二氧化钛论文参考文献

发1篇 氮氟掺杂二氧化钛光催化微囊藻毒素 （如有需要可以帮翻译一部分 此类文章在线翻译一般不准) 还有部分无法发出，把邮箱留下，我发给你。题目：Visible light-activated N-F-codoped TiO2 nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR in water正文：1. IntroductionThe development of nanotechnology for the synthesis ofnanomaterials is providing unprecedented opportunities to dealwith emerging environmental problems associated with watercontamination along with worldwide energy-related concerns [1].Currently, advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) and nanotechnologies(AONs) have been extensively investigated for thedestruction of toxic and recalcitrant organic compounds andinactivation of microorganisms in water and air [2–12]. Titaniumdioxide (TiO2), a well-known semiconductor with photocatalyticproperties, is a widely used AON for water and air remediation [6–10]. It has proven to be highly effective in the nonselectivedegradation of organic contaminants due to high decompositionand mineralization rates. However, conventional TiO2 requiresultraviolet (UV) radiation (l < 400 nm) to overcome its wide bandgap energy ( eV for anatase phase) for photocatalyticactivation [4,11]. This is a technological limitation when aimingat implementation of large scale sustainable technologies withrenewable energy sources such as solar light, since UV radiationaccounts only for 5% of the total solar spectrum compared to thevisible region (45%) [12,13]. Several attempts have been directedtowards the development of modified TiO2 with visible lightresponse by dye sensitization, metal (Fe, Co, Ag) [14,15] andnonmental (N, F, C, S) [4,16–23] doping of the catalyst to reduceTiO2 band gab energy requirements for photocatalytic some metal doping approaches, the resulting visible lightphotocatalytic activity has some drawbacks including increase inthe carrier-recombination centers (electron–hole pair speciesgenerated after photo-excitation of the catalyst) and low thermalstability of the modified material [14]. Moreover, metal leachingand possible toxicity diminish the potential of employing metaldopedTiO2 for drinking and wastewater treatment applications. Amore successful approach involves nonmetal doping of doping of TiO2 for visible-light driven photocatalysisrevealed band gap narrowing from the mixing of nitrogen 2pstates with oxygen 2p states on the top of the valence band atsubstitutional lattice sites in the form of nitride (Ti–N) oroxynitride (Ti–O–N). A different arrangement is the formation ofoxyanion species at the interstitial lattice sites creating localizedintergap states [24]. Both configurations make it possible to shiftthe optical absorption towards visible light, thus, allowingphotocatalytic activity in the visible region [11,22,23]. Fluorinedoping is also effective to induce modifications of the electronicstructure of TiO2 by the creation of surface oxygen vacancies due tocharge compensation between F and Ti4+ but without producing asignificant change in the optical absorption of TiO2 [21]. Moreover,codoping of TiO2 with nitrogen and fluorine has demonstrated highphotocatalytic activity in the visible region with beneficial effectsinduced by both dopants [25–27]. Huang et al. confirmed strongvisible-light absorption and high photocatalytic activity of N-FTiO2for p-chlorophenol and Rhodamine B degradation undervisible light irradiation [26]. Xie et al. effectively decomposedmethyl orange with visible light-induced N-F-TiO2 photocatalyst[27]. Both attributed their findings to the synergistic effect ofnitrogen and fluorine addition to nonmetal doping, structural properties of TiO2 areof significant importance to enhance its physicochemical propertiesand photocatalytic response. For instance, the use of self-assemblysurfactant-based sol–gel methods has been reported as an effectiveapproach to tailor-design the structural properties of TiO2 nanoparticlesand films from molecular precursors [6,8–10]. Thehydrocarbon surfactant is used as pore directing agent and tocontrol the hydrolysis and condensation rates of the titaniumprecursor in the sol formulation. This method has the capacity toyieldtailor-designedTiO2withhighsurface area,highporosity, smallcrystal size with narrow pore size distribution and high photocatalyticactivity under UV [8–10] and visible light irradiation [4].One of the aims of this work is to develop highly efficient N-FcodopedTiO2 nanoparticles with enhanced structural propertiesand high photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiationusing a novel sol–gel route employing a nonionic fluorosurfactantas pore directing agent and fluorine dopant and ethylenediamineas nitrogen source. Fluorosurfactants or fluorinated surfactants,have been used mainly as antistatic, antifogging and wettingagents, and paint coating additives [28]. Only recent studies havefocused on the use of fluorinated surfactants as pore template formesoporous silica materials [29–32], signifying a great potentialfor novel ceramic second aim of this work is to focus on the application ofsuch nanoparticles in engineered water treatment processes forthe destruction of environmental contaminants of worldwideconcern. Drinking water treatment plants are facing moreprevalent occurrence of cyanobacterial harmful algae blooms(Cyano-HABs) and the release of their toxins in their water toxins are considered a serious health risk due to their highsolubility in water, toxicity (., hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, andcarcinogenicity) and chemical stability. Among them, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is one of the most commonly found cyanotoxins inCyano-HABs and the most toxic derivative of the group ofmicrocystins [33]. Conventional TiO2 has been proven to beeffective in the treatment of MC-LR under UV radiation [34,35].Recent work demonstrated high degradation rates of MC-LR withnitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles [4]. In this study, we presentresults on the destruction of MC-LR with N-F-TiO2 nanoparticlesunder visible light . . Synthesis of visible light-activated TiO2 nanoparticlesTo prepare the modified sol–gel solution, a nonionic fluorosurfactant(Zonyl FS-300 (FS), 50% solids in H2O, RfCH2CH2O(CH2CH2O)xH; Rf = F(CF2CF2)y where x = 14 and y = 3, Fluka), acting asboth pore directing agent and fluorine source, dissolved inisopropanol (i-PrOH), was used. Acetic acid (Fisher) was addedto maintain a low pH (). Before adding the titania precursor,anhydrous ethylenediamine (EDA, Fisher) was added in thesolution as nitrogen source. Then, titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP,97%, Aldrich) was added dropwise under vigorous stirring andmore acetic acid was added for peptidization. The final sol obtainedwas transparent, homogeneous and stable after stirred overnightat room temperature. Afterwards, the sol was dried at roomtemperature for 24 h and then calcined in a multi-segmentprogrammable furnace (Paragon HT-22-D, Thermcraft) wherethe temperature was increased at a ramp rate of 60 8C/h to 100 8Cand maintained for 1 h. Then it was increased up to 400 8C underthe same ramp rate, maintained for 2 h and cooled down naturallyto finally obtain a yellowish powder. The FS:i-PrOH:aceticacid:EDA:TTIP molar ratio employed in the sol–gel for thepreparation of the denoted Particle 1 was , the i-PrOH/EDA molar ratio was and 14 forParticles 2, and 3, respectively. Nitrogen-doped TiO2 (Particle 4)and fluorine-doped TiO2 (Particle 5) where synthesized without FSand EDA, respectively, maintaining the same final volume by theaddition of more isopropanol. Reference TiO2 was synthesizedusing the same procedure but without the addition of nitrogen andfluorine sources. The synthesized nanoparticles were comparedwith Kronos vlp 7000, a commercially available visible lightactivatedTiO2 photocatalyst (Kronos International Inc., D-51373).. Characterization of synthesized TiO2An X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed with aKristalloflex D500 diffractometer (Siemens) using Cu Ka(l = ˚ ) radiation, to study the crystal structure andcrystallinity of the TiO2 nanoparticles. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, pore volume, porosity, Barret–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) pore size and distribution (based on nitrogenadsorption and desorption isotherms) were determined by Tristar300 (Micromeritics) porosimeter analyzer. The samples werepurged with nitrogen gas for 2 h at 150 8C using Flow prep 060(Micromeritics). A high resolution-transmission electron microscope(HR-TEM) with field emission gun at 200 kV was employedto obtain crystal size and crystal structure at the nanoscale. Thesamples in ethanol were dispersed using an ultrasonicator (2510RDH,Bransonic) for 15 min and fixed on a carbon-coated copper grid(LC200-Cu, EMS). The particle morphology was characterized by anenvironmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM, Philips XL 30ESEM-FEG) at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. The point of zerocharge (PZC) was measured using a Zetasizer (Malvern Instruments).The fine elemental composition and electronic structurewas determined with an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS,PerkinElmer Model 5300) with Mg Ka X-rays at a takeoff angle of458 and vacuum pressure of 108 to 109 Torr. The bindingenergies were calibrated with respect to C1s core level peak eV. To investigate the optical band gap of the synthesizedTiO2 nanoparticles, the UV–vis absorption spectra were obtainedwith a UV–vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 2501 PC) mountedwith an integrating sphere accessory (ISR1200) using BaSO4 asreference . Photocatalytic evaluation with microcystin-LR under visible lightThe photocatalytic activity of the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticleswas evaluated for the degradation of MC-LR. A borosilicatevessel (. cm) was employed as photocatalytic reactor. Anaqueous solution, previously adjusted at the desired pH withH2SO4 or NaOH without any buffer, was spiked with an aliquot ofMC-LR standard (Calbiochem Cat #. 475815) to achieve an initialconcentration of mg/L. A solution with TiO2 nanoparticleswas dispersed using an ultrasonicator (2510R-DH, Bransonic) for 24 hand transferred to the reactor containing MC-LR for a final volumesolution of 10 ml. The reactor was completely sealed and mixed tominimize mass transfer limitations. Two 15W fluorescent lamps(Cole-Parmer) mounted with UV block filter (UV420, Opticology) toeliminate spectral range below 420 nm were employed to irradiatethe reactors. The intensity of the radiation was below the detectionlimit when employing an IL 1700 radiometer (International Light)with a 365 nm sensor. The light intensity was determined using abroadband radiant power meter (Newport Corporation) for a totalvisible light intensity of 105Wcm2. During irradiation, a fanwas positioned near the reactor to cool it down. Sampling was done atspecific periods of time and the samples were quenched withmethanol to stop any further reaction, filtered (L815, Whatman) toremove the suspended nanoparticles, transferred to ml glassinserts and placed in sample vials. MC-LR samples were analyzed byliquid chromatography (LC, Agilent Series 1100) equipped with aphotodiode array detector set at 238 nm under isocratic conditions:60% (v/v) of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in MilliQ water and 40%(v/v) of TFA in acetonitrile with a flow rate of 1 ml/ column employed was a C18 Discovery (Supelco) column( mm 150 mm, 3 mm particle size) kept at 40 8C with aninjection volume of 50 ml [7]. The handling of the toxin must bedone with extreme care since it is highly toxic and irritant if , all the experiments were conducted in an AdvanceSterilchemgard III Class II biological safety cabinet (Baker Company,Sanford, ME) with full exhaust.

参考文献是论文写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，不仅为论文写作提供了方便，同时也丰富了我们论文的内容。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于化学论文参考文献范例的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 化学论文参考文献范例(一) [1]管用时.导线内交变电流趋肤效应近似分析[J].邵阳高专学报.1994(03) [2]李海元，栗保明，____，宁广炯，王争论，杨春霞.等离子体点火密闭爆发器中火药燃速特性的研究[J].爆炸与冲击.2004(02) [3]谢玉树，袁亚雄，张小兵.等离子体增强发射药燃烧的实验研究[J].火炸药学报.2001(03) [4]张洪海，张明安，龚海刚，杨国信.结构参数变化对等离子体发生器性能的影响[J].火炮发射与控制学报.2004(03) [5]孟绍良.电热化学炮用脉冲电源及等离子体发生器电特性的研究[D].南京理工大学2006 [6]戴荣，栗保明，张建奇.固体含能工质等离子体单药粒点火特性分析[J].火炸药学报.2001(01) [7]赵科义，李治源，吕庆敖，段晓军，朱建方.电爆炸金属导体在Marx发生器中的应用[J].高电压技术.2003(10) [8]弯港.基于格子Boltzmann 方法 的流动控制机理数值研究[D].南京理工大学2013 [9]李海元.固体发射药燃速的等离子体增强机理及多维多相流数值模拟研究[D].南京理工大学2006 [10]王争论.中心电弧等离子体发生器及其在电热化学炮中的应用研究[D].南京理工大学2006 [11]成剑，栗保明.电爆炸过程导体放电电阻的一种计算模型[J].南京理工大学学报(自然科学版).2003(04) [12]李海元，栗保明，____.膛内等离子体点火及燃烧增强过程数值模拟[J].爆炸与冲击.2002(03) [13]龚兴根.电爆炸断路开关[J].强激光与粒子束.2002(04) [14]戴荣，栗保明，宁广炯，董健年.SPETC炮等离子体发生器自由喷射放电特性研究[J].兵工学报.2001(04) [15]刘锡三.高功率脉冲技术的发展及应用研究[J].核物理动态.1995(04) 化学论文参考文献范例(二) [1] 林庆华，栗保明. 等离子体辐射对固体火药燃烧速度影响的研究[J]. 弹道学报. 2005(03) [2] 李倩，徐送宁，宁日波. 用发射光谱法测量电弧等离子体的激发温度[J]. 沈阳理工大学学报. 2011(01) [3] 狄加伟，杨敏涛，张明安，赵斌. 电热化学发射技术在大口径火炮上的应用前景[J]. 火炮发射与控制学报. 2010(02) [4] 杨家志，刘钟阳，牛秦洲，范兴明. 电爆炸过程中金属丝电阻变化规律的仿真分析[J]. 桂林理工大学学报. 2010(02) [5] 郭军，邱爱慈. 熔丝电爆炸过程电气特性的数字仿真[J]. 系统仿真学报. 2006(01) [6] 苏茂根，陈冠英，张树东，薛思敏，李澜. 空气中激光烧蚀Cu产生等离子体发射光谱的研究[J]. 原子与分子物理学报. 2005(03) [7] 李兵，张明安，狄加伟，魏建国，李媛. 电热化学炮内弹道参数敏感性研究[J]. 电气技术. 2010(S1) [8] 赵晓梅，余斌，张玉成，严文荣. ETPE发射药等离子体点火的燃烧特性[J]. 火炸药学报. 2009(05) [9] 杨宇，谢卫平，王敏华，郝世荣，韩文辉，张南川，伍友成. 含电爆炸元件电路的PSpice模拟和实验研究[J]. 高压电器. 2007(06) [10] 郝世荣，谢卫平，丁伯南，王敏华，杨宇，伍友成，张南川，韩文辉. 一种基于电爆炸丝断路开关的多脉冲产生技术[J]. 强激光与粒子束. 2006(08) [11] 伍友成，邓建军，郝世荣，王敏华，韩文辉，杨宇. 电爆炸丝方法产生纳米二氧化钛粉末[J]. 高电压技术. 2006(06) [12] 林庆华，栗保明. 高装填密度钝感发射装药的内弹道遗传算法优化[J]. 弹道学报. 2008(03) [13] 王桂吉，蒋吉昊，邓向阳，谭福利，赵剑衡. 电爆炸驱动小尺寸冲击片实验与数值计算研究[J]. 兵工学报. 2008(06) [14] 林庆华，栗保明. 电热化学炮内弹道过程的势平衡分析[J]. 兵工学报. 2008(04) [15] 蒋吉昊，王桂吉，杨宇. 一种测量金属电爆炸过程中电导率的新方法[J]. 物理学报. 2008(02) 化学论文参考文献范例(三) [1.] 詹晓北, 王卫平, 朱莉. 食用胶的生产、性能与应用[M]. 北京: 中国轻工业出版社, 2003. 20-36. [2.] O'Neill M A, Selvendran R R, Morris V J. Structure of the acidic extracellular gelling polysaccharideproduced by Pseudomonas elodea[J]. Carbohydrate Research, 1983, 124(1): 123-133. [3.] Jansson P. E., Lindberg B, Sandford P A. Structural studies of gellan gum, an extracellularpolysaccharide elaborated by Pseudomonas elodea[J]. Carbohydrate Research, 1983, 124(1): 135-139. [4.] Morris E R., Nishinari K, Rinaudo M. Gelation of gellan–A review[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2012,28(2): 373-411. [5.] Kuo M S, Mort A J, Dell A. Identification and location of L-glycerate, an unusual acyl substituent ingellan gum[J]. Carbohydrate Research, 1986. 156: 173-187. [6.] 张晨, 谈俊, 朱莉, 等. 糖醇对结冷胶凝胶质构的影响[J]. 食品科学, 2014. 35(9): 48-52. [7.] Kang K S, Veeder G T, Mirrasoul P J, et al. Agar-like polysaccharide produced by a Pseudomonasspecies: production and basic properties[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1982. 43(5):1086-1091. [8.] Grasdalen H, Smidsr d O. Gelation of gellan gum[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 1987, 7(5): 371-393. [9.] 詹晓北. 结冷胶[J]. 中国食品添加剂, 1999, 2: 66-69. [10. ]孟岳成, 邱蓉. 高酰基结冷胶 (HA) 特性的研究进展[J]. 中国食品添加剂, 2008(5): 45-49. [11. ]Chandrasekaran R, Puigjaner L C, Joyce K L, et al. Cation interactions in gellan: an X-ray study of thepotassium salt[J]. Carbohydrate Research, 1988, 181: 23-40. [12.] Arnott S, Scott W E, Rees D A, et al. I-Carrageenan: molecular structure and packing ofpolysaccharide double helices in oriented fibres of divalent cation salts[J]. Journal of MolecularBiology, 1974, 90(2): 253-267. [13. ]Chandrasekaran, R., Radha A, and Thailambal V G. Roles of potassium ions, acetyl and L-glycerylgroups in native gellan double helix: an X-ray study[J]. Carbohydrate Research, 1992, 224: 1-17. [14.] Morris E R, Gothard M G E, Hember M W N, et al. Conformational and rheological transitions ofwelan, rhamsan and acylated gellan[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 1996, 30(2): 165-175. [15.] 李海军, 颜震, 朱希强, 等. 结冷胶的研究进展[J]. 食品与药品, 2006, 7(12A): 3-8.猜你喜欢： 1. 化学论文参考范文 2. 化学论文范文 3. 化学毕业论文范例 4. 化学毕业论文范文精选 5. 有关化学论文报告范文