人力资源管理论文英文文献

resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization's most valued assets - the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business.[1] The terms "human resource management" and "human resources" (HR) have largely replaced the term "personnel management" as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations.[1] Human Resource management is evolving rapidly. Human resource management is both an academic theory and a business practice that addresses the theoretical and practical techniques of managing a workforce.FeaturesIts features include:Personnel administration Personnel management Manpower management Industrial management[2][3] But these traditional expressions are becoming less common for the theoretical discipline. Sometimes even industrial relations and employee relations are confusingly listed as synonyms,[4] although these normally refer to the relationship between management and workers and the behavior of workers in companies.The theoretical discipline is based primarily on the assumption that employees are individuals with varying goals and needs, and as such should not be thought of as basic business resources, such as trucks and filing cabinets. The field takes a positive view of workers, assuming that virtually all wish to contribute to the enterprise productively, and that the main obstacles to their endeavors are lack of knowledge, insufficient training, and failures of process.HRM is seen by practitioners in the field as a more innovative view of workplace management than the traditional approach. Its techniques force the managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity so that they can be understood and undertaken by the workforce, and to provide the resources needed for them to successfully accomplish their assignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly practiced, are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the enterprise overall. HRM is also seen by many to have a key role in risk reduction within organisations.[5]Synonyms such as personnel management are often used in a more restricted sense to describe activities that are necessary in the recruiting of a workforce, providing its members with payroll and benefits, and administrating their work-life needs. So if we move to actual definitions, Torrington and Hall (1987) define personnel management as being:“a series of activities which: first enable working people and their employing organisations to agree about the objectives and nature of their working relationship and, secondly, ensures that the agreement is fulfilled" (p. 49).While Miller (1987) suggests that HRM relates to:".......those decisions and actions which concern the management of employees at all levels in the business and which are related to the implementation of strategies directed towards creating and sustaining competitive advantage" (p. 352).Academic theoryThe goal of human resource management is to help an organization to meet strategic goals by attracting, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The key word here perhaps is "fit", i.e. a HRM approach seeks to ensure a fit between the management of an organization's employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company (Miller, 1989).The basic premise of the academic theory of HRM is that humans are not machines, therefore we need to have an interdisciplinary examination of people in the workplace. Fields such as psychology, industrial engineering, industrial and organizational psychology, industrial relations, sociology, and critical theories: postmodernism, post-structuralism play a major role. Many colleges and universities offer bachelor and master degrees in Human Resources Management.One widely used scheme to describe the role of HRM, developed by Dave Ulrich, defines 4 fields for the HRM function:[6]Strategic business partner Change agent Employee champion Administration However, many HR functions these days struggle to get beyond the roles of administration and employee champion, and are seen rather as reactive than strategically proactive partners for the top management. In addition, HR organizations also have the difficulty in proving how their activities and processes add value to the company. Only in the recent years HR scholars and HR professionals are focusing to develop models that can measure if HR adds value.[7]Critical Academic TheoryPostmodernism plays an important part in Academic Theory and particularly in Critical Theory. Indeed Karen Legge in 'Human Resource Management: Rhetorics and Realities' possess the debate of whether HRM is a modernist project or a postmodern discourse (Legge 2004). In many ways, critically or not, many writers contend that HRM itself is an attempt to move away from the modernist traditions of personnel (man as machine) towards a postmodernist view of HRM (man as individuals). Critiques include the notion that because 'Human' is the subject we should recognize that people are complex and that it is only through various discourses that we understand the world. Man is not Machine, no matter what attempts are made to change it i.e. Fordism / Taylorism, McDonaldisation (Modernism).Critical Theory also questions whether HRM is the pursuit of "attitudinal shaping" (Wilkinson 1998), particularly when considering empowerment, or perhaps more precisely pseudo-empowerment - as the critical perspective notes. Many critics note the move away from Man as Machine is often in many ways, more a Linguistic (discursive) move away than a real attempt to recognise the Human in Human Resource Management.Critical Theory, in particular postmodernism (poststructualism), recognises that because the subject is people in the workplace, the subject is a complex one, and therefore simplistic notions of 'the best way' or a unitary perspectives on the subject are too simplistic. It also considers the complex subject of power, power games, and office politics. Power in the workplace is a vast and complex subject that cannot be easily defined. This leaves many critics to suggest that Management 'Gurus', consultants, 'best practice' and HR models are often overly simplistic, but in order to sell an idea, they are simplified, and often lead Management as a whole to fall into the trap of oversimplifying the relationship.Business practiceHuman resources management comprises several processes. Together they are supposed to achieve the above mentioned goal. These processes can be performed in an HR department, but some tasks can also be outsourced or performed by line-managers or other departments.Workforce planning Recruitment (sometimes separated into attraction and selection) Induction and Orientation Skills management Training and development Personnel administration Compensation in wage or salary Time management Travel management (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM) Payroll (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM) Employee benefits administration Personnel cost planning Performance appraisal CareersThe sort of careers available in HRM are varied. There are generalist HRM jobs such as human resource assistant. There are careers involved with employment, recruitment and placement and these are usually conducted by interviewers, EOE (Equal Opportunity Employment) specialists or college recruiters. Training and development specialism is often conducted by trainers and orientation specialists. Compensation and benefits tasks are handled by compensation analysts, salary administrators, and benefits administrators.Professional organizationsProfessional organizations in HRM include the Society for Human Resource Management, the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), the International Public Management Association for HR (IPMA-HR) and the International Personnel Management Association of Canada (IPMA-Canada).Management Association of Nepal [MAN]人力资源管理，是指为了完成管理工作中涉及人或人事方面的任务所进行的管理工作。人力资源管理工作包括：工作分析；制定人力需求计划以及人员招募；培训及开发；薪酬及福利管理、绩效评估；劳动关系管理等。人力资源管理愈来愈被重视。在经济发展成熟的体系下，人力资源管理必须配合以争取最佳的资源效益，若将不适当的人力配对不适当的职位，资源效益不但全无，或可能有损耗。现代经济讲求平衡及配合，提升管理效能和质素，就要人力资源配合以作平衡，个中的内容是设立人力资源架构框架，用最适合的人做最适合的工作。建立人力资源平台，作为沟通及搜集资讯渠道，将各方意见综合，舍短取长，以处理薪酬、福利等事宜。人力资源最重要是培训及发展，人力资源发展必须投资在培训方面，以发挥各阶层的人力资源潜能。发展简史在现实世界不同的国家人力资源的发展情况以及历史都不同。一般说来，人力资源的学术界发展经历了：人事管理（Personnel Management），人力资源管理（Human Resource Management）到现在新近兴起的人力资本管理（Human Capital Management）。其只要不同即在于公司和企业对待职员的理念的变化和发展。在人事管理阶段，人事经理们的工作是管理职工福利，以及和工会的法律程序方面。公司的上层管理部门将人事部门的各种活动以及公司职员皆看作公司的大笔纯支出，而尽可能的削减这部分的开支。公司对人事部的活动持不积极的支持态度。 在人力资源管理阶段，企业员工被看成企业的可以增值的资产而被发展以期充分利用潜能。人力资源部门充分利用职位分析，工作分析，职位概述，人员选择和招聘，员工培训等等活动来提高企业员工的效率，从而增加企业的管理和运营更加有效。当一个公司实行人力资源管理战略的时候，人力资源部门将被纳入公司战略计划的一个重要组成部分。公司的未来发展，市场拓展，新产品研发等等都要牵扯到人力资源部门的支持，协调与合作。人力资源被作为提高公司竞争力的战略手段而被重视。除此之外，人力资源管理就是协助公司去激励员工，透过一些物质上的满足和一些财务奖励，从而增加员工的对公司归属感、增加员工士气和减低对工作的不满等¨。有高昂的士气会使工作更加有效率和使工作更加顺利，最终公司和员工也各有得益。 在人力资本管理阶段，人力部门的基本职责仍与人力资源管理时期相似，但是企业员工不再被看作有发展潜力的资产，而是公司可以利用的资本。人力资源部门的各项活动被量化与公司的利润率挂钩，并且这也是衡量职工和各部门是否有效工作的主要手段。 主要职能人力资源管理的主要职能包括：人员招募；培训及开发；薪酬及福利管理。人员招募：人员招募又称为人员招聘。主要是基于组织（公司，政府，非盈利组织等）的近期及远期的业务需要，来制定人员需求的计划，并通过各种招聘手段来完成组织的人员需求。人员招募主要涉及人员规划，简历收集，选聘，录用及员工入职培训。培训及开发：培训及开发主要是通过一些培训及开发的技术及手段，提高员工的技能，以适应公司所处经营环境中的技术及知识的变化。主要的技术及手段有：培训 在岗培训 轮岗 员工继续教育计划 辅导，训导薪酬；福利管理：人力资源管理的内外部条件人力资源管理的外部条件劳动法规 劳动力市场 当地文化 人力资源管理的内部条件企业经营战略 国际化程度 人力资源部的组织设置有以下三种方式：职能型组织设置 人力规划 人力购得 培训与进修 工资和薪水 社会事业 对象型组织设置 技术类员工 管理类员工 领导层 受培训者 混合模式

1The Human Resources Management (HRM) function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing needs you have and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. Activities also include managing your approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. Usually small businesses (for-profit or nonprofit) have to carry out these activities themselves because they can't yet afford part- or full-time help. However, they should always ensure that employees have -- and are aware of -- personnel policies which conform to current regulations. These policies are often in the form of employee manuals, which all employees have.Note that some people distinguish a difference between between HRM (a major management activity) and HRD (Human Resource Development, a profession). Those people might include HRM in HRD, explaining that HRD includes the broader range of activities to develop personnel inside of organizations, including, eg, career development, training, organization development, etc.There is a long-standing argument about where HR-related functions should be organized into large organizations, eg, "should HR be in the Organization Development department or the other way around?"The HRM function and HRD profession have undergone tremendous change over the past 20-30 years. Many years ago, large organizations looked to the "Personnel Department," mostly to manage the paperwork around hiring and paying people. More recently, organizations consider the "HR Department" as playing a major role in staffing, training and helping to manage people so that people and the organization are performing at maximum capability in a highly fulfilling manner.2Professional AchievementsOrganizational Development-Change Management-Leadership DevelopmentDesigned organizational effectiveness human resources plan, for intra-departmental diversity practice integration.Result: Target increases in employee recruitment and retention, “diversity-sensitivity” within management and line employee ranks, productivity gains, employee matching to customer base.Design-Execution of management development program. Result: Improved leadership communications linked with business plan, increased productivity, litigation reduction.Developed guidelines for managing corporate change, to include staff and functional unit restructuring, shift abolishment, management “early-outs,” and HR systems refinements. Advisor on HRIS impacts, ERP transitional issues.Result: Ease of employee coping to corporate and business condition changes, staffing shifts, and HR system execution.Created and provided leadership to system-wide teams, processes, protocols for crisis management (critical incidents, terrorist event impacts, natural disasters), threat assessment, and work environment improvement (wei).Result: pioneering urban workforce crisis management model resulted in early identification outcomes leading to decreases in EEO complaints, grievances, workplace conflict, and litigation reduction. Outcome: state-of-the-art emergency preparedness.Leadership to senior and middle management business awareness and productivity enhancement committee: designed district-wide business goal awareness initiatives, using continuous messaging communications and graphics methods.Result: Increased teambuilding between craft and management, productivity gains of 15-20%, and business awareness.Strategic PlanningInitiated strategic training and consulting to private, public, governmental and military sectors in US, Canada, Bermuda, Europe and Australia. Developed and negotiated business proposals with federal, state, and local government leaders, private sector CEO's and HR directors, public and military sector officials. As part of follow-up service provision to HR consulting and training clients, provided strategic steps and best practices for local business adoption and further customization. Design and oversight of Employee Assistance Programs (EAP). Formed global business networks in key human resource and business arenas, created consultant relationships with governmental officials, provided training and consulting work products to these target groups. Designed and implemented internal corporate outplacement program for 3,000 executives and line staff. Result: Multiple business referrals from these businesses. Increase in teamwork and performance due to team building.Diversity ManagementDesigned organizational development plan integrating corporate diversity goals and metrics into business growth strategy for 10,000-urban employee private company.Result: Positive impacts on company culture, and employee satisfaction.Designed, executed, and communicated global diversity (metrics-based) plan for 7,000+-member association.Result: Re-branding from domestic to global organizational image. Plan included training, diversity dialogue focus groups, research, marketing and recruitment, and OD outcome-based strategy.High impacts on continued worldwide new member growth: international regional membership grew from 4 chapters in 26 countries to 10 chapters in 34 countries, going from 5% to 12% of total global membership over 7 years. Strongest association gains made in 12 years since inception of diversity director position.Conceptualized, implemented, and managed first global strategic diversity committee whose mission was to attract membership and drive diversity management efforts. Committee included delegates from all USA regions, UK, Canada, Bermuda, Trinidad, Thailand, and Australia.Result: Ongoing awareness of diversity business issues at Board, Chapter, and member levels. Committee membership grew from 0-25 with 5 target area subcommittees.Expert diversity trainer to global and domestic business audiences.Result: Improved cross-cultural understanding in leadership to “globalize” executives.WriterWrote and published global association magazine columns on corporate and association diversity best practices; 180-page training guide for industry leaders on crisis management and threat assessment; training curriculum for business audiences on teambuilding, change management, corporate diversity audits, and executive coaching; online web site text for HR small business in consulting and training; multiple newsletter and online articles for hr-related organizations and businesses on relevant HR topics (domestic partnership benefits and HR, diversity best practices, employee recruitment and retention); Corporate outplacement plan for executives and support staff; corporate polices and procedures, publicity and marketing materials for internal HR projects, and HR small business; Marketing brochures.Result: Provision of original product deliverables (hardcopy and online) for targeted business goal success.TrainerTrained business audiences for Fortune 500 companies: US Army Corps of Engineers; Town of Braintree, MA; Honeywell; General Electric; American Transtech (AT&T); Cigna and IBM. Groups ranged to 650 persons, from executive ranks, to middle management, employee and support staff. Training aimed at behavioral improvements, policy and protocol implementation, best practice adoption, and awareness building.Result: Reduced litigation exposure, increased effectiveness of service-product delivery, improved executive-management skills.3Strategic Human Resources ManagementCertificate ID: ILRSHRC1Become an HR leader by influencing organizational leaders and aligning HR strategy. Use diversity and inclusion to increase profits, develop a talent management culture, and engage employees.DescriptionThe development and execution of a human resources strategy that is aligned with organizational goals and matched to an organization's competencies delivers tangible outcomes for an organization's people, customers, and shareholders. Such a strategy requires transforming HR from a "business partner" to a "business leader." As a leader, HR plays a significant role, not only in human-capital development, but in how human capital can contribute to the execution of organizational and business strategies. This certificate program from Cornell University's School of Industrial and Labor Relations develops the leadership competencies required make this transformation.The courses in this series focus on several drivers for transforming HR into a world-class function: the HR leader's influence on strategy and organizational leaders, alignment of HR strategy, using diversity and inclusion to achieve bottom-line results, developing a talent-management culture, strategies for employee engagement, and using metrics to measure impact on business outcomes. Each course explores a topic in depth, with particular emphasis on the role of the HR leader, industry best practices, and short projects that emphasize the application to your particular organization.Effective HR leaders look beyond managing the HR function. They don't stop at building the talent pool of the organization; they operate at the most senior levels and play a strategic role in the organization. They influence the strategic planning process to ensure alignment with the goals and values of the organization, while managing the process to ensure superior outcomes.This course is based on the research and industry expertise of Patrick M. Wright, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Center for Advanced Human Resources Studies (CAHRS) at Cornell University. It introduces Dr. Wright's SELF Model of Human Resources Leadership that defines the leadership and influencing competencies needed to balance the tradeoffs present in the formation of organizational strategy. The SELF Model focuses on HR's role in guiding strategy development to ensure that it will result in the expected Strategic, Ethical, Legal, and Financial outcomes for an organization. This course also introduces the Human Frailties framework, a tool for managing the interpersonal dynamics at the most senior levels of the organization in order to produce the most positive results.A thorough understanding of your organization's value creation model and ability to develop competencies through processes, technology, and people are essential to ensuring that the HR organization is aligned vertically and horizontally to produce superior results. With this understanding, HR will be able to articulate how it can improve processes, people and customer outcomes, and financial results.This course, based on the research and expertise of Christoper Collins, Ph.D., Associate Professor and Director of Executive Education for Cornell University's School of Industrial and Labor Relations, develops the skills needed to assess how organizations create value and to align the HR function to execute the organization's strategy. Participants analyze the Balanced Scorecard approach as a means of vertically aligning the HR system with organizational objectives. They learn how to create a vertical-alignment strategy and use it to improve HR decision-making, people outcomes, processes, customer outcomes, and financial results. And they learn the skills required to plan and assess horizontal alignment of HR systems and practices. Finally, the course discusses best practices related to workforce partitioning, performance variability, value identification, and employee impact.The management of diversity and inclusion has evolved from handling day-to-day compliance issues to leveraging diversity for competitive advantage. Organizations that no longer see diversity as a legal or moral requirement, but as a competitive advantage, have an opportunity to improve performance at the financial, employee, customer, and community levels.Diversity and inclusion practices must be embedded in an organizational culture to make a positive impact on performance. This course summarizes the evolution of diversity and inclusion management; outlines key management practices for improving performance, contextualizes diversity in terms of current challenges, and provides direct linkages between diversity and the bottom line at the organizational and functional levels.Dr. Roberson's model of strategic approaches to diversity and inclusion provides a comprehensive toolkit for strategic diversity management, implementing next generation high-involvement practices, and ensuring stakeholder alignment with strategic objectives. The linkage between bottom-line performance and diversity is explored through the varying lenses of legal outcomes, customer and employee outcomes, and business metric improvements. In addition to measuring diversity's impact, and being able to create a diversity dashboard, learners discuss the future of diversity and inclusion and the complex relationships between diversity and organizational reputation, business practices, strategic capabilities, and financial performance.As the existing "war for talent" intensifies and becomes increasingly global, organizations must develop strong talent-management practices that are tightly aligned with business strategy. Successful organizations build talent management cultures to take advantage of their human capital. They focus on attracting top talent, identifying and developing future leaders, and retaining the best prospects in the high-potential talent pool.This course focuses on developing a strategic approach to managing core talent. Such an approach begins with the development of an employment brand in order to attract the best talent to the organization, promote the organization as a preferred employer, and produce superior recruiting outcomes. Organizations must then identify and implement an integrated marketing and communication strategy to build brand awareness. The complexity of managing employee retention and engagement includes understanding the root causes of talent-retention problems. The course identifies practices and solutions for increasing the likelihood of top talent remaining with the organization and becoming its future leaders.HR leaders have the ability to drive business performance by defining, designing, developing, and delivering competitive advantage through people. A key component of their ability to do so is a solid understanding of the organization's business drivers and a demonstrable competence in matching human capital to strategic initiatives. Metrics enable HR to demonstrate its competence in terms of its business literacy and adopt a data-driven approach to management and leadership.This course focuses on identifying and developing key measures of HR's impact on business outcomes. It distinguishes between business metrics and HR metrics and relates them in terms of how to measure and communicate HR's value. Metrics must support the organization's business model. This course provides models for matching metrics to organizational outcomes and developing business-based metrics including the use of the balanced scorecard tied to financial, customer, process, and people outcomes. This course also provides frameworks for categorizing and analyzing metrics according the business value they measure, analyzing HR metrics, and building a model to link metrics to organizational goals and priorities.Employee engagement can be broadly defined as employees consistently acting in the best interests of the organization. Linked to critical outcomes including absenteeism, turnover, customer satisfaction, operational performance, and financial performance, employee engagement is a vital driver of an organization’s bottom-line performance.This course focuses not only on why employee engagement is important and valuable, but also on how to foster and measure employee engagement and link it to key organizational metrics and outcomes. It examines the business case to pursue employee engagement as a strategic initiative and evolve beyond the transactional approach of traditional employee relations to a strategic approach focusing on relationship-oriented and emotional measurements of employee commitment. It also develops the competencies necessary to build employee engagement in your organization, the risks involved, and the implications for the HR professional in adopting this approach. This course is based on the research of Cornell ILR School Professors Patrick M. Wright, Director of the Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, and Christopher J. Collins, Director of Executive Education.