feiyeping001
课题研究的步骤,主要是指需要经过哪几步程序才能达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分作者需要仔细思考整个课题需要哪几步才能完成。它的基本步骤一般包含以下几步,准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段,只要抓住这几步就可以。
louisbellen
英文论文写作也是先做出摘要引言,然后提出一些理论,最后通过一定的论点查找到问题,解决问题的一个过程,提出问题是依据现状来说,解决问题需要解决你提出的问题,这是论文的一个核心,在致谢方面,需要特别注重一下就行了,那么英文论文中研究方法有哪些?下面我们就为大家介绍一下。一、英文论文中研究方法有哪些?外语教学和科研中的两大研究方法(一)定性方法 (Qualitative approach)定性研究的基本情况:1. 研究者调查之前没有带什么框框;2. 研究者可以作为局外人观察要研究的现象,让一切事情让本来的规律去发生,发展,研究者不加控制和干扰;3. 研究者也可以参与到所调查的活动之中或者以观察者的身份参与活动;4. 在一般性的调查之后,可以进行深入的个案调查 (case study); 5. 所采取的方法是综合法和归纳法,最后成果多是描述性的或在描述过程中揭示一定的规律(即提出假设或结论) .英文论文(二)定量方法 (Quantitative approach)通过一连串的数字,表格,图标来说明问题,如《广告语言中的语用预设》 ,陈新仁 ,1998分类:统计方法 (statistical method) :人口普查实验方法 (experimental method) :交际教学法比翻译法好定量研究的基本情况:1.定量法通常是从假设出发,事先有个看法;2.定量法往往是要控制和操纵变量的;3.定量强调研究的客观性,远离数据,远离当事人,是局外人的视角;4.所得数据信度高,具有可重复性;5.所得结论具有普遍性。(三)定性方法和定量方法的比较定性方法 定量方法现象学观点 逻辑实证主义观点1. 强调亲身参与活动而获得经验;2. 只有通过个人主观经验才能认识人类行为;3. 了解就是移情;4. 依赖定性数据。1. 强调用实验方法来获取数据;2. 只有摆脱主观状态才能了解社会现象的因果关系;3. 了解要保持距离;4. 依赖定性数据。综合法 分析法1. 从部分到整体;2. 整体观;3. 面向内部结构;4. 了解过程;5. 假设一种动态现时。1. 从整体到部分;2. 成分观;3. 面向外部结构;4. 了解结果;5. 假设一种静态现实。归纳法 演绎法1. 以观察材料为出发点;2. 事先没有形成看法;3. 探索性的,扩展性的,描述性的;4. 可以生成假设;5. 成果,描述或假设。1. 以假设为出发点;2. 事先进行预示;3. 简约性的,推断性的,验证性的;4. 假设检验;5. 成果,理论。自然观察 操纵和控制1. 观察面广,但较分散;2. 变量不加控制,有利于了解变量的复杂关系,但也容易顾此失彼;3. 注意内容,但容易忽视形式;4. 主观,但解释力强;(四)定性研究和统计研究中的调查手段1.观察 (observation): participant and non-participant observation; not knowing what is not known and structured observation 访谈 (interview): open, structured and semi-open interview2. 笔记和日记 (log): detail is everything; chronological order3. 录音和录像4 . 口 头 自 陈 (verbal reporting): 边 想 边 说 (think aloud), 内 省 (introspection) , 回 忆(retrospection)5. 问卷 (questionnaire): open, closed and semi-closed(五)实验研究真正的实验研究:研究者对自变量的控制;对被试者的随机抽样外 语 研 究 中 的 研 究 只 能 是 准 实 验 研 究 (quasi-experimental research) 和 前 实 验 研 究(pre-experimental research) 准实验研究交际法比传统的翻译法好Objectives: 交际法比翻译法好Subjects: 两组(班)学生,各种条件(年龄,性别等)都是等值的,尤其是成绩也差不多。Instruments : Procedure: 前测,分别教学一段时间,后测Results and discussion
雯雯闯天涯
1. 了解自己的研究领域。每周做到平均10-15本相关领域的阅读量,如最近的一些学术期刊的阅读或浏览摘要;或是文学原著的阅读;当然学生们可以借助一些参考书目管理软件如:ProCite,或使用搜索引擎来帮助自己查阅。2. 学会暂时放下研究的课题寻找新的思路。在阅读资料时你不防试着忘记你所研究的课题,用新的或创新的想法来去做研究,以避免和别人想法一致的境地。3. 重视研究方法,学会分析研究成果,有动机的应用。在遇到一些研究成果时可以稍微重视其使用的方法,进行分析出来你这样做的原因,这个研究调查可以应用在哪些领域,成就什么成果。4. 把文章中的引用做好。注意文章是怎么引用到你阅读的论文中的,它们可能会有不同的解释,进而考虑你的论文中可以引用哪些特定的内容。5. 了解自己论文的局限性。对于前人已做过的研究可以去作创新,一旦清楚的知道做了什么,什么没有做,就可以开始进行你的研究了。6. 参考前辈们的开题报告和论文。这样做会让你产生一种自己开题报告和论文的想法或轮廓,但如果你想有更灵活或新颖的思维,那么就得多阅读前辈们的文章了。
淘气别闹
Name is translation often occurred in ingredients. It seemingly small component, but it is bad to can cause many misunderstandings and then. Translation even difficult difficult in its profound cultural connotations, and the source language and target language different expression and accept culture way. To appropriate and scientifically translation gaudentia, must comprehend the profound cultural connotation and to follow certain translation principles, make even in both languages can be correctly understood, and do not break the source language characteristic. This paper tries to Chinese name cultural differences, naming conventions comparison, Chinese and western literature works named after people cultural connotation and so on several aspects to explore even translation principles. A Chinese and western even cultural differences Name and name from 1.1 arranged sequencing see Chinese and western names cultural differences Have surnamed famous common features of the eastern and western people, but in the name of the permutation order is inverted: Chinese (li si) name permutation order is: the name is prior, name behind, While the westerners (George Bush) name permutation order by contrast, name prior, surname last. This surname and name different permutation order is east of traditional culture in different names. Name embodied on the code, and embody family name is individual code of Chinese and western names. In this name and name permutation order is orientals in "universality and individuality" relationship held by different idea reflected. In general supreme, "three cardinal guides emphasizes so-called p-five" of Chinese traditional culture, which is inevitable represents the fathers, family's "surname" prior, who represent the individual, human symbols -- "name" last. By contrast, westerners are stress individual character, respect personal independent personality and subject consciousness, therefore represent personality conception of "name" were put in front, and represents the common surname "concept" rear. The Chinese to "surname" hotly-contested three-week dash across, inspect if "sacred", While the westerners to "surname" is watching very light, very casually. Second, the Chinese and western naming conventions comparison 2.1 named principle Chinese name of total principle is: the form significance is beautiful, choose lucky words: such as "happiness", "wealth", "ting" etc, Or choose refined characters, such as "jia", "ag.bone" etc. We compare the Anglo-American name: Nancy (Nancy, meaning "elegant", Helen (Helen, meaning "sunshine", Frances (Frances, meaning "freedom", it can be seen in principle differences. Naming names from the west principle can be reflected in this sentence, that is "take a good name is better than riches", But Chinese naming principles might as well as "auspicious life, summarize grave life". 2.2 naming convention Chinese naming rich and colorful, reflects the nation in different social, different era of ideas, meanwhile reflected people's aspirations, ideal, etc. (1) the birth horoscope name. This is the Chinese a named custom, birth horoscope and gold, wood, water, fire and earth "five elements" to calculate, see lack a printing line is used the word name, like "f", "water", "sawasaki sichuan, etc; RunTu" Westerners natural don't believe this sets. (2) to be born time fame. Such as "chunsheng", "dawn", "song", Western naming, no this method. (3) ranking order name. Such as: "zhang SAN", "li si", "the king", The Anglo-American children ranked according to metal, such as: "ranking arrangement for the Gold (long children Gold) : Gold and Silver (Silver for children times) : ShiEr eph. (4) parents surname name. Such as: father's song, mother's name Korea, daughter named SongHan (harmonics). (5) to parents look forward to name. Such as: LiFuQin, Ruth (rose), meaning "beauty". (6) birthplace name. Such as: WangHuSheng, Scott (Scott), etc. . (7) on animals and plants for life. Such as: dragon, wild goose, tiger, chicken, rumei, Ephraim; etc. British and American names: started (Rose), Lily (lilies), etc. In addition, there are many Chinese to fame, use fixed degress word mean generation degress, make a cycle, from generation to generation. Three, sino-foreign literature works named after people cultural connotation of perspective Works of literature creation, character name selection is very important. Because in the characters, according to the purpose of writing, in order to deeply reveal characters' personalities, indicating that the fate of the characters, and end always carefully and cautiously for character select name. And, as in the names and nico panov society in his book "the more famous said, master, the more for his work carefully choose name hero." this means its connotation more rich, translation should be more ZiZhenGouZhuo, certain translation guiding principle is necessary. To sum up, the Chinese and western names reflect the differences between Chinese and western culture differences. Names is the carrier of culture and the mirror image, names and cultural change together. In symbiosis named after people more reflects different customs. Literary works named after people usually have clew character and the connotation of destiny. In translation names to follow "name from master", "conventional", "brief" principle of literary works middleman. The name of the translation and processing according to different circumstances, follow the coexistence and free translation, "" principle and" translate "refer to the significance of names principle.
吃货和世界
1.什么是研究假设呢?研究假设是研究者根据学科理论,或是以往相关研究的发现或结论,对研究问题的规律、原因或结果作出的一种尝试性的逻辑推测。“假设”常常是理论框架或分析模型中规定的两个或多个变量之间关系的一种试验性的描述。 只讨论一个变量的假设并不是研究假设。比如:“今晚美股会跌停”这句表述中只有“美股”这一个变量,不符合研究假设的基本定义。讨论两个或多个变量,但变量间没有关联性,也不是研究假设。比如:“明天欧洲新增疫情患者将超过5000人,明天A股将小幅上涨”这句话里面出现了“欧洲新增疫情患者人数”和“A股”这两个变量,但并没有显示这两个变量间存在关联。我们也不能只说“A和B之间存在显著关联”,而应该具体描述两变量之间存在怎样的关联。比如:“用户对在线课程的满意度与他们持续使用在线教育的意愿呈正比”。2.研究假设的一般性特征研究假设具有一定的猜测性研究假设是研究者还未正面的陈述或主张,需要继续被各种实证研究所验证。验证假设的过程其实就是研究的过程。研究假设必须是简单单一的一个研究假设只讨论一对关系。比如:“A比B更喜欢炒股”,“A和B呈正相关”,“A越多B越少”,“A受B的显著影响”等等。研究假设也可以描述某变量的中介作用,比如“A对B和C之间的关系起中介作用”,“A mediates the relationship between B and C”。 但是我们不要有“A比B和C更喜欢炒股”,“A和B呈正相关,且和C呈负相关”等等这类展示多对关系的描述。研究假设必须是可以被验证的研究假设必须是可以被验证的,后人可重复的推测。要让假定变成科学理论,关键在于它所预测的事实被实践所证实。研究假设具有一定的科学理论依据研究假设必须建立在事实或已有科学知识的基础之上,以一定的实验材料和经验事实为基础,以一定的科学知识作依据,经过一系列论证才能提出。
Herculeses
论文开题报告基本要素
各部分撰写内容
论文标题应该简洁,且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。
摘要是对论文提纲的总结,通常不超过1或2页,摘要包含以下内容:
目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题, 副标题应缩进。
这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景,缩小研究问题的范围,适当列出相关的参考文献。
这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要,而是必须对其进行批判性评论,并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。
这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下,主要研究问题应该足够广泛,而次要研究问题和假设则更具体,每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。
如何写论文?很多人都会告诉你,写论文的第一步是要先阅读大量文献。 为什么呢?你的导师身经百战阅文无数,他不会知道你连最起码的论文是什么东西都没搞清楚。但事实上大
第一、博士阶段学习的目标及设想(根据自己实际情况表述)1、课程和学习目标博士期间要求更丰富的知识体系,我也会继续端正态度、刻苦钻研。合理利用时间,主要从以下几方
案例研究论文的主要方法:案例研究方法(case study method)与实验、问卷调研等并列为主要的社会科学研究方法。案例研究法是对现实中某一复杂的和具体的
大学生,研究生,博士生相应的毕业论文分别应该是paper,thesis,dissertation
怎样对课题进行论证、假设 一、怎样对课题进行论证 我们既然已选定了一个课题,我们就必须对这个课题的所有情况进行全面的了解。了解这个课题目前在国外、国内的研究