能是一座山峰，也不可能 是山上的某块材料，而是指鸡块本身。为此，我们的翻译工作者把此菜译为 Mountain Peak chicken clear soup。译文既表达了中文原意，又指出了菜肴所 需的材料，同时也不会让外国食客误解 Mountain Peak 在此菜名中的含义。 又如，我们日常生活中常见的一道家常菜“麻婆豆腐”，很多饭馆将其译为 Ma Po’s bean curd。此种译法对于熟悉此菜的中外食客而言是无关紧要的，然 而并非所有的外国食客都了解中国的饮食文化。Ma Po 会被理解为一个人名。 她的豆腐可做菜名，对食客当然具有一定的吸引力，但是这菜毕竟还是豆腐， 不管是谁的牌子，对很多外国食客而言不一定有吸引力，或者说他们并不一定 清楚这个豆腐与其他豆腐的不同之处。但是如果我们采用“意译”的方法，把菜 肴的材料填补上去，说不定可以引发食客的兴趣，刺激其的食欲。“麻婆豆腐” 的特别之处在于它的烹饪所需的配料。所以，我国的翻译工作者也把它译为 “Bean curd with mince and chili oil”。 还有“蚂蚁上树”一菜，单看中文菜名，很多中国食客也会认为是吃蚂蚁， 因为在中国的饮食文化当中，蚂蚁也是可以吃的，也可以泡酒，或是打汤。而 实际上，这道菜是面条跟碎肉末一起烹饪的。煮熟以后，肉末附在面条上，就 如蚂蚁爬到了树上一样。此菜的中文菜名的命名是采用比喻的方法，所以我们 在翻译此菜名时，不可以简单地译为 Ants climbing trees，因为 Ants 会让外国 人食欲尽失。同时，此种译法又不能正确地反映出这道菜的真正内涵，所以把 这个菜名译为 Vermicelli with cpicy minced pork 更受青睐。 （三）意译关注菜肴的烹饪方法 用“意译”翻译出其材料固然好，但是单看材料也不一定就能表达出一道菜 的真正风味，因为同一材料根据不同的刀法和烹调方法可以做出千变万化的多 种佳肴。饮食文化很讲究刀法和烹调方法，如烘（baking）、蒸（steaming）、 煮（boiling）、炸（deepfrying）、剥皮（skinning）、腌制（pickling）、切片 （slicing）、切碎（mingcing）、熏（smoking）等。烹饪方法在食物、菜肴的 制作过程中非常重要，因为它不仅影响了食物的味道，还影响了食物的营养和 口感。所以，在直接翻译菜名材料不能传达菜肴的本质意思的时候，我们可以 采用意译的方法，在意译中注重烹饪方法的翻译。 如“千层饼”被译为“multiple-layer steamed bread”突出了饼的形状， “steamed”又明确了这种饼的烹调方法。 此种译法又让外国食客门路清晰而不至 于会错意点错菜，这比“multiple-layer bread”多了一层“multiple-layer bread”的 意思，而多出的这层意思就是烹饪的方法。“multiple-layer bread”可以让外国食 客明白千层饼的外表和材料，而 steamed 又能让客人了解这道事物的做工程 序。 又如“茄汁鸡脯”这道菜，从菜名就可以看出其材料的主要成分：茄汁和鸡 肉。然而单看菜名，一般食客并不知道其中的制作过程和方法，因为任何人都 很难从菜名中寻究出很明显的答案来。用茄汁和鸡肉混在一起可以做出几个样 式的菜来，而直译这两个材料并不能让客人想象出菜肴的味道。事实上，这里 的鸡肉是油炸过的。熟悉这道菜的真正内容和其烹调方法之后，我们就可以将 其译为“Fried chicken in tomato sauce”。此菜译文突显了烹调方法，又充满了 西方饮食风味，让外国食客倍感亲切。 又如“桶子鸡”，若直译为“Chicken in pail”，则让人误以为此菜为炖品，拿 桶来盛装以求新鲜。事实上，这道菜是干的，跟盐焗鸡差不多，只是这里选用 的鸡为童子鸡。所以，这道菜译为“Spring chicken in salt”时，则会让外国食客 更容易从菜名上最快地获取其所需信息而不影响菜肴文化内涵的传达。 菜谱的翻译有时候让人费心费力，但有时候也可以让人舍繁从简。在很多 大餐馆的菜单上，菜谱旁边大都附上图片。有了图片，食客无需从文字上考虑 太多菜肴所包含的材料。此时，菜谱的翻译尽可以从简，只突出其刀法或者其 烹调方法即可。 如“铁扒比目鱼”，在有图片说明的情况下，我们可将其译为“Grilled Sole”。 在此不需要突出盛装菜肴的器皿，也不需强调此菜为汤类还是干炒类或是其他 的。 三、结语 把中国菜谱翻译成英文，既要兼顾菜名给人留下的特有意象，又要考虑到 西方人的饮食思维和爱好，兼顾菜肴本身的材料、烹调方法和人们的饮食文化 心理。因为文化上的差异，加上翻译中出现的语义上的困难，所以“意译”在菜 谱的翻译中占着非常重要的地位，因为“意译”比直译更能让译者更好地传达中 国的饮食文化，其译文也能更易为外国食客所接受。当然，因为意译本身有时 候也会让译文失去菜名原有的韵味，语言也失去了色调，所以，中国菜谱的翻 译还将是未来长期的研究话题。 【参考文献】 [1]王秀芬.浅析中式菜谱的文化和翻译[J].金华职业技术学院学 报,2001(01). 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