堇安年zqy
Two adjustable parameters FIR filter system hardware design This design using FPGA parallel architecture, computing speed of the characteristics and reliability characteristics of high-speed interface, designed a FPGA + + computer FIR digital filter system, FPGA's speed and machine flexibility of Computer organically through the bus, combined block diagram shown in Figure 3. On the one hand, the computer will calculate the configuration parameters transmitted to the next through the bus, FPGA, in order to achieve different windows, different cut-off frequency of the FIR filter. On the other hand, use 10-bit A / D converter for signal conversion, digital signal input to the FPGA device, in the FPGA devices for FIR filtering, the filtered data through Bus Transfer to the machine operator machine. 2,1 A / D converter module A / D converter module main function is to digitize the analog signal, and then into the FPGA in digital signal processing. A / D converter module structure shown in Figure 4, the first analog signals for signal conditioning, and then A / D converter in FPGA will be under the control of signal conditioning to convert a digital signal, power supply module for the chip provides 5V and power. Signal Conditioning Circuit System uses the A / D conversion chip analog input signal peak-peak voltage of +2 V, for some of the output analog signal range does not comply with the A / D conversion chip requirements, in order to expand the application of the system, and therefore A / D conversion before the signal conditioning. Conditioning is the amplification, buffering, or calibration of analog signals to make it suitable for analog / digital converter (ADC) input. The key is to choose the op-amp. The design of signal conditioning circuit for two voltage-follower circuits, using low-power voltage feedback amplifier AD8052. Signal conditioning circuit in Figure 5. The amplifier input voltage ~ 4V. 8-pin voltage, using a single +5 V power supply to work properly. Input signal for the Signal, according to the diagram of the circuit connection, the output voltage range of the signal AD Sigin enables A / D conversion chip work correctly. A / D conversion circuit A / D conversion circuit according to pre-selected sampling period, the input to the system's analog signal is collected. Taking into account the need for system flexibility and future upgrades, the design of A / D conversion chip to use to use 10-bit accuracy, sampling rate as low as 20kHz, up to 40MHz of the AD9203 chip. AD9203 is a AD's buy one single, low-voltage high-speed A / D conversion chip. It is stable and reliable accuracy in the whole sample within the bandwidth, and always remained a 10-bit precision; in 40MHz sampling rate, the effective number of bits still to reach , the differential non-linearity of ± LSB, SNR and distortion remain at around 59dB. AD9203 operating voltage more flexible, allowing changes in the context of ~ , especially suitable for portable devices at low voltage, high-speed operation. A / D circuit shown in Figure 6. Analog signal ADSigin from 25 feet input, the conversion provided by the FPGA clock ADCLK from 15 feet input, converted 10-bit digital signal ADD0 ~ ADD9 from 3 to 12 feet out to the FPGA, the FPGA in digital signal processing. Power Supply Circuit As the external power supply voltage of 5V, while the A / D conversion chip AD9203 operating voltage and the FPGA's I / O operating voltage is as , so the design of the voltage conversion circuit, the voltage from 5V to conversion. Voltage conversion chips used in , the circuit connection as shown in Figure 7. In the design, the circuit added 2Amax fuse to prevent the currents too large to burn the circuit. FPGA Module Design FPGA module is the core of filter system, bearing all of the digital circuit part. In the design process, emphasizing the concept of system on chip, implemented on the FPGA platform, the system needed in all the digital logic, including adders, multipliers, buffers, PLL (Phase-locked Loop, PLL), USB interface logic. Allowing the number of parts of the system is fully programmable adjustable state, just update the FPGA program can be demand-driven and has strong adaptability and flexibility.
后知后觉付
1、用法不同。
这两个词都可以和表示时间的词语连用。一般说来，for后接一段时间(累计时间)，用以说明某事一直进行了多长时间；而since后接某一时间(过去的一个时间点)，用以表示某件事开始的时间。
2、语气不同。
since和for均含有“因为”之意。
但是for作为并列连词，语气较弱，所引出的句子一般放在后面，表示附带说明的理由或推断理由。
since比for语气稍强，一般用于表示“由于大家已知的事实”。
3、读音不同。
since的英式读法是[sɪns]；美式读法是[sɪns]。for的英式读法是[fə(r)]；美式读法是[fər]。
扩展资料：
单词解析：
一、for
用法：
conj. (连词)
1）for是并列连词,引导的是并列从句,表示原因的语气很弱,一般是对结果作出推断性的补充说明或解释,不表示直接原因, for前多加逗号。
2）for用法较正式,很少用于口语,一般用于书面语。
二、since
用法：
prep. (介词)
1）since用作介词的意思是“从…以来,自从…之后”,其宾语常指过去的一个时间点,其含意通常指持续到说话时刻的动作或情况开始于什么时候。
2）since之后常接名词、动名词作其宾语, since then意为“从那以后”。
since用作副词表示“以前”时还可和long, ever连用。long since意为“好久以前”, not long since意为“就在不久前”, ever since意为“从那时起,此后一直”
参考资料：
百度百科-for
百度百科-since
樱桃香香
《Postwar》（Tony Judt）电子书网盘下载免费在线阅读
资源链接：
链接：
书名：Postwar
作者：Tony Judt
豆瓣评分：
出版社：Penguin Books
出版年份：2006-9-5
页数：960
内容简介：
Named one of the Ten Best Books of the Year by the New York Times Book Review
Almost a decade in the making , this much-anticipated grand history of postwar Europe from one of the world’s most esteemed historians and intellectuals is a singular achievement. Postwar is the first modern history that covers all of Europe, both east and west, drawing on research in six languages to sweep readers through thirty-four nations and sixty years of political and cultural change—all in one integrated, enthralling narrative. Both intellectually ambitious and compelling to read, thrilling in its scope and delightful in its small details, Postwar is a rare joy.
* A Time and San Francisco Chronicle Best Book of the Year
* Maps, photos, and cartoons throughout
作者简介：
托尼·朱特（Tony Judt）
◎全球百大思想家
◎奥威尔终身成就奖获得者
◎21世纪初最顶尖的历史学家和思想家
著名历史学家，以其对欧洲问题和欧洲思想的深入研究而闻名于世。1948年出生于英国伦敦，毕业于剑桥大学国王学院和巴黎高等师范学校，先后执教于剑桥大学、牛津大学、加州大学伯克利分校和纽约大学。
1995年，创办雷马克研究所，专事欧洲问题研究；
1996年，当选美国文理科学院院士；
2007年，当选英国社会科学院院士；
2008年，入选美国《外交政策》评选的“全球百大思想家”；
2009年，以其卓越的“智慧、洞察力和非凡的勇气”获得奥威尔终身成就奖。
托尼·朱特长期为《新共和》《纽约时报》《纽约时报书评》《泰晤士报文学增刊》等欧美主流媒体撰稿，并以尖锐的自由主义批评文风成为备受尊重的知识分子，拥有“知识分子中的知识分子”之美誉。
其主要著作有《战后欧洲史》《沉疴遍地》《重估价值：反思被遗忘的20世纪》《责任的重负：布鲁姆、加缪、阿隆和法国的20世纪》《思虑二十世纪》等。其中，《战后欧洲史》被誉为“关于战后欧洲历史的最佳著作”“短时间内无法超越的伟大著作”。
==========================================================
托尼·朱特所获赞誉
大师级的历史学家，具有传统情怀的公共知识分子和无畏的勇者。
——《时代周刊》（Time）
一位顶尖的欧洲历史学家、卓越的写作者和敏锐的思想家。
——《洛杉矶时报》（Los Angeles Times）
托尼·朱特文笔流畅，叙事强如海涛，论战笔锋更盛……他能够在过去中洞见未来，使其著作充满独特的时代感。
——《纽约时报》（The New York Times）
他是我们时代最重要的思想文化史学家，也是同代人中最敢言的公共知识分子。
——拉希德·卡利迪（Rashid Khalidi，著名学者、哥伦比亚大学历史学教授）
托尼·朱特拥有作为旁观者却仍投身其中的优秀传统，是参与政治事务同时保持独立性和批判性的知识分子。作为历史学家，他最为独特的成就之一是将20世纪欧洲知识分子和政治历史相整合，以揭示一种在思想与现实、理念与行动、书籍与人群之间意想不到的相互作用。
——蒂莫西·加顿·阿什（Timothy Garton Ash，著名历史学家、牛津大学欧洲研究教授）
托尼·朱特有一种非凡的能力，能看到并传达宏大的图景，同时，还能深入这件事情的核心，大多数专业学者两者都做不到，他们只在这两者之间飘着。但朱特既能够谈论这个大图景，又能阐释在当下它为何重要。
——马克·里拉（Mark Lilla，著名思想史学者、哥伦比亚大学人文学教授）
与自己辩论，尤其是与自己的激情辩论，是一位真正的思想者的标志。朱特只要一息尚存便从未停止思索。……朱特永远不会声称他给出了所有答案。但是他问对了所有问题。对此我们唯有感激。
——伊恩·布鲁玛（Ian Buruma，著名文化学者、作家、政治评论家）
灯神的精灵
这两个词都可以和表示时间的词语连用。一般说来, for后接一段时间,用以说明某事一直进行了多长时间，而since后接某一时间(过去的一个时间点),用以表示某件事开始的时间。
音标：[fə(r)]
释义：
prep. 为，为了；因为；给；对于；至于；适合于
conj. 因为
except for 除了 ; 除……之外 ; 除
for sale 出售 ; 待售 ; 可销售的房子 ; 廉价出售
go for 袭击 ; 适用于 ; 竭力想取得 ; 喜爱
1、Can you spare one of them for me?
你能把其中的一个匀给我吗?
2、She booked me down for next flight.
她已为我登记坐下一个航班。
3、I have ordered for you.
我已为你点好菜了。
4、She brewed some coffee for me.
她为我煮了些咖啡。
音标：英 [sɪns] 美 [sɪns]
释义：
conj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后
prep. 自…以来；自…以后
adv. 后来
ever since 从那时起 ; 从那时起一直到现在 ; 自从 ; 此后一直
Since then 从此以后 ; 从那以后 ; 自从那时起 ; 从那之后
long since 很久以前 ; 很久以来 ; 从前 ; 早已
1、Since you have no spirit, I have to settle for beer.
既然你没有烈性酒，我就喝点啤酒吧。
2、He has really blossomed out since he fell in love with her.
自从他爱上她以来，他已变得活泼开朗起来了。
3、Since his wife was much younger than he, he was constantly afraid of being cuckolded.
因为他妻子年龄比他小得多，他老是怕戴绿帽子。
4、Our industry has leapt forward since we followed the policy of reform and opening.
自从我们奉行改革开放政策以来，我们的工业飞速发展。
鬼鬼Jacky
2 adjustable parameter FIR filter system hardware designThis design using the FPGA parallel structure, the speed of operation characteristics and properties of high-speed reliable interface, designed a FPGA + + computer of FIR digital filter system, the FPGA swiftness and computer flexibility by bus organically, structure diagram shows. On one hand, the computer will be calculated by total line configuration parameters and FPGA, in order to achieve different window, different cut-off frequency of FIR filters. On the other hand, using 10 A/D converter frequency-field on signal, digital signal input to the FPGA device, in the FPGA device of FIR filter, after filtering through the data transmission bus to the , 1 A/D conversion moduleA/D conversion module's main function is to simulate digital signal, and then sent into the FPGA in digital signal processing. A/D conversion module chart shown in figure 4, analog signal disposal, then all the A/D converter FPGA under the control of the will of the signal after converting digital signal, the power supply module provides 5V and for chip. signal circuitThe system USES A/D conversion chip of the total value of the analog input signal voltage output, for some + 2V analog signal range incompliance with A/D conversion chip requirements, in order to expand the scope of application system, so the A/D conversion before signal disposal. Regulate is amplified, buffer or calibration analog signals, make its suitable mode converter (ADC) / input. This work is the key to select for two signal circuit voltage circuit, followed by low power voltage feedback type AD8052 amplifier. Signal circuit as shown in figure 5. Theamplifier input voltage range - 4V ~ V. 8 feet for working voltage, the single power supply, make its + 5V normal work. According to the input Signal for Signal, the circuit diagram, the output voltage range Sigin AD can make A/D conversion chips working A/D conversion circuitA/D circuit in the selection of input to the sampling period, the system simulation signal acquisition. Considering the flexibility and later upgrade system, the design of A/D conversion chip USES accuracy of 10, sampling rate is highest, the lowest 20kHz 40MHz for the AD9203 AD companies is A single channel, low voltage of high-speed A/D conversion chip. It is stable and reliable, and the precision in the sampling range, bandwidth basic maintained 10 precision, The sampling rate in 40MHz, effective digit position, still reach ± differential nonlinearity LSB and signal-to-noise ratio and the distortion degree in 59dB around. The more flexible working voltage AD9203, allowing V - V scope changes, particularly suitable for portable devices in low voltage under high-speed operation. A/D circuit as shown in figure 6. ADSigin analog signals by 25 feet input, the transformation from the FPGA provide ADCLK clock from 15 feet after conversion, the input signal ADD0 ~ 10 digits ADD9 by 3 ~ 12 feet in the output to the FPGA, FPGA in digital signal power circuitDue to the external power supply voltage, provide for 5V and A/D conversion chip AD9203 working voltage and FPGA I/O working voltage is V, therefore the voltage circuit design, realization from V to 5V voltage conversion. Using the voltage conversion chips for LT1587CM - 330, connections as shown in figure 7. In the design, circuit 2Amax joined the fuse, in order to prevent excessive current and burned-out FPGA design moduleThe FPGA module is the core, bearing filter system for all the digital circuit. In the design process, emphasizes on the concept of system, the FPGA realizing the system platform on which need all digital logic, including the adder on time-multiplier, buffer, and Phase locked Loop (PLL - and Phase lock Loop), the USB interface logic, etc. So that the system is fully programmable digital part only, adjustable state can be updated FPGA program according to requirements, strong adaptability and flexibility.
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