与双标有关论文参考文献

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Am J Physiol, 1993; 264: E70623Davies P SW, Gregory J, White A. Energy expenditure in childrenaged 1. 5 to 4. 5 years : a comparis on with current recommendati onsfor energy intake . Eur o J Clin Nutr, 1995; 49: 36024LivingstoneM B E, CowardW A, Prentice A M, et al . Daily energy expenditure in free-living children: comparis on of heart ratemonit oring with doubly labeled water (2H218O ) method . Am J Clin Nutr, 1992; 56: 34325J iang Z Q, Yan Q, Su Y X. Energy expenditure of Chinese infants in Guangdong Province, s outh China, determined with use of the doubly labeled water method . Am J Clin Nutr, 1998; 67:1256—126426王京钟,王筱桂. 双标记水法测量 54例 4和 6月龄婴儿体成分. 卫生研究, 2003; 32 (5) : 487—48927Weinsier R L, Hunter G R, Desmond R A, et al . Free2living activity energy expenditure in women successful and unsuccessful atmaintaining a normal bodyweight . Am J Clin Nutr, 2002; 75: 499—50428Ades P A, Savage P D, Brochu M, et al . Resistance training increases total daily energy expenditure in disabled older women with coronary heart disease . J App l Physiol , 2005; 98: 1280—128529Westerter p K R, SarisW H, EsM V, et al . Use of the doubly labeled water technique in human during heavy sustained exercise . J App l Physi ol, 1986; 61: 2161—216730Branth S, Hambraeus L, Westerterp K, et al . Energy turnover in a sailing crew during off2shore racing around the world . Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1996; 28: 1272—127631Pulfrey SM, Jones P J . Energy expenditure and requirement while climbing above 6 000 m. J App l Physi ol, 1996; 81: 1306—131132Trappe T A, GastaldelliA, JozsiA C, et al . Energy expenditure of s wimmers during high volume training . Med Sci Sports Exerc,1997; 9 (7) : 950—95433Ebine N, Rafamantanants oa H H, Nayuki Y, et al . Measurement of total energy expenditure by the doubly labeled water method in professional s occer p layers . J Sports Sci, 2002; 20 (5) : 391—39734冯建英,陈吉棣,刘晓鹏,等. 儿童体操运动员的能量消耗. 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Comparis on of energy expenditure estimates fr om doubly labeled water, a physical activity questi onnaire, and physical activity records . Am J Clin Nutr, 2002;75: 519—52541刘爱玲,李艳平,宋 军,等. 加速度计对成人日常体力活动测量效度的研究. 中华流行病学杂志. , 2005; 26 (3) : 197—20042葛可佑. 中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量. 北京:中国轻工业出版社, 2000 : 33—3443FAO /WHO /UNU. Energy and Protein Requirements . WHO Technical Report Series 724. Geneva: WHO, 1985: 71—9844王陇德. 中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告之一. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2005 : 18—3345Black A E, Coward J T, Cole T J, et al . Human energy expenditure in affluent s ocieties : an analysis of 574 doubly labeled water measurements . Eur J Clin Nutr, 1996; 50: 72—9246Davis P SW. Energy requirements for growth and development in infancy . Am J Clin Nut, 1998; 68: 939—94347Bandini L G, Cyr H, MustA, et al . Validity of reported energy intake in p readolescent girls . Am J Clin Nutr , 1997; 65: 1138—114148BrattebyL E, Sandhagen B, Fan H, et al . 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一、缺乏应有的文献综述有些学位论文没有文献综述，作者却说，他写的题目找不到相关文献或没有相关文献。其解释有两种可能: 一是作者认为前所未有才是创新，甚至个别的还误以为写上“填补空白”、“没有同类文献”等词句可以提高文章的价值，这显然是一种误区; 二是作者未下功夫去查阅和学习前人已做的工作而企图走捷径，实际上，“欲速则不达”，一篇没有好的文献综述的学位论文，一般来说很难有创新。二、文献综述没有紧扣主题有相当一部分学位论文评述的并不是对特定专题做出贡献的文献综述，没有紧扣主题，没有围绕论文的主题来筛选文献，而是四面出击，回顾了与专题相关的整个领域的发展，导致文献综述部分漫无边界，冗长而不能给论文的价值“添分”，以致综述部分反映不出论文的特色，同一篇文献综述似乎可以在多篇学位论文中相互套用。同时，容易导致写作上的随意性，甚至为了追求篇幅，就在文献综述部分增添内容，以至于文献回顾曲曲折折占用不少篇幅，而真正进入正题的文字却不多，说明作者并没有理解文献综述的定位和作用。三、简单罗列堆砌文献有些学位论文文献综述写作上存在简单罗列的问题，综述部分仅简单地列示出A 说、B 说、C 说、D 说等，然后就无下文了。从这种文献综述当中看不出作者所依据文献演进的内在逻辑，作者也没有依据文献综述清晰地推导出研究问题，文献综述变成作者的读书心得清单和资料汇编，变成相关学术研究的简单堆砌，表面上看洋洋洒洒，而实际上作用有限，读者既看不到“问题的来龙去脉”，也看不到“证明的来龙去脉”。四、文献综述缺乏权威性有些文献综述不是系统化地回顾现有的研究文献，找出适合研究的主题，而是有选择性地探讨现有文献，特别是遗漏一些权威性和经典性的文献，缺乏权威性和学术性，给人的感觉就是作者没有认真研读过真正有价值的文献，不熟悉所研究领域的理论背景和研究进展，对文献的掌握和理解不到位。五、文献综述与背景描述相混淆有些学位论文将“文献综述”和“背景描述”等同起来，研究生在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和政策法规，如研究中国军人工资制度时，需要收集整理“中国军人工资制度的发展历程”、“中国军人工资制度的政策和规定”等资料，但这些内容属于“背景描述”。由于研究关注的是现实层面的问题，因此严格讲，资料本身不是“文献综述”，真正的“文献综述”应该是对学术观点和理论方法的梳理和评论。六、文献综述只述不评有些学位论文文献综述仅仅局限于对已有文献的简单重复和一般性介绍，缺乏作者自己的观点和见解，缺乏对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论，难以体现自己的研究贡献。特别是对有较多学术争议的研究主题，或发现现有的研究结论互相矛盾时，有些学位论文避重就轻，轻易放弃研究“批判”的权利，而实际上，这些不协调或者冲突是很有价值的，正是研究的可能创新之处。

最好按国标GB-7714格式处理，这是全国通用格式。

一篇文章的引用参考部分包括注释和参考文献两部分，注释是作者自己的解释（转引的参考文献也可以放在注释里），参考文献仅需列出参考书或论文的名称、作者、出版社或发表的期刊、著作时间或期刊期数等。注释用圆圈1 2标注，放脚注，参考文献用[1][2]标注，放尾注。有的刊物要求注释和参考文献都要在内文标注，有的刊物对参考文献不要求内文标注，在尾注列出就行。按最新的CNKI规范的要求应是前者。为保险起见，你还是都标吧。注：参考文献如是著作要标页码，论文只要标出期刊是第几期。例：参考文献：[1]金福海.论建立我国的惩罚性赔偿制度[J].中国法学,1994,(3).[2]杨立新.“王海现象”的民法思考——论消费者权益保护中的惩罚性赔偿金[J].河北法学, 1997,(5).[3]金福海.消费者法论[M].北京:北京大学出版社，2005:251.[4]闫玮.完善我国<消费者权益保护法>中的惩罚性赔偿制度[J].太原师范学院学报,2007,(1).[5]梁慧星.<消费者权益保护法>第49条的解释适用[J].民商法论丛,2001,(3).[6]王堃.论我国<消费者权益保护法>中的惩罚性赔偿[J].现代商业,194.[7]梁慧星.关于<消费者权益保护法>第49条的解释适用[N].人民法院报,2001-3-29.[8]孔祥俊.公平交易执法前沿问题研究[M].北京:工商出版社,1998:219.