交互性装置的论文题目

引用网页： is an interactive reading model? by Ken Boothe Leah B. Walter Introduction An interactive reading model attempts to combine the valid insights of bottom-up and top-down models. It attempts to take into account the strong points of the bottom-up and top-down models, and tries to avoid the criticisms leveled against each, making it one of the most promising approaches to the theory of reading today. (McCormick, T. 1988) Definition An interactive reading model is a reading model that recognizes the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes simultaneously throughout the reading process. Proponents Here are some proponents of the interactive reading model: Rumelhart, D. 1985 Barr, Sadow, and Blachowicz 1990 Ruddell and Speaker 1985 Discussion Here are the views of some researchers about the interactive reading model: Emerald Dechant: The interactive model suggests that the reader constructs meaning by the selective use of information from all sources of meaning (graphemic, phonemic, morphemic, syntax, semantics) without adherence to any one set order. The reader simultaneously uses all levels of processing even though one source of meaning can be primary at a given time. (Dechant 1991) Kenneth Goodman: An interactive model is one which uses print as input and has meaning as output. But the reader provides input, too, and the reader, interacting with the text, is selective in using just as little of the cues from text as necessary to construct meaning. (Goodman, K. 1981) David E. Rumelhart: Reading is at once a perceptual and a cognitive process. It is a process which bridges and blurs these two traditional distinctions. Moreover, a skilled reader must be able to make use of sensory, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic information to accomplish the task. These various sources of information appear to interact in many complex ways during the process of reading (Rumelhart, D. 1985). Examples The distinction between reading methodologies which are classified as whole-language (top-down) in contrast to interactive is not always clear. Here are some examples, though, of instructional programs that incorporate the interactive reading model: The Multistrategy method with its workbook track and storybook track is a fairly clear-cut example of a methodology which attempts to focus on all levels of the reading hierarchy. See: The Multistrategy instructional program Another method which is traditionally labeled as bottom-up but does have components which attempt to guide the reader through all levels of the reading hierarchy is the Gudschinsky method. See: The Gudschinsky instructional program An interactive whole language instructional program developed by SIL in Papua New Guinea focuses on using whole texts to teach reading. These texts are reproduced in primers, story books, or Big books. Various reading activities are constructed around the texts. Lessons include the systematic teaching of phonics or syllables. If primers are constructed, their lessons link with the story in focus. See: The interactive instructional program See also What is a bottom-up reading model? What is a top-down reading model? Sources Dechant 1991 McCormick, T. 1988 Rumelhart, D. 1985 Context for this page: Concept module: interactive reading model, by Ken Boothe and Leah B. Walter In overview module: Glossary (Literacy): I In modular book: Glossary of literacy terms In document collection: Reference materials In bookshelf: Literacy This page is an extract from the LinguaLinks Library, Version 4.0, published on CD-ROM by SIL International, 1999. [Ordering information.] Page content last modified: 16 September 1999