土木毕业论文文献翻译

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外表上被限制的混凝土压缩行为 综合夹克。 部分A ： 实验性研究 . Berthet， E. Ferrier *， P. Hamelin 部分内容：摘要本文提出一次实验性调查的结果关于碳和E玻璃FRP夹克外表上限制的具体短的专栏压缩行为的。 不同的参量的影响例如禁闭水平、夹克的机械性能和具体核心的耐压强度被学习了。 结果表示，外在禁闭可能极大改进标本的强度极限和延展性。 局限的混凝土应力反应双线： 在第一个线性区域，平原行为和被限制的具体标本是相似的，而在第二个类塑料分支，局限的混凝土行为取决于主要夹克mechanicals物产。 测试结果显示出， ···

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直译是民用工程，它是建造各种工程的统称。它既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。土木工程共有六个专业：建筑学，城市规划，土木工程，建筑环境与设备工程，给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。.古代的土木工程有很长的时间跨度，大致从公元前500年新石器时代出现原始的土木工程活动到16世纪末意大利的文艺复兴，导致土木工程走上迅速发展的道路为止，前后经历了两千多年。在这段时间内，由于科学理论发展及其缓慢，土木工程也没有突破习惯的发展。从17世纪中页开始到20 世纪40年代第二次世界大战结束为止的300年间，国外的建筑取得了长足的进步。土木工程进入了定量分析阶段。一些理论的发展，新材料的出现，新工具的发明，都使土木工程科学日渐完善和成熟。到了近代，二战结束之后，许多国家经济起飞，现代科学日益进步，从而为进一步发展提供了强大的动力和物质基础。人们生活水平的不断提高，必然要求越来越舒适的居住环境，在这种情况下，建筑的发展直接推动了土木工程的发展。总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科，它已经取得了巨大的成就，未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化，人口的不断增加，人们为了争取生存，为了争取更舒适的生存环境，必将更加重视土木工程。在不久的将来，一些重大项目将会陆续兴建，插入云霄的摩天大楼，横跨大样的桥梁，更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展，以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展，为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来，工程材料主要是钢筋，混凝土，木材和砖材，在未来，传统材料将得到改观，一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世，尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时，设计方法的精确化，设计工作的自动化，信息和智能话技术的全面引入，将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话，理论的发展，新材料的出现，计算机的应用，高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃.English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economyAncient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and maturity. In modern times, after the end of World War II, many countries economic takeoff, the increasing advances of modern science, so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material basis. People's living conditions continue to improve, more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances, the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering development.

对土木工程的发展起关键作用的，首先是作为工程物质基础的土木建筑材料，其次是随之发展起来的设计理论和施工技术。每当出现新的优良的建筑材料时，土木工程就 会有飞跃式的发展。 人们在早期只能依靠泥土、木料及其它天然材料从事营造活动，后来出现了砖和瓦这种人工建筑材料，使人类第一次冲破了天然建筑材料的束缚。中国在公元前十一世纪 的西周初期制造出瓦。最早的砖出现在公元前五世纪至公元前三世纪战国时的墓室中。砖和瓦具有比土更优越的力学性能，可以就地取材，而又易于加工制作。 砖和瓦的出现使人们开始广泛地、大量地修建房屋和城防工程等。由此土木工程技术得到了飞速的发展。直至18～19世纪，在长达两千多年时间里，砖和瓦一直是土木工程的重要建筑材料，为人类文明作出了伟大的贡献，甚至在目前还被广泛采用。 钢材的大量应用是土木工程的第二次飞跃。 十七世纪70年代开始使用生铁、十九世纪初开始使用熟铁建造桥梁和房屋，这是钢结构出现的前奏。 从十九世纪中叶开始，冶金业冶炼并轧制出抗拉和抗压强度都很高、延性好、质量均匀的建筑钢材，随后又生产出高强度钢丝、钢索 。于是适应发展需要的钢结构得到蓬勃发展。除应用原有的粱、拱结构外，新兴的桁架、框架、网架结构、悬索结构逐渐推广，出现了结构形式百花争艳的局面。 建筑物跨径从砖结构、石结构、木结构的几米、几十米发展到钢结构的百米、几百米，直到现代的千米以上。于是在大江、海峡上架起大桥，在地面上建造起摩天大楼和高耸铁塔，甚至在地面下铺设铁路，创造出前所未有的奇迹。 为适应钢结构工程发展的需要，在牛顿力学的基础上，材料力学、结构力学、工程结构设计理论等就应运而生。施工机械、施工技术和施工组织设计的理论也随之发展，土木工程从经验上升成为科学，在工程实践和基础理论方面都面貌一新，从而促成了土木工程更迅速的发展。 十九世纪20年代，波特兰水泥制成后，混凝土问世了。混凝土骨料可以就地取材，混凝土构件易于成型，但混凝土的抗拉强度很小，用途受到限制。 十九世纪中叶以后，钢铁产量激增，随之出现了钢筋混凝土这种新型的复合建筑材料，其中钢筋承担拉力，混凝土承担压力，发挥了各自的优点。 二十世纪初以来，钢筋混凝土广泛应用于土木工程的各个领域。 从三十年代开始，出现了预应力混凝土。预应力混凝土结构的抗裂性能、刚度和承载能力，大大高于钢筋混凝土结构，因而用途更为广阔。土木工程进入了钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土占统治地位的历史时期。混凝土的出现给建筑物带来了新的经济、美观的工程结构形式，使土木工程产生了新的施工技术和工程结构设计理论。这是土木工程的又一次飞跃发展。 建造一项工程设施一般要经过勘察、设计和施工三个阶段，需要运用工程地质勘察、水文地质勘察、工程测量、土力学、工程力学、工程设计、建筑材料、建筑设备、工程机械、建筑经济等学科和施工技术、施工组织等领域的知识 ，以及电子计算机和力学测试等技术。因而土木工程是一门范围广阔的综合性学科。随着科学技术的进步和工程实践的发展，土木工程这个学科也已发展成为内涵广泛、门类众多、结构复杂的综合体系。 土木工程是伴随着人类社会的发展而发展起来的。它所建造的工程设施反映出各个历史时期社会经济、文化、科学、技术发展的面貌，因而土木工程也就成为社会历史发展的见证之一。 远古时代，人们就开始修筑简陋的房舍、道路、桥梁和沟澶，以满足简单的生活和生产需要。后来，人们为了适应战争、生产和生活以及宗教传播的需要，兴建了城池、运河、宫殿、寺庙以及其他各种建筑物。 许多著名的工程设施显示出人类在这个历史时期的创造力。例如，中国的长城、都江堰、大运河、赵州桥、应县木塔，埃及的金字塔，希腊的巴台农神庙，罗马的给水工程、科洛西姆圆形竞技场(罗马大斗兽场)，以及其他许多著名的教堂、宫殿等。 产业革命以后，特别是到了20世纪，一方面社会向土木工程提出了新的需求；另一方面，社会各个领域为土木工程的前进创造了良好的条件。因而这个时期的土木工程得到突飞猛进的发展。在世界各地出现了现代化规模宏大的工业厂房、摩天大厦，核电站、高速公路和铁路、大跨桥梁、大直径运输管道长隧道、大运河、大堤坝、大飞机场、大海港以及海洋工程等等。现代土木工程不断地为人类社会创造崭新的物质环境，成为人类社会现代文明的重要组成部分。 土木工程是具有很强的实践性的学科。在早期，土木工程是通过工程实践，总结成功的经验，尤其是吸取失败的教训发展起来的。从17世纪开始，以伽利略和牛顿为先导的近代力学同土木工程实践结合起来，逐渐形成材料力学、结构力学、流体力学、岩体力学，作为土木工程的基础理论的学科。这样土木工程才逐渐从经验发展成为科学。 在土木工程的发展过程中，工程实践经验常先行于理论，工程事故常显示出未能预见的新因素，触发新理论的研究和发展。至今不少工程问题的处理，在很大程度上仍然依靠实践经验。 土木工程技术的发展之所以主要凭借工程实践而不是凭借科学试验和理论研究，有两个原因：一是有些客观情况过于复杂，难以如实地进行室内实验或现场测试和理论分析。例如，地基基础、隧道及地下工程的受力和变形的状态及其随时间的变化，至今还需要参考工程经验进行分析判断。二是只有进行新的工程实践，才能揭示新的问题。例如，建造了高层建筑、高耸塔桅和大跨桥梁等，工程的抗风和抗震问题突出了，才能发展出这方面的新理论和技术。在土木工程的长期实践中，人们不仅对房屋建筑艺术给予很大注意，取得了卓越的成就；而且对其他工程设施，也通过选用不同的建筑材料，例如采用石料、钢材和钢筋混凝土，配合自然环境建造了许多在艺术上十分优美、功能上又十分良好的工程。古代中国的万里长城，现代世界上的许多电视塔和斜张桥，都是这方面的例子。Plays a key role in the development of civil engineering, is the first civil construction materials as the basis for engineering material, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Whenever there is a fine new building materials, civil engineering will be a leap type can only rely on the early Earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. Chinese in Eleventh Century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth Century BC to the third Century BC, the tomb of the Warring States period. Brick and tile has superior mechanical properties,soil can obtain raw material locally, and easy to of brick and tile so that people began to widely, a large number of housing construction and urban flood control engineering. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Until 18 ~ nineteenth Century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, made a great contribution to the human civilization, and was also widely used in the large number of applications of steel products is the second leap in civil engineering. In seventeenth Century 70 time began using pig iron, the early nineteenth Century began to usewrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of the beginning of the mid nineteenth Century, the metallurgical industry smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, good ductility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel, then produce high-strength steel wire, steel wire. And meet the needs for development of steel structure has been booming. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, frame, grid structure, and gradually promote the suspension structure,the form of the structure of a hundred flowers contend in beauty the brick building long-span structure, stone structure, wood structure of a few meters, the development of tens of meters to 100 meters of steel structures, several hundred meters, 1000 meters until modern. So the bridge in the river, channel, since the construction of skyscrapersand high-rise tower on the ground, even in the laying of underground railway, to create ahitherto meet the development needs of the steel structure engineering, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory would emerge as the times require. Theoretical design of machinery, construction technology and organization construction also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, both in engineering practice and theoretical basis for a new, which led tomore rapid development of civil nineteenth Century 20, Portland cement concrete was made. Concrete aggregate can obtain raw material locally, easy to concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth Century, the surge in steel production,followed by a composite building material of this new type of reinforced concrete, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure, to play their respective advantages. Since the beginning of twentieth Century, each field of reinforced concrete is widely used in the beginning of the thirty's, the prestressed concrete. The crack resistance, stiffness and bearing capacity of prestressed concrete structure, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses broader. Civil engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete brings the structural form of new economic,aesthetic to the building, civil engineering so that a theory of new construction technology and engineering structure design. This is a leap in the development of civil project to build the facilities in general to go through investigation, design and construction in three stages, need to discipline the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, engineering mechanics, engineering design,building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy, and the construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as the computer and mechanical testing technology. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the development of science and technology development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a comprehensivesystem of broad connotation, category numerous, complicated engineering is accompanied by the development of human society and the development works in the construction of facilities reflect the face of social and economic development,technology, science, culture in every historical period, so the civil engineering has become one of the social and historical development of the ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and water channel, to meet the simple life and production needs. Later, people in order to adapt to the war, productionand dissemination of religious life and the need to build the city, canals,, palaces, temples and other well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity. For example, Chinathe Great Wall, Dujiangyan, the Grande Canale, the Zhaozhou Bridge, the Yingxian Wood Tower, the Pyramid of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project, Kolo Sim Arena(Rome Coliseum), and many other famous churches, the industrial revolution, especially in twentieth Century, on one hand, the society puts forward new requirements to the civil engineering; on the other hand, each field of the society to create good conditions for the advancement of civil engineering. Thus this period of civil engineering has make a spurt of progress of the rest of the world in the modern large-scale industrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridge, large diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grande Canale, big dams, big airport, port and marine engineering etc.. Modern civil engineering to create a new physical environment for the human society, has become an important part of modern civilization of human engineering is a very practical subject. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, especially draw lessons from the failure of developed. From the beginning of seventeenth Century, with Galileo and Newton as a combination of pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, gradually formed the mechanical material mechanics, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock mass, as the basis of the theory of civil engineering discipline. This experience in civil engineering from the gradually developed into a the process of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of research and development. Yet many engineering problems, still rely on practical experience in the very great degree.

Compressive behavior of concrete externally confined bycomposite jackets. 外部复合护套约束的混凝土压缩性Part A: experimental study Part A: 实验性研究This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation concerning the compressive behavior of concrete short columns externally confined by carbon and E-glass FRP jackets. The influences of different parameters such as the confinement level, the mechanical properties of the jackets and the compressive strength of the concrete core were studied. The results show that external confinement can significantly improve the ultimate strength and ductility of the specimens. The stress–strain response of confined concrete is bilinear: in the first linear zone, the behaviors of plain and confined concrete specimens are similar, whereas in the second pseudo-plastic branch, the behavior of confined concrete depends mainly on the jacket mechanicals properties. Test results demonstrate that the second part of (plastic) the stress–strain response depends on the jacket stiffness and that the ultimate strength of the jacket and the concrete strength are the most influential factors affecting the ultimate strength and strain of the confined concrete. Also, the study indicates that the confinement efficiency falls when the compressive strength of the concrete core increases.本篇论文阐述了有关于外部多重碳纤维和无碱玻璃纤维增强塑料紧箍护套的短柱混凝土压缩性试验研究结果。研究表明对其压缩性影响的因素有如约束层数，护套的力学特征，以及混凝土核心的抗压强度。研究结果发现试样的外部约束复合层对其极限强度和延伸性有显著提高。约束型混凝土的应力应变结果具有双线性特征：在一线区域，平面性能与约束型混领土压缩性试样相似，但是在第二伪塑性分叉区。约束型混凝土压缩性主要是靠复合层的力学性能支持。测试结果表明了第二部分（塑料）的反应主要是由护套的钢度支持，护套的极限强度以及混凝土的强度对约束型混凝土的极限强度和极限应变度影响因素最大。研究还发现约束效应在混凝土核心的抗压力上升后会降低。Keywords: Confined concrete; FRP jackets; HPC关键词：约束型混凝土 FRP护套 HPC