有很多的同学在写英语 作文 的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，我整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.
【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春，这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点，那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家，恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图，他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的，存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的，真正的青春是关于学习，至少，大部分人是如此努力的学习，为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春，对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导，对于青少年来说，他们的工作是学习，这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先，培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始，我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕，只留英文。渐渐地，我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次，背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三，完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法，我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此，尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸，因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often
An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.
Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说，时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么？因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱，但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由，我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。
欧洲建筑是分布在欧洲的古代建筑的统称。下文是我为大家整理的关于欧洲西方建筑文化论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
论西方建筑中的解构主义
摘要：解构主义是对正统原则和正统标准进行批判性地继承与发展，所谓的正统原则和正统标准就是现代主义、国际主义的原则与标准。解构主义形式的实质是对于结构主义的破坏、分解与重组，因此，它具有很大的随意性和个人性的特征。作为后现代景观之一的“解构主义”思潮对文学、哲学、政治都产生了不可估量的重要影响。
关键词：解构主义;正统;创新
一、解构主义的起源
解构主义哲学主要是以人文哲学为背景而产生的，其作为一种设计风格的探索兴起于20世纪80年代，但是它的哲学渊源则可以追溯到20世纪60年代，而解构主义的直接来源是法国哲学家雅克・德里达不满于贯穿西方几千年来的哲学思想，基于对语言学中的结构主义的批判而提出了“解构主义”的理论，对于那种传统的亘古不变的哲学信念发起的挑战，1967年以《文字与差异》、《论文字学》、《语音与现象》这三部书的出版正式宣告解构主义的诞生。
雅克・德里达以人的永恒参与为由，认为书写语言使符号呈现出难以抹灭的物质铭刻，认为作品的意义是多样化的、无止尽的、模糊的。同时，他强调符号不能使概念有意义，认为语言是一种开放的、变异的、无中心含义的结构状态。他还认为建筑的目的是控制整个社会的沟通与交流。因此，反对现代主义建筑的垄断地位，反对现代主义的权威地位，反对把现代建筑和传统建筑对立起来的二元对抗方式。总而言之，可以看出解构主义的特点就是反中心、反权威、反二元对抗、反非黑即白的理论。
二、什么是解构主义
解构主义实质上是对于结构的破坏、分解与重组，是对正统原则和正统标准的批判、继承和发展。按照解构主义理论，可以运用科学的符号学原理来分析图像，并且分别说明其视觉的、文化的、以及语言的意义，这一分析过程称之为解码。解构主义的设计师们的共同点是赋予设计艺术作品各种各样的形态，运用相贯、偏心、反转、回转等手法，使其作品具有不安定且富有运动感形态的倾向。解构主义风格的设计作品大都具有无绝对权威、个人的、非中心的、恒变的、没有预定设计、多元化的、非同一化的、破碎的、凌乱模糊等特点。大多数的作品看似凌乱无章，而实质有内在的结构因素和总体考虑的高度理性化特点。
三、建筑上的解构主义浪潮
二十世纪是各种风格与各种主义百家争鸣的时期，这一时期产生比以往更多的设计风格和流派，集中地反应了各种流派设计思潮对建筑观念的挑战与探索，同时，造就了一代又一代的杰出天才建筑设计师。在解构哲学的发展影响波及到建筑后，越来越多的表现在建筑上，建筑理论家将解构主义理论引入建筑理论，这一理论解放了设计者被传统的结构主义完整性的约束，设计手法越来越让人耳目一新，其代表人物如弗兰克・盖里、伯纳德・屈米、彼得・埃森曼等。解构是文化的重构者，建筑元素的交叉、重叠和碰撞成为设计的整合过程和结果。虽然形态表面似乎呈现某种无序状态，但是其内部的逻辑及思辨过程却是清晰统一的。解构主义建筑实践过程追寻各种各样的手法，创造出同经典建筑模式完全相反的充满矛盾、冲突、变异乃至怪诞的建筑形态，但是建筑理论家们将这些建筑师统称为解构主义建筑师，而这支流派则被命名为“解构主义”流派。
被认为是世界上第一位解构主义建筑设计家弗兰克・盖里在他的设计中就采用了解构主义方式，即把完整的现代主义、结构主义建筑整体破坏处理，然后重新组合，形成破碎的空间和形态。盖里的作品相当独特，极具个性，他通常使用多角平面、倾斜的结构、倒转的形式以及多种物质形式并将视觉效应与用到图样中去。他1978年设计的位于洛杉矶自己的寓所，使用了包括金属瓦楞板、铁丝网的色彩鲜艳的工业材料，是最早的解构主义作品之一。1998年弗兰克・盖里设计和建造完成的所罗门・古根海姆博物馆，集中了他后期解构主义的思想，整个建筑在河边，采用了弯曲、扭曲、变形、有机状、各种材料混合拼用等手法。
20世纪80年代，建筑理论家伯纳德・屈米、彼得・埃森曼与德里达开始有所接触并相互影响。屈米把德里达的解构主义理论引入建筑理论，他认为应该把许多存在的现代和传统的建筑因素重新构建，利用更加宽容的、自由的、多元化的方式来建造新的建筑理论框架。伯纳德・屈米的作品重新定义建筑在实现个人和政治自由中的角色。自20世纪70年代起，屈米就声称建筑形式与发生在建筑中的事件没有固定的联系，他的作品强调建立层次模糊、不明确的空间。在屈米的理念中，建筑的角色不是表达现存的社会结构而是作为一个质疑和校订的工具存在。
还有我们所熟知的央视大楼是典型的解构主义建筑，同时也是最受争议的建筑之一。它是由荷兰著名建筑师雷姆・库哈斯设计的。库哈斯认为，在摩天大楼的设计中“大多数只是按照预先的方式进行布置，在其中进行的只是惯常的活动”他觉察到摩天大楼的创造模式已成为定式，应该有新的创作逻辑与思路，同时，在对于高层建筑的高度问题上，他认为不必“参与对终极高度的无谓竞争”，而是建造“具有象征意义的建筑群”。
四、解构主义建筑的发展及问题
总的来说，现在的解构主义具有无规则、残缺、突变、矛盾、独特的特点，打破传统颠倒传统元素，然后重组一种新的风格，这种模式顺应了现代人们不断追求创新，追求标新立异，追求释放自我的时代。虽然其在声势上很大，在建筑设计探索之路上具有很大的影响。但是解构主义本身存在着一系列的问题。解构主义建筑理论试图从建筑语言上重组建筑，实现建筑意义的真实表达，虽然实现了反正规传统和正规标准的建筑模式，但是同时造就了光怪陆离的建筑景观和对解构主义的错误认识。从为数不多的优秀作品中可以看出解构主义建筑是现代主义风格之外的一种理性风格，从某种层面上来说，解构主义建筑作品对现代主义建筑形成了很大的冲击。但是由于解构主义本身的一些问题以及人们的错误理解，比如：结构过于复杂、工程造价昂贵增加工程技术的难度以及形式的破碎与城市现有的形态显得格格不入，无法成为城市的有机组成部分。“解构主义”这个词，在国内很是时髦，被看成是后现代的核心思想，人们将其理解为“破坏”，意思是要拆除一切既定的原有的结构或者模式，实则不然，解构主义不仅仅是在破坏同时也在建造着。或许荷兰建筑师雷姆・库哈斯为我国设计的央视大楼引起广大人们的关注并将成为解构主义建筑在新世纪的一个里程碑性的建筑。打破了传统摩天大楼的呆板布局，给大家耳目一新的感觉。但是这次设计造价也相当惊人，像这样的建筑是否真的具有现实意义?当然从建筑学角度分析，它的确是建筑形式上的大突破，具有很大的进步意义。
五、结语
综上所述，虽然解构主义自身存在一些缺陷和争议，但是，解构主义是在现代主义面临危机，而后现代主义又被人们所厌恶之时，作为一个后现代时期的设计探索形式之一而产生的。在建筑理论方面，它敢于打破正规传统和正规标准，使建筑设计师门从传统的建筑模式中释放出来，对新世纪的建筑发展起着很大的促进作用。
参考文献：
[1]王受之，世界现代建筑史|M|.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，
[2]李辰琦，张伶领.“杂乱”中的“动态有序”――解构主义建筑的动态秩序|J|.建筑师，2004
[3]C詹克斯 什么是后现代主义|M|.李大夏，译.天津科学技术出版社，1996
[4]徐津 建筑的解构与解构的建筑――思想及作品解析|D|天津大学博士论文，2002
浅谈西方建筑文化对中国建筑的影响
【摘 要】 随着历史不断地向前推移，在中西文化不断地摩擦和冲击过程中，中国的建筑文化受西方建筑的影响比较严重。现阶段，中国建筑在处理本土和外来建筑文化问题上出现很多缺陷，不但使许多地区的本土特色受到了极大的冲击，而且严重影响了我国文化的传承与发展。本文简要介绍了我国建筑文化的发展历程，讲述了中国建筑如何受到西方建筑文化的影响，最后针对我国建筑文化的发展提出了几点建议。在如今中西文化相互融合的时代，处理好继承传统文化、借鉴外来文化与创新时代文化三者的关系意义重大。
【关键词】 中西结合、建筑、传承与融合
一、中国建筑文化的发展
放眼中国几千年的建筑文化发展历程可以发现，中国的建筑文化基本上是呈现一个相对保守的态势，几乎是没什么变化和突破，好坏之分也只能从建筑的用料和做工质量来分辨，在文化内涵的表现形式上并没有什么区别。虽然经历了无数朝代的更迭和社会的变革甚至民族的分裂与融合，但由于我国社会制度仍然没有打破封建社会的桎梏，所以整个社会从上到下的建筑风格和文化并没有发生很大的变动。封建制度是中国建筑文化的基础，封建皇权的统治使人民无力反抗，甚至有人认为封建制度永远不会灭亡，所以，中国的建筑文化作为一种传统文化在数千年的继承与传承下渐渐达到了顶峰。即使如此，中国早在近代之前也存在过西方风格的建筑，但是数量和规模都受到了统治阶级的限制，比如其中具有代表意义的圆明园中长春园的海晏堂，这个建筑是由意大利人郎世宁为代表的多人共同设计而成，是典型的意大利巴洛克风格，但这个建筑仍然不是完全意义上的西式风格，因为建筑材料和许多装饰花纹都是使用的琉璃瓦等中国特色材料。所以，中国封建社会这段时期内的西方风格建筑并没有在中国得到发展，相反却受到了中国建筑文化的影响，造就了不少中西合璧的建筑风格。
中国的建筑文化出现变革的分水岭大约在改革开放前后。封建统治时期的城市建筑以皇城宫殿、贵族官邸、封建园林、宗教寺庙以及君王陵墓为主，这些造就了中国建筑文化的精华，是中国几千年人民智慧的结晶。可以发现，我国古代的建筑是按照一种辐射式的铺设方式，以某一个重大建筑为中心，向四周蔓延的结构形式。很明显，这种建筑风格是为了维护集权式的政治体制，为了方便统治者对周围事物的管理。除了这种城市建筑的功能性需求，这种辐射式的结构也体现了人民对对幸福生活的向往。比如，人们会围绕宗教寺庙、家族宗祠或是官府居住，这样不但可以就近祈福、朝圣，而且还可以获得更加平静的生活。
而改革开放之后，我国的建筑文化已经发生了天翻地覆的变换，随着世界经济的迅速发展，我国也迈入了以经济建设为中心的经济高速发展社会，城市建筑的铺设机构也由原来的辐射式变成了分散式。即使在大型城市，也很难见到巨型的建筑群，无论是政府、企业或是交通枢纽，已经开始向城市的边缘迁移。这样，城市建筑的文化表现力开始由原先的核心建筑群向普通的建筑转移，单体建筑越来越凸显自我，从造型、结构到色彩内容都开始丰富起来。城市建筑群众的标志性建筑越来越多，新式建筑的兴起也越来越频繁，这些都是社会制度和社会文化变更的直接体现，中国已经完全摆脱封建社会为了统治阶级的自身利益而延续下来的建筑群结构，进入了当前城邦集中式建筑与农村散点式建筑相结合的新型建筑群结构。
二、西方建筑文化对我国建筑的影响
西方各种各样的文化开始进入中国是在第一次鸦片战争之后，这次战争打开了中国的国门，中国的传统建筑文化也开始受到西方文化的影响。中国的传统建筑文化讲究的是“中和”和“中庸”，这与西方建筑自由和开放的审美观形成了强烈的对比和冲击。而第一次鸦片战争失败之后，我国更是越来越受到西方近代工业文明的与先进科学和技术的影响，于是，我国的传统建筑文化开始与西方建筑文化相融合，并且开始转型为更加符合时代要求的新式建筑。
中西建筑文化强烈的冲击从鸦片战争一直持续到19世纪20年代。在这期间，西方风格的建筑在中国发展较快，但在中国广阔的疆域中仍属于稀奇建筑。由于我国当时经济和社会的落后，以及帝国主义的入侵，这段时间兴建的建筑大多受到外国人的控制，由为西方设计，中国人施工。主要表现为：
1、办公类。中国最早的办公类西方建筑要属传播西方教义的教堂，这类建筑带有极强的西方文化特色，但是精神的寄托并不是西方列强所需要的。为了追求更多剩余价值和物质利益，西方列强开始兴建与洋务运动相关的办公类建筑。众所周知，我国最早的办公建筑就是封建时期的政府官员审案办案的衙门，这些建筑都形似目前老北京的四合院，中间的大院四周是平房型建筑，具有非常浓厚的中国建筑文化风味。中西文化冲击后，受到国外建筑文化的影响，我国也开始修建多层的楼房与大院相结合的办公类建筑，高层楼房属于西方风格，而大院式的格局则带有中国风味，这种建筑则属于中西建筑文化相结合的产物。
2、住宅类。住宅类的建筑变化比较明显的就是上海的里弄式建筑，它最早起源于欧洲联排式的木板式建筑，由于木材容易着火发生火灾，1870年上海里弄建筑基本都变成了石库门住宅。这些建筑在总体的排列方式上是欧洲的早期联排式，但是每一个建筑的平面结构则是中国北方传统的四合院结构，但是在细节和装饰方面又具有南方传统特色。这种借鉴了欧洲风格的新式石库门建筑，整体建材使用了石头和砖料，具有更加丰富的欧洲风格的铁门和装饰，最大的变化就是阳台的添加。我们熟知的中国共产党第一次全国代表大会的召开地点兴业路76号石库门就是一处当时最典型的中西结合的石库门建筑。
在很长一段时间内，中西方建筑文化的交流如同交响乐一般，不同音调和旋律此起彼伏，中国建筑文化在传承发扬本土特色的同时，受到了非常强烈的西方建筑文化的影响。
三、我国建筑的发展前景
我国建筑文化的发展还有很长的路要走，每一种风格的建筑都是上百年甚至几千年的沉淀才能延续下来，而且受到各种各样的因素影响和制约。因此，在分析了中外建筑文化差异和冲击的基础上，对我国建筑的发展进行了以下几个方面的思考：
首先，建筑文化必须传承和延续本土的特色文化，中国的城市建筑文化具有几千的辉煌历史，更应该充分的体现出来。现阶段我国大多数城市缺乏这种突出本土建筑文化特色的政策，许多地区由于受到外来建筑文化的影响和冲击，已经开始逐渐丧失本土民族特色。我国建筑文化的“本土性”和“国际性”分辨不够清晰，开发商也受到外来建筑设计开放性的影响，盲目的追求外来建筑文化。所以，城市建筑在学习借鉴国外优良特质的同时必须追求本土特色。
其次，一座城市的文化的表现首当其冲的就是当地的建筑文化，城市建筑的风格与特质也反映出城市人民的素质和价值取向。建筑文化的发展是城市多方面共同作用的产物，比如地理位置、历史背景、风土人情、气候变化，宗教信仰、风俗习惯、政治特色等。所以，每一座建筑的兴起必须讲求物质功能的完善、科学技术的先进，最重要的是丰富的文化内涵。
总结
在西方建筑文化面前，我们一定要提高警惕，在积极、主动的学习其精髓的同时，一定要摒弃照搬照抄的做法，对外来的文化要有针对性的加以利用，而非全盘推行。最重要的是保证本土建筑文化特色可以继续传承下去，结合西方先进的设计理念的基础上鼓励创新。中国的建筑需要新的一代人进行传承和发扬，走出现阶段我国建筑文化低沉期，走向一片新的光明。
参考文献
[1] 曹叶成.浅析西方建筑文化对现代中国传统建筑文化的影响[J].城市建设理论研究(电子版).2012，(14).23-25
[2] 季富政.浸染――也谈西方建筑文化对中国的影响[J].建筑与文化.2011，(12).38-39
建筑毕业论文3000字篇4 浅谈建筑工程进度影响因素及其控制措施 一、建筑工程进度的影响因素 (一)自然环境因素 建筑施工过程中，自然环境的影响不可忽略，因为处于不同的地区，气候和水文有极大的差别，而不同的地质和地貌也会给施工进程带来不同的阻碍，周围环境的影响也要考虑在施工过程中，若建筑工程开设在崎岖的山路或交通不便的山里时，地形复杂，施工的地方狭隘，建筑材料供应困难，要是碰到比较恶劣的天气，施工的安全性也会受到考验，施工的困难也大大增加，从而影响了整个施工进程。 (二)施工资源因素 为了确保工程的质量，施工资源必须得到有力的支持，首先要做到资金的及时到位，没有资金的支撑，建筑工程中的机械设备、建筑材料的购买都会遇到各种各样的问题，而建筑材料又是建筑工程完美实施的基础，有些企业为了谋取更大的利益，而在建筑工程上偷工减料，采用劣质的材料来完成施工，但却无法满足施工过程的要求，极易出现质量问题，而质量不过关，则建筑工程又要重新进行维修或者返修，从发展的眼光看，不仅延误了工程进度，还使得资源白白浪费了许多，从而使得整个工程的成本增加。 (三)施工技术因素 进行一项完整的工程前，往往要进性提前的安排和规划，而在施工过程中，各种自然条件的变化使得工程的具体落实不一定是按照原先的计划来进行，若之前的施工计划安排不合理，在后期的进程中就应做出相应的调整，而现阶段大多数建筑队伍对进度调节的能力有限，大多数情况下施工方案赶不上施工进度。另外，施工工程中若采用高新的技术和设备也会很难控制施工的进程。 (四)施工人员因素 施工人员是影响是施工进程的关键因素，一项庞大的建筑过程涉及的内容众多，且施工现场人员的数量也很多，施工的具体实施情况也无法一个一个仔细地检查，工作人员的施工技术和自身能力以及道德素质都直接关系到整个施工的进程，所以要对施工员进行科学的安排和管理，防止在施工期间出现纰漏，有的施工人员的技术较差，且自身素质较低，安全防范意识不强，则会大大增加施工的危险性，工程的质量也受到牵连，使得工程的进度难以把握。 二、控制建筑工程施工进度的措施 (一)科学管理施工进程 在建筑项目开展前，就应做好详细的规划和设计。首先，要去施工现场进行调查和研究，因地制宜，科学的安排施工进度，制定完善的方案，对施工图纸进行严格的审查，开展技术交流活动，参与方认真分析研讨文件，并及时纠错，减少文件的错误，以确保施工持续稳定的运行。其次，施工前应对员工普及正确的施工意识，使其了解到确切的施工计划从而能更好的理解施工意图，组织员工学习规范的技术并掌握整个施工流程，使其在施工期间遇到问题时能进行相应的调整。最后，也要对承包方进行严格的审查，选择信誉良好且实力雄厚的承包商，明确劳务合同关系，落实各方责任，防止出现质量差错或者其他纠纷，提高施工效率。 (二)保证施工资源供给 没有充足的资源则无法实施建筑工程，所以要确保现阶段资金的流通，在安排每一段施工时，都要进行合理的规划，根据工作流程来确定资金使用的过程，并落实资金的支付。而在购买施工材料时，选择有信誉、质量高的厂家，并对施工材料进行严格的质量审查，对施工过程中需要的小配件反复取样试验，确保施工材料符合施工程序的要求，避免因小失大，影响施工的质量。另外，若购买大量材料时，对与材料的维护和防护等问题也要重视，减少外界条件对建筑材料的破坏和腐蚀，是施工进度持续有度的开展。最后，在施工期间，要保证设备的及时供应，并对建筑设备进行检查和故障排除，操作人员也应规范的使用设备仪器，保证整个施工高效率的进行。 (三)提高施工人员整体素质 建筑工程的施工人员是一个工程中的主体，施工人员的综合素质影响着是施工的进程和质量。在施工进行前，要选择合适的项目经理，项目经理不仅要管理经验丰富、责任心重还要行动力和组织能力强，能带动整个施工团队有序快速的开工。而对于劳作在建筑场地的施工人员，企业应定期为他们开展技术培训，或者聘请相应的专家来对施工人员讲解施工过程中应注意的要素和项目内容，在开展项目前，要做好各项准备，根据具体的工程情况划分好不同的团队，进行平行作业，合理的组织施工进程，在保证施工质量的前提下，缩短工期时间。公司也可以安排适当的奖惩制度，调动起广大施工人员的积极性，让工作人员各司其职，保证施工顺利地进行。 (四)完善施工技术 施工技术影响着整个施工进程的快慢，在开展一项建筑项目之前，可以多多参考以前的项目，借鉴之前成功项目的经验，根据工程实施的周围环境，科学合理的制定项目计划，并将可能出现的情况都提前做出预选方案，若施工过程中出现问题，则可以有条不紊的进行另一种备选方案。实施建筑过程中，对于技术要求较高的工程时，可以借助其他技术力量来完成，或与其他工程相互协助同时施工，以保证建筑工程的顺利进行。另外，在施工的过程中，要根据实际的情况对原定计划进行合理地调整，不断完善进度管理技术和措施，若工程遇到不可抗力而不得不延期时，则应对人力和物力等资源进行重新配置，对施工人员的技术进行严格要求，避免出现施工错误，从而影响施工的质量和进度。 三、小结 影响建筑工程的因素有很多，而对建筑过程的管理和控制更是一项至关重要的工作，开展一个复杂的项目前，项目管理者应根据具体的施工场地进行科学的预测和判断，在进行完善的考察后再制定合适的计划，加强项目的管理和人员组织，采购高质量的施工材料，提升施工人员的技术，工程竣工后也要进行定期的检查和维护，保证工程高效率的进行。 建筑毕业论文3000字篇5 试谈超高层建筑深基坑支护技术的应用 现今，伴随着高层、超高层建筑的不断涌现，深基坑工程逐年增多。当前深基坑支护技术应用范围很广，在高层建筑的地下车库、地下商场、地下室、地铁站等，都会涉及深基坑的问题。伴随深基坑施工技术的不断完善，为了更好的控制基坑支护施工的质量，在实际的施工过程中，应依据现场条件、地质状况等，选取合适的基坑支护措施，进而有效的确保施工人员、周边建筑物的生命、财产安全[1]。 1深基坑支护技术的现实意义 在超高层建筑深基坑施工中，深基坑支护技术具有非常重要的现实意义。首先，深基坑支护技术，可以保证工程上部结构，满足设计的质量标准，符合工程施工的基本条件，因而可以保证基础的整体质量[2]。其次，深基坑支护施工，可以为基础施工起到关键的作用，是基础施工的有力保障。第三，深基坑支护技术，为基础在刚度、强度方面提供了技术保障，有效的提高了建筑结构的可靠性、稳定性。 2深基坑支护技术分类 锚拉式支护 锚拉式支护，选用的材料主要有：钻孔灌注桩支护;型钢支护;钢筋混凝土板桩支护等。锚拉式支护，主要是采取在支护结构的上部，实施支撑、或者是拉锚，进而确保支护土壁的稳定。在实际中，为了节约材料，以及提高支护结构的承载力，常在支护结构的中部、顶部，增加一道或者多道，由抗拉结构构成的支护体系，进而确保基坑开挖的顺利实施。其受力情况与支护形式，具体如图1所示[3]。 悬臂式支护 悬臂式支护，与锚拉式支护选用的材料相同。悬臂式支护，主要是依靠支护结构，进入坑地土层中部分的水平阻力，确保在基坑挖土期间的挡水、挡土作用，保证施工的安全进行。其受力情况、支护形式，具体如图2所示。 重力式支护 重力式支护，其选用的材料主要有：旋喷桩帷幕墙、深层搅拌水泥土桩挡墙等支护结构。重力式支护，具体的主要依据支护结构的强度、重量;土体中的锚固长度等，确保支护结构的稳定。 土层锚杆支护 土层锚杆支护，主要是在深开挖的地下室墙面;地面;坑立壁未开挖的土层等，进行钻孔、掏空至一定的深度，同时进行再扩大，进而形成球状或其余形状。同时在孔内放入钢管;钢丝束;钢筋，实施化学浆液、水泥浆液的灌入，进而形成与土层结合的抗拉力强的锚杆。 3超高层建筑深基坑支护技术的应用 深基坑支护技术研究的主要目的，就是将深基坑支护技术运用到城市立体的发展之中[4]。探讨深基坑支护技术的应用，主要以城市中心区域的超高层建筑为例，高层主要采取钢筋混凝土，基础建设主要采取钢筋混泥土梁板筏基。 勘察水文条件 在进行深基坑支护建设时，需要对施工环境的水文条件进行勘察[5]。针对超高层建筑，对于水文条件而言，应据实说明建筑工程的地下水状况，进而有效的定位施工的深度，以及钢筋环的位置，确保深基坑技术保护层的厚度。 勘察地质结构 地质结构的勘察，需要明确工程位置的地形，进行地质土层的勘测，同时进行土体、岩土的对比，明确土体的稳定性。同时推断地基的承载标准值，进而确保超高层建筑施工的稳定。 做好工程质量控制 超高层建筑，是采取钢筋混泥土进行施工，因此应做好工程质量控制。首先，应确保施工原材料满足施工的标准要求。其次，确保施工程序的高效、合理、有序性。在具体施工中，应确保护筒的中心、桩中心偏差值在50mm内，控制好泥浆、孔底沉渣厚度，应使埋深度不能小于设定的数值。同时还应确保水下浇筑混泥土的连续施工，进而确保施工各方面的顺利实施。 确保施工支护的工作要点 支护工作的重要工具，就是锚杆。土层锚杆支护，可以有效的与土体进行有机结合，可以使建筑结构的稳定性大大提升，因此在支护工作中应重点进行实施操作。 4结语 基坑工程，是建筑工程的关键组成部分之一。深基坑施工的质量，直接的影响着超高层建筑的整体稳定性、安全性与持久性。深基坑施工技术，是工程顺利实施的保障，但在现实中深基坑施工技术，存在着技术的复杂性、多样性的问题，因此在未来我们更应加强对其技术的研究与认识，进而确保高层建筑的顺利施工。 猜你喜欢： 1. 建筑毕业论文范文 2. 建筑毕业论文范文大全 3. 建筑系毕业论文范文 4. 5000字建筑毕业论文 5. 建筑毕业论文范文免费 6. 建筑施工毕业论文范文
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Along with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out , design basis The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the , must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval , fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector. The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift , the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the , fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone , fire linkage control 1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp). 2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition. 3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific , fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal , concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.随着我国经济发展快速发展，人民生活的水平不断提高，城市使用是每天着急，敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快，而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大，提议消防自动报警系统设计较高，更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全，消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验，建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解，为同事们的讨论，并指出错误。 首先，设计依据 火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作，同时还具有很强的政策性。因此，首先应明确以下设计依据： 第一，必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准，该系统的设计标准，标准的设备制造，安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规，并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字： “必须” ， “必须假定” ， “不适合” ， “可能”和反面词： “严格禁止” ， “不应该” ， “没有” ， “不适合“的含义。 第二，必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能，利用和保护对象的防火等级，认真开展本标准和国家有关标准，认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。 其次，火灾自动报警系统设备的建立 建立火灾探测器 要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围，每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场）和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围，特别是前面的房间，以及电梯，分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动，是人员分散保存目标与防火，因此，应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散，而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动，适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。 电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道，拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧，为此， “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定，在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下，电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的，坐标轴的防火分隔要求，每2 〜 3或每一级安装。 电梯机房应安装火灾探测器，它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具，其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性，其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞，像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞，在气孔，持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等，其时，有四个火，升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道，很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此，电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的，也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。 2 ，手动火警报警按钮建立 （包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标，防火，应立即向警方举报的按钮，首选地点设立手动火警。此外，该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前，向警方报案的按钮。 在公共活动场所（包括会堂，礼堂，餐厅，多功能厅等）和主要通道等场所，是所有工作人员非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应立即向警方举报的按钮，在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮，以保证“ ，以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “ 第三，消防紧急广播喇叭建立 走道，大厅，餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也有分离和防火门的声音，人民的混乱和嘈杂，因此，应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆，因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭，由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。 第四，建立火灾报警装置 建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统，笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置，但它的控制程序应该是：该报警器应确认火灾后，利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警，报警器停止工作时间的规定，迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目，并且分散了人们的指示。 火警警报装置建立的立场，笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的，它的墙面安装应为距地面米高度 第五，消防专用电话设立 安装消防专用电话分机电话，应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制（包括消防给水设备，备件发电机房，火柴变电站，主要ventilates空调引擎室，排放烟气轮机室，防火电梯机房及其他） ，消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室，消防责任人员观察室，现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话，请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中，电梯机房及消防控制室，电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板（包括位置指示器，显示方向灯，以讲信函电话，麻烦灯等） ，以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。 配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮，消火栓按钮，还应该安装消防专用电话插座。 第三，消防联动控制 第一，消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启，停止，也应表现出的按钮，打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时，其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态（即建立消防泵工作表明灯） 。 第二，消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开，停止，也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示，报警阀，安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外，该盆地，水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭，作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。 第三，消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用，应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。 第四，火灾自动报警系统布线 为了防止火灾发生时，消防控制，通信和警戒线遣散，使灭火工作无法进行，造成了更大的经济损失，也为抑制electronmagetic干扰（例如变压器，电电机，电缆等）的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制，通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆，并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆，其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复，应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属 ，结论备注 作者取决于具体的项目实施经验，阐述了设计依据，火灾自动报警设计和实际问题，以便建立系统设备，消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见，其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量，早期发现，并通知消防，预防和减少火灾危害，通过保护个人和财产安全。
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你看下，vip英语论文这方面的东西比较多
In the 20th century, bridge construction technology evolved and was fueled by the Industrial Revolution. At the turn of the century, steel bridges were riveted together, not bolted; concrete bridges were cast in place, not precast; and large bridge members were built from lacing bars and smaller sections, not rolled in one piece. Plastic had not yet been invented. Construction techniques such as post-tensioning, slurry walls, soil freezing, and reinforced earth walls had not yet been conceived. Surveying was performed mechanically since infrared, optical technology was still 75 years away. Bridge construction is changing as the new millennium begins. New construction techniques and new materials are emerging. There are also new issues facing the bridge building industry relative to the research needs associated with these new techniques and materials. LONG-SPAN BRIDGES Suspension Bridges While suspension bridge building was conducted at a modest pace throughout the 20th century, an unprecedented number of spans of remarkable record lengths were built in the Far East and Denmark. Both the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan and the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark were completed in 1998. The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is the largest suspension bridge in the world, with a span of 1991 m, and the Great Belt Bridge is the second largest, with a span of 1624 m. While spans lengths have increased nearly fivefold during the course of this century, they may have reached their physical limits with today’s materials. Research will be necessary to develop the new, ultra-high-strength steel wire or carbon fiber wire required to build the longer main suspension cables that will make it possible to increase span lengths to beyond 2000 m. As we enter the new millennium, rehabilitation and ongoing maintenance of the existing suspension bridges must continue as well. Recent rehabilitation measures for the main cables and suspension systems of these bridges have uncovered degradation through corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Research is needed to determine the remaining useful service life of suspension bridge cables and what measures can be taken to slow or halt the degradation process. Transportation in the New Millennium 2 Other components of long-span bridges, existing and new, are being revolutionized as technology moves forward. Advances in deck technology are producing stronger, lighter decks. Orthotropic and exodermic decks are becoming increasingly popular on long-span structures as a means of reducing dead load. Bearings, joint systems, and seismic retrofitting components are becoming increasingly efficient as more large-scale testing facilities are built.在20世纪,桥梁施工技术,是由进化而来的 工业革命。随着新世纪的到来,钢桥受到铆接在一起,而不是 螺栓、混凝土桥梁被扔在的地方,不是预制、大型桥梁成员 从系酒吧和小的部分,不卷在一块。塑料尚未 发明了。制作等施工工艺、浆墙、土壤冻结, 加筋土墙尚未怀了孕。测量进行机械 自从红外、光学技术仍然是75年。 大桥建设是新千年开始转变。新建筑 技术和新材料正在浮出水面。也有新的解决面临的桥 建筑行业的相关研究的需要,这些新技术 材料。 大跨度桥梁 悬挂的桥梁 虽然悬索桥建设进行了整个20速度不快 世纪,前所未有的跨越了卓越的长度是建在记录 远东和丹麦。双方在日本明石海峡大桥正式通车,伟大的带桥 在丹麦是在一九九八年完成。这个明石海峡大桥正式通车是世界上最大的悬架 在这个世界上,与桥梁的m,1991年是中国的第二大带桥, 用一段1624)。 虽然已经增加了近5倍长度的跨世纪的过程中, 他们已经达到了他们的物理极限与今天的材料。研究将 必须发展新的、ultra-high-strength钢丝、碳纤维丝要求 建立了悬索,将不再主要可能增加到跨度的长度 超出2000米。 当我们进入新千年、康复和持续的维护现有的 悬索桥必须继续。最近的戒毒措施为主要 电缆悬架系统与这些桥梁发现退化 氢脆腐蚀,。研究还剩下的 寿命悬索桥电缆和什么措施可以减缓或 停止退化的过程。 在新千年的运输 其他组件的大跨度桥梁,现有的和新的,正在发生了革命性的变化 技术的进步。提出了在甲板上技术生产强的,更轻的 甲板。正交各向异性和exodermic牌是大跨度越来越受欢迎 作为一种手段,降低结构自重荷载。轴承、联合系统和抗震能力 越来越多的有效成分是更大规模的测试设备 建造。 50分！！~~谢谢 参考资料：我的大脑
英语专业毕业论文应采用英语撰写，一般由以下部分组成，依次为：（1）封面，（2）任务书，（3）开题报告, (4) 英文摘要及关键词(Abstract，Keywords)，（5）目录（Outline），（6）正文，（7）注释（Notes）,（8）参考文献（Bibliography）， (9) 致谢(Acknowledgement)。Outline中要有Thesis Statement, 采用四号加粗，目录的各章节应简明扼要，其中每章（Ⅰ.Ⅱ.Ⅲ.）题目采用小三号，每节（.）题目采用四号。目录部分采用单倍行距。
首先，用英语撰写，格式如下1）封面，2）任务书，3）开题报告, 4) 英文摘要及关键词(Abstract，Keywords)，5）目录（Outline），6）正文，7）注释（Notes）,8）参考文献（Bibliography）， 9) 致谢(Acknowledgement其他格式各学校规定不同，主要是格式的问题可以考虑写英美文化差异，但最好涉及到某以小的方面论文最忌讳大而全，要涉及到具体问题研究容易得好得成绩。
关于“绿色建筑”和适宜技术“绿色建筑”也称为生态建筑、可持续建筑，最早是在1992年联合国环境与发展大会上明确地提出来的。用建设部仇保兴副部长的总结——“绿色建筑”就是指为人们提供健康、舒适、安全的居住、工作和活动的空间，同时在建筑全生命周期(物料生产、建筑规划、设计、施工、运营维护及拆除、回用过程)中实现高效率地利用资源(能源、土地、水资源、材料)、最低限度地影响环境的建筑物。可见，绿色建筑理念的提出，就是为了使得建筑在满足人类不断提高的健康、舒适、安全的需要基础上。对环境、资源影响最小，最终做到可持续发展．前提都是为了人类的永久利益。社会上有一些观点把绿色建筑看得很片面、绝对化，要不就是极端限制人的合理需求，以保护环境为唯一目的；而另一些观点就是把绿色建筑当成是仅仅是为人类的眼前利益、健康或舒适(像绿色建材、绿色蔬菜一样看待)而不怎么从整体上、长期上考虑对环境的影响。这两种观点可能都不利于“绿色建筑”的健康发展和推广。绿色建筑最终的目标是以“绿色建筑”为基础，进而扩展至“绿色社区”、 “绿色城市”层面。达到促进建筑永续发展的目标。这意味着建筑不仅被作为非生命元素来对待，更被视为自然生态循环系统的一个有机组成部分。 中国的国情 中国作为最大的发展中国家，二氧化碳排放居第二位，根据《京都议定书》的要求，中国要采取一系列减少温室气体排放的政策和措施，包括努力提高能源利用效率，改善能源结构，促进新能源和可再生能源的利用等。 就能源消费而言，在我国化石能源资源探明储量中，90％以上是煤炭，人均储量也仅为世界平均水平的二分之一；人均石油储量仅为世界平均水平的1 1％；天然气仅为4 5％；而目前我国单位建筑面积能耗水平是发达国家的2～3倍以上。就土地的情况而言，我国人均耕地只有世界人均耕地的1／3，水资源仅是世界人均占有量的1／4；实心黏土砖每年毁田12万亩；物耗水平与发达国家相比，钢材消耗高出10％～25％，每拌和1立方米混凝土要多消耗水泥80公斤；卫生洁具的耗水量高出30％以上，而污水回用率仅为发达国家的25％。严峻的事实表明，中国不仅要走可持续发展道路，发展节能与绿色建筑也刻不容缓。 我们应该认识到我国不仅经济上“穷”，在资源和环境上更“穷”，但要想做到可持续发展的目标就要摆脱狭隘的“唯经济穷论”，全面在“四节一环保”上提高标准，用强有力的税收、金融、土地政策鼓励有条件的地区或开发绿色建筑项目，走在地区、国内甚至国际的前列。同时，强制要求经济发达地区和大型城市的节约标准，提到一个和自身地区资源相符合的程度。 成本问题 从全国范围里来讲。绝大多数普通的民用建筑在节能等方面存在巨大的缺陷和不足，因此需要我们进行综合的设计来增加建筑这些方面的品质和性能，每一方面的改善基本上都需要增加一定的成本，比如成本增加10％以上，是必然的。 就住宅而言，一说到因为“节能要增加成本”，就有许多人说会增加购房人的负担，好像以后使用过程中的使用成本对老百姓无关紧要一样。因此，我们不仅要关注建造的经济成本，更要关注今后使用中的经济成本以及生态成本和社会成本。就生态成本来讲，今天对环境的污染今后需要花费更大的代价去治理；就社会成本来说，绿色建筑由于改善了室内的环境，使人的疾病发生率大幅度下降，因为人有80％的时间是在室内活动，这样疾病发生率将会大幅度下降．寿命将会延长，生存质量也大大提高，这就是另一方面的节约；同时，在建筑数十年的使用过程中．使用成本将高于建造成本数倍以上。，因此，我们应该把注意力放在生态成本、社会成本和全寿命周期的经济成本上，况且现在的房价即使没有技术含量和“四节”，性能的提高也在不断的增加，这种价格的增加加大了房地产泡沫的可能性，因此房地产价格的理性回归应该是建立在价值的增加基础上的。我认为可以鼓励各个地方的高档住宅或其他民用建筑通过适当的高投入，带来项目的内外环境质量、提升“绿色”性能，从而提高房子的品质，以品质来支撑高于其他普通房子的价格，让这些高价房成为“绿色建筑”的榜样，以此带动地方住宅技术及产业化的发展，最终让更多的普通房子更容易实现“绿色”梦想。 绿色建筑需要什么样的技术? 在探索绿色建筑的技术路线时．经常会听到一些专家主张应该采用“低技术”，有些认为应该采用“适宜技术”，还有些认为应该采用“适宜技术结合高技术”等等不同的观点，我个人认为这种争论没有意义。技术是用来解决我们所面临的具体问题的，应该根据具体项目的具体情况和实际需求来选择。更多技术选择的可能性一方面能够满足建筑师的创造需要，另一方面能够满足市场的需求。。在我们国家目前普遍技术非常落后的今天，如果不是大力去发展高新技术而一味强调低技术，只能是更落后，离我们自己的标准也会越来越远。 在技术选择上，我们应该从所需要的建筑性能和全寿命周期的观点去分析、判断、计算、选择。汪光焘部长说过，要充分认识资源环境问题已成为国民经济和社会发展的重大制约因素。，我们当前在经济增长方式方面主要还存在“高投入、高消耗、高排放、不协调、难循环、低效率”的问题。这些问题如果低技术能够解决还需要拖到今天吗?高低是相对的，适宜不适宜也是相对的，如果站在国际的水平上看，我们国内有些专家认为的“高技术”早已经是“低技术”和“适宜技术”了。所以根据我们的国情，恰恰需要去大力鼓励开发绿色高新技术甚至是自主知识产权的高新技术，同时去大力鼓励使用高新技术，工程实践能促使技术的发展，使之变成适宜技术。只有这样．到2020年我们的住宅和公共建筑的能源资源消耗水平才有可能接近或达到现阶段中等发达国家的水平，这是我们国家建筑发展的总目标。 总之，绿色建筑的发展建设需要正确看待卫生、安全、健康、舒适的问题和当地资源情况，目前各地的节能标准里面所假定的舒适度，前提是小康标准的，是最基本的，不能完全体现今后的发展方向。随着生活水平的提高，舒适度的标准也会提高，能源等资源的消耗也将会大幅提高。因此应该根据当地气候和生活习惯、经济水平分级，适应不同收入阶层和满足不同的需求，要有一定的前瞻性。同时，绿色建筑的设计需要将有关今后使用费用(如采暖制冷等)或能耗等定量化，要具体到单位使用者，这样有利于老百姓的选择权、知情权和监督。有了老百姓的参与，绿色建筑才会更加迅速和健康地发展。 On the "green building" and appropriate technology "Green building" also known as eco-architecture, sustainable construction, was first at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development clearly put forward. With the Ministry of Construction Qiu Baoxing, vice minister of the summing up - "green building" refers to provide people with healthy, comfortable, safe living, work and activities in space, while the entire life cycle in the construction (of material production, construction planning, design, construction, operational maintenance and dismantling, reuse process) to achieve efficient use of resources (energy, land, water, materials), the minimum impact on the environment of buildings. This shows that green building concept proposed, is to allow construction to meet the ever-increasing human health, comfort, safety needs basis. On the environment, resources, the least impact, and ultimately to achieve sustainable development. Premised on the permanent interests of mankind. That there are some points to green building can see that very one-sided, absolutized, or is the extreme limit of a reasonable person needs to protect the environment for the sole purpose; while others point of view is that as a green building is only for human eyes interests, health or comfort (such as green building materials, look like green vegetables) instead of how a whole, to consider the long-term impact on the environment. These two views may not be conducive to "green building" the healthy development and promotion. The ultimate goal of green building is "green building" as the basis, and then extended to the "green communities" and "Green City" promotion of sustainable development to achieve the goal of building. This means that the building not only as a non-life element to treat, but also be seen as the natural ecology of the circulatory system an integral part. China's national conditions As the largest developing country, ranked second in carbon dioxide emissions, according to the "Kyoto Protocol", China should adopt a series of reducing greenhouse gas emissions policies and measures, including efforts to improve the efficiency of energy use, improve energy structure, promote the development of new and renewable sources of energy use, such as. On energy consumption, in China's proven reserves of fossil energy resources, 90% of which is coal, the per capita reserves are only half the world average; oil reserves per capita world average is only 1 1 percent; natural gas only 4 5%; and the current construction area of China's unit energy consumption levels in developed countries more than 2 ~ 3 the land's case, China's per capita arable land per capita cultivated land is only the world's 1 / 3, is the world's water resources per capita is only 1 / 4; solid Clay eradication 12 million mu each year; material level with the developed countries, steel consumption has risen by 10% to 25%, every one cubic meters of concrete mixing more cement consumption of 80 kilograms; sanitary water consumption by more than 30% higher, while the wastewater reuse rate was only 25 percent in developed countries. The grim fact that China has not only take the road of sustainable development, development of energy-saving and green building is also urgent. We should be aware that our country not only economically "poor" in terms of resources and the environment more "poor", but in order to achieve the goal of sustainable development will be out of narrow "Only the poor economic theory", fully in the "4 A environmental protection "to improve standards, with strong revenue, finance, land policy to encourage the development of regional or conditional green building projects in the region, domestic and even international forefront. At the same time, mandatory for economically developed areas and large cities, saving standards, referring to a region and their own resources in line with the degree. Cost From across the country in terms vast majority of ordinary civil construction in such areas as energy saving was greatly flawed and inadequate, so we need an integrated design to increase the quality of construction in these areas and performance improvement in every aspect of almost all the need to increase some costs, such as increase the cost of more than 10%, are inevitableResidential is concerned, I said because "energy-saving to increase the cost", there are many people that will increase the burden on home buyers who, like later use in the process of using the cost of ordinary people as irrelevant. Therefore, we must not only concern the construction of the economic cost, but also concerned about the future use of the economic costs and ecological costs and social the ecological cost is concerned, the pollution of the environment today, the future will take an even higher price to governance; on social costs, green building as a result of improved indoor environment in which the significant decline in the incidence of disease, because 80 % of the time in indoor activities, so that the incidence of disease will fall significantly． Life will be extended, which has greatly improved the quality of life, that is, on the other hand, savings; At the same time, in the construction for several decades the use of the process. Cost will be higher than the construction costs over several times. Therefore, we should focus our attention on the ecological costs, social costs and the whole life-cycle economic costs Besides, now that housing prices even in the absence of technical content and "4", performance improvement has been an increase in such The increase in prices has increased the possibility of the real estate bubble, real estate prices is therefore rational regression should be based on the value of the increase on the basis think we can encourage each of the local high-end residential or other civil construction through appropriate high input, internal and external environment brought about by the project quality, and enhance the "green" performance, thereby enhancing the quality of the house, to support quality higher than that of other ordinary house prices to enable thesebecome a "green building" an example to stimulate local technology and industrialization of residential development, and ultimately allow more ordinary house easier to achieve "green" dream. Green building what kind of technology? Green Building in exploring the technical routes. Often heard some experts advocate should adopt a "low-tech", and some think we should adopt "appropriate technology", and some think we should adopt "appropriate technology combines high-tech" and so on different points of view, I personally think that this argument no meaning. Technology is used to solve our specific problems faced by, and should be based on the specific circumstances of specific projects and the actual demand to choose. More on the one hand, the possibility of technical options to meet the needs of architects to create, on the other hand to meet the needs of the our country is now generally very backward technology today, if not vigorously to develop high-tech and low-skilled blindly emphasizes, can only be even more backward, away from our own standards will become farther and farther. Technology choice, we should be required for building performance and life-cycle perspective to analyze, judge, calculated choice. Wang Guangtao, minister said, should fully understand the resources and the environment has become a national economic and social development of the major constraints. Our current mode of economic growth in the main there are still "high input, high consumption, high emission, lack of coordination, difficult cycle, low-efficiency" issue. These problems can be solved if the low-skilled today also need to drag it? Is relative low, and suitable for inappropriate relative, if the level of standing on the international point of view, our domestic and some experts believe that the "high-tech" have been "low Technology "and" appropriate technology "has been. Therefore, in accordance with our national conditions, it needs to vigorously encourage the development of green and even their own intellectual property rights of high-tech high-tech, at the same time to strongly encourage the use of high technology, engineering practice to promote technological development, make the appropriate technology. Only in this way. By 2020, our residential and public buildings of energy resource consumption level will it be possible to approach or reach the level of moderately developed countries at this stage, this is our country's overall goal of building development. In short, the development of green building-building needs a correct view of health, safety, health, comfort issues and local resources, the current energy efficiency standards around the inside of the supposed comfort, the premise that a well-off standard, is the most fundamental and can not be fully reflected the future direction of development. With the improvement of living standards, comfort of the standards will also increase the consumption of energy and other resources will also be greatly should therefore be based on local climate and living habits, economic level of classification, to adapt to different income groups and to meet different needs, it must be the same time, green building design needs to be used for future costs (such as heating refrigeration, etc.) or the quantification of energy consumption to specific units of the user, so that is conducive to people's right to choose, the right to information and supervision. With the participation of ordinary people, green building will be more rapid and healthy development.
（建筑专业英语文章内容）Architecture, the art of building in which human requirements and construction materials are related so as to furnish practical use as well as an aesthetic solution, thus differing from the pure utility of engineering construction. As an art, architecture is essentially abstract and nonrepresentational and involves the manipulation of the relationships of spaces, volumes, planes, masses, and voids. Time is also an important factor in architecture, since a building is usually comprehended in a succession of experiences rather than all at once. In most architecture there is no one vantage point from which the whole structure can be understood. The use of light and shadow, as well as surface decoration, can greatly enhance a structure. The analysis of building types provides an insight into past cultures and eras. Behind each of the greater styles lies not a casual trend nor a vogue, but a period of serious and urgent experimentation directed toward answering the needs of a specific way of life. Climate, methods of labor, available materials, and economy of means all impose their dictates. Each of the greater styles has been aided by the discovery of new construction methods. Once developed, a method survives tenaciously, giving way only when social changes or new building techniques have reduced it. That evolutionary process is exemplified by the history of modern architecture, which developed from the first uses of structural iron and steel in the mid-19th cent. Until the 20th cent. there were three great developments in architectural construction—the post-and-lintel, or trabeated, system; the arch system, either the cohesive type, employing plastic materials hardening into a homogeneous mass, or the thrust type, in which the loads are received and counterbalanced at definite points; and the modern steel-skeleton system. In the 20th cent. new forms of building have been devised, with the use of reinforced concrete and the development of geodesic and stressed-skin (light material, reinforced) structures. See also articles under countries, ., American architecture; styles, ., baroque; periods, ., Gothic architecture and art; individual architects, ., Andrea Palladio; individual stylistic and structural elements, ., tracery, orientation; specific building types, ., pagoda, apartment house. Architecture of the Ancient World In Egyptian architecture, to which belong some of the earliest extant structures to be called architecture (erected by the Egyptians before 3000 .), the post-and-lintel system was employed exclusively and produced the earliest stone columnar buildings in history. The architecture of W Asia from the same era employed the same system; however, arched construction was also known and used. The Chaldaeans and Assyrians, dependent upon clay as their chief material, built vaulted roofs of damp mud bricks that adhered to form a solid shell. After generations of experimentation with buildings of limited variety the Greeks gave to the simple post-and-lintel system the purest, most perfect expression it was to attain (see Parthenon; orders of architecture). Roman architecture, borrowing and combining the columns of Greece and the arches of Asia, produced a wide variety of monumental buildings throughout the Western world. Their momentous invention of concrete enabled the imperial builders to exploit successfully the vault construction of W Asia and to cover vast unbroken floor spaces with great vaults and domes, as in the rebuilt Pantheon (2d cent. .; see under pantheon). The Evolution of Styles in the Christian Era The Romans and the early Christians also used the wooden truss for roofing the wide spans of their basilica halls. Neither Greek, Chinese, nor Japanese architecture used the vault system of construction. However, in the Asian division of the Roman Empire, vault development continued; Byzantine architects experimented with new principles and developed the pendentive, used brilliantly in the 6th cent. for the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. The Romanesque architecture of the early Middle Ages was notable for strong, simple, massive forms and vaults executed in cut stone. In Lombard Romanesque (11th cent.) the Byzantine concentration of vault thrusts was improved by the device of ribs and of piers to support them. The idea of an organic supporting and buttressing skeleton of masonry (see buttress), here appearing in embryo, became the vitalizing aim of the medieval builders. In 13th-century Gothic architecture it emerged in perfected form, as in the Amiens and Chartres cathedrals. The birth of Renaissance architecture (15th cent.) inaugurated a period of several hundred years in Western architecture during which the multiple and complex buildings of the modern world began to emerge, while at the same time no new and compelling structural conceptions appeared. The forms and ornaments of Roman antiquity were resuscitated again and again and were ordered into numberless new combinations, and structure served chiefly as a convenient tool for attaining these effects. The complex, highly decorated baroque style was the chief manifestation of the 17th-century architectural aesthetic. The Georgian style was among architecture's notable 18th-century expressions (see Georgian architecture). The first half of the 19th cent. was given over to the classic revival and the Gothic revival. New World, New Architectures The architects of the later 19th cent. found themselves in a world being reshaped by science, industry, and speed. A new eclecticism arose, such as the architecture based on the École des Beaux-Arts, and what is commonly called Victorian architecture in Britain and the United States. The needs of a new society pressed them, while steel, reinforced concrete, and electricity were among the many new technical means at their disposal. After more than a half-century of assimilation and experimentation, modern architecture, often called the International style, produced an astonishing variety of daring and original buildings, often steel substructures sheathed in glass. The Bauhaus was a strong influence on modern architecture. As the line between architecture and engineering became a shadow, 20th-century architecture often approached engineering, and modern works of engineering—airplane hangars, for example—often aimed at and achieved an undeniable beauty. More recently, postmodern architecture (see postmodernism), which exploits and expands the technical innovations of modernism while often incorporating stylistic elements from other architectural styles or periods, has become an international Forms（翻译文章）建筑，艺术的建设中，人类的需求和建筑材料有关，以提供实际使用以及审美的解决方案，从而不同于纯粹实用的工程建设。作为一门艺术，建筑基本上是抽象的，抽象的，涉及操纵的关系空间，数量，飞机，群众，空隙。时间也是一个重要因素在建筑，因为建设是通常理解中的经验继承，而不是一次。在多数建筑没有一个高度，从整个结构是可以理解的。利用光影，以及表面装饰，可以大大提高结构。 在分析建设类型提供了一个深入了解过去的文化和时代。背后的更大的风格是不是一种偶然，也不是一个流行趋势，但一个时期的严重和紧迫的实验针对回答需要具体的生活方式。气候，方法的劳动力，提供的材料，和经济的手段强加其要求所有。每一个更大的风格一直帮助下发现新的施工方法。一旦制订，顽强生存的方法，让位只有当社会的变化或新的建筑技术，减少它。这是进化过程中所体现的历史，现代建筑，它开发的第一个利用结构钢铁中期19美分。 直到20美分。有三个巨大的发展，建筑施工，后和门楣，或trabeated ，系统;拱系统，无论是一致的类型，采用塑料材料硬化成一个单一的质量，或类型的主旨，其中负载收到并在一定的平衡点;与现代钢骨架系统。在20以上。新形式的建设已制订，使用钢筋混凝土的发展和大地测量，并强调皮肤（轻型材料，钢筋）结构。 又见条款的国家，如美国的建筑;风格，如巴洛克;期间，如哥特式建筑和艺术;个别建筑师，如安德烈帕拉迪奥;个人风格和结构性因素，例如，窗格，方向;具体建设类型，例如，大观园，一栋公寓楼。 建筑的古代世界 在埃及的建筑，其中一些属于最早的现存结构，被称为架构（竖立的埃及人在公元前3000年） ，后与门楣系统被完全和生产最早的石柱状建筑物的历史。该架构的W亚洲来自同一时代雇用同一系统，但拱形建筑也被称为和使用。该Chaldaeans和亚述人，取决于粘土为主要材料，建造拱形屋顶潮湿的泥土砖坚持以形成一个坚实的外壳。 经过几代人的实验与有限的各种建筑物的希腊人给的简单桩门楣系统最纯净，最完美的表达这是实现（见神庙;订单架构） 。古罗马建筑，借款，结合栏希腊和拱门亚洲，产生了各种各样的纪念性建筑在整个西方世界。他们的重大发明的具体启用帝国建设者利用成功的墓穴建造的W亚洲和覆盖广阔的完整楼空间巨大拱顶和穹顶，在重建先贤祠（二维的。广告;见先贤祠） 。 风格的演变中的基督时代 罗马和早期基督教还使用了木桁架的跨度屋面广泛的教堂大厅。无论是希腊，中国，日本建筑，也使用了跳马制度建设。然而，在亚洲司的罗马帝国，跳马发展继续;拜占庭建筑师尝试新的原则和发展了pendentive ，用出色的第6次以上。教会的圣索菲亚君士坦丁堡。 古罗马建筑的早期中世纪值得注意的是强有力的，简单的，大规模的形式和墓穴执行削减石头。在伦巴德罗马（第11次左右。 ）拜占庭浓度跳马重点是提高设备的肋骨和码头，以支持他们。这个想法的一个有机的支持和支撑骨架的砖石（见支撑） ，在这里出现的胚胎，成为振兴目标的中世纪建筑。在13世纪的哥特式建筑出现了完善它的形式，如在亚眠和沙特尔大教堂。 文艺复兴时期诞生的架构（第15次左右。 ）成立的时期数百年的西方建筑在此期间，多重的和复杂的建筑物现代世界开始出现，同时没有任何新的和令人信服的结构概念出现。饰品的形式和古代罗马人一次又一次复苏和被命令到无数新的组合，结构送达主要作为一种方便的工具实现这些效果。复杂的，高度是巴洛克风格装饰的主要体现17世纪的建筑美学。格鲁吉亚是建筑风格的显着18世纪的表现形式（见格鲁吉亚架构） 。上半年的19美分。给出了经典的哥特复兴和振兴。 新世界，新的体系结构 建筑师后19美分。发现自己的世界正在改变的科学，工业，和速度。一种新的折衷主义出现，如建筑的基础上高等美术学院，以及所谓的维多利亚式建筑在英国和美国。需要一个新的社会压力，同时钢铁，钢筋混凝土，电力中有许多新的技术手段，它们所掌握的。 经过超过半个世纪的同化和实验，现代建筑，通常被称为国际风格，产生了惊人的各种大胆和原始建筑，往往钢子护套在玻璃。包豪斯是一个强有力的影响，现代建筑。随着之间的界线建筑和工程成为一个影子， 20世纪建筑往往接近工程和现代工程的工程飞机机库，例如，通常都瞄准了，取得了一个不可否认的美感。最近，后现代建筑（见后现代主义） ，其中的漏洞，并扩大了技术创新的现代风格，而往往把内容从其他建筑风格或时期，已成为一项国际形式。能够帮到你吗！
Building a culture rooted in the natural environment of HabitatDifferent geographical They certainly have different natural environment: topography, sunshine point of view, sun and tides, currents and winds, temperature, pressure, food, land, water, vegetation and so on. As an intermediary between man and nature of the construction, the external should be conducive to the formation of district external environment should be conducive to the protection of the domestic indoor environment Habitat. These buildings, like plants, the roots, making a day, or geographical areas of the natural environment suitable for the requirements of integration with Southeast Asia and South Asia, in China's Hainan Island and Taiwan Island, Coconut Grove dense, hot weather, people with palm leaves, palm-leaf built to adapt to the tropical rainforest of thatched rooms, small, ventilation, cool, lightweight, simple , built a tropical rain forest Central Asia, West Asia, in China's western alpine region, people with stones, the mountain has been built on the powerful stone building, take shelter from the wind, blocking snow, heat, warm, building construction has become plateaus. Such as China, Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan and other ethnic minorities in China's western mountains and on the potential to build a wide variety of mountain Plateau in China, the Gobi Mobei, low rainfall, dry climate, people use the hillside slopes built tunneling room, built with distinct characteristics of immature soil construction. Gansu Dunhuang Art Exhibition Hall of the building buried in the hillside, the semi-open entrance connected hillside retaining wall, construction features of immature soil is very the eastern part of the United States, in Australia, in China's south, rainfall, mild climate, people use wood, brick and mountains on the potential, in line with local conditions, build a shade shelter from the rain, ventilation, styling and unique architectural humid architectural forms, of various styles, suitable for different regions of the natural environment, with the landscape, vegetation, terrain together, forming a natural environment is rooted in a variety of architectural culture. Building both rooted in the natural environment, but also subject to the natural environment, this is the architects must follow a basic , the social space-time caused by environmental differences in the diversification of architectural cultureDifferent regions, different countries, different nations have different social and historical patterns. European countries, the Americas, Asia and Africa and other developing countries, land of different religious beliefs, economic development of the different regions have different cultural practices. Habitat in different parts of the social differences in time and space environment, resulting in the architectural culture and the diversity of time and space, resulting in ancient or modern Chinese architectural culture, the Russian architectural culture, architectural culture in Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States Architectural Culture, the African Architectural Culture and so on. Ancient Greek architecture in Europe, North Africa, the ancient Egyptian architecture, the South Asian Association for the ancient Indian architecture, ancient Chinese architecture is the world's architectural and cultural history of ethnic origins. Catholic, Jesus taught, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, such as the formation and development of religion, a profound impact on the religious beliefs of countries and regions, but also a profound impact on those areas of construction, forming a rich and colorful culture of religious several thousand years long history, has followed so far, both ancient and extensive, since ancient times by Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Zen, such as the impact of ethical thinking. Especially Confucianism ruled China for 2 000 years, deep-rooted. To this culture of Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Zen eclectic variety of ideas, together brilliant, independent nations of the Culture under certain conditions, can be transformed. Geographical, ethnic and cultural construction under certain conditions, can be transformed into international architectural culture, and international architectural culture can also be absorbed, the integration of the region and the national character of the new architectural culture. In today's world, building a culture of development and progress, both the transformation of the former to the latter, which also includes the absorption and integration of the former. The two also both opposing reunification, complement each other, affect each other and common development, only the protection and development of a variety of architectural culture of all ethnic groups, the promotion of world architectural culture of pluralism, and ultimately to create a "different and" the human society .Three Chinese and foreign construction and cultural development and blendArchitectural Culture in the global "big culture" systems, all nationalities, all geographical construction symbiotic culture in this form the world's architectural culture Symphony. Social process of globalization has brought to the cultural collision with the rendezvous, conflict and thousands of years, the Chinese culture to external sources of long. Buddhist culture have originated in India, Zhang Qian as envoy to the Western Regions of the Western Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty Master Xuan Zang went to India to learn from their experience Chuan-by, the impact of China's 2,000 years of Buddhism. However, the contents of Buddhism, Buddha, like Maung, the shapes with the Chinese Buddhist temple in cultures, the formation and development of a unique Chinese Buddhist architectural early as the 20th century, 20 years, China's modern architects returned from studying abroad, most of whom are scholars in the United States, they are building at the time of Western academic and cultural concepts and China Architectural Culture nationalistic concept of the double impact, emphasizing cultural exchange between Chinese and Western architecture focused on the architectural style for the first time a creative way to design a number of products, creating a cultural exchange between Chinese and foreign construction of a new era. For example, the first batch of . architect Mr. Lv Yanzhi Canton 20's design Zhongshan Memorial Hall, Dr. Sun Yat-sen in Nanjing and so on, in the Chinese construction industry has played a really ground-breaking effect in stimulating the Chinese and foreign architectural culture of the integration early founding of New China, the Chinese government, mechanisms copied the Soviet model, the Chinese all over the building of a group of Russian cultural identity building construction, the formation and development of China's 50's "socialism" of architectural culture. Since reform and opening up, China's open-door once again, the introduction of Western economic management model to imitate, "European style", RTHK construction, post-modernism almost swept the country, the formation and development of China's 80's "reform and opening-up" construction culture. It goes without saying that all countries in the world of architectural culture at that time are subject to local political systems, economic conditions, technical level of restraint, in conflict with each other, mutual exchanges, mutual influence, mutual integration. However, what kind of fusion and exchange with vitality, stand the test of time and space? Only those who learned the essence of eastern and western cultures, integration-oriented areas of national culture and national character of the construction only has great , cultural exchange between old and modern architectural exploration and the pursuit ofAncient and modern cultures, the past serve the present, what? Need to analyze the "ancient" and "today" in the construction of content changes that have taken place. These qualitative change is the social system, production technology, living habits, work, cultural values, building materials in the construction sector caused by the inevitable result. As Mr. Wu Yurong in the evaluation of the French engineer Gustave. Eiffel designed the Eiffel Tower noted: "People are trying to adapt to every human life an art form the new direction of development and to make all the human activities and the rapidly changing era of emotion caused by the new suit."To explore ancient and modern blend of traditional architecture and modern architecture combining problem. China's traditional architectural culture has many features, such as the overall layout of buildings, in line with local conditions, and be full of change; architectural style, rich and colorful; space separated, flexible and diverse; interior decoration, pay attention to the connotation; color to use, colorful; garden green, it is implicitly lively, changeable, unique in the world. In the creation of modern architecture, the contemporary architects should learn from ancient architecture and cultural wealth of nutrition, according to the modernization of a wide range of requirements, from the analysis of the various contradictions in the exploration and pursuit of people's lives to adapt to the new direction of development and people's construction activities and the rapid caused by the changing times adapt to new the founding of New China, focusing on the succession of Chinese tradition, carry forward the, creative architectural art of the problems the United States experienced a number of exploration and discussion. Experienced the liberation of the early to imitate the "big roof" retro nostalgia period; experienced a critical retro, and copy the Soviet "model" dogmatism stage; experienced the Cultural Revolution, servility to foreigners critical philosophy, the implementation of "dry-base hit," the poor during the transition; experienced early advocate of reform and opening up the West, the popular "Hong Kong style" period. After exploring the difficulties and setbacks, China began to follow the traditional architect, to adapt to function, the use of high-tech, to explore ancient and modern cultures, the realization of the modernization of architectural creation of the correct this paper, talking about building a culture of environment and blend only preliminary study, many deep theoretical issues need further study. Our generation of architects should be firmly established the "scientific concept of architectural culture" to the Chinese culture as the main body, to accelerate the construction of culture and environment, and the nation, and society, and the blending process with the times.=================================================一 建筑文化根植于人居自然环境之中不同的地域自然有不同的自然环境：地形地貌、日照角度、日月潮汐、水流风势、气温、气压、食物、土地、水质、植被等等。作为人与自然中介的建筑，对外应有利于形成小区外部环境，对内应有利于保障人居的室内环境。这些建筑像植物一样，落地生根，合天时，合地利，适宜于地区自然环境的要求，与大自然融为一体。在东南亚和南亚各国，在中国的海南岛和台湾岛，椰林茂密，气候炎热，人们用椰树叶、棕榈叶盖起了适应热带雨林的茅草房、小木楼，通风、凉爽、轻盈、简洁，建起了热带雨林建筑。在中亚、西亚，在中国的西部高寒地区，人们用石块垒砌、依山就势盖起了石板建筑，避风、挡雪、保温、御寒，筑成了高原山地建筑。如中国的西藏、青海、四川等少数民族在中国西部依山就势建起了各式各样的山地建筑群。在中国的黄土高原，漠北戈壁，雨量稀少，气候干燥，人们利用山边、土坡挖洞筑房，建起了具有鲜明特色的生土建筑。甘肃敦煌艺术陈列馆把建筑埋入山坡下，半开敞式入口，山坡挡墙甬道，生土式建筑特征十分明显。在美国的东部，在澳大利亚，在中国的南方，雨量充沛，气候温和，人们用木材、砖瓦依山就势，因地制宜，盖起了遮阳避雨、通风透气、造型别致的湿热地区建筑。这些建筑形式多样，风格各异，适宜于不同地区自然环境，与风景、林木、地形融为一体，形成了根植于自然环境的各种建筑文化。建筑既要根植于自然环境，又要服从于自然环境，这是建筑师必须遵循的一条基本原则。二 社会时空环境差异造成建筑文化的多元化不同的地域、不同的国家、不同的民族，有不同的社会历史形态。欧洲国家、美洲国家、亚洲与非洲等发展中国家，国度不同，宗教信仰不同，经济发展状况不同，各地区的文化习俗也不同。不同地区的人居社会时空环境的差异，造成了建筑文化的时空性和多元性，因而产生了古代的或现代的中国建筑文化、俄罗斯建筑文化、东南亚建筑文化、欧美建筑文化、非洲建筑文化等等。欧洲的古希腊建筑、北非的古埃及建筑、南亚的古印度建筑、古代中国建筑是世界民族建筑文化的历史源流。天主教、耶稣教、印度教、伊斯兰教、佛教等宗教的形成和发展，深刻地影响到信仰宗教的国家和地区，也深刻地影响到这些地区建筑，形成了丰富多彩的宗教建筑文化。中国几千年悠久的历史文化，沿袭至今，既古老又博大，自古以来受到儒家、道家、佛教、禅宗等思想伦理的影响。特别是儒教统治中国2 000多年，根深蒂固。这种文化把儒、道、佛、禅各种思想观念兼收并蓄，融为一体，光辉灿烂，独立于世界民族之林。建筑文化在一定条件下是可以转化的。地域、民族性的建筑文化在一定条件下可以转化为国际性建筑文化，国际性建筑文化也可吸收、融合新的地区与民族性建筑文化。在当今世界里，建筑文化的发展和进步，既包含前者向后者的转化，也包含后者对前者的吸收与融合。这两者既对立又统一，相互补充，彼此影响，共同发展，只有保护和发展丰富多彩的各民族建筑文化，促进世界建筑文化的多元化构成，最终才能建立一个 “和而不同”的人类社会。三 中外建筑文化的发展与交融建筑文化处于全球“大文化”系统之中，各民族、各地域的建筑文化在此共生共荣，组成了世界建筑文化的交响曲。全球化的社会进程给文化交流带来了碰撞与会合，冲突与交融。几千年来，中国受外来文化的影响渊源流长。佛教文化本来发源于印度，随着西汉张骞出使西域，唐代玄奘法师赴印度取经传经，佛教影响中国2000多年。但是，佛教的内容，佛祖的像貌，佛庙的形制与中国文化交融，形成和发展了独特的中国佛教建筑文化。早在20世纪20年代，中国近代出国留学归国的建筑师，大多数是留美的学者，他们受当时西方学院派建筑文化观念和中国国粹主义建筑文化观念的双重影响，强调中西建筑文化交融的重点在建筑风格上，第一次创造性地设计出了一批精品，开创了中外建筑文化交融的新纪元。例如由第一批留美建筑大师吕彦植先生20年代设计的广州中山纪念堂、南京中山陵等等，在当时中国建筑界的确起到了石破天惊的影响，推动了中外建筑文化的融合进程。新中国建国初期，中国政体、机制照搬苏联模式，中国各地建设了一批具有俄罗斯建筑文化特征的建筑，形成和发展了中国50年代“社会主义”建筑文化。改革开放以来，我国又一次打开国门，引入西方经济管理模式，模仿“欧陆风格”、港台建筑，后现代主义几乎风靡全国，形成和发展了中国80年代“改革开放”建筑文化。不言而喻，世界各国的建筑文化均要受到当时当地政治体制、经济状况、技术水平的约束，相互冲突，相互交流，相互影响，相互融合。然而，什么样的交融和交流具有生命力，经受得起时空的考验？只有那些吸取了东西方文化精髓，融合为本民族的地区与民族性建筑文化，才具有强大的生命力。四 古今建筑文化交融的探索和追求古今交融，古为今用，用什么？必须分析“古”与“今”在建筑内容上所发生的变化。这些质的变化是社会制度、生产技术、生活习惯、工作方式、文化观念、建筑材料在建筑领域引发的必然结果。正如吴裕容先生在评价法国工程师古斯塔夫。艾菲尔设计的艾菲尔铁塔时指出的：“人们试图让每一种艺术适应人类生活发展的新方向，并且使所有的人类活动与迅速变化中的时代所造成的新情感相适应。”古今交融探索的是传统建筑与现代建筑相结合的问题。我国传统建筑文化有着许多特点，如建筑群的总体布局，因地制宜，富于变化；建筑造型，丰富多彩；空间分隔，灵活多样；室内装饰，讲究内涵；色彩运用，五彩缤纷；庭园绿化，更是含蓄活泼，变化万千，在世界上独树一帜。在创作现代建筑当中，当代建筑师应吸取古代建筑文化丰富的营养，按现代化多方面的要求，从分析各种矛盾中探索和追求适应人们生活发展的新方向，并且使人们的建筑活动与迅速变化中的时代造成的新情感相适应。新中国成立以来，围绕继承中国传统，发扬民族形式，创作建筑艺术美的问题经历过多少次探索和讨论。经历了解放初期模仿“大屋顶”的怀旧复古时期；经历了批判复古主义，照搬苏联“模式”的教条主义阶段；经历了文革批判洋奴哲学，推行“干打垒”穷过渡的年代；经历了改革开放初期崇尚西方，风靡“欧陆风情”时期。经过反复摸索的艰难曲折以后，中国建筑师开始走继承传统，适应功能，采用高新技术，探索古今交融，实现建筑创作现代化的正确之路。本文所谈建筑文化的环境与交融只是初步探讨，许多深层理论问题还须进一步研究。我们这一代建筑师应当牢固地树立起“科学的建筑文化观”，以中国文化为主体，加速建筑文化与环境、与民族、与社会、与时代的交融进程。
Along with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out , design basis The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the , must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval , fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector. The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift , the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the , fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone , fire linkage control 1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp). 2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition. 3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific , fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal , concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.随着我国经济发展快速发展，人民生活的水平不断提高，城市使用是每天着急，敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快，而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大，提议消防自动报警系统设计较高，更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全，消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验，建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解，为同事们的讨论，并指出错误。 首先，设计依据 火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作，同时还具有很强的政策性。因此，首先应明确以下设计依据： 第一，必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准，该系统的设计标准，标准的设备制造，安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规，并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字： “必须” ， “必须假定” ， “不适合” ， “可能”和反面词： “严格禁止” ， “不应该” ， “没有” ， “不适合“的含义。 第二，必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能，利用和保护对象的防火等级，认真开展本标准和国家有关标准，认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。 其次，火灾自动报警系统设备的建立 建立火灾探测器 要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围，每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场）和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围，特别是前面的房间，以及电梯，分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动，是人员分散保存目标与防火，因此，应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散，而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动，适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。 电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道，拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧，为此， “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定，在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下，电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的，坐标轴的防火分隔要求，每2 〜 3或每一级安装。 电梯机房应安装火灾探测器，它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具，其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性，其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞，像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞，在气孔，持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等，其时，有四个火，升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道，很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此，电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的，也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。 2 ，手动火警报警按钮建立 （包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标，防火，应立即向警方举报的按钮，首选地点设立手动火警。此外，该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前，向警方报案的按钮。 在公共活动场所（包括会堂，礼堂，餐厅，多功能厅等）和主要通道等场所，是所有工作人员非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应立即向警方举报的按钮，在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮，以保证“ ，以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “ 第三，消防紧急广播喇叭建立 走道，大厅，餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也有分离和防火门的声音，人民的混乱和嘈杂，因此，应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆，因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭，由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。 第四，建立火灾报警装置 建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统，笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置，但它的控制程序应该是：该报警器应确认火灾后，利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警，报警器停止工作时间的规定，迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目，并且分散了人们的指示。 火警警报装置建立的立场，笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的，它的墙面安装应为距地面米高度 第五，消防专用电话设立 安装消防专用电话分机电话，应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制（包括消防给水设备，备件发电机房，火柴变电站，主要ventilates空调引擎室，排放烟气轮机室，防火电梯机房及其他） ，消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室，消防责任人员观察室，现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话，请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中，电梯机房及消防控制室，电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板（包括位置指示器，显示方向灯，以讲信函电话，麻烦灯等） ，以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。 配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮，消火栓按钮，还应该安装消防专用电话插座。 第三，消防联动控制 第一，消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启，停止，也应表现出的按钮，打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时，其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态（即建立消防泵工作表明灯） 。 第二，消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开，停止，也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示，报警阀，安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外，该盆地，水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭，作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。 第三，消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用，应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。 第四，火灾自动报警系统布线 为了防止火灾发生时，消防控制，通信和警戒线遣散，使灭火工作无法进行，造成了更大的经济损失，也为抑制electronmagetic干扰（例如变压器，电电机，电缆等）的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制，通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆，并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆，其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复，应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属 ，结论备注 作者取决于具体的项目实施经验，阐述了设计依据，火灾自动报警设计和实际问题，以便建立系统设备，消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见，其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量，早期发现，并通知消防，预防和减少火灾危害，通过保护个人和财产安全。
一、毕业论文的选题选题是论文写作的首要环节。选题的好坏直接关系到论文的学术价值和使用价值，新颖性、先进性、开创性、适用性以及写作的难易程度等。下面重点谈谈选题的原则：1．要客观需要，颇有价值。选题要根据我国经济建设的需要，具有重大的理论和实用价值。例如“企业联盟问题研究”，就是这样。正如一汽集团李启祥副总经理说，我国汽车与国外的汽车竞争，无论是技术、质量、品牌、功能、成本和规模经济等都比不过人家，只能靠一体化，战略联盟，与“大众”合资进入世界大汽车集团，靠国外发展自己。因此，关于战略联盟的研究，既满足了我国经济建设的需要，又具有重大的理论和实用价值。2．要捕捉灵感，注重创新。论文的生命在于创新。创新的含义非常广泛，是指一种新的观点，创立新说，新的论据(新材料)，新的补充，新的方法，新的角度。也有人说创新指研究的内容是新的，方法是新的，内容与方法都是新的。还有人认为创新指独特见解，提出前人未曾提出过的问题，纠正前人的错误观点，对前人成果进一步深化、细化、量化和简化等。由上可见，一篇论文总要有一点创新，否则就算不上真正的论文。创新靠灵感，灵感靠积累。只有在长期的艰苦砥砺中才能偶然产生一点思想的火花，而这稍纵即逝的思想火花就可能变成学术创新的起点。
具体的范文模板链接： 提取码: ne8r
论文写作，先不说内容，首先格式要正确，=========现在的论文，只要是原创都要收费，一篇完整的论文，题目，摘要（中英文），=========商业社会也没办法谁愿意免费给你写论文目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，=========你在这问也没用，我去年的论文找参考文献。规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉=========【4930页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文=============92524写的】算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题，你的题==================质量还不错,你可以去看下目时间宽裕，那就好好考虑，选一个你思考最成熟的，可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献，从里面获得思路，确定一个模板性质的东西，照着来，写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急，那就随便找一个参考文献，然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献，拼出一篇，再改改。正文，语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲，这就是框定每一部分些什么，保证内容不乱
先选定题目啦可以多和导师交流然后自己查看相关论文寻找思路实在不会找我采纳哦！
金融学专科学生必读撰写调查报告、毕业论文指南集中实践环节教学工作是广播电视大学教学过程管理的重要环节。财经类集中实践性教学环节包括社会调查和毕业论文两项主要内容。集中实践环节不得免修。财经系各个专业专科集中实践环节的指导工作现已开始，为落实人才培养模式改革的目标，确保该项工作有序、准时、高质、高效地完成，特编写《金融学专科学生撰写调查报告、毕业论文指南》材料，供学生认真学习，严格遵守。现将各环节具体要求规定如下：调查报告每位学生必须在撰写毕业论文前参加社会调查活动，并撰写出具有一定价值的社会调查报告。调查报告最好反映工作单位的情况（尚未工作的同学要以本地区企业为调查对象）。调查报告开头要介绍调查的时间、地点、调查的对象、调查的内容。正文用一级标题注明以下几部分：一、某单位的概况；二、经营管理特点；三、存在问题；四、思考与建议。调查报告必须在3000字以上，交电子文档和打印材料各一份。调查报告不准写成小论文，也不能写成报告文学、通讯报道。必须是一个金融机构的真实情况的反映，要用事实、数据说话。调查报告不需要目录、摘要、关键词、脚注、参考文献等。其打印格式与毕业论文的要求一致。调查报告要在封面加盖被调查单位的公章（定稿后再盖章）。写作提纲写作提纲是学生在正式开始写作论文之前提交给论文指导教师的一份关于选题理由、文章结构及实例分析、个人见解的报告。要用一级标题注明四个部分的内容。具体要求如下：一、选题理由部分，要介绍自己的学习、工作经历与背景；说明该选题的意义、研究价值、实际作用 等等。二、文章结构部分，要求学生写清楚整个论文的基本观点，这些观点必须逻辑清楚、合理。学生结合自己的基本观点写清楚整个论文的结构。这是学生向指导教师说明自己如何论证观点的一个部分。例如学生要写清楚整篇文章包含那几个部分，第一部分写什么，其中包括几个小部分，每个小部分写什么等等，以此类推。三、实例分析部分，要以本地区实例为主。这一部分非常重要，体现同学分析问题解决问题的能力。四、个人见解部分，是对文章的总结。写作提纲的字数在500字以上。文字方面要求语言流畅、思路清晰，说清楚自己的观点。毕业论文（一）毕业论文选题、内容与字数方面的要求1．撰写毕业论文要避免选择已经完全得到解决的常识性问题作为论题。论文选题必须是本专业方面的研究题目，必须有明确的研究方向（不能是调查报告、工作研究、工作总结）。2．毕业论文应做到观点新颖明确、材料详实有力、结构完整严谨、语言通顺、格式规范。毕业论文应由学生本人在指导教师的指导下独立完成，杜绝一切抄袭、剽窃行为。3．专科论文字数在4000字以上。（二）关于论文的修改与定稿1．毕业论文初稿要认真修改。2．论文的最后定稿应是封面填写准确、装订规范（论文夹、封面、写作提纲、目录、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献八项）、字体符合要求的文章。（三）相关记录表格的填写与论文指导、答辩相关的表格（包括论文指导记录表、答辩情况记录等），应填写清楚、不得空项。交第一稿之前学生要在班主任处领取论文夹。按指导记录得要求进行修改，每次交稿时应带前次指导记录。（四）、论文用纸、装订、打印份数与字体要求1．论文用张一律为A4纸，左侧装订。2．定稿后文字稿一式3份。3．字体要求（1）封面主标题（3#字黑体，粗体，居中）；副标题（4#字黑体，居中）封面学生姓名等内容居中，文字楷体小四号字加粗，详细内容见附表。（2）写作提纲主标题（3#字黑体，粗体，居中）；副标题（4#字黑体，居中）内容宋体小4#字（2）论文目录目 录摘要 、关键词 …………… 1正文 [目录要深入到二级标题层次] …………… 2参考文献 …………… 10（3）论文正文主标题3#字黑体，粗体，居中 副标题4#字黑体，居中署名（楷体小4#字）（之后空一行）〖摘要〗：概括论文主要观点，200字以上，楷体五号字。〖关键词〗：（3—5个，楷体五号字）（之后空二行）论文正文（论文内各标题4#黑体，其他宋体小4#字）（之后空几行）参考文献：（不得少于3篇，宋体小5#字，要注明何人所著何时何社出版）四、进度安排 2006年3月15日前交第一稿（交调查报告和论文。论文包括论文夹、封面、写作提纲、目录、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献八项）。3月31日为第一稿的最后截止日期。此后不再接收04秋金融学专科学生论文的第一稿。 2006年3月15日－5月20 日为论文指导过程，师生之间要进行3次以上的面对面的交流与指导。直至论文达到前述要求。 2006年5月31日前学生要在完成论文修改之后将规定的资料交给指导教师（包括：调查报告和论文。论文包括论文夹、封面、开题报告、目录、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献八项）。 2006年6－7月为专科科论文答辩时间。每位学生必须参加毕业答辩。毕业答辩的具体时间另行通知。大连电大财经系2005年12月附：论文、调查报告封面样本利率市场化后企业投融资策略的调整学生姓名：学 号：入学时间： 年 季专 业：直属/分校：指导教师：大连广播电视大学2006年5月