园林景点公示语英译论文开题报告

www.景观中国.com/www.绿化养护.com

开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms 1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified 1.2 Black Is Associated With Profit 1.3 Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 2.1 Black Is Associated With the Death 2.2 Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate 2.3 Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful 2.4 Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky 1.2 White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms 2.1 White Is Associated With Death and Poor 2.2 White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 2.1 Red is Associated with the Obscenity 2.2 Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. 2.3 Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms 1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Noble 1.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 2.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative 2.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. Nov.16th - Nov.22nd , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. Nov.23rd - Dec.20th , 2008 Data gathering 3. Dec.21st - Jan.10th , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. Jan.11th - Feb.8th, 2009 Literature review 5. Feb.9th - Mar.14th, 2009 First draft 6. Mar.15th - Apr.10th, 2009 Second draft 7. Apr.11th - Apr.20th, 2009 Final version 8. Apr.27th - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, A.C. & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, C.E. Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. U.S.A.: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. U.S.A.: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日

英语翻译论文直接找北京译顶科技就行了啊，省时省力，对接也方便。

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

论文开题报告基本要素

各部分撰写内容

论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。

摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：

目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。

这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。

这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。

这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。

园林毕业设计题开题报告

园林是指在一定的地域运用工程技术和艺术手段，通过改造地形(或进一步筑山、叠石、理水)、种植树木花草、营造建筑和布置园路等途径创作而成的美的自然环境和游憩境域，以下是我为大家搜集整理提供到的园林毕业设计题开题报告，希望对您有所帮助。欢迎阅读参考学习！

【摘 要】人性化的理念一直都是园林设计的出发点和总体目标，我们一般用人性化来衡量一个设计的好与坏，人性化设计在现在的风景园林设计中已经是不可或缺的一个重要部分。人性化设计已经成为现在风景园林设计的潮流，被大家所认可。

【关键词】园林标志设计 人性化 发展 表现

中图分类号：TU986文献标识码： A

引言：就我国对风景园林设计领域而言，还没有一个确切的标准来衡量风景园林设计的规范性。虽然我国近阶段在建设风景园林的领域取得的成就还是可观的，但各自使用的标志千奇百怪，各标志间也存在着很大的差异。所以我国在近阶段的园林设计上必须以统一管理好，规范好风景园林标志，景区服务为民作为一个基本的发展方针，来使我国的风景园林标志设计达到一个高水准，高素质的水平。

一、我国风景园林标志设计的重要性

园林标志设计规范化，既表现了我国对风景园林服务为民的宗旨，也能表现我国对风景园林设计的重视，对于一个国家而言，则是在发展园林和人文素质方面思想上的一个质的飞跃，将我国高素质的一面完全展现在世人的眼中。因为这，建设部在《2007年工程建设标准规范制定、修订项目计划》的文献中提到，为了我国在建设城市园林风景中更好的科学管理和国际性学术性交流，将编制《风景园林标志标准》一书的主编一职交给天津市园林局及天津师范大学，来为我国风景园林设计标志规范体系补好这个漏洞。在主编单位的不懈的努力和其他参编单位的通力合作下，作了严谨的学术调研，吸取国际上各国在风景园林设计方面优良的经验，终于制定出一套适合于中国自己的风景园林设计的规范标准。风景园林设计标志标准的制定对于我国公共信息图形符号体系整体完善上起到了一个重要的作用，代表着我国风景园林标志应经走上正轨，这个标准使用与我国任何领域，它比文字更具有表达能力，更能给人们视觉上的冲击力。

风景园林国际化的程度远比其他行业高，在这一领域比其他领域更具有容纳性，各种地域，各种文化层次的人聚集在此，这时我们就会需要一个适合各种人群的“通用语言”来更好的服务人们。以表达方式和表达的准确性来说，相对于文字表达，以图形符号来表达信息会来的更容易，更大的信息量，更迅捷。根据不完全的调查，公共信息图形符号与不同区域、不同文化层次人群所使用语言没有很大的关系。信息图形符号对于各地区人群而言都是没有差异的，更利于各区域间的无障碍沟通，更容易被世人所接收。风景园林标志吸引不同的人去风景园林区域参观的一个标志，使人们在未参观该景区之前就能更直观的了解到该景区。风景园林一般是以象征性的图案作为其标志的，可以更好的给那些异域地区的人们更直观的了解和接收。

二、以人性化为主导的理念

人性化指的是一种理念，具体体现在美观的同时能根据消费者的生活习惯，操作习惯，方便消费者，既能满足消费者的功能诉求，又能满足消费者的心里需求，达到技术和人的关系协调，即让技术的发展围绕人的需求来发展，这里指的技术不单单指的是某一领域的技术。所以，人性化设计的浅显解释就是使设计达到人们心理的需求，使人们更舒适的享受这一设计。在对我国当下的标志设计的大潮流下，根据自身的特点来设计出一个适合的风景园林标志，使这一设计在包含科学性、专业性和方便性的同时拥有人性化设计的特点，对于这种设计而言，我觉得就已经没有瑕疵了。

三、具体表现

在那些存在安全隐患处没有设立一些人性化标志，会给消费者带来不必要的人身伤害。在我国风景园林景区经常会发生动物伤人的现象，但还是没有注重细节的关键性，还是没有在存在安全隐患的地方设立一些往往人性化标志来提示人们。至此，我特地翻阅了大量的书籍，借鉴国内外在这方面标志做的比较好的经验，对一些设计不错的标志进行略微的修改，整编出了《当心动物伤人》的标识(如图 4)。以黄黑警示色为图形的主要颜色，为了解决动物的可移动性的问题，我们将标志设置成可移动的，便于置安，标志长 140cm 、高 50cm、宽 60cm，利用不锈钢材料制成折叠式的支架，既环保又不占用很大的地方。湿地是候鸟生活的的地方，我国有超过 100 多种鸟类在这定居，但是我国湿地的面积正以很高的速度逐年递减，鸟类将居无定所，所以我们必须行动起来，保护好这些湿地，还鸟类一个美好的家园，所以我又设计了《候鸟栖息地》的标志(如图 5)。标志的整个设计就是一只火烈鸟在展翅翱翔，人性化的设计可以更好的让不同地域不同文化层次的人们直观的了解到标志要传达的含义。风景园林区是一个客流量很大的地方，所以一些必要的服务必须做到位，像警务处跟失物招领处就必不可少了，根据我们非专业性的大量调研和吸取多个成功案例表明，该套风景园林设计确实处处彰显着人性化的概念。对于这套标志而言，主要有三大亮点：

1、标志图形：所有的标志都是图案为主文字为辅来表达。人们能够很直观的接收标志所传递的讯息。像一些重要的地方，标志就会运用多种文字来辅助图案给人们的接收，这样一来，各区域的人们在景区就会更放便。

2、标志颜色：以白色和深绿色为主来刻画风景园林，深深的抓住了风景园林的特征。标志的底纹和图形、文字使用的色彩都大不相同，互相之间都存在很大的色度差，这方面主要是照顾那些色盲色弱的人群。

3、标志设置：我们对标志的摆放方式运用了四种不同的方法即悬挂式、附着式、落地式、摆放式。我们对标志的支架采用了环保、耐用的不锈钢，不会对人产生什么伤害。标志与其它广告等图形文字有很大的视觉区别，这也能避免标志被其它障碍物所遮挡。采取必要的保护措施来避免标志不可抗力的损坏。

结束语：

这套风景园林标志完全顺应着人性化的设计，简明而不简单，符合现代人的心理需求，方便了人们在景区游览，人性化的效果显而易见。给一个人到不熟悉的景区里更好的解析整个景区的路线和服务。给每一位游客准确而简短明了的帮助信息，节省了很多时间和精力。

这套方案既提高了风景园林的服务质量和管理水平，又节约了时间和做到了环保。标志的设计旨在服务大家，方便为民，表现出了我国在风景园林标志方面的特点，将我国切身的思想以及民众的心理需求直观的表达出来了。拉近了环境与人的距离，也将人性化理念融入到了风景园林设计中来。

参考文献：

[1]杨玉霞;段渊古;张楠阳;马婧;园林植物季相变化的审美特点[J];北方园艺;2011年03期

[2]苑庆磊;于晓南;楹联艺术与我国风景园林的融合解析[J];北京林业大学学报(社会科学版);2010年03期

[3]杜晓东;关于现代景观的微观思考[J];白城师范学院学报;2009年05期

【摘要】文章中笔者结合多年的工作经验，对风景园林施工技术以及假山山脚的施工技术进行了简要的介绍。并对如何提高施工工艺的`控制过程进行了简要的论述。

【关键词】风景园林;施工技术;假山山脚施工技术;技术措施。

一、风景园林施工过程中存在的技术难题。

1.1、风景园林工程施工准备阶段存在的技术难题。

风景园林工程建设项目顺利开展的前提是做好施工前的准备工作，这就要求施工单位在施工之前对风景园林建设项目的设计方案以及技术方案进行详细的研究分析;并做好施工现场的勘查工作，了解施工现场的道路交通条件、用水用电情况等;并根据设计方案以及施工要求制定出合理的施工组织计划;除此之外，还应该做好施工现场的准备共工作。这些工作的开展是保证风景园林施工工程顺利开展的基础。

1.2、风景园林工程施工过程中存在的技术难题。

由于目前风景园林施工人员的技术水平参差不齐，许多施工人员并不具备相关的风景园林建设知识以及审美能力，导致风景园林工程施工过程出现了许多问题。由于风景园林工程的施工过程的严谨性以及计划性不强，但风景园林工程施工并不是单纯的种花、种草，是需要进行艺术设计，需要较强的风景园林施工技术。施工人员的技术水平不足以及施工经验的缺乏时目前风景园林施工过程中存在的主要问题。

1.3、风景园林工程竣工验收阶段存在的技术难题。

风景园林工程的竣工验收阶段是保证风景园林工程施工质量的最后一道关卡，需要将风景园林工程施工过程中的审核交工验收资料进行认真的整理，并且要编写施工总结资料以及风景园林工程后期的养护计划。由于我国的风景园林工程建设是近几年发展起来的，并没有完善的质量控制体系，以及规范的质量标准，这就导致风景园林工程的竣工验收阶段没有足够的文件支撑，使得风景园林工程的竣工验收并不能达到对施工质量进行严格控制的作用，这是竣工验收阶段存在的主要问题。

1.4、风景园林工程养护阶段存在的技术难题。

风景园林工程不同于普通的建筑工程，风景园林工程中存在大量的植物，并且品种多样，需要进行长期的养护工作，并且养护工作具有多样性的特点。风景园林工程建设项目在施工结束之后的养护工作是保证风景园林工程质量的重要阶段。

二、假山山脚施工技术。

2.1、拉底施工技术。

在山脚线的范围内做垫底的山石层就是拉底的施工内容，通常采用的拉底方式有满拉底和周边拉底两种类型。

2.1.1、满拉底。

所谓满拉底就是指在山脚线的范围内满满的铺上一层山石，满拉底施工技术由于其施工工艺使用范围有一定的限制，一般用于北方冬季有冻胀破坏地方的假山，以及规模小山地面积也小的假山拉底工程施工中。

2.1.2、周边拉底。

顾名思义，周边拉底指的是在山脚边线上用山石砌筑一层垫底石，之后使用泥土和碎石将石圈填满，填满之后压实。这种拉底方式在大规模的假山建造过程中使用较为广泛。

2.2、山脚线施工技术。

2.2.1、露脚。

为了保证假山建设的效果，制造假山就像是放在地上似的效果，就需要进行露脚的施工，施工过程中通过在地面上沿着山底边线铺设垫脚石圈来实现。使用露脚施工技术来制造这种效果虽然造价较低，但是效果并不是很好。

2.2.2、埋脚。

为了使得假山建造的效果比较真实，使其看起来像是从地下长出来一样，可以使用埋脚的施工方法来进行。这种施工技术是通过将山石沿着山底边线埋进地下20厘米。然后沿着山石边线种植花草，将假山与地面花草景观结合起来，这样就能使得假山效果更佳逼真自然。

2.3、假山山脚施工技术要求。

假山山脚施工工程中首先要保证山石的质量，进行山石的选择时避免使用松散的山石;拉底施工一定要保证质量，保证拉底以后山体的砌筑工作顺利进行，这就要求山石底部的平稳，以及山石之间的咬合紧密;为了美观的要求，山石的铺设应该是不规则的连续，拉底的边缘部分也应该错落有致，避免出现山脚的浑圆或者平直现象，保证山脚以不同的半径弯曲，以不同的深度凹陷。

三、风景园林施工过程中应采用的施工工艺措施。

3.1、风景园林施工之前应做好准备措施。

在进行风景园林施工之前要求施工人员认真研读施工图纸，并对施工现场进行勘察，并施工现场的道路交通以及水资源进行详细的了解，并认真分析设计者对风景园林建设的意图。根据施工前的准备工作拟定合理的施工计划以及管理方案。由于风景园林施工较为复杂，施工难度巨大。所以做好施工前的准备工作，对保证施工过程的顺利开展有着重要的意义。风景园林工程施工组织设计一般包括以下几个方面的内容：工程概况、施工技术，施工机械设备、劳动力、工程程序进度内容。除此之外，还应进行风景园林绿化的施工计划，主要包括对施工队伍进行合理的分工以及任务和责任的划分等;并且要做好设计图的布置以及安全质量措施准备等一系列的施工前准备工作，来确保风景园林施工的顺利开展。

3.2、做好风景园林施工过程中的技术管理。

为了保证风景园林建设的施工水平，就要不断加强施工人员的技术水平以及管理人员的综合素质。项目部管理人员的管理水平能否达到要求，是否能够制定出合理的施工组织计划以及合理的平面布置图，能否合理的配置劳动力以及施工机械等等，都对风景园林工程的施工过程有着极其重要的影响。为了保证风景园林施工的顺利展开，应该不断提高管理人员的综合素质、技术水平，管理人员还应该在工作中不断地积累经验，并加强学习。

3.3、不断提高风景园林施工工艺水平。

首先按我们应该明确风景园林工程建设的初衷是为了美化城市环境而建造的城市风景园林景观。由于风景园林建筑过程中会使用多种植物，植物不同于其他的原材料，需要特殊的护理及养护工作。所以在风景园林施工过程中，应该用专业的技术人员加强对植物的养护工作，来保证植物的成活率以及景观效果。除了对植物的养护工作之外，还要加强对风景园林中小品、喷泉以及水景的后期保护以及维修工作

为了保证进度计划在进行调整之后依然按时竣工，应该加强施工进度计划的技术措施。将进度计划要与风景园林建设施工现场的地理情况、天气情况、施工人员等各种因素有机的结合起来。按照这些因素制定出合理的风景园林绿化进度计划，合理安排地下、地上;道路、铺装与苗木的栽植。并将整个规划划分成若干部分，并根据每个部分绿化植物的生长特点、栽培情况制定出适合本阶段的进度计划。

3.4、做好风景园林工程的后期养护工作。

由于风景园林建筑过程中会使用多种植物，植物不同于其他的原材料，需要特殊的护理及养护工作。所以在风景园林施工过程中，应该用专业的技术人员加强对植物的养护工作，来保证植物的成活率以及景观效果。除了对植物的养护工作之外，还要加强对风景园林中小品、喷泉以及水景的后期保护以及维修工作。

结束语：我国的风景园林建设是近几年发展起来的，施工水平以及技术能力还存在局限性。因此，目前的风景园林施工过程中受施工环境、气候、施工队伍、施工技术、管理水平等因素的限制，经常出现这样或那样的问题，这就要求施工单位在施工过程中在摸索中前进，不断地积累经验，逐步解决施工过程中存在的问题。

参考文献：

[1]王运旭.风景园林施工新工艺的管理与技术难点分析[J].现代园艺，2011.

[2]孟红.风景园林工程的建设与管理[J].河北林业科技，2010.