英语医学论文常用句型

英语论文的标准格式参考

在学习、工作生活中，大家总少不了接触论文吧，论文写作的过程是人们获得直接经验的过程。那么，怎么去写论文呢？以下是我收集整理的英语论文的标准格式参考，欢迎大家分享。

英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿，彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心：a4纸，上、下页边距 cm，左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过, 长不得超过。

字体和字号：正文，标题，作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体，斜体。

行距：单倍行距。

页码：论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字，位于页面下方居中。

文体：文章应语法正确，技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长，请采用title: subtitle的形式。

数学公式：文中的数学公式不得手写，必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用，应该编号。公式之间，公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位： 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内，单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献，如anmc metric editorial guide， 5th ed，1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council， 1735n. lynn street, suite 950, arlington, va 22209-2022)

图表：

标题说明和图例：插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1，figure 2，table 1，table 2)。图的说明和标题，包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题，包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。

位置：图可以插入到正文中，或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图，尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式，可选择上下环绕方式。

底纹：插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹，否则会影响印刷效果。

照片：如果文中需要附上照片，在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片，标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印，请不要提供彩色照片，以免影响印刷效果。

扫描图：印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图，请提供灰色色标扫描图。

作者联络信息：请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的，包括以下内容：作者全名；所属学会；学历或授予的荣誉；所在单位；通讯地址和电子邮箱；电话和传真。

参考文献：所有参考文献为单倍行距，放在文章最后，按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献，按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时，作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小，难于辨认，正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用，如果正文中没有引用，请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分，或者相关材料(related materials)部分。

扩展： 英语学术论文格式

1、TITLE标题

既然是标题,不言而喻,就要力求新颖、简明、扼要,例如以下几个例子。Advances in Control of Cancer Pain控制癌肿疼痛方法的进展。Semiquantitatie Analysis of the Autoradiographs放射自显影半剂量分析The Higher the Diffusion Rate,the Higher thdChance of Each NewlyIodinated Tgb Molecule Cominginto Repeated Contact with the Peroxidase Site at theApical Membrane弥散率越高,新碘化的Tgb分子与实膜过氧物酶部位所接触的机会越多。

有些杂志,某些作者除采用正标题之外,还采用副标题,这种情况在国外刊物上的各类论文中可谓俯拾即是。采用副标题,一般是在正标题过于简单、笼统的情况下,起到补充和系统说明正题等的作用,或是要强调某一个方面或几个方面,以其引起读者注意等等。Ultra-Low-Volume Administration:SystemsEvaluation and Date Analysis超低量用药一系列评价和数据分析(补充正题)。Medical News:Adjuvant Chemotherapy Works forBreast Cancer with Involved Nodes医学新闻:辅助性化学疗法对伴有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌奏效(说明上题)。Unresolved Issue:Do Smokers Catch Less LungCancer?尚未解决的问题:吸烟者患肺癌少吗?(提醒人们注意吸烟者患肺癌的数量增加)。

有时,为了避免标题太长而使用缩写词。Effect of LATS(=Long-Acting Thyroid Stimula-tor)and LATS Protectoron HTACA(=Human Thy-roid Adeny Cyclase Activity)长效甲状腺刺激素和长效甲状腺刺激素保护物对人体甲状腺甙酸环化酶活性的作用。考虑文章较长,可在统一的标题下,用不同的副标题分成若干相对独立的篇章。例如:Factors Influ-encing one's Ability to Adopt to Chronic Illness影响个人对慢性疾病适应能力的因素(1)CARE保健；(2)TECHNOLOGY技术学；(3)FAMILY RELATION-SHIPS家庭关系；(4)DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL发展水平(研究标准)；(5)CULTURAL VALUESAND BELIEFS文化价值和信仰。

2、ABSTRACT(SUMMARY)摘要、提要

这部分是对整篇文章的高度概括或浓缩,故要简单、明了。常用的词汇和句型有:Somebody studied(examined investigated,determined,found,reported,interviewed,measured,documented,considered,though evaluated,observed,…)。运用这些动词,所采用的时态通常是一般过去时和现在完成时。被动语态也屡见不鲜,常见有:This study was taken to ex-amine… ；Patients with…were followed up for+时间；It is showed that… ；It is concluded that… ；Indicationswere obtained that… ,等。结尾时常用的表达方法有:The results indicate(show,state,suggest,demon-strate,conclude,express…)that… ；These findingshave special importance in showing that… ；The find-ings have general significance in that… ；This possibilityis strengthening by the observation that… ,等等。例:

Enzyme Linkel Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)isused to the detection for antibody of anti-thy oglobulinin normal human serum,cord serum,and amniotic results demonstrate that it seemed to be an cer-tain rule that the lower appeared in the amniotic fluid,the highest in cord is decreasing for anormal level with the grown-up age after isthus concluded that antibody of anti-thyroglobulin wemeasured may play a certain significance in diagnosis ofcretinism by ELISA.作者采用ELISA对正常人的血清、脐带血清和羊水中的抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体进行了测定。其结果有一定规律:抗体在胎生期首先出现,分娩时浓度达高峰,而后随年龄增长逐渐降至正常水平。故测定该抗体对地方克汀病之诊断有一定意义。

3、INTRODUCTION引言

本项除课题意义外,主要涉猎前人研究情况的评述及本研究的目的,后两者有时分别列出。兹分述如下:

、REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK

以往研究评论 还有用其它题目的,例如:REVIEW OF LITER-ATURE(文献评述),LITERATURE CITED(文献引述),PRIOR RESEARCH(以前的研究),SOMEPAST DESIGNS(过去的某些设计),BACK-GROU-ND(背景材料),等等。而这些资料引文的重点要放在引述与本文有关的以往研究的结果,否则会喧宾夺主。句式常有 (reported,gave,car-ried out experiment on… ；Sb found(showed…)that… .还有若干不同的其它表达方法,写在下边:our exper-iments show that… ；The present study was undertakentoidentify… ,Date are presented that suggest… ,Ourresults supported… ；The distribution has reported by… ；Our laboratory has undertaken a reexamination of… ；This article(paper)documents… ；We trace(evi-dence)…This model extends… ；Our findings demon-strate… ；We reasoned that… ；The effect…were evalu-ated by means of… ；The present results add some fur-ther elements to… .A recent study analyzed he effect of aspirin(ASA)on primaryhemostasis in uremia,measuring bleedingtime(BT).It was found that the same dose of ASA pro-longed BT more in uremic that in control subjects,sug-gesting platelets were more susceptible to the inhibitory-of might be due to different ASA pharma-cokinetics and bioavailability that might be influenced bythe uremic condition.新近一项研究分析了乙酰水扬酸对尿毒症第一期出血的影响,测定了出血的时间。我们发现,同样剂量的ASA均可延长出血时间,而尿毒症受验者比对照受验者要多。这提示尿毒症的血小板对ASA的抑制更具敏感性。这可能是由于ASA的药物动力学和生物可用性不同所致。

、OBJECTIVES目的

这一条还可写作OBJEC-TIVES OF STUDY(研究的目的),有时OBJEC-TIVES不列在INTRODUCTION之内,而独立列为一项。多采用开门见山,直接点出目的方式。常见的用语有:The(major main,overall,broad,primary…)objectives(purpose goal,aim…)of this study(research,article,paper,project,experiment),were(was)… ；The study aims at doing something…。例:The objec-tive of this article was to suggest that pulmonaryimpedance rheograph is one of the methods for differen-tial diagnosis of early pulmonale cor and hyperthyroi-dism。本文的目的在于提示肺阻抗图是早期肺心病和甲状腺机能亢进的鉴别诊断方法之一。

4、METHODS or EQUIPMENT AND TEST(EX-PERIMENT)PROCE DURI方法、设备和试验程序

这一部分内容须视论文的类别而有所不同,但就该题目而论,则多系试验研究和技术报告一类。还可以用以下名称等:TEST AND EQUIPMENT(试验与设备),MATERIALS AND METHODS(材料及方法),EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE(试验过程),DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT(试验描述),或者只写PROCEEDURE(过程),及METHODS(方法),较常见的句式有:Sb or Sth was(were)tested at… ；Sb or Sth participated in this study；或者The equip-ment which was used(consisted of,constructed from,furnished to…by,…)is… .例:Three groups of sub-jects participated in this study:(a)18 patients(10 menand 8 women with a medianage of 46 year,range 24～69)with chronic renal failure with anuria…参加本研究的有:(a)18例无尿慢性肾衰竭患者,其中男性10人,女性8人,平均年龄为46岁,年龄范围为24～69岁… …。The test equipment which was used consisted of acupboard complete with temperature measuring trans-ducers and recording equipment.所有的试验装置由一个配有测温传感器和记录器的.小柜组成。

5、RESULTS AND DISCUSSION结果和讨论

这个项目是全文的重点,其篇幅约占整个文章的一半或三分之二。它将对研究、试验、观察等结果加以分析和讨论,其中包括曲线、图表和照片等。大都采用分题逐一讨论的方法。常用语有:The test(experi-mental)results presented(obtained)show(indicate,con-firm)…that… ；It should be noted that…等。例:Ourresults have shown that T-cell deplection iseffective inthe prevention of acute and chronic GVHD.我们的结果已经说明,T细胞缺失对预防GVHD有效。

6、CONCLUSION结论

其它的表达方法还有:SUMMARY AND CON-CLUSIONS(小结及结论),CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS(SUGGESTIONS)(结论与建议)。常用语有:From(On the basis of)… ,the fol-lowing conclusions can(may)be made(drawn,reached)…或者The following recommendations(SUGGES-TIONS…)may be made(PUT FORWARD)…。例:The following recommendations may be made for theimprovement of the method of this kind of operations…对这类手术方法的改进可作下述改进…

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS感谢

这项的常用语是:We acknowledge with… ；Thisstudy was supported by… ,We thank…for… ；Thisstudy was supported grants from…。例:We wish tothank profeor for his valuable suggestionsand thank also for herassistance at the initial stage of this work and Ms,Be-better wilkerson for typing the manuscript.通常,thank和support均可用以人和单位,而前者多用于人,后者多用于单位。有时,在这一项之后还有一行内容:Correspondence should be addresed MRC Cancer Trials office,Medical ResearchCouncil Centre,Hills Road,Cambridge CB22 QH这是表示致函的地点和单位。

8、REFERENCES参考文献

参考文献的写法有多种,但都有一定格式。无论采用哪一种,前后要一致。众所周知,列出参考文献是为了查看或查证与文章叙述或引用部分有关的资料。通常的办法是在论文中的引用部分按出现的先后顺序编上号码。参考文献要按号码顺序排列。每一条书目要包拓以下几个内容:作者姓名、书名、出版者和出版年份、页数等。也可以不按文中引用先后编号,而按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列,而出版年份紧跟在姓名之后。例:

文章正文:The capillary tube is used in such appli-ances ashousehold refrigerauors,small freezers and roomair conditioners,usually up to three ton system[1].Cen-tral air conditioning systems insmall residence,small ice-making machins and small beverage cooler also use thecapillary is not practicle in large commercial-systems because of its lack of sensitivity to loadchanges。

如上所述,我们把参考的文献,按照作者的姓氏的字母排序,写在下面:(1978)Modern Refrigeration andAir Michael Wallace,et al.(eds)New Developments in University (1976)Selected Writings of MaxBlack in Modern Air-conditioning Engineering( ).Oxford University (1972a)Principles of York:McGra-wHill(1972)Commercialand Industrial Science,May1972,～68,(1972b)ibid,～74注意:(1)若文章选自一本论文集,则先写作者姓名、篇目,然后另起一句注明该文集的编辑者姓名及文集名称。如不另起一句,中间要用逗号。ed,eds分别为editor和editors的缩写。(2)作者姓名和书名一般不用逗号隔开。而书名和出版社之间用句号分开。每条书目的最后用逗号,也可不用。(3)出版年份指的是所引出书籍或文章的印刷年份,不是第一版的出版年份。(4)P、PP分别是page和pages的缩写,ibid意为“同上”。(5)若论文多次引出同一篇文章,则可以引文后面写上作者的姓名和文章、书籍的出版年份,并注上页次,前后用括号括上,如(Nelson,1972,)。如果出现引用同一作者,同一年份的几本着作,要在印刷年份加上a,b… ,以示区别,如(Nels on,1972a,),(Nelson,1972b,～68)。

9、APPENDIX附录、补遗

这一项包括LIST OF SYMBOLS AND DEFINI-TIONS(符号及定义表),NOME NCLATURE(技术术语表),等。如何用英语撰写医学论文,笔者认为,对很多作者来说,耗时最多的工作不是本文所谈及的,而应是扎扎实实地搞好平时的英语学习和阅读；加强文学修养及本专业知识的学习、提高和更新等。如果做好这些工作,用英语撰写医学论文,并且撰写较高水平论文的问题便会迎刃而解。

高三英语写作常用句型

几乎所有的英语写作试题都要求写原因或者可以写原因。因此，掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的。下面是我分享的英语写作常用句型，希望能帮到大家!

话题句型

1. 提建议

had better (not) do 最好(不)做

how about / what about doing …怎么样?

I think you should do 我认为你应该…

I suggest that you should do 我建议你做…

If I were you, I would do…我要是你的话，我会做…

It’s best to do 最好做…

Why not do / why don’t you do…? 为什么不…

2. 表示喜欢和感兴趣

like / love doing

enjoy doing

be fond of doing 喜欢做…

be keen on n/doing 喜欢做…

prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B

be interested in doing = show/ take great interest in n / doing 对...感兴趣

3. 努力做…

try to do努力做…

strive to do 努力做…

try one’s best to do= do one’s best to do 竭尽全力做…

make efforts to do = make every effort to do 尽力做…

do what sb can (do ) to do 尽力做…

spare no effort to do 不遗余力的做…

do what / everything sb. can to do 尽某人全力做…

4. 打算做… / 计划做…

intend / plan to do 打算做…

be going to do 打算/计划做…

decide to do 决定做…

determine to do决定做…

be determined to do决定做…

make up one’s mind to do下定决心做…

5. 表示想/希望

want to do = would like to do 想做…

hope to do 希望做…

expect to do 期待着做…

wish to do 希望做…

consider doing 考虑做…

6. 只加 doing 作宾语的动词

finish / practice / suggest / consider / mind / enjoy doing

议论文常用句型

1. It is a fact that….

2. It is well-known that….

3. There is no doubt that….

4. I think that….

5. Contrary to the popular thought, I prefer….

6. Some people say/believe/claim that….

7. It is generally believed that….

8. It is widely accepted that….

9. It is argued/held that….

10. While it is commonly believed that…, I believe….

11. It can be concluded that….

12. People’s views vary from person to person.

原因句型

1、Violent films can do harm to young people,because they contains numerous negative information.暴力影片对年轻人是有害的，因为其中包含大量负面信息。

2、Human beings are chiefly responsible for wild animal extinction.野生动物灭绝的主要责任在人类。

3、We should attribute(ascribe)medical advances tothe animals which do substantial contributions to the experiment.我们应该把医学的发展归因于动物对实验做出的巨大贡献。

4、Because of overpopulation, water shortage has become one of the most serious problems.由于人口过剩，水短缺已经成为一个最严重的问题。

5、Owing to the fiercecompetition in today’s world, a great many young people find themselves under great pressure.由于当今世界的激烈竞争，大量的年轻人承受巨大的压力。

高三英语作文写作技巧

追加成分，扩展句子

在阅读理解中遇到长句子时，我们要学会通过找句子主干，把长句子缩短;而在写作文时，我们则要反其道而行，针对目标句子，我们在要点基础上适当添加合乎逻辑的附加成分，如定语(从句)、状语(从句)、非谓语结构、独立主格等成分，使表达更清晰，主题更突出。

例1高考临近，学习时间变紧，任务加重，很多同学内心压力大，学习效率低下。请为即将举行的班会写一篇英语演讲稿，谈谈你对保持良好的精神状态，高效而健康地进行复习备考的建议。要点如下：坚持锻炼;合理计划;注重饮食。

要点拓展如下：

1.坚持锻炼

普通表达：We should keep on doing exercise.

高级表达：To keep up good spirits and prepare for the big day efficiently and healthily，we are advised to do regular workout，building up our bodies.

2.合理计划

普通表达：We should have proper study plan.

高级表达：Never hesitate to make an organized and proper schedule，which contributes much to the accomplishment of our academic assignments.

3.注重饮食

普通表达：we should pay special attention to our diet as well.

高级表达：Certainly，keeping a balanced diet，we are bound to feel energetic and dynamic，which serves the most essential functions.

点评：在对所给要点进行简要分析之后，就应考虑使用哪些词语和句式，从而符合五档作文所要求的“有高级词汇和高级句式”的标准。在以上三个要点的处理上，通过添加高级词汇如efficiently and healthily，regular workout，organized and proper schedule，academic assignments，feel energetic and dynamic，essential以及分词结构、定语从句等成分，充分扩充了句子，不仅篇幅更长，亮点也更多了。

补加语句，充实文章

根据作文的行文走向，适当增加一些与主题相关的语句，或根据作文题目中提示的要点，恰如其分地衍生出一些句子，即能够起到“前引后联”的作用，又可以补充一些相关信息，帮助读者理解所写内容。此外，还可以起到协调句式，避免单调的作用。

例2假定你是李华，你的朋友汤姆得知中国学生数学成绩总体优于英国学生，所以他想知道中国数学教与学的情况，请你写一封邮件回复他。要点如下：课堂学习时间;作业量;课外学习等。

要点拓展如下：

1.课堂学习时间

A special Chinese high school student usually has seven math classes per week，and some schools even offer nine classes for math，in which teachers often address key points and most common problems they’ve found in students’ homework handed in recently.

2.作业量

Due to teachers’ immediately feedback on their homework，the majority of the students are able to have a good command of their learning materials，even though the workload is quite huge.

3.课外学习

Besides homework，some students also manage to spend extra time reviewing what they’ve learned in class and get their notes organized. The revision style varies，but there is a common belief among students that math is of great importance. As a result，they devote quantities of time to it.

点评：该作文题所给提示并不多。在完成该作文前，同学们要考虑以下几个问题：1.课堂学习时间是多还是少?每周有多少节课?2.作业量是大还是小?每天有多少?3.课外学生都有哪些课外活动来学习数学?

通过有针对性地对目标进行分析，我们要为自己的作文找到拓展的方向。

此外，我们还可以根据实际情况添加一两句名言警句来点缀文章，使评分再上一个档次。

例3 Were I three years younger than I am now，I would strongly recommend that I set more practical and specific goals. As an old saying goes，living without a clear and achievable aim is like sailing without a compass. Compared with many abstract objectives，practical ones can bring us more courage and confidence whenever we make one step forward.

点评：Living without a clear and achievable aim is like sailing without a compass.这个句子尽管结构并不复杂，属于“主—系—表”结构，但该句采用了类比这一修辞手法，将无目标的生活比作无指南针的航海，顿时使人生目标形象起来。

添加过渡，条理清晰

在写作当中，恰当使用一些衔接手段，包括使用过渡词和过渡句，可以使文章严谨、流畅、富有节奏。

例4假定你是李华，你校摄影俱乐部(photography club)将举办国际中学摄影展。请给你的英国朋友Peter写封信，请他提供作品。信的内容包括：

1.主题：环境保护;

2.展览时间;

3.投稿邮箱：。

注意：

1.词数100左右;

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Peter，

Our school photography club is going to hold an International High School student Photography Show. As far as I know，the theme of the show is environmental protection. Actually，I know you are gifted in taking good pictures and have always wanted to do something for environmental protection. I clearly remember you showed me some photos on that theme the last time you visited our school. In addition，it will start from June 15th and last three weeks and what makes us excited is that any student who is interested can participate in it. In a word，I firmly believe that this is surely a good chance for more people to see them. If you want to join，please send your photos to intlphotoshow@.

Hope to hear from you soon.

Yours，

Li Hua

点评：本篇范文很好地完成了要求，要点扩充合情合理。全文句式多样化，并没有一直使用陈述句，而是穿插使用祈使句等多种句式，符合邀请函的`特点。文章中使用了较多的复合句，如定语从句any student who is interested can participate in it，时间状语从句... the last time you visited our school，条件状语从句If you want to join ...等，体现出不错的驾驭英语的能力。

此外，本文使用了as far as I know，in addition，in a word，等过渡短语，巧妙地将三个要点“主题、展览时间、投稿邮箱”串联起来，使阅卷老师对作者表述的意思一目了然，同时也增强了文章的条理。

我们写作当中经常会用到的过渡语有：first of all，to begin/start with，in the first place，first and foremost，second(ly)，furthermore，moreover，what’s more，in addition，besides，but，however，on the contrary，nonetheless，in contrast/comparison，nevertheless，hence，therefore，in conclusion，to conclude，in a word，last but not least等。

重点突出，详加描述

在对文章进行展开时，除了可以采用前文提到的添加追加成分、过渡成分来拓展句子外，我们还可以根据题目提示，确定整篇文章的主要点和次要点，在主要点上着力发挥，次要点表述清楚即可，不用过多渲染。

例4读下面图画，按要求用英语写一篇词数为120左右的短文。

内容包括：

描述画面;

概述其含义;

谈谈个人感想。

凿壁偷光

注意：

1.短文开头已给出，不计入总词数;

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯;

3.短文中不能出现与本人相关的信息。

In the picture，we can see a boy in worn clothes，who was reading a book with full attention. He was sitting at a shabby wooden table with a pile of books on it and a weak ray of light came in through a small hole in the wall.

This is a well-known story from an ancient Chinese idiom. The boy，being poor，couldn’t afford even a candle，so he bored a hole in the wall to “steal” light from his neighbor’s house to read at night. The moral of the story is that we should spare no effort to acquire knowledge and never get discouraged easily no matter how difficult the situation may be.

Of course，things are totally different today. It is not the story itself but what is reflected in the story that counts. Hard work pays off. We should take pains to improve ourselves through learning and get prepared for the future.

点评：该篇习作语言丰富，表达准确，结构清晰，过渡自然，尤其在内容的安排和取舍上，处理得十分恰当。本题的三个要点中，要点3是本文的重头戏，体现了高考作文题的“思想性”，本文对此着重“泼墨”，所占篇幅几乎为全文篇幅一半，要点2次之;针对要点1，本文对图片仅需作简要描述，一句话即可。

“不积小流，无以成江河;不积跬步，无以至千里”。要想写出高质量的考场作文，就需要“适当添加细节”。而细节的增加需要从实际需要出发，结合作文的题材、体裁以及题中给出的要点，“画龙点睛”式地添加，不要信口开河，更不能够信马由缰、乱加一气，最终偏离主题，给阅卷老师留下“该写的不写，不该写的写得过多”的不良印象。

英语写作常用十大句型

英语写作都有哪些常见句型呢?下面就让我为大家讲解一下吧。

一、否定句

许多否定句不含not的否定结构。如果论文作者能正确使用他们，就会增加写作的闪光点，使文章显得生动活泼。

1、Instead of indulging in playing computer games, children should be taught how to benefit from useful information on the internet.应该教孩子们如何从互联网获取有益的信息，而不是沉溺于玩电脑游戏。

2、On no account (Under no circumstances)can we ignore the immense value of knowledge. 我们绝不能忽视知识的巨大价值。

3、College students take part-time jobs not formore money but fora better understanding of societies.大学生参加兼职工作不是为了赚更多钱，而是为了更好地了解社会。

4、One’s salary doesnot depend so much on his educational background ason his ability and contribution to the society.一个人的工资与其说取决于他的教育背景倒不如说取决于他的能力和对社会的贡献。

5、In terms of nutrition, fast foodis far from satisfactory.从营养角度来说，快餐远非令人满意。

6、Parentswould not expect their children to become useful persons withoutworking hard. 父母们不能指望孩子们不经过刻苦努力就可以成才。

二、非限制性定语从句

如果需要对前述的整个句子内容进行解释或说明，就可以用到非限制性定语从句。

1、Undoubtedly, practical courses can be used to the reality,whichis of vital importance to their developmentin the future. 毫无疑问，实用性课程可以用于实际中，这对于他们未来发展是非常重要的。

2、Children tend to imitate what they have seen and heard on mass media, which is sometimes dangerous and harmful.孩子们倾向于模仿大众媒体上的所见所闻，这在有时是危险和有害的。

3、The majority of students believe that part-time jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力, 这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

三、让步句

让步句是写论文最常用的句式之一，作者务必掌握以下4种用法，可以使英文句子起伏跌宕，富于变化。

1、This view is widely acknowledged;however，there is little evidence that smoking isbeneficial topeople’shealth.这个观点被广泛认可，然而，几乎没有证据表明吸烟对人们健康有利。

2、Although(Whilst)the computer has been widely used in class, it cannot replacethe role of teachers. 尽管计算机已经广泛用于课堂，但是它不能取代教师的作用。

3、Reasonable asthe opinion sounds, it cannot bear much analysis. 虽然这个观点听起来有道理，但是它经不住分析。

4、In spite of a lot of conveniences thatcars bring to people’s life, it can create a series ofserious problems.尽管汽车给人们的生活带来了许多便利，但是也产生了一系列严重的问题。

四、It引导的句子

It引导的句子是写作中使用频率最高的句式。作者应熟练掌握其用法，并能灵活运用到文章的开篇、主体段和结尾段中。

1、It is hard to imagine whatour life would look like without computers in modern society. 很难想象如果现代社会没有了计算机，我们的生活会变成什么样子。

2、It is conceivable thatbeing physically active does good to health. 可想而知，积极参加体育活动有利于身体健康。

3、It is a highly controversial issue whetherwomen should join the armed forces or not. 女性是否应该参军是一个非常有争议的问题。

4、It is universally acknowledged thatwater and air are indispensable to human beings.人们普遍认为，水和空气对人类不可缺少。

5、It is essential thatendangered species of animalsbeprotected against

being killed. 保护濒危的动物物种免遭残杀是必需的。

6、It is high time thatthe government took effective measures to solve these problems.该是政府采取有效措施来解决这些问题的时候了。

7、It has been made easier for modern peopleto communicate with each other by theinternet in a few seconds.现代人很容易通过互联网在几秒钟内就取得联系。

8、It is worth caring about the way a child behaves.关心孩子们的行为方式是值得的。

9、It is no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收。

10、It has been a few decades sincethe computer came into being.自从计算机问世以来已经有几十年的时间了。

五、假设句

假设句可分为真实假设句和非真实假设句两种。常用在主体段落表示正、反论证。

1、If we destroy old buildings, thenwewill ruin the traditionalculture andheritage.如果我们推倒老房子，就要破坏传统的文化和遗产。

2、Youwouldmiss the chance to interact with other studentsif you used internet at home. 假如你在家上网，你就会失去与其他同学交流的机会。

3、Once you change your present job, you will be faced with the danger of

being unemployed.一旦你变换了现在的工作，就面临着失业的危险。

六、倒装句

在写作中恰当和准确地使用倒装句，有助于句子表达形式的多样化，使语言更加生动有力。

1、Only in this way can the problem be tackled properly. 只有这样才能妥善地解决这个问题。

2、Only whenchildren take arduous efforts canthey become successful. 只有当孩子们付出艰苦的努力他们才能获得成功。

3、Not only does studying in school serve academic purpose, butstudents learn how to handle interpersonal relations. 在校学习不仅为了学术目的，而且还可以学会如何处理人际关系。

4、Under no circumstancesshould youngsters follow negative informationon mass mediablindly.青少年决不应当盲从大众媒体上的不良信息。

5、So valuable iswater that we cannot afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

6、Nowadays,most dangerous for youngsters isthe tendency to indulge in playing PC games.如今对青少年最为危险的事情是倾向于过多地玩电脑游戏。

七、强调句

写作时为了突出句子的某一成分，常常使用强调句。

1、It is for the benefit of maintaining the ecological balance that human beings ought to protect the endangered animal species.正是为了维持生态平衡，人类才应该保护地球上濒危的动物物种。

2、It is not untilpeople suffer from some fatal diseases such as SARS and AIDS thatthey are becoming aware of how significant it is for the government to invest more money in medical care.

直到人们患了像非典和爱滋病这样致命的疾病时，才意识到政府把更多的钱投入到医疗上的重要性。

3、Nothing in the world is more valuable than health.世界上没有比健康更重要的了。

八、比较句

正确地使用比较结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。

1、Studies show that juvenile delinquency rates are twice as high foryoungsters from single-parent families as for those in traditional households.(同级比较)研究表明来自单亲家庭的青少年犯罪率是来自传统家庭的两倍。

2、Generally speaking, people in modern times enjoy less leisure time than they did previously.(比较级)一般说来，现代人比过去享有更少的休闲时间。

3、Compared with those with different abilities, children with intelligence do more well in their school work and intelligence tests. 与不同能力的孩子相比，聪明的孩子在学业和智力测验方面表现更加突出。

4、Contrary to pop stars, other professionals like doctors and teachers create the true value for theirsociety.与明星不同，其他专业人员如医生和教师为社会创造了真正的价值。

5、Airis to humanwhat (as)water is to fish.空气对人类就如同水对鱼一样。

九、插入语

插入语是对一句话做一些附加说明或解释。最常见的位置于句中,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。用得恰当，不仅可以增加字数，而且使文章更显地道和精彩。

1、Computers,most important of all,create wide communication around the world. 最重要的是，计算机在世界范围内建立了广泛的交流。

2、Providing more parking areas,in the long run, has proved to be a practical way out in manylarge cities in the world.从长远的利益来看，提供更多的停车位证明是许多世界大城市切实可行的出路。

3、Observing local culture,consciously and unconsciously,can reduce the chance of offendingthe locals, or it will lead to the embarrassment and even conflict. 无论是否意识到，遵循当地的文化可以减少冒犯当地人的机会，否则，就会导致尴尬甚至冲突。

4、Space exploration, some people believe,will bring some unexpected discoveries. 有人相信空间探索将会带来意想不到的发现。

十、原因句

几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或者可以写原因。议论文的讲道理实际就是说明原因。因此，掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的。

1、Violent films can do harm to young people,because they contains numerous negative information.暴力影片对年轻人是有害的，因为其中包含大量负面信息。

2、Human beings are chiefly responsible for wild animal extinction.野生动物灭绝的主要责任在人类。

3、We should attribute(ascribe)medical advances tothe animals which do substantial contributions to the experiment.我们应该把医学的发展归因于动物对实验做出的巨大贡献。

4、Because of overpopulation, water shortage has become one of the most serious problems.由于人口过剩，水短缺已经成为一个最严重的问题。

5、Owing to the fiercecompetition in today’s world, a great many young people find themselves under great pressure.由于当今世界的激烈竞争，大量的'年轻人承受巨大的压力。

对于上述“十大句式”，具备以下显著特点：

1.“十大句式”具有普遍性。事实上，“十大句式”在阅读文章和写作范文中出现频率相当高，也是广大科研人员非常熟悉的句式。可以说，句句皆是万用的。一旦科研人员熟练地掌握了它们的用法，就能根据内容表达的需要，随时派上用场。用句夸张的话来说，就是“不怕写不到，就怕想不到”。

2.“十大句式”的提出基本符合最新科技论文写作评分标准中对句子结构的要求。“十大句式”中除了否定句、倒装句、插入语一般可以写成简单句以外，其它6到7句都属于复合句，占到总数的三分之二以上。换句话说，如果科研人员能运用十大句式正确地写出句子，那么不仅复杂句的数量就可以达到6到7分规定的要求，而且句式呈现多样化，复合句和简单句交错使用，以增强文章表达效果。

3. 增强科研人员句式的写作意识。“十大句式”对科研人员来讲，并不陌生，然而在写作考试中，由于时间紧迫，科研人员平时又缺乏运用已经掌握的句式的意识，因此多数科研人员以自己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之，往往想不到运用这些句式。

4. 多数感觉句子写起来挥洒自如的科研人员，其中或多或少地在使用十大句式，在一定程度上说明他们头脑中已经培养起句式写作潜意识。

总之，句式变换直接影响到论文写作的成败。在此，衷心希望“十大句式”能为广大科技论文科研人员提供一条快速、高效的提高句式写作的途径，真正做到学以致用，“以不变应万变”