关于被动语态论文范文写作

English is so interesting and widely used

If your clas *** ate says to you, “I can speak five countries' languages”. Don't be surprised, you can say “Oh yes, I can , too. I can speak the language of Britain , America , Canada , Australia and New Zealand.”

From the words , we can see English is so widely used . You can see English everywhere . English is written on many many things . When you open your calculator（计算器） ， you can see the words——“on” “off” “shift” “mode” and so on . When you walk in the street , you can see “Kentucky Fried Chicken” “DRIVE SLOWLY!” “Sky Book Shop” beside you . When we go into the shop , we can see “Coca-Cola”（可口可乐） “Rejoice”（飘柔） “Safeguard”（舒肤佳）.

Every day , in the school , we students meet , we say “Hi!” or “how are you?” . When somebody makes good friends , he will say “Good!” . And when a boy fails the exam , he will say “Bad luck!” . Another , a student meets something strange , he will shout “Oh , my god!” . And on the playground , when a class wins the football game , we will say “Congratulations!”.

English is not only in our book but in our English class . We can use it all the time . let's try to learn English well!

It was the night before Christmas. The snow had been falling all week（过去完成式的被动语态）， and the entire town was covered in snow （过去式被动）. In every house, the children had already gone to bed（过去完成式的被动语态）， where they dreamed about new toys. Their parents were still awake. Presents were taken out of their hiding place （过去式被动）， and were wrapped with paper and bows（过去式被动）.

Tomorrow morning, children will run down the stairs. Presents will be opened （未来式被动）， Christmas carols will be sung （未来式被动）， and Christmas cookies will be eaten （未来式被动）. But for now, the house was quiet.

Let's Make Everyday an Earth Day

It is well known that Apr 22th is annual Eearth people express their love for the beautiful, blue pla in all kinds of activities.

What we humans depend upon for survival is nature,which has been destroyed day by , water and soil have been polluted endlessly by those on behalf of so-called progress and development.

If we keep this up,the results could not be 's make our efforts to protect the earth and I believe the mother earth must be revived its beauty and vigour in the near future!

每天都是地球日

众所周知，每年的4月22日是地球日。这一天，人们用各种方式表达他们对这颗美丽的蔚蓝色星球的爱。我们赖以生存的大自然正在日益被破坏。空气、水、土壤遭到那些打着所谓进步和发展旗号的人们无休止的污染。

如果人类长此以往，后果不堪设想。让我们尽我们的努力来保护地球，我相信在不远的将来地球母亲一定可以重现光彩与活力！

今天是十一国庆节，我们当然得好好地玩一玩。但由于苏州园林啊，同里周庄啊等等景点我们都去过，于是今天爸爸开车载我和妈妈去了乡下外婆家。

今天，是一个难得的好天气：蔚蓝的天空中飘着几朵雪白的云朵儿，漫步在天街中的太阳公公今天精力格外的充沛，大地一片生机勃勃。妈妈提议：“我们去划船吧！”一听到划船，我兴奋极了，连声说：“好啊好啊！”于是我、妈妈和外婆一起戴上凉帽出发了。

外婆拿着船桨，负责在船尾划，她一手拿着系住船尾的麻绳，一手用力推拉船桨，那娴熟的动作真是让我佩服得五体投地。妈妈拿着竹篙，负责借力调整船的方向。那 *** 什么呢？我不就没事做了吗？我撅起小嘴嚷道：“没劲，不好玩。”外婆灵机一动，现在荷花开得正艳，说不定还有很多小莲蓬呢！于是她把猪八戒的武器——耙子递给我，又将船划到一个荷花盛开的地方，哇，好美啊！荷叶挨挨挤挤，像一把把碧绿的伞。粉红色的荷花更是千姿百态，有的才展开两三片花瓣；有的花瓣全部展开了；有的还是花骨朵儿，看起来饱胀得要破裂似的。真是“接天莲叶无穷碧，映日荷花别样红”啊！外婆对我说：“现在你可以大显身手，用耙子采莲蓬了。”我高兴极了，用耙子瞄准莲蓬的根，然后使劲插过去，当莲蓬与船儿很近时，我用手敏捷地一拉，一只莲蓬就成为了我的战利品。傍晚，

I am loved by you

When I first came to the world, I cried, but you *** iled at me. I knew I was loved by you. When I got good mark, we cheered together, I knew you love me as well. Now I am growing up, you *** ile at me in the same way. Yeah, I am loved by you.

Love makes me feel happy, lively and warm. I like the feeling while you love me. Mom and Dad, do you know?Because of the love, I grew better and better. I find that I must love you, too. From the bottom of my heart, thank you for your love and care. I can't pay for your patience.

I am loved by you and I love you.

这样行吗？

希望对你有帮助

被 动 语 态一、被动语态概述 语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。

英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等词来表示被动意义。

二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。

疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。 1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种，现以动词clean为例列表说明： 2、被动语态的句式变化： 以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化： 3、含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，"be+过去分词"部分不变。

三、被动语态的用法： 1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。 The bridge was built last year.这座桥是去年建造的。

He was elected chairman.他被选为主席。 2、当更加强调动作的承受者时。

此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。 The room hasn't been cleaned yet.房间还没有打扫。

The tiger was killed by him.老虎被他杀了。 3、当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。

如： The window was blown by wind.窗户被风吹开了。 The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。

4、表示客观的说明常用"It is + 过去分词."句型。 It is said that Lucy has gone abroad.据说露茜已经出国了。

It is believed that he is a spy. (=He is believed to be a spy.)大家相信他是个间谍。 其它常见的"It is + 过去分词+ that"句型还有 四、主动语态变为被动语态 转换图示： 1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤： （1）将主动句的宾语变为主语： 注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。

如： Tom killed him. → He was killed by Tom. (2)将动词改为"be+过去分词"。 注意： They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday. 他们昨天开会了。

（3）将主动语态的主语改为be…放在谓语动词后。 注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。

He sang a song. → A song was sung by him. 2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项： （1）主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示"人们"、"大家"的单词，变为主动句时，通常删去"by…"，但原主语被强调者除外。如： They set up this hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in 1975. 这所医院建于1975年。

Only he can finish the job. → 只有他能完成这项工作。 The job can be finished only by him.这项工作只能由他来完成。

（2）含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。

Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。 We were told the truth by Jack. The truth was told (to) us by Jack.。

The Mid-Autumn festival is a traditional Chinese Festival celebrated by all the Chinese 's widely recognized as a festival that a family get together.

The Mid-Autumn Festival is celebrated on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month. On that night, it can be seen that the moon is brighter and fuller than any other night.

The Mid-Autumn Festival is celebrated by eating mooncakes are delicious. It's liked by all the children.

at night,a big party is usually held by the families .They like chatting with each things are talked about .A lot of nice things will be provided,too.

After dinner,they watch the moon,as in China a full moon is considered as a symbol of family reunion. the story of Chang E will be was made flew to the moon and live in the Moon Palace. What a beautiful story!

I was very busy last weekend. I did a lot of things. On Saturday, I went to Da Shan Foreign Language School. I learned English and math. That was interesting! So, I had fun. At noon, I went to Mcdonald. I bought lots of fast food. Burger, French fries, ice-cream etc. I ate them. I was very full. In the afternoon, I played football with my friends. Later on, we were thirsty. And we drank water. We went on and played football. On Sunday, I took a trip with my parents. We went to Gongyi. We visited the museum. I rode a horse. I was a little afraid. When we went home, it was very late. But, we got relaxation and enjoyed ourselves. That was my last weekend. It was very interesting! How about you? What did you do last weekend? ORLast weekend we went to Paris. I gotta say that it was a lot nicer and friendlier than i expected, but then again i think people were just really amused by by how horrible my french was. I learned some basic phrases but those years of learning spanish kicked in and i was rolling all of my 'r's even when i tried not to. When we got their friday we went and saw the Moulin Rouge. I was a pretty good show, and there was some really cool dancing and acts as well as an abundance of breasts. The thing that i thought was the most amusing was a man who did an act beeen dances and he juggled 4 pingpong balls using only his mouth。

At one point in the show a large clear poll came up out of the stage and one of the women jumped in and started swimming around. Oh and it's worth noting that the pool was full of BIG SNAKES! Ok, not FULL of snakes but there were prolly 8 or so in there with this woman swimming around. Of course as part of the show everyone is also given a half bottle of champagne, and since neither of us had eaten in about 9 hours we were both quite drunk by the end. On Saturday we went was the sights, and i gotta say the Eiffel Tower is big. I mean really big. I mean if you were to fall off of the first level you'd have ample time to think about just how dumb it was to be climbing the safty fence in the first place before you became a *** ear on the concrete/people below. (ok, maybe i'm exagerating a little but it is pretty freakin' big.) The Arc de Triumph was also pretty big but not as cool as the Eiffel tower. We also went into the Notre Dame Cathedral, but sadly they closed off visits to the towers a few minutes before we got there. I was really surprised by it though. when we went to london Westminster was very touristy and really didn't feel like a cathedral at all, but Notre Dame was definitely a functioning church. We saw lines for people waiting to make confessions and everything. I have to mention that apparently each priest has a little sign that they put up went taking confessions that tells people just what languages they are able to do it in; I thought that was pretty funny. On sunday we went to the Louvre. Jesus H Christ that's a big place. the long side of it is 700 meters long and the "short" side is 500-600 meters long. I spent a lot of time thinking to myself "damn, this was some one's house?!" I really thought that the shear sized of some of the stuff there was unnecessary, but then i haven't been a French King either. We saw the Mona lisa and the Venus Di Milo and they were somewhat underwhelming but in the same room as the Mona lisa on the opposite was was a painting that i'm pretty sure was larger in dimensions than my parent's house. It was a really cool painting though. After that we just spent the day wandering the public gardens and hanging about, eventually going to the Rodin museum and seeing 'the Thinker' and some other the whole Paris was a lot of fun though i wish we could have gotten good meal while we were on to more mundane things, I was looking at the gnomeragan server forum and realized that were i to transfer Dessel there, he would basically be the one good tailor for the server. I haven't actually decided if i want to do that or not I have a couple reservations about doing it but we'll finished reading Interview with the Vampire a couple of days ago and some how there isn't a copy of The Vampire Lestat in the city. So instead i bought Dune Messiah and hopefully that will last me a month or so if i just go slowly with （∩_∩）O好的话赞一个哦。

学术论文英文摘要格式及写作技巧

随着国际学术交流活动的日益频繁和出版业的进一步规范化，英文摘要已成为国际间知识传播、学术交流与合作最直接的窗口，成为我国公开发行的学术期刊论文必不可少的组成部分。《中国高等学校社会科学学报编排规范》对英文摘要提出了明确的要求："公开发行的学报，其论文应附有中英文摘要。"《中国学术期刊(光盘版)检索与评价数据规范》(CAJ-CD B/T 1-1998)也对英文摘要提出了具体的要求："文献标识码为 A(理论与应用研究论文)、B(应用性成果学习经验总结)、C(业务指导管理类文章)3 类的文章均应有英文题名，其中 A 类文章还应附英文摘要和英文关键词。"为提高学术论文英文摘要的质量，更好地满足国际数据库的检索要求，掌握必要的英文摘要编辑技巧，对英语摘要的语言和结构进行修改与润色，使英文摘要规范、准确、简洁，就显得尤为重要。

1 英文摘要的组成

学术期刊论文的英文摘要主要由英文题名、作者名与单位、英文摘要内容、英文关键词 4 个要素构成，是国际重要检索系统中的核心内容。英文摘要质量的好坏直接影响着学术期刊论文被 SCI、EI 等国际权威检索系统收录的数量、被检索率和被引频次，继而影响到学术成果在世界范围内的传播和交流。

因此，对于学术期刊而言，英文摘要的质量就非常重要。高质量的英文摘要可增加论文被国际同行阅读和引用的机会、提高期刊的整体质量、扩大期刊的国际影响力。

2 英文摘要的编辑技巧

把握好格式的规范性。

了解主要标准规范。

关于学术期刊论文中英文摘要的规范性，目前的主要依据是两"标准"和两"规范".

两"标准"指的是国际标准 ISO214-1976《文献工作(E)》和国家标准 GB/T 6447-1986《文摘编写规则》。前者是国际标准化组织为了规范文献写作于 1976 年颁布的国际标准，是英文摘要编写的依据;后者是我国为了与国际接轨于 1986 年公布的国家标准，是中文摘要写作的准绳。

两"规范"指的是《中国学术期刊(光盘版)检索与评价数据规范》(CAJ-CD B/T-1998)和《中国高等学校社会科学学报编排规范》。它们对摘要的写作要求均是基于国际标准 ISO214-1976《文献工作(E)》和国家标准 GB/T 6447-1986《文摘编写规则》。

注意区分大小写。

英文题名的大小写。

学术论文英文题名的大小写要遵守一定的规则。一般来说，题名中第 1 个单词的首字母、每个实词的首字母均应大写，虚词(冠词、连词、介词)的首字母应小写，但 5 个字母及以上的虚词首字母应大写，如 Around,Between,Based on 等。有连字符的合成词只有第 1 个词的首字母大写，连字符后的词首字母应小写。

作者署名的大小写。

作者署名通常在题名之下，关于作者署名的大小写，按照两"规范"的规定，中国作者姓名按汉语拼音拼写，姓氏和名均不缩写，姓前名后，中间空 1 格。为了避免姓和名混淆，表示姓氏的拼音全部字母大写，复姓应连写，表示名字的第 1 个拼音字母大写，其余小写，双名中间宜用连字符隔开，以避免音节混乱。外国作者的姓名写法遵从国际惯例。

关键词的大小写。

关键词是反映论文主题概念的词或词组，一般每篇可选 3~8 个，除专有名词首字母大写外，其余均小写，除必须用复数形式外，一般均用单数形式，多个关键词之间用分号";"分隔。

正确使用英汉标点符号。

学术期刊英文摘要中标点符号使用不当的问题很普遍，主要原因是作者沿用汉语标点符号的习惯。

中英文标点符号在形式、功能和用法方面有许多差异，在进行英文摘要编辑时应特别注意以下几点。

(1)中文句号是个圈".",而英文句号是一个实心点".".

(2)中文省略号有 6 个点"……",而英文省略号有 3 个点"…".

(3)中文用顿号 "、"分隔同类的并列的事，而英文用逗号","表示。

(4)中文书名号用"《》"表示，而英文书名用斜体表示。

(5)中文表示数值的范围用浪纹线"~"表示，连接相关的数字，但英文中表示数值的范围用短破折号"-"表示。浪纹线"~"在英文中主要用于逻辑上或数学上表示否定、近似，或作为代字号用在词典和书籍中表示单词或短语的省略等。

(6)中文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号"-"分隔，而英文主标题与副标题之间用冒号":"分隔。

把握好内容的一致性。

关于学术期刊论文中英文摘要的一致性，两"规范"都明确规定："英文题名应与中文题名含义一致，英文摘要的内容应与中文摘要相对应，中、英文关键词应一一对应。"可见，中英文摘要的一致性主要是指含义、内容、数量和顺序的一致性。英文摘要应忠实、准确地反映中文摘要的内容，不能随意更改或删去中文摘要的重点内容或重要信息，不能随意增补中文摘要中未提及的内容。但这并不意味着英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，如果受汉语思维的影响生硬地按照中文字面意思直译或进行句对句、词对词的一一对译，一个词也不改动，这不仅会导致在表达上出现中式英语的现象，而且会使英文摘要用词重复累赘、句子繁杂冗长、语义不流畅。

因此，在进行英文摘要的编辑时，要把握好中英文摘要内容的一致性，英文摘要应忠实地再现中文摘要的内容，但英汉 2 种语言的表达习惯不一样，英文摘要不应拘泥于中文摘要的形式，译文要通顺、得体，语言要简洁明了，尽量选择简短、语义具体明确的词汇，避免使用重复多余、容易引起歧义的词语和繁杂冗长的句子。此外，中英文关键词的数量和先后顺序也应保持一致。

把握好句法的简洁性。

英文题名以短语为主要结构。

题名是学术期刊论文的重要组成部分，是文章主题内容的直接反映，是检索论文的关键。题名应简明、具体、确切，语言务必要简练，不能太长。中文题名一般不超过 20 个汉字，英文题名通常为 10个实词以内，不宜超过 15 个词。

英文题名一般不用完整的句子，而是以短语为主要结构，常见的有 4 种类型。

(1)名词短语类。题名以表达论文核心内容的名词为中心词，前后加上前置和(或)后置定语进行修饰，前置定语通常是形容词，后置定语通常是介词短语。各个词的顺序很重要，前置定语或后置定语应与其所修饰的名词紧密相邻，词序不当会导致表达不准，影响读者正确理解题名的真实含义。

经统计发现，学术论文题名中使用频率较高的"中心词"有：研究(Research/Study on …)、试验/实证/案例研究(Experimental/Empirical/Case Study on …)、分析(Analysis of …)、可行性/可靠性/误差分析(Feasibility/Reliability/Error Analysis of)、探讨(Discussion on…)、调查(Investigation of…)、启示(Enlightenment of…)、影响(Effect of … on …)、比较(Comparisonof … with …; Comparison Between/Among … and …)、应用(Application of …in …)、变化(Change of …)、进展(Development of …)、作用(Role/Function of …)等，只要掌握它们较为固定的译法，题名翻译就容易得多。

(2)动名词短语类。由动名词加宾语构成，有时前后会有状语。

(3)介词短语类。由介词加名词或动名词短语构成。

(4)疑问句。一些评述性、综述性、驳论性文章或对于值得争议的问题，常用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句有探讨性语气，可以点明论文讨论的焦点，使题名显得比较生动，易引起读者兴趣。

英文题名和关键词可省略冠词。

在英文中，冠词分为定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a/an)2 种形式，当表示所指对象是特定的且能够识别时，便用定冠词(the)表示特指，即当使用定冠词(the)时，读者已经知道所指的是什么。由于汉语中没有冠词的用法，定冠词(the)在英文中很容易被误用或漏用，这一点在进行英文摘要编辑时需特别注意。

但是，由于冠词属于无实际检索意义的词，为提高论文的被检索率，英文题名和关键词中的冠词有简化的趋势，凡可用可不用的冠词均可以省略，并且英文题名开头的第一个词前尽量少用冠词 The,An或 A.

尽量采用主动语态。

恰当使用语态是英文摘要的基本要素之一，也是摘要符合英语语法规则的前提。

相关研究和统计表明，在语态使用上，国内外期刊英文摘要相差较大，国内期刊论文英文摘要中被动语态占主导，主动语态使用相对较少;而国外期刊论文英文摘要中主动语态占主导，被动语态使用相对较少。

国内期刊英文摘要多使用被动语态，主要原因如下。

(1)与国家标准 GB/T 6447-1986《文摘编写规则》对中文摘要的规定有关，它规定中文摘要撰写要用第三人称，要采用"对……进行了研究"、"报告了……现状"、"进行了……调查"等，不必使用"本文"、"作者"等作为主语，受汉语思维的影响，很多作者在中文摘要译成英文摘要时往往使用被动语态;(2)被动语态不必强调动作的施行者甚至可以省略动作的施行者，可以避免使用"本文"、"作者"等作为主语，以减少主观因素，使行文显得客观;(3)被动语态可以使需强调的事物做主语而突出它们的地位，有利于说明事实。

而国外期刊英文摘要多使用主动语态，主要原因如下。

(1)与国际标准 ISO214-1976《文献工作(E) 》对语态使用的规定有关，它明确规定应尽量采用主动语态，因主动语态有助于文字的清晰、简洁及有力地表达。然而，在指示性甚至报道性陈述中，为强调动作承受者，也需采用被动语态，由此可见，主动语态比被动语态在结构上更简练，表达更直接有力;(2)过度使用被动语态将不可避免地造成英语句子头重脚轻，结构笨拙，影响读者的阅读效率。

可见，当前国外学术期刊英文摘要的写作趋势是主动语态多于被动语态，为了充分发挥英文摘要的导向功能、报道功能、检索功能以及促进科研成果的国际交流功能，国内学术期刊英文摘要应当与国际接轨，符合国际写作惯例。在符合英语语法规则、满足表达需要的情况下，我国学术期刊论文英文摘要应尽量使用主动语态，以"this paper"、"the author(s)"等作为主语，以更好地适应国际期刊发展的`主流趋势，满足国际数据库的检索要求。同时，为强调动作承受者，也可使用被动语态，需注意的是：

(1)为了保持句子结构的平衡，被动句的主语不宜太长;(2)当被动句的主语太长时，为避免出现"头重脚轻"的句子结构，可采用"It is+动词过去分词+that"的结构，用"it"作形式主语，代替句子的逻辑主语，把要强调的事物放在句子后部。

把握好语篇的连贯性。

衔接和连贯是语句成篇的重要保证，主要体现在结构和形式上。

汉语重意合，英语重形合。

汉语重意合，注重功能和意义的完整，主要通过语句的先后顺序与逻辑关系实现词语和句子的连接，很少借助连词，以神统形;句子之间的停顿靠标点符号来体现，逗号","表示一句话中间的停顿，顿号"、"表示句中并列的词或词组之间的停顿，分号";"表示一句话中并列分句之间的停顿，句号"."表示一句话结束后的停顿。

而英语重形合，注重句子结构的完整和形式的规范，以主谓框架为核心，以形显义;只要一个句子有完整的主谓结构，就用实心点"."表示一句话结束后的停顿;2 个或 2 个以上的句子之间若使用逗号，是需要用语言形式手段(连接词)将前后句子的语义联系起来，以清晰体现句子之间的逻辑关系和语义的连贯性。需注意的是，英语句子讲究主谓一致，即主语和谓语在人称(第一、第二或第三人称)和数(单数或复数)的形式上必须保持一致，意义为单数的主语后的谓语动词用单数形式，意义为复数的主语后的谓语动词用复数形式，这是一条最基本的语法规则。

恰当使用连接词使语义更连贯。

英语句子从结构来看有简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句是只有一个主谓结构的句子;并列句和复合句都包含由连词连接的 2 个或 2 个以上的句子，各句都有完整的主谓结构，所不同的是，并列句中各句可以独立存在，各句的意思一般可以单独理解，复合句由 1 个主句和 1 个或 1 个以上的从句构成，主句可以独立存在，而从句不能独立存在，主从句之间的意思是紧密相连的，不能简单地把主从句拆开来看，而必须将主从句综合起来进行理解。

英文摘要一般不分段，但句式结构多样且复杂。过多使用简单句会使句子结构显得松散，语义不连贯，而恰当使用连接词或过渡词作为语篇衔接手段可以使学术期刊论文英文摘要句子之间的衔接更紧凑、语义更连贯、译文更通顺、逻辑性更强。

在英文摘要中，常用表示对等、选择、时间顺序、转折、列举或解释说明、比较或对比、递进或增补、目的、因果、让步、总结的连接词或过渡词将语篇有机衔接起来。

(1)表示对等关系的连接词：and(和)，both…and…(两者都)，neither…nor(既不……也不……)，aswell as…(也)等。

(2)表示选择关系的连接词：or(或者)，either…or…(不是……就是……)等。

(3)表示时间顺序的连接词：first(第一)，second(第二)，third(第三)，…finally(最后);first of all(首先)，next then(其次)，lastly(最后)等。

(4)表示转折关系的连接词：but/however(但是)等。

(5)表示列举或解释说明的连接词：for example/ for instance(例如)，namely /that is/ in otherwords(即、也就是说)，take…for example(拿……来说)，such as(如)等。

(6)表示比较或对比的连接词：compared with/in comparison with(与……比较)，on the contrary(正相反)， different from(与……不同)，in contrast with(相比之下)，while(而)等。

(7)表示递进或增补关系的连接词：not only…but also(不但……而且)，what's more(而且、更重要的是)，what's worse/ worse still(更糟糕的是)，besides(此外，还)，in addition/moreover/furthermore(此外)，on the other hand(另一方面)，apart from(除了……之外)，including(包括)等。

(8)表示目的的连接词：in order to/to(为了)，so that(以便)。

(9)表示因果关系的连接词：because(因为，由于)，so/ therefore/ as a result(因此、所以)，because of/due to/owing to/ thanks to(多亏、由于)，for this reason(由于这个原因)等。

(10)表示让步关系的连接词：though/although(虽然、尽管)。

(11)表示总结的连接词：in a word/ in short/ in a few words/ in brief/ briefly(简言之)，onthe whole/in all/to sum up/ in summary(总之)，generally speaking (一般说来)等。

需注意的是：(1)当连接 3 个及以上的句子时，只在最后 1 个句子前使用连词 and(和)，否则容易造成结构与意义的混乱。(2)汉英 2 种语言中都有表示因果和让步的连词，但在用法上有所不同。在汉语中，表示因果的连词 "因为、由于(because)"与"所以、因此(so)"、表示让步的连词"虽然、尽管(though)"与"但是(but)"是要同时用的。但在英语中，当表达"因为/由于……所以/因此"的因果关系，以及表达"虽然/尽管……但是"的让步关系时，在 1 个句子中是不能同时用 2 个连词的，只能用其中 1 个连词。

3 结语

英文摘要作为学术期刊论文的重要组成部分，对其语言和结构的修改和润色是永无止境的，掌握一定的英文摘要编辑技巧对提高学术论文英文摘要质量具有十分重要的作用。英文摘要编辑应把握好格式的规范性、内容的一致性、句法的简洁性、语篇的连贯性，使我国的英文摘要在格式、语言和结构上都尽可能地遵循国际标准规范和通用惯例、符合英语语法规则和表达习惯，提高学术论文在国际权威检索系统中的被检索率和被引频次，促进学术成果的广泛交流与传播，更好地与国际期刊接轨。