中西人际关系差异研究论文

晕呀，我本来准备发几个的，没想到只能回答一次啊，我治好用我的另外一个帐号再回答你了哦。呵呵Culture difference+company culture最近很多的会议， 老要用高级经理的办公室。 开会中， 发生了很多的事情，忽然让我这个中国人感叹企业文化的差异我们跑进georage的房间开会。 georage回来， 二话不说，看椅子不够了，就半跪在桌子前回复邮件， 我们要给他让位子， 他说不用， 就这样 hang on 了半个多小时， 居然我看别的同事都没有心理压力，继续大谈特谈客户和业务，而我们的高级经理正蹲在办公桌前办公！下午， george跑出办公室， 居然是没有穿鞋子，只穿袜子的。 我才想起很多次见到不少同事穿着袜子就满屋子的跑！ 如果这在国内，早被HR训斥没有形象了。 所以说一个企业是要员工真正工作的comfortable 还是要形象让人看的comfortable 真的很不一样！我们这层楼的两个management director的办公室， 都简单到不像话， 就是12-15平方米的一个小房子而已最近1月份公司的活动主题有一个是beat the blue with learn at lunch!大家可以报名参加午餐一个小时的文化快餐学习， 中午大家一起吃饭，同时有人教你德语，法语等等。 呵呵， 有多国员工就是这点好， 可以学很多语言。今天做了1：1， 居然一刻钟就完成了。 新经理也在场，还是老样子， 主管说培训我的两个人都肯定了我的学习速度和风险意识。 呵呵，说俺风险意识高，主要是因为我一般在处理一些复杂的业务的时候，都会在事前或者 时候和G 或者C 说说我是如何处理的，然后加一句--would it be all right for me to do so? 这样特别能防止差错，而且有一次出了点偏差， 我还没有接上经理的话，C就对经理说" It's my fault, i confirmed with May it is the correct way to do so.Lt me take a look and try to resolve the problem." 。最后一看，原来并没有出真正的问题，而是系统还没有吸收调整，的出来的数字不是最新的。 但是我真的特别感动于同事们爱护新人和承担责任的态度！我也越来越爱我的 teammate了！ 在1:1中， 我对培训提了不少要求， 基本上在会后就得到了确认我的培训时间和长度。 很快开始我就要花两个月去完成新的一个培训计划了年前后， 我们的management director出邮件给大家，just to make sure you feel comfortable to call me anytime for any kind of authorization. 然后具体解释了他每天的具体时间表，连他大概每天在上下班路上的时间会花多少和具体什么时候他会议比较多都说明白了。还解释了 如果在什么时间内给他发邮件要确认，基本能在多长时间内得到答复，然后告诉我们--feel free to call anytime, the later it is and more reasons you call me!那篇邮件很长，我当时的感动现在已经是用言语形容不出来了，因为我看的出来他是用心在写的，力求让每个等待授权的员工得到最大的便利性。有一天下班前， 我接到social engineering call,很可能是猎头打过来的， 我向主管汇报了，主管向高级经理汇报了， 高级经理在他下班前六点多的时候给全体员工出了邮件， 提醒大家一定要注意， 一定要注意信息安全。 后来没有一会， 他在回家路上从blackberry上又向全体员工发了邮件， 说抱歉他之前的邮件出的太快了， 让已经接到过这种电话的同事不要担心自己无意识中说过什么，以后处理的时候就注意.....几个方面就好了。 george 老是顾及员工的感受和心理压力，难怪很多人说他是second father!If you want to be part of something bigger than individual person, then , come to MSIf you enjoy challenges, then come to MSIf you want to see how life can varies between different people, then come to MS还有，这是我写的一次作业，作为参考吧。On cross-culture communication外国语学院04级英语师范一班 20044031023Culture has been considered tighter with communication since people pay much attention to it. Culture is based on the community of communication. Communication involves people and their environment. Thus culture is an important factor in communication. Today with modem economic and technological development, intercultural communication is mole important than ever before. When people from different cultural background communicate with each other, their social stereotype pattern of behavior, their habits of language and thought differ from one another, because these are the possible factors that affect intercultural communications. Culture norms also change, culture may be transferred as signs but we have to study and understand the above carefully.People like to use the "global village" to describe the present world. Because of frequent cross-cultural communication, the world has become smaller and smaller. Therefore, it seems that we live in the same village. However, it does not necessarily mean that differences of cross-culture become smaller and smaller. On the contrary, it may be that there is an increase in mis-understandings and communicative barriers because of frequent cross-cultural communication, As a foreign language learner, we should not only learn the knowledge of language, but also try our best to contact the social and cultural aspects of English countries and learn the background knowledge of literature, history, geography, local condition and customs. We should use every means to enlarge our field of view. Only in this way, can we get better understanding of the differences between English culture and Chinese culture so as to eliminate the comprehension barriers of cross-culture communication and improve our overall abilities in English reading.For a long time, in China, English teaching has just focused on the language forms (such as phonetics, vocabulary and grammar) and ignored the effect of background knowledge of culture. As the carrier of culture, the cultural background of language is rather extensive. Lacking of the necessary cultural background may hinder people from comprehending language. For instance, when the President Reagan took up his post, an American told a Chinese teacher: “the United States has gone from peanuts to popcorn.” The syntax of this sentence is very simple. However, the Chinese teacher did not understand the sentence at that time until her friend explained to her that former president Jimmy Carter owned a big peanut farm while the present president Reagan is an actor and people eat popcorn while they watch TV. She suddenly realized the real humorous meaning of this sentence. From this case, we can see that to comprehend the language, not only depends on the comprehension of vocabulary and grammatical structures, but also depends on the comprehension of relevant background knowledge of culture.There are some factors that causing Cross-cultural Barriers which mainly embodies in four aspects: Historical Culture, regional culture, Social culture, and Religious Culture. So there is a need to emphasize cultural differences as being potentially extensive and complex. In the process of communication, at times, we should focus on the understanding of cultural background to get a deeper understanding of other people. Referring to cultural barrier, it has some Relations to the language.“Language reflects the feature of nation”. It contains not only the historical cultural background of this nation, but also the view of life, the way of life and the way of thought of this nation. The result of the reflection can be seen in different aspects of a language system: vocabulary, sentences (including proverb and slang) and texts (including style and rhetoric).1 VocabularyAs the basic element of language, vocabulary is the backbone of the whole language system. It certainly reflects the differences of culture most obviously and extensively. On the one hand, some English words can have their equivalents in Chinese, so during the process of reading, readers from different cultures may not experience culturally related comprehension barriers. However, there may be many words in one culture, for which the equivalents can not be found in other cultures; in other words, “vocabulary vacancy”. On the other hand, although we can find the equivalent word, the meaning extent of a word and the connotation of culture are not complete equivalent between different cultures. The differences of culture in vocabulary can be reflected in the following:For example, (1) In English, privacy means state of being away from others, alone and undisturbed while it usually refers to personal secrets and the secrets and unusual behaviors of personal life in Chinese. (2) Exploitation means using or developing fully so as to get profit in English while in Chinese, it usually means use selfishly and unfairly for one’s own advantage or profit.Secondly, many English words can find the equivalents in Chinese while the cultural connotations of them are different. Three aspects will be concerned: the quantity of the equivalents, the meaning extent of the equivalents and the cultural association of the equivalents.(1) The numbers of equivalents of English and Chinese are not always the same. For example, the word cousin in Chinese can have a different meaning. A compete translation of Biaome could be a sister younger than me and on my mother’s side.(2) There is one equivalent word in Chinese to an English word, but the meaning extent of two words are not exactly the same. One reason may be is that the meaning extent of English vocabulary is larger than that of Chinese vocabulary. For instance, morning in English refers to time section from midnight (zero hour) to twelve o’clock in twenty-four hours’ system, but in Chinese, morning refers to the time section from dawn to noon. Another situation is that the meaning extent of English vocabulary is smaller than that of Chinese vocabulary. For instance, in English culture, family usually refers to the family of two generations including parents and children, even refers to the family of a couple, which does not want children. However, in Chinese, the family refers to the family of three generations including grandparents, parents and children; sometimes it even refers to the family of four generations.(3) English words can find the equivalent in Chinese but these two kinds of cultures give each word different cultural association within society. For example, the red color, in English culture, red stands for danger, but in Chinese, red for happiness, fortune and authority. In English culture, 13 is an unlucky number. On the contrary, in Chinese, 13 is a lucky number, while 4 is an unlucky number, for 4 has the same pronunciation of Chinese Si (means death).2 SentencesCross-cultural barriers not only exist in the abundant vocabulary, but also exist in the aspect of sentences (including proverb and slang). Although the word and its meaning are almost the same, the sentence that is composed of the vocabulary expresses different meaning. This is very hard for Chinese students to understand. For example,He is a professional.She is a professional.From the angle of language, the two sentences above describe a person who is engaged in a kind of specific profession. Actually, from the perspectives of region, sex, profession and society, the first sentence means that he is a professional boxer, but the later may mean that she is a prostitute.Chinese students often meet comprehension barriers while reading English proverbs because the proverbs contain abundant connotations of culture. For instance,An Englishman’s home is his castle.A woman, a dog and a walnut tree, the more you beat them, the better they be. In the first proverb, according to English culture, everyone’s home is sacred and cannot be infringed. In ancient Britain, even the police could not enter one’s house to make an arrest. In the second proverb, we know that in ancient Britain, a woman’s status was very low, such that they were considered to be tractable just like a dog. But how the walnut tree be such an integrated part of this proverb? It is because there was a superstition in ancient Britain. People considered that if they beat the trunk of the walnut tree in spring, the tree would bear many more walnuts in that year.Slang is also a component of culture, which may create barriers to understanding reading. Here is a conversation demonstrative of some these challenges which a Chinese reader might have with dealing with English slang.A: Will you really come?B: You kill me.It is very hard for Chinese students to understand this conversation, because the sentence of B is slang. It means (If I won’t come,) you kill me. In other words, I will come certainly.3 TextsTexts are another aspect of cultural phenomenon. There are many differences between the texts of English and Chinese. Firstly, in English, as texts are influenced by thought patterns, there are logic and coherence relationships between the sentences and paragraphs, such as the sentences that express time relationship, space relationship, comparison and diversion, inference and conclusion. Secondly, language forms, the means of connection and logic arrangement combine together to influence the structures of texts, and these three aspects are different from Chinese.In the aspect of rhetoric, there are great differences between English and Chinese. Take metaphor for examples, (1) to spend money like water, in English, people use water to compare that someone spends money freely. On the contrary, in Chinese, people use to spend money like soil to express the same meaning. (2)to live a dog’s life in English, while in Chinese to live a pig’s and dog’s life is used to express that someone has a hard life.From what has been discussed above， Understanding the social culture of English language is helpful for comprehending English texts. The more Chinese students understand English culture, the less comprehension barriers they will meet in English reading. We need more understanding towards cross-culture.