数字中国论文

While China has for many uses adopted the Arabic numeral system familiar around the world, it also still uses its native Chinese character number system. The Chinese system is also a base-10 system, but has important differences in the way the numbers are represented. Chinese has characters for numbers 0 through 9, as seen above. In addition to the character shown above for zero, a simple circle is also used. Pronunciation for the characters uses the standard Romanization scheme in China called "pinyin". The number at the end of the pinyin indicates the tone. Eleven in Chinese is "ten one". Twelve is "ten two", and so on. Twenty is "Two ten", twenty-one is "two ten one" (2*10 + 1), and so on up to 99. One-hundred is "one hundred". One-hundred and one is "one hundred zero one". One hundred and eleven is "one hundred one ten one". Notice that for eleven alone, you only need "ten one" and not "one ten one", but when used in a larger number (such as 111), you must add the extra "one". One thousand and above is done in a similar fashion, where you say how many thousands you have, then how many hundreds, tens, and ones. An exception to this is for zeroes. When a zero occurs in the number (except at the end), you need to say "zero", but only once for two or more consecutive zeroes. So one-thousand and one would be "one thousand zero one", where zero stands in for the hundreds and tens places. Try different numbers in the converter above to practice and check on other numbers. What is different from American English is that when you get to ten-thousand, Chinese has its own word (wan4), unlike English where you must use a compound of ten and thousand. Only after ten thousand does Chinese start using compounds itself. One-hundred thousand is "one ten wan4" (where wan4 is the Chinese word for ten-thousand that English lacks). Chinese goes on like this until 100 million (yi4), where it introduces a new character. This happens every four decimal places, unlike American English where it happens every three decimal places (thousand, million, billion, trillion, etc. are all separated by three decimal places). Regular Chinese characters for numbers use relatively few strokes. The characters for one, two, and three are just one, two and three parallel horizontal strokes, respectively. To prevent fraud when writing checks and other cases where fraud is possible, Chinese also uses a series of more complex characters for the numbers. It is easy to change a "one" into a "two" in regular characters, but with the formal complex characters, this is impossible. See above for a listing of the equivalent formal characters. As in English, one can also abbreviate a number by just listing the digits with the tens, hundreds, thousands, etc. omitted (as the web counter below does). When talking about amounts, sometimes a variant of two is used in the hundred-million, ten-thousand, thousand, or hundreds place: (liang3). It is never used in the tens place. Sometimes when used as an amount it can also replace two alone. Shorthand characters also exist for twenty and thirty and are often used in newspapers, especially in dates. These are (nian4) for twenty and (sa4) for thirty. To express fractions and percents, Chinese uses the denominator followed by the two characters (fen1 zhi1, "parts of"), followed by the numerator. So two-thirds would be "three fen1zhi1 two". In the case of percents, you would say "hundred fen1zhi1 amount", . the way to say 63% is "hundred fen1zhi1 six ten three". When used in percents, just say hundred and not "one hundred".The decimal point is expressed with the character (dian3).

中国古代是一个在世界上数学领先的国家大约在3000年以前中国已经知道自然数的四则运算，这些运算只是一些结果，被保存在古代的文字和典籍中。乘除的运算规则在后来的“孙子算经”(公元三世纪)内有了详细的记载。中国古代是用筹来计数的，在我们古代人民的计数中，己利用了和我们现在相同的位率，用筹记数的方法是以纵的筹表示单位数、百位数、万位数等；用横的筹表示十位数、千位数等，在运算过程中也很明显的表现出来。“孙子算经”用十六字来表明它，“一从十横，百立千僵，千十相望，万百相当。” ，“孙子算经”(公元三世纪)和“夏候阳算经”(公元六、七世纪)在论分数之前都开始讲度量衡，“夏侯阳算经”卷上在叙述度量衡后又记着：“十乘加一等，百乘加二等，千乘加三等，万乘加四等；十除退一等，百除退二等，千除退三等，万除退四等。”这种以十的方幂来表示位率无疑地也是中国最早发现的。