红蓝光外科论文

人们已经做了许许多多关于植物在太空生长的实验，因为这些实验帮助那些在地表科学家们更好了解植物的运作方式以帮助我们更有效的生产事物，对于美国航天航空局（NASA）来说了解这些同样重要，因为当我们开始将航天员送往低地球轨道，他们就有必要种植自己的植物以及维持空气的可再生。

相比地表与国际空间站（ISS）的环境来说重力不是唯一不同的因素，在封闭宇宙飞船大气中，可挥发的有机物质（VOCs）可以积累下来，而这些物质必须将其从大气或者种子产物中去除（控制变量），同时宇宙环境中有过量的射线可以导致植物的变异以及影响植物的生长，Mir做了一个实验，它将土豆的种子分别贮藏在太空与地表六年发现太空种子的突变率是地表的20倍或更高，这里还有一个关于光谱的影响太空中因为只使用了电气照明。

**因为植物在无时无刻保持着呼吸，所以在ISS中我们不得不安置了一台风扇以使的周围的空气流通是植物免于被自己的呼出的气体弄窒息，即便是失败的实验也能够帮助我们更好的理解科学，一个研究木质素（lignin）的实验在培养植物材料的阶段失败了却让我们了解了提供有效空气流通的重要性。 **

** 由于在太空失重，只有很少的水分和流动的空气通过生根培养基，一个失重照成的并发症就是水分会均匀分布在土壤中使得气体无法到达根系，这就“Veggie”（一项太空植物研究）使用wicks，以便让水分布在选择的区域，这就是为什么许多研究选择最好的土壤，好的细粒土保持了太多的水分而粗粒土保持了太多的空气。**

向性：一种植物生长方式取决于植物本身及外界环境的刺激，植物有许多的极性，它们对我们种植出健康的植物有巨大的影响，说一件有趣的ISS经历，我们可以在隔离（isolation）的环境中研究各种向性，而在地球上，重力往往要大于其他的因素。

向地性：当存在重力时，植物有一种称之为生长素（auxin）的植物激素，在重力环境中，当植物极性分化后，生长素会在茎中积累然后刺激细胞伸长，导致茎干发生弯曲向上生长以便植物能够向着光源的方向生长，同样的生长素能够防止细胞伸长以及促进根系向下生长。

当植物生长时，会发生摇摆或者旋转方式叫做回旋运动（circumnutation），我们可以容易的看到这些藤围绕着一个物体生长，在ISS上我们做了一个有趣的实验，分别在失重（absence gravity）和存在重力（presence gravity）的条件下，拟南芥（Arabidopsis）在太空中发芽，观察它们在失重环境和在刺激的离心机（centrifuge）中的表现，在刺激下，植物有规律的（experienced）回旋运动振幅5-10次远比失重（microgravity）环境要高，植物内胚层（endodermis）是重力敏感（gravisensing）细胞，也就是说，这意味着藤无法在失重的环境下缠绕（twine）。

可以从黄瓜（cucumber）的研究中发现一些有趣的事，太空中生长的黄瓜在发芽后在根和茎的地方会长出具有一个被称为夹子（peg）的结构,科学家们一直在观察这些peg是如何受到重力的影响的，他们只知道每颗种子会葬两个pag，左右各一个，但在重力环境下只有一边的pag会生长，而在失重环境下两边都会。

研究表明地球的重力的感知与根结构细胞器中的淀粉（starch）有关，那些根中富含淀粉的相比不含淀粉对重力更为敏感。

向水性：当外界刺激为水时，黄瓜特别的依赖水来启动生长，一项正在进行的叫做Hyrop Tropi 的日本实验项目在ISS上进行，2010年时，项目设计研究了两个主要的对象，一个是研究在失重环境下黄瓜根系萌发的轻水性，其他组则负责识别生长素调控基因，这是一个严格的（neat）实验因此需要在失重环境下进行，这与在地球上研究水的角色十分的不同，因为我们不可能轻易的摆脱引力的影响。但是在太空中我们则可以让刺激唯一，这是一则论文的简要概括。

结果表明在失重与1G引力（gravitational）环境下根系在湿润可弹性海绵的方向生长研究亲水性，亲水性在失重环境下表现出比H2O室更大的NaCl室，但是它们并没有出现统计学上的不同，此外，CsIAA1基因在弯曲的根中表现不同；表达在弯曲的凹面相比在凸面更巨大，而在1G引力的环境下基因并没有非对称（asymmetric）表达，这些结果发现在失重环境下湿度的渐变（gradient）会会使根系变得更加敏感，并照成生长素的重新分配，在亲水响应中不同的生长素长生，并且，这项研究暗示着向水性反应可以作为一项有意义的根系生长调节在太空的植物种植中。

向光性：当外界刺激为光照的时候，从一些宇宙的照片可以发现宇宙发出的光为红蓝光，红蓝光被认为是光合作用最高效的光源。

其它可以被研究的的向性包括化学向性（chemotropism）,扰（触碰）向性（thigmotropisum）及电场向性（electropisumn）,四月份，一枚运输植物生长室（chamber）的叫做“Veggie”的SpaceX运载火箭，宇航员将会使用其生产事物，“veggie”利用穿插着灯芯的突然以提供水分。

一个我们还不太了解的领域就是太空飞船环境如何的影响植物的代谢（metabolite），代谢影响着事物的味道（flavor）以及营养物质的含量，于是计划尽早将“Veggie”作物运回地球研究测定。

How Do Plants Grows in Microgravity？——Hideyuki Takahashi I am interested in how plants adapt to and evolve in the space environment. Previous spaceflight experiments have confirmed that, as long as the environment is controlled with the right hardware, seeds can germinate, the resulting seedlings can grow, and the mature plants can bloom and bear fruit in space. However, the degree of growth is a different matter. A microgravity environment has a great impact on plant growth and development, and it eventually affects plant yield.

When plants migrated from the sea approximately 450 million years ago, they became land organisms. To do so, however, they had to overcome various environmental stresses, such as drought, in their terrestrial life. In order to avoid such stresses, sessile terrestrial plants evolved strategies to perceive light, water and gravity, and to respond to them by changing their growth orientation. Among these adaptive strategies, is gravimorphogenesis, in which plant growth is influenced by gravity. Examples of this phenomenon are: gravitropism, where roots grow downward and stems grow upward; circumnutation, where the stem or the root tips display helical or spiral movement (for example, a climbing vine shows remarkable circumnutation); and peg formation, which helps cucurbitaceous seedlings shed their seed coats . The space environment is an ideal place to study these mechanisms of gravity-dependent growth in the development of plants.

Gravitropism is a bending response, accomplished by differential growth of plant organs in response to gravity. On the space shuttle flight STS-95, which included Astronaut Chiaki Mukai, experiments were conducted to compare ground-grown and space-grown Arabidopsis and rice. On Earth, aerial parts of the plant (shoots) grow upward while roots grow downward. However, the experiments showed that in a microgravity environment, the growth direction is unregulated, and some roots even extend in the same direction as the aerial stems . In the case of root gravitropism, the hypothesis is that gravity is perceived by root cap cells, called columella, which are found at the root tips. Within the columella cells, starch-filled amyloplasts settle due to gravity, causing a change in the flow of the plant hormone auxin.

In essence, auxin characteristically flows in a fixed direction, from an aerial shoot, including the apical meristem and young leaves, towards the roots, through a central cylinder. After flowing down to the root tips by this polar transport, auxin begins to flow in the opposite direction, as if making a U-turn, along the roots. When roots are inclined and given gravitational stimulus, however, U-turning auxin tends to go downward instead of upward. As a result, the concentration of auxin increases in the lower part of the elongation zone in the inclined roots, causing a differential growth between the lower part and the upper part; the growth rate of the lower part decreases compared to that of the upper part causing the root to bend downward. This is how plant roots on Earth grow downward in response to gravity. However, in microgravity, amyloplasts do not settle within the root cap cells, so gravity is not perceived, nor is asymmetric auxin distribution induced. This is why, presumably, growth direction is uncontrolled in space.

You have probably seen Morning Glory vines growing upward, spiraling around a pole. This is thanks to circumnutation, which also has something to do with gravity. Previous studies have shown that stem circumnutation requires an endodermis, surrounding vascular tissue and made up of gravisensing cells. In a nutshell, without the so-called SCARECROW gene, which is essential for the proper differentiation of endodermal cells, the Morning Glory cannot sense gravity, and as a result, cannot circumnutate - its vines cannot twine. This indicates that circumnutation and spiral growth are gravity-dependent phenomena. I am very much looking forward to seeing whether circumnutation, or twining of vine plants, can be observed in the weightlessness of space.!

Peg formation on cucurbits - the plant family that includes cucumbers, melons and squash - is also influenced by gravity. A peg, which is a small protuberance, develops immediately after germination in the transition zone between root and stem . On Earth, the downward growth (gravitropism) of the roots results in a curvature at the transition zone. When seeds germinate in a horizontal or inclined position, a peg develops on the lower, concave side of the bending transition zone at an early stage of seedling growth. As such, it had been presumed that peg formation was regulated by gravity. When we germinated cucumber seeds in space , a peg formed on each side of the transition zone, showing that pegs develop with or without gravity. In other words, cucumber seedlings have the innate ability to develop two pegs, but on Earth, the seedlings suppress peg formation on the upper side of the inclined transition zone in response to gravity, which causes unilateral placement of the peg in cucumber seedlings. This gravity regulation has something to do with auxin, the plant hormone I mentioned earlier.

To sum up, plant life depends on gravity, and auxin transport, which is regulated by gravity, plays an important role. It is thought that in the weightlessness of space the absence of gravity to regulate auxin transport results in abnormal growth and development of plants. However, exactly how gravity regulates auxin transport remains unknown. When this mechanism is understood, it will not only improve plant production on Earth, but will also help with plant cultivation in space. So, it is very important to perform space experiments that will clarify the mechanisms of plant growth and development. Dr. Hideyuki Takahashi Professor, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversityIn 1982, Dr. Takahashi received his . in Agriculture from the Graduate School of Agricultural Science at Tohoku University, and a postdoctoral fellowship at the Department of Biology at Wake Forest University, in North Carolina, USA. He was a research associate at the Institute for Agricultural Research at Tohoku University from 1985 to 1987, and at the Institute of Genetic Ecology at Tohoku University in 1988. The following year he was a visiting fellow at the Department of Biology of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (North Carolina, USA). Subsequently, Dr. Takahashi was appointed associate professor, and as of 1996, a full professor, at the Institute of Genetic Ecology at Tohoku University. He has been in his current position since 2001.

研究动机： 我这次会选「光对植物的影响」这个题目的原因是：世界上到处都是植物，而且我知道植物在生长的过程中，一定需要适度的阳光，所以我想要了解光的强弱对植物的生长是否有影响；不同的光对植物的生长是否有影响；不同颜色的光对植物的生长是否有影响。研究目的： （一）光的强弱，对植物生长的影响？（二）不同颜色的光，对植物生长的影响？（三）光的强弱，对植物生产养分的影响？研究结论与建议：实验一、光的强弱，对植物生长的影响 从这个实验中，发现 (一)25W下的植物长的最快，平均每天长，因为25W的光最强，所以植物有足够的光线可以使自己快速生长。 (二)8W下的植物长的最慢，平均每天长，因为8W的光线最弱，所以植物没有足够的光线可以使自己生长。实验二、不同颜色的光，对植物生长的影响从这个实验中，发现（一）在8W的叶子加上碘液，发现颜色稍淡，可能是因为8W的灯光不够强，无法使植物大量的制造养分，因此颜色较淡。（二）在25W的叶子加上碘液，发现两个的颜色都差不多，颜色较深，可能是因为25W的光线已足够植物制造养分，所以在25W灯光下的植物，养分较多。实验三、光的强弱，对植物生产养分的影响从这个实验中，发现（一）在8W的叶子加上碘液，发现颜色稍淡，可能是因为8W的灯光不够强，无法使植物大量的制造养分，因此颜色较淡。（二）在25W的叶子加上碘液，发现两个的颜色都差不多，颜色较深，可能是因为25W的光线已足够植物制造养分，所以在25W灯光下的植物，养分较多。一、光的强弱，对植物生长的影响？（一）从实验中发现，绿豆的茎都长的特别高，可能是因为给植物光照的时间不够，导致植物的叶子特别少，而茎却特别高，所以在实验中，植物高度的差异性很小，在下次实验的时候，光的瓦数差异要更大，光照的时间要很久，才能做出差异性较显著的实验。（二）当初，是把为发芽的绿豆埋进去，但是，每颗绿豆发芽的时间都不一样，导致实验有误差，下次做实验，应该把一样高的芽放在一起，才能减少实验的误差。二、光的颜色，对植物生长的影响？ 我们发现不同波长的光对植物生长发育有不同的影响。植物在行光合作用过程中，并不是所有波长的光能都可利用，光线中的红光与蓝光(红色光的波长范围为640-740nm，蓝色光为420-490nm)是被植物吸收最多的，并能促进叶绿素的形成，具有最大的光合活性(行光合作用的能力)。绿光容易被绿色叶子反射和透射，因此很少被吸收利用。但是在本次的实验中观察到照射紫光的绿豆长的最高,其次才是照射蓝光与红光的绿豆,是否还有其他的重要因素影响本次的实验，导致实验结果不如预期，是一个值得探讨的好问题。 三、光的强弱，对植物生产养分的影响 ？ 从实验中发现，植物滴上碘液以後，并没有明显的差距，可能是因为光照的时间不够久，导致叶子的养分都被拿来使用。在摘下来以後，都处於阴暗处，导致养分拿来供给叶子，使得实验并没有明显的差距，在下次的实验中，让植物照光时，照得久一点，并且放置在有阳光的地方，才能避免养分的流失。