Thesis StatementsWHAT THIS HANDOUT IS ABOUTThis handout describes what a thesis statement is, how thesis statements work in your writing, and how you can craft or refine one for your draft.INTRODUCTIONWriting in college often takes the form of persuasion—convincing others that you have an interesting, logical point of view on the subject you are studying. Persuasion is a skill you practice regularly in your daily life. You persuade your roommate to clean up, your parents to let you borrow the car, your friend to vote for your favorite candidate or policy. In college, course assignments often ask you to make a persuasive case in writing. You are asked to convince your reader of your point of view. This form of persuasion, often called academic argument, follows a predictable pattern in writing. After a brief introduction of your topic, you state your point of view on the topic directly and often in one sentence. This sentence is the thesis statement, and it serves as a summary of the argument you’ll make in the rest of your paper.WHAT IS A THESIS STATEMENT?A thesis statement:tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion.is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper.directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the novel.makes a claim that others might dispute.is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation.If your assignment asks you to take a position or develop a claim about a subject, you may need to convey that position or claim in a thesis statement near the beginning of your draft. The assignment may not explicitly state that you need a thesis statement because your instructor may assume you will include one. When in doubt, ask your instructor if the assignment requires a thesis statement. When an assignment asks you to analyze, to interpret, to compare and contrast, to demonstrate cause and effect, or to take a stand on an issue, it is likely that you are being asked to develop a thesis and to support it persuasively. (Check out our handout on understanding assignments for more information.)HOW DO I GET A THESIS?A thesis is the result of a lengthy thinking process. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading an essay assignment. Before you develop an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the significance of these relationships. Once you do this thinking, you will probably have a “working thesis,” a basic or main idea, an argument that you think you can support with evidence but that may need adjustment along the way.Writers use all kinds of techniques to stimulate their thinking and to help them clarify relationships or comprehend the broader significance of a topic and arrive at a thesis statement. For more ideas on how to get started, see our handout on brainstorming.HOW DO I KNOW IF MY THESIS IS STRONG?If there’s time, run it by your instructor or make an appointment at the Writing Center to get some feedback. Even if you do not have time to get advice elsewhere, you can do some thesis evaluation of your own. When reviewing your first draft and its working thesis, ask yourself the following:Do I answer the question? Re-reading the question prompt after constructing a working thesis can help you fix an argument that misses the focus of the question.Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose?If your thesis simply states facts that no one would, or even could, disagree with, it’s possible that you are simply providing a summary, rather than making an argument.Is my thesis statement specific enough? Thesis statements that are too vague often do not have a strong argument. If your thesis contains words like “good” or “successful,” see if you could be more specific: why is something “good”; what specifically makes something “successful”?Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? If a reader’s first response is, “So what?” then you need to clarify, to forge a relationship, or to connect to a larger issue.Does my essay support my thesis specifically and without wandering? If your thesis and the body of your essay do not seem to go together, one of them has to change. It’s okay to change your working thesis to reflect things you have figured out in the course of writing your paper. Remember, always reassess and revise your writing as necessary.Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? If a reader’s first response is “how?” or “why?” your thesis may be too open-ended and lack guidance for the reader. See what you can add to give the reader a better take on your position right from the beginning.EXAMPLESSuppose you are taking a course on 19th-century America, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: Compare and contrast the reasons why the North and South fought the Civil War. You turn on the computer and type out the following:The North and South fought the Civil War for many reasons, some of which were the same and some different.This weak thesis restates the question without providing any additional information. You will expand on this new information in the body of the essay, but it is important that the reader know where you are heading. A reader of this weak thesis might think, “What reasons? How are they the same? How are they different?” Ask yourself these same questions and begin to compare Northern and Southern attitudes (perhaps you first think, “The South believed slavery was right, and the North thought slavery was wrong”). Now, push your comparison toward an interpretation—why did one side think slavery was right and the other side think it was wrong? You look again at the evidence, and you decide that you are going to argue that the North believed slavery was immoral while the South believed it upheld the Southern way of life. You write:While both sides fought the Civil War over the issue of slavery, the North fought for moral reasons while the South fought to preserve its own institutions.Now you have a working thesis! Included in this working thesis is a reason for the war and some idea of how the two sides disagreed over this reason. As you write the essay, you will probably begin to characterize these differences more precisely, and your working thesis may start to seem too vague. Maybe you decide that both sides fought for moral reasons, and that they just focused on different moral issues. You end up revising the working thesis into a final thesis that really captures the argument in your paper:While both Northerners and Southerners believed they fought against tyranny and oppression, Northerners focused on the oppression of slaves while Southerners defended their own right to self-government.Compare this to the original weak thesis. This final thesis presents a way of interpreting evidence that illuminates the significance of the question. Keep in mind that this is one of many possible interpretations of the Civil War—it is not the one and only right answer to the question. There isn’t one right answer; there are only strong and weak thesis statements and strong and weak uses of evidence.Let’s look at another example. Suppose your literature professor hands out the following assignment in a class on the American novel: Write an analysis of some aspect of Mark Twain’s novel Huckleberry Finn. “This will be easy,” you think. “I loved Huckleberry Finn!” You grab a pad of paper and write:Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is a great American novel.Why is this thesis weak? Think about what the reader would expect from the essay that follows: you will most likely provide a general, appreciative summary of Twain’s novel. The question did not ask you to summarize; it asked you to analyze. Your professor is probably not interested in your opinion of the novel; instead, she wants you to think about why it’s such a great novel—what do Huck’s adventures tell us about life, about America, about coming of age, about race relations, etc.? First, the question asks you to pick an aspect of the novel that you think is important to its structure or meaning—for example, the role of storytelling, the contrasting scenes between the shore and the river, or the relationships between adults and children. Now you write:In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops a contrast between life on the river and life on the shore.
那要抓紧时间了，是什么选题的，来说
基于就业导向的高职英语教育模式探析 英语作为高职院校的基础课与公共课，在教学领域中作用举足轻重，英语也早已于各行各业与不同领域应用。随着现代社会市场竞争越发激烈，市场中对于高素质、高水平与高技能的综合性英语人才需求逐渐增大。高职院校学生只有英语基础扎实，实践能力过硬才能在未来的职场中占有一席之地。所以，高职院校在英语教学中，要注意从学生的现实职业能力出发，构建一套针对性、完整、系统，并且基于就业导向的教学模式，帮助高职学生更好的实现就业。一、高职英语的教育模式现状（一） 落后的教育观念目前，部分高职院校的英语教学中，由于束缚于传统的教学观念，教师们在教学理念方面存在误区，教学中重点强调理论知识学习，忽视对英语的实践能力与运用能力，而且并不是基于就业导向，立足于职业能力，不满足现代.................本文来源：中州期刊联盟——优秀论文
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
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英语教育中的文化教育_英语教学论文 语言是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。语言是随着民族的发展而发展的，语言是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。不同民族有着不同的文化、历史、风俗习惯和风土人情等，各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。语言离不开文化，文化依靠语言，英语教学是语言教学，当然离不开文化教育。 一、为什么进行文化教育 1.文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍 现代化的进程加速了精神和物质产品的流通，将各个民族纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。然而，文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。 2.文化教育是实现运用语言进行交际的关键 语言能力是交际能力的基础，然而具备了语言能力并不意味着具备了交际能力。越来越多的人已达成共识，即交际能力应包括五个方面：四种技能（听、说、读、写）加上社会能力。但英语教学中，教师往往比较重视语言的语法结构，而忽视了语言的社会环境，即语言中的文化教育，致使学生难以知道什么场合该说什么话。在此，语言的文化差异在英语教学中的作用作为一个重要问题被提了出来。 字串2二、文化教育的内容 在英语教学实践中，文化差异及其对学生带来的干扰主要表现在以下几个方面： 1.介绍 在教材中"What’s your name？”出现的频率相当高，但对于它在何种情况下使用却鲜有解释。实际上，英语国家的人在谈话时一般先介绍自己的名字，如“I am..."对方自然会即刻说出自己的姓名。即使在填写表格、面谈等场合需要问及姓名时，一般也只说“ Your name， please？”或“May I know your name？”如果使用“What’s your name？”，他们将有一种被审问的感觉。 2.打招呼 中国人日常打招呼习惯于问："你吃饭了吗？"（Have you had your dinner？）如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们认为你是想请他们吃饭。英语国家人打招呼通常以兴趣爱好为话题如天气、健康状况、交通、体育等等。 3.称呼语 例如“comrade"是社会主义国家所特有的称呼，在英语国家称呼不知其名的陌生人常用Sir和Madam。如果我们和英语国家的人以comrade相称，他们将会感到莫明其妙。 我们在教材出现称呼一位工人为"Uncle Wang"的情况，这也是中文思维套用英语的现象。汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称"叔叔"、"阿姨"；对平辈称"大哥"、"大姐"。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称"Uncle Smith"、"Aunt Brown"，对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。 字串2 又如学生知道teacher的含义是"老师"，也就相应地把"王老师"称为Teacher Wang。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业；汉语有尊师的传统，"教师"已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊称。由于这种文化上的差异，造成学生的简单理解：王老师=Teacher Wang。同样还把汉语中习惯上称呼的"张医生"、"王护士"称为Doctor Zhang， Nurse Wang，英语国家的人听起来感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.， Miss， Mrs.等。 4.感谢 一般来说，我们中国人在家庭成员之间很少用"谢谢"。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家"Thank you."几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声"Thank you."公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声"Thank you."。这是最起码的礼节。 当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时（Would you like something to eat／drink？），我们通常习惯于客气一番，回答："不用了"、"别麻烦了"等。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声"Yes， please."若不想要，只要说"No， thanks."就行了。这也充分体现了中国人含蓄和英语国家人坦荡直率的不同风格。 字串7 5.称赞 在英语国家，赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌、外表、新买的东西、个人财物、个人在某方面的出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力（打扮）的结果，而不是她的天生丽质。对别人的赞美，最普通的回答是："Thank you."如， A：Your coat looks nice. B：Thank you. 6.隐私 中国人初次见面问及年龄、婚姻、收入表示关心，而英语国家人却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私。如在JEFCBook 1 Lesson 16中有这样的对话："How old are you， Mrs Read？ ""Ah， it’s a secret！"为什么Mrs Read不肯说出自己的年龄呢？因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛，青春永驻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心的"你去哪儿？"（Where are you going？）和"你在干什么？"（What are you doing？）在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问监视别人的话语而不受欢迎。.........
Thesis StatementsWHAT THIS HANDOUT IS ABOUTThis handout describes what a thesis statement is, how thesis statements work in your writing, and how you can craft or refine one for your draft.INTRODUCTIONWriting in college often takes the form of persuasion—convincing others that you have an interesting, logical point of view on the subject you are studying. Persuasion is a skill you practice regularly in your daily life. You persuade your roommate to clean up, your parents to let you borrow the car, your friend to vote for your favorite candidate or policy. In college, course assignments often ask you to make a persuasive case in writing. You are asked to convince your reader of your point of view. This form of persuasion, often called academic argument, follows a predictable pattern in writing. After a brief introduction of your topic, you state your point of view on the topic directly and often in one sentence. This sentence is the thesis statement, and it serves as a summary of the argument you’ll make in the rest of your paper.WHAT IS A THESIS STATEMENT?A thesis statement:tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion.is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper.directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the novel.makes a claim that others might dispute.is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation.If your assignment asks you to take a position or develop a claim about a subject, you may need to convey that position or claim in a thesis statement near the beginning of your draft. The assignment may not explicitly state that you need a thesis statement because your instructor may assume you will include one. When in doubt, ask your instructor if the assignment requires a thesis statement. When an assignment asks you to analyze, to interpret, to compare and contrast, to demonstrate cause and effect, or to take a stand on an issue, it is likely that you are being asked to develop a thesis and to support it persuasively. (Check out our handout on understanding assignments for more information.)HOW DO I GET A THESIS?A thesis is the result of a lengthy thinking process. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading an essay assignment. Before you develop an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the significance of these relationships. Once you do this thinking, you will probably have a “working thesis,” a basic or main idea, an argument that you think you can support with evidence but that may need adjustment along the way.Writers use all kinds of techniques to stimulate their thinking and to help them clarify relationships or comprehend the broader significance of a topic and arrive at a thesis statement. For more ideas on how to get started, see our handout on brainstorming.HOW DO I KNOW IF MY THESIS IS STRONG?If there’s time, run it by your instructor or make an appointment at the Writing Center to get some feedback. Even if you do not have time to get advice elsewhere, you can do some thesis evaluation of your own. When reviewing your first draft and its working thesis, ask yourself the following:Do I answer the question? Re-reading the question prompt after constructing a working thesis can help you fix an argument that misses the focus of the question.Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose?If your thesis simply states facts that no one would, or even could, disagree with, it’s possible that you are simply providing a summary, rather than making an argument.Is my thesis statement specific enough? Thesis statements that are too vague often do not have a strong argument. If your thesis contains words like “good” or “successful,” see if you could be more specific: why is something “good”; what specifically makes something “successful”?Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? If a reader’s first response is, “So what?” then you need to clarify, to forge a relationship, or to connect to a larger issue.Does my essay support my thesis specifically and without wandering? If your thesis and the body of your essay do not seem to go together, one of them has to change. It’s okay to change your working thesis to reflect things you have figured out in the course of writing your paper. Remember, always reassess and revise your writing as necessary.Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? If a reader’s first response is “how?” or “why?” your thesis may be too open-ended and lack guidance for the reader. See what you can add to give the reader a better take on your position right from the beginning.EXAMPLESSuppose you are taking a course on 19th-century America, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: Compare and contrast the reasons why the North and South fought the Civil War. You turn on the computer and type out the following:The North and South fought the Civil War for many reasons, some of which were the same and some different.This weak thesis restates the question without providing any additional information. You will expand on this new information in the body of the essay, but it is important that the reader know where you are heading. A reader of this weak thesis might think, “What reasons? How are they the same? How are they different?” Ask yourself these same questions and begin to compare Northern and Southern attitudes (perhaps you first think, “The South believed slavery was right, and the North thought slavery was wrong”). Now, push your comparison toward an interpretation—why did one side think slavery was right and the other side think it was wrong? You look again at the evidence, and you decide that you are going to argue that the North believed slavery was immoral while the South believed it upheld the Southern way of life. You write:While both sides fought the Civil War over the issue of slavery, the North fought for moral reasons while the South fought to preserve its own institutions.Now you have a working thesis! Included in this working thesis is a reason for the war and some idea of how the two sides disagreed over this reason. As you write the essay, you will probably begin to characterize these differences more precisely, and your working thesis may start to seem too vague. Maybe you decide that both sides fought for moral reasons, and that they just focused on different moral issues. You end up revising the working thesis into a final thesis that really captures the argument in your paper:While both Northerners and Southerners believed they fought against tyranny and oppression, Northerners focused on the oppression of slaves while Southerners defended their own right to self-government.Compare this to the original weak thesis. This final thesis presents a way of interpreting evidence that illuminates the significance of the question. Keep in mind that this is one of many possible interpretations of the Civil War—it is not the one and only right answer to the question. There isn’t one right answer; there are only strong and weak thesis statements and strong and weak uses of evidence.Let’s look at another example. Suppose your literature professor hands out the following assignment in a class on the American novel: Write an analysis of some aspect of Mark Twain’s novel Huckleberry Finn. “This will be easy,” you think. “I loved Huckleberry Finn!” You grab a pad of paper and write:Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is a great American novel.Why is this thesis weak? Think about what the reader would expect from the essay that follows: you will most likely provide a general, appreciative summary of Twain’s novel. The question did not ask you to summarize; it asked you to analyze. Your professor is probably not interested in your opinion of the novel; instead, she wants you to think about why it’s such a great novel—what do Huck’s adventures tell us about life, about America, about coming of age, about race relations, etc.? First, the question asks you to pick an aspect of the novel that you think is important to its structure or meaning—for example, the role of storytelling, the contrasting scenes between the shore and the river, or the relationships between adults and children. Now you write:In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops a contrast between life on the river and life on the shore.
基于就业导向的高职英语教育模式探析 英语作为高职院校的基础课与公共课，在教学领域中作用举足轻重，英语也早已于各行各业与不同领域应用。随着现代社会市场竞争越发激烈，市场中对于高素质、高水平与高技能的综合性英语人才需求逐渐增大。高职院校学生只有英语基础扎实，实践能力过硬才能在未来的职场中占有一席之地。所以，高职院校在英语教学中，要注意从学生的现实职业能力出发，构建一套针对性、完整、系统，并且基于就业导向的教学模式，帮助高职学生更好的实现就业。一、高职英语的教育模式现状（一） 落后的教育观念目前，部分高职院校的英语教学中，由于束缚于传统的教学观念，教师们在教学理念方面存在误区，教学中重点强调理论知识学习，忽视对英语的实践能力与运用能力，而且并不是基于就业导向，立足于职业能力，不满足现代.................本文来源：中州期刊联盟——优秀论文
The urban river embankment discuss the ecological constructionAnonymous XXXXXXXXAbstract: the urban river embankment construction as the object, discuss the current social background, analyses and compares the river embankment design of traditional methods and characteristics of ecological methods, and puts forward three modes of ecological design and their advantages and disadvantages, and expounds the present situation of the ecological construction in domestic bank and future prospects.Keywords: the bank; Ecology; Design way; Domestic situationText:A, backgroundRiver Banks part is the amphibious interlaced transition belt, has the remarkable edge effect. Here are active substances, nutrient and energy flow, offer a habitat for a variety of creatures. Natural state Banks often species richness, productivity high.The traditional embankment design often single ?一、背景河流的堤岸部分是水陆交错的过渡地带，具有显著的边缘效应。这里有活跃的物质、养分和能量的流动，为多种生物提供了栖息地。自然状态下的堤岸往往物种丰富、生产力高。传统的堤岸设计往往会单纯从防洪角度出发，采用土堤或者土石混合堆砌起来高高的堤岸。它的优点在于高度的可靠性，结构设计后加起防护堤岸抗流水冲刷能力显著增强。对于洪水暴发频繁、侵蚀严重的区段，这样的设计无可厚非，而对于一般河流堤岸的修建，这样的设计则显得缺乏环境的美化和绿化，同时也破坏许多对生态起重要作用的自然因素，如破坏植被与河床间的联系，造成冲刷侵蚀转移等。另外，河流作为城市风貌不可多得的珍惜资源，也是城市风貌的特色要素，它的景观塑造显得十分必要。同时，堤岸景观建设必然使滨河地区土地价值提升，滨水开发的高投资回报的特点更增强了对城市堤岸景观建设的需求。二、需求——堤岸的生态化建设河流堤岸作为城市中最邻近河流的区域，是城市与河流的衔接线，它的景观规划是提高城市生活品质的需要，也是丰富城市景观的需要。生态化建设，它的根本思路是运用自然本身抗干扰和自我修复的能力来处理人与自然的关系。生态设计方法不同于传统用人工的结构和形式来取代自然的方法，而是用自然的结构和形式来顺应自然的进程。将河岸与河道在生态上联系起来，也就实现了物质、养分、能量的交流：对于生物，它提供了合适的栖息地；植物根系可固着土壤，枝叶可截留雨水，过滤地表迳流，抵抗流水冲刷，从而起到保护堤岸、增加堤岸结构的稳定性、净化水质、涵养水源的作用，而且随着时间的推移，这些作用被不断加强。同时，生态化建设以自然的外貌出现，容易与环境取得协调，造价也较低，不需要长期的维护管理。三、河流堤岸生态化设计方式河流堤岸生态化设计，要遵守生态设计的原则，注重地方性、保护与节约自然资本、让自然做功、显露自然，主要体现在对地域气候环境、河流地质地貌、水文变化的适应，对河流生态环境的考虑，对堤岸地形的处理和对筑堤材料的选择和构造方式方面。1） 人工类：传统方法是采用块石或混凝土块砖等堆砌。可在此基础上加以改进以适应河流景观设计的需求。a) 块石或混凝土块砖干砌，不用砂浆。这样在砌块之间就留有空隙，为后期滨河植物的生长提供了空间。随着时间的推移，堤岸会逐渐呈现出自然的风貌。b) 堤岸采用台阶式分级，台阶面上的空间加以利用，种植植物。当然这两种改进方法对于河岸处现有植被仍存在一定的不良影响，人工痕迹也过于明显。2） 自然类：充分利用堤岸植被原型，可直接将适用于滨河地带生长的植被种植于堤岸上，利用植物的根、茎、叶来稳固堤岸，防止侵蚀、控制沉积的同时也为生物提供了栖息地。3） 人工自然相结合综合了以上两种方法的优点，具有人工结构的稳定性和自然的外貌，见效快、生态效益好，以下为常见的两种类型：a) 种植植物的堆石将由大小不同的石块组成的堆石置于与水接触的土壤表面，再把活体切枝插入石堆中使斜坡更加稳定。根系可提高强度，植被可遮盖石块，使堤岸外貌更加自然。b) 与植物结合使用的插孔式混凝土块将预制的混凝土块以连锁的形式置于岸底的浅渠中，再将植物切枝或植株扦插于混凝土块之间和堤岸上部，其上覆土压实，再播种草本植物。堤岸生态化建设也存在一定的局限性。如：选用的材料及建造方法不同，堤岸的防护能力相差很大，需要运用多学科知识认真分析，这就为设计人员提出了更大的挑战；建造初期若受到强烈干扰，则会影响到以后防护作用的发挥等。这也就对河流堤岸的生态化设计提出了更高的要求。四、国内现状1）省会城市在我国省会城市及计划单列市中有近80％进行了堤岸景观规划。（参考文献[3]）城 市 项目名称 城 市 项目名称北 京 长河城市水系统综合治理 南 宁 堤岸园工程长 沙 湘江风光带 宁 波 滨江大道沿江景观工程成 都 府南河绿化工程 上 海 外滩、陆家嘴滨江大道福 州 闵江江滨公园 沈 阳 浑河观光旅游带广 州 珠江二沙段堤岸景观、芳村长堤建设 太 原 汾河公园贵 阳 南明河景观绿化工程 天 津 海河堤岸改造工程哈尔滨 松花江南岸沿江风景长廊 武 汉 汉口江滩一二期工程昆 明 盘龙江中段滨水生态景观建设 西 安 灞河大水大绿工程兰 州 黄河风情线 重 庆 南滨路滨江旅游观光大道从规划后建成情况看，这些城市河流堤岸景观项目都得到了当地政府与市民的肯定。在这些项目中，堤岸既可成为当地最具吸引力的城市公园，如太原的汾河公园和福州的江滨公园；堤岸也可成为市民日常休闲活动的热点地段，如南宁的堤路园和武汉的汉口江滩工程；堤岸还可成为城市最具特色的地段，如重庆的南滨路滨江旅游观光大道；堤岸更可成为城市旅游的热点，如上海的外滩和陆家嘴滨江大道。总之，经过景观规划的堤岸已成为当地最具特色的地区。从建设效果看，相对堤岸的原来面貌而言，统计资料中的这些景观工程都是较成功的，都成为当地城市关注的热点，成为当地政府的政绩工程，成为当地的民心工程。城市河流堤岸通过景观规划，有效地改善了滨河地段的环境，并带动滨河地段的开发。但必须清醒地认识到，这些城市堤岸景观项目规划并非尽善尽美，也存在这样或那样的问题，仍有待完善。2）中小城市城市经济实力的强大决定了其城市建设水平的高标准和高水平。中小城市河流堤岸景观与统计资料中的城市存在较大的差距，存在更多的问题。特别是由于资金问题，堤岸景观是，纯人工，状态的钢筋混凝土防洪堤，或保持自然防洪状态的土石堤，没有经过景观规划，易造成城市资源的极大浪费。五、前景目前，河流景观建设，特别是城市河流景观建设，在中国正方兴未艾；在发达国家中也是一个久盛不衰的话题。 回顾发达国家河流景观建设的历史，自20世纪70年代以来，随着人们环境意识的普遍增强，重视河流景观的生态功能已成为一个时代的呼唤，河流景观建设的生态设计方法也已得到了空前的重视和发展。他山之石可以攻玉，借鉴发达国家已经形成的成熟的理念和做法，可以使我们少走弯路，搭上隆隆前进的生态建设之车。
我觉得如果要求5000字以上的话，那肯定是按单次数算的。因为在英文当中每一个单词应该属于每一个字吧，不应该按 字符的总数来计算吧。
您好，请专业一点的，一般英译中是120元/千字，中译英是130元/千字，所以5000字的话，差不多600块钱能搞定。
有一篇施工监控的论文，你查收一下吧，希望对你有用！
全部有开题报告242.论劳伦斯《虹》中的异化 (字数:6637.页数:19 ) 243.从哲学角度看中西餐具文化的差异 (字数:6052.页数:18 ) 244.双关语在广告英语中的语用分析及其运用 (字数:6055.页数:19 ) 245.如何引导后进生学习英语 (字数:5138.页数:17 ) 246.论《荆棘鸟》中的女性意识 (字数:5773.页数:17 ) 247.关联理论框架下的反语研究——《傲慢与偏见》个案分析 (字数:9774.页数:27 ) 248.从男性角色解读《简爱》中的女性反抗意识 (字数:6771.页数:19 ) 249.《瓦尔登湖》中自然主义的现实意义 (字数:5155.页数:17 ) 250.浅析中西鬼文化 (字数:6755.页数:19 ) 251.建构主义理论下计算机辅助大学英语视听说——以 英语专业为例 (字数:7471.页数:24 ) 252.论英语和汉语色彩词的文化内涵 (字数:8111.页数:22 ) 253.信达雅在旅游宣传资料翻译中的应用 (字数:6771.页数:19 ) 254.英汉植物词文化内涵的比较研究 (字数:6440.页数:18 ) 255.影视翻译的特点及技巧—阿甘正传个案研究 (字数:6957.页数:21 ) 256.美国和中国感恩文化的精髓：合格公民的必备素质 (字数:6097.页数:17 ) 257.先进的英语阅读理念与英语快速阅读的关系 (字数:6737.页数:21 ) 258.透过广告创意看中西文化差异 (字数:6481.页数:19 ) 259.从“死亡”委婉语看中西方文化差异 (字数:6208.页数:18 ) 260.以女性主义看《傲慢与偏见》中的女性形象 (字数:6437.页数:18 ) 261.教师的课堂情感表现在小学英语教学中的关键性作用 (字数:5729.页数:18 ) 262.性别差异在日常英语词汇和句法中的体现 (字数:5414.页数:18 ) 263.口译中的文化差异：现象与对策 (字数:6381.页数:19 ) 264.浅析中西方喜剧文化---以《武林外传》和《老友记》为例 (字数:6381.页数:19 ) 265.关联理论的语境价值与英语专业四级考试听力理解 (字数:6259.页数:19 ) 266.比较中西方礼仪差别 (字数:5626.页数:17 ) 267.英汉数字词语认知比较研究 (字数:7916.页数:21 )
浅谈初中英语教学的素质教育内容提要：中小学教育是提高民族素质、推动社会全面发展进步的奠基工程，当前中小学教育的核心和关键是实施素质教育。素质教育的提出随时代发展应运而生，体现着鲜明的人文理念，内含着极其丰富的社会、经济、文化发展对教育所提出的普遍性要求。21世纪的社会、经济和文化发展对教育的要求和挑战,则是提出并实施素质教育的更为深刻、更为重要的背景和原因。英语教育是基础教育的一项重要内容,因此,也肩负着实施素质教育的责任。英语教学中实现向素质教育的转变是摆在我们许多英语教师面前的一项重大任务。而如何实现英语教学的向素质教育的转变是这项重大任务的关键环节，本文主要在新课程改革的背景下就如何体现、渗透素质教育提出了相应要求，并就教师本身应具备的素质谈了自己的想法Synopsis : The education of middle and primary schools is the project of laying a foundation that improves nation's quality , promotes the society to progress in an all-round way, implement quality-oriented education in core and key of the education of middle and primary schools at present. The proposition of quality-oriented education arises at the historic moment with era development, reflect distinct person's unity and coherence in writing are read, include extremely abundant society , economy , culture and develop the demand of universality put forward toward education inside. The society , economy and culture in the 21st century develop the requisition for education and challenge, it is deeper , even more important background and reason of putting forward and implementing quality-oriented education . English education is an important content of the basic education, so, shoulder the responsibility for really constructing quality-oriented education. English teaching it realizes to be in front of a lot of English teachers of us one great task to transition of quality-oriented education. And how realize English teaching it transforms into quality-oriented education to be the great key link of task, this text puts forward the corresponding demand as to how to reflect , permeate quality-oriented education under the background of the new course reform mainly, and has discussed one's own idea on the teacher's quality that should possess关键字：英语教学 素质教育 教师 转变 观念 要求Key word: English teaching Quality-oriented education Teacher Transition Idea Require正文当今世界，以信息技术为主要标志的科学技术迅猛发展，知识经济全球化正在日益改变着人类的生产和生活方式；以创新知识为基础的知识经济标志着未来世界的一个重要发展方向，这使得知识和人才、民族素质和创新能力越来越成为衡量综合国力的重要标志。社会生活的信息化和经济的全球化，使英语的重要性也日益突出。英语作为最重要的信息载体之一，已成为人类生活各个领域中使用最广泛的语言。我国自从改革开放以来，英语教育规模在不断扩大；然而，英语教育的现状还不能适应我国经济建设和社会发展的需要，与时代发展要求尚存有差距，英语教学的实际状况与社会对英语人才的需求有很大的差距。为此，国家教委颁布了《国家英语课程标准》，全面实施课程改革，以此来促进和推动英语教学从应试教育向素质教育的转变。如何在新课程改革下，使英语教学体现、渗透素质教育，笔者结合实际教学经验认为，首先必须做到以下几点：1、转变教育观念，面向全体学生，实现从应试教育向素质教育的转轨李岚清副总理指出：“实施素质教育要从转变观念抓起，首先是领导的认识，同时还要社会形成共识。”要实现由片面追求升学率向素质教育的转变，其根本在于彻底转变观念。只有政府领导、教育工作者、家长乃至全社会树立起正确的教育观念，实施素质教育才有良好的环境，才可能实现真正的国民教育。没有教育观念和教学思想的更新，再现代化的教育设施，再高学历教师队伍，都不可能创造出面向来1世纪的素质教育。那么，作为英语教师的我们又该更新哪些教育教学观念和思想呢？“素质教育”是针对“应试教育”的弊端提出来的。素质教育是以提高人的素质为目的的教育，它与“应试教育”的主要不同在于教育观、质量观、学生观、教学观的不同， 因此，我们要坚决反对应试教育，毫不犹豫地变应试教育为素质教育，这是深化教育改革的关键。在英语教学中，尤其要改进教学方法，并加强对学生在学法方面的指导，使学生掌握语言学习规律，形成有效的学习策略，养成良好的学习习惯，尽可能创设一个适宜于英语情景交际的语言环境，使学生综合运用语言的能力得到提高，使素质教育落实到日常教学之中。为此，我们首先应转变教育观念：（1）．树立正确的教育观、人才观和质量观当前社会片面追求升学率，人们把考试升学几乎变成了衡量、评价教育的唯一手段，因此变片面追求升学率为素质教育已成为当前教育教学改革的核心问题，英语教育教学也不例外。英语教师应明白基础教育以全体国民素质为目标，以面向全体学生、淡化选拔意识、促进学生全面发展为宗旨，以育人为根本，为学生学会做人、学会求知、学会生活、学会健体打下坚实的基础，使学生德智体美劳诸方面得到全面、和谐、统一的发展。（2）.采用以学生为主体教学模式斯宾塞曾说过：“在教育中应该尽量鼓励个人发展的过程。应该引导学生自己进行探讨，自己去推论。给他们讲的应该尽量少些，而引导他们去发现的尽量多些。”要把教学过程从“教师一人言”变为“众人言”。只有让学生主动、积极地参与到整个教学过程中，才能充分调动他们的学习积极性，才能提高他们的学习兴趣。同时通过学生的参与，教师可及时掌握学生的实情，从而进行有针对性的教学，更好地做因材施教。
英语教育中的文化教育_英语教学论文 语言是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。语言是随着民族的发展而发展的，语言是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。不同民族有着不同的文化、历史、风俗习惯和风土人情等，各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。语言离不开文化，文化依靠语言，英语教学是语言教学，当然离不开文化教育。 一、为什么进行文化教育 1.文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍 现代化的进程加速了精神和物质产品的流通，将各个民族纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。然而，文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。 2.文化教育是实现运用语言进行交际的关键 语言能力是交际能力的基础，然而具备了语言能力并不意味着具备了交际能力。越来越多的人已达成共识，即交际能力应包括五个方面：四种技能（听、说、读、写）加上社会能力。但英语教学中，教师往往比较重视语言的语法结构，而忽视了语言的社会环境，即语言中的文化教育，致使学生难以知道什么场合该说什么话。在此，语言的文化差异在英语教学中的作用作为一个重要问题被提了出来。 字串2二、文化教育的内容 在英语教学实践中，文化差异及其对学生带来的干扰主要表现在以下几个方面： 1.介绍 在教材中"What’s your name？”出现的频率相当高，但对于它在何种情况下使用却鲜有解释。实际上，英语国家的人在谈话时一般先介绍自己的名字，如“I am..."对方自然会即刻说出自己的姓名。即使在填写表格、面谈等场合需要问及姓名时，一般也只说“ Your name， please？”或“May I know your name？”如果使用“What’s your name？”，他们将有一种被审问的感觉。 2.打招呼 中国人日常打招呼习惯于问："你吃饭了吗？"（Have you had your dinner？）如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们认为你是想请他们吃饭。英语国家人打招呼通常以兴趣爱好为话题如天气、健康状况、交通、体育等等。 3.称呼语 例如“comrade"是社会主义国家所特有的称呼，在英语国家称呼不知其名的陌生人常用Sir和Madam。如果我们和英语国家的人以comrade相称，他们将会感到莫明其妙。 我们在教材出现称呼一位工人为"Uncle Wang"的情况，这也是中文思维套用英语的现象。汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称"叔叔"、"阿姨"；对平辈称"大哥"、"大姐"。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称"Uncle Smith"、"Aunt Brown"，对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。 字串2 又如学生知道teacher的含义是"老师"，也就相应地把"王老师"称为Teacher Wang。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业；汉语有尊师的传统，"教师"已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊称。由于这种文化上的差异，造成学生的简单理解：王老师=Teacher Wang。同样还把汉语中习惯上称呼的"张医生"、"王护士"称为Doctor Zhang， Nurse Wang，英语国家的人听起来感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.， Miss， Mrs.等。 4.感谢 一般来说，我们中国人在家庭成员之间很少用"谢谢"。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家"Thank you."几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声"Thank you."公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声"Thank you."。这是最起码的礼节。 当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时（Would you like something to eat／drink？），我们通常习惯于客气一番，回答："不用了"、"别麻烦了"等。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声"Yes， please."若不想要，只要说"No， thanks."就行了。这也充分体现了中国人含蓄和英语国家人坦荡直率的不同风格。 字串7 5.称赞 在英语国家，赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌、外表、新买的东西、个人财物、个人在某方面的出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力（打扮）的结果，而不是她的天生丽质。对别人的赞美，最普通的回答是："Thank you."如， A：Your coat looks nice. B：Thank you. 6.隐私 中国人初次见面问及年龄、婚姻、收入表示关心，而英语国家人却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私。如在JEFCBook 1 Lesson 16中有这样的对话："How old are you， Mrs Read？ ""Ah， it’s a secret！"为什么Mrs Read不肯说出自己的年龄呢？因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛，青春永驻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心的"你去哪儿？"（Where are you going？）和"你在干什么？"（What are you doing？）在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问监视别人的话语而不受欢迎。.........
你好，已经发送给你8篇英文论文，20来篇中文论文了，关于跨文化交际和中西文化差异的，查收下哈~ 希望对你有帮助！以后还需要检索论文的话可以再向我或者其他举手之劳队员提问哦，举手之劳助人为乐！——百度知道 举手之劳团队 队长：晓斌11蓝猫
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英语教育中的文化教育_英语教学论文 语言是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。语言是随着民族的发展而发展的，语言是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。不同民族有着不同的文化、历史、风俗习惯和风土人情等，各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。语言离不开文化，文化依靠语言，英语教学是语言教学，当然离不开文化教育。 一、为什么进行文化教育 1.文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍 现代化的进程加速了精神和物质产品的流通，将各个民族纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。然而，文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。 2.文化教育是实现运用语言进行交际的关键 语言能力是交际能力的基础，然而具备了语言能力并不意味着具备了交际能力。越来越多的人已达成共识，即交际能力应包括五个方面：四种技能（听、说、读、写）加上社会能力。但英语教学中，教师往往比较重视语言的语法结构，而忽视了语言的社会环境，即语言中的文化教育，致使学生难以知道什么场合该说什么话。在此，语言的文化差异在英语教学中的作用作为一个重要问题被提了出来。 字串2二、文化教育的内容 在英语教学实践中，文化差异及其对学生带来的干扰主要表现在以下几个方面： 1.介绍 在教材中"What’s your name？”出现的频率相当高，但对于它在何种情况下使用却鲜有解释。实际上，英语国家的人在谈话时一般先介绍自己的名字，如“I am..."对方自然会即刻说出自己的姓名。即使在填写表格、面谈等场合需要问及姓名时，一般也只说“ Your name， please？”或“May I know your name？”如果使用“What’s your name？”，他们将有一种被审问的感觉。 2.打招呼 中国人日常打招呼习惯于问："你吃饭了吗？"（Have you had your dinner？）如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们认为你是想请他们吃饭。英语国家人打招呼通常以兴趣爱好为话题如天气、健康状况、交通、体育等等。 3.称呼语 例如“comrade"是社会主义国家所特有的称呼，在英语国家称呼不知其名的陌生人常用Sir和Madam。如果我们和英语国家的人以comrade相称，他们将会感到莫明其妙。 我们在教材出现称呼一位工人为"Uncle Wang"的情况，这也是中文思维套用英语的现象。汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称"叔叔"、"阿姨"；对平辈称"大哥"、"大姐"。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称"Uncle Smith"、"Aunt Brown"，对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。 字串2 又如学生知道teacher的含义是"老师"，也就相应地把"王老师"称为Teacher Wang。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业；汉语有尊师的传统，"教师"已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊称。由于这种文化上的差异，造成学生的简单理解：王老师=Teacher Wang。同样还把汉语中习惯上称呼的"张医生"、"王护士"称为Doctor Zhang， Nurse Wang，英语国家的人听起来感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.， Miss， Mrs.等。 4.感谢 一般来说，我们中国人在家庭成员之间很少用"谢谢"。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家"Thank you."几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声"Thank you."公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声"Thank you."。这是最起码的礼节。 当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时（Would you like something to eat／drink？），我们通常习惯于客气一番，回答："不用了"、"别麻烦了"等。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声"Yes， please."若不想要，只要说"No， thanks."就行了。这也充分体现了中国人含蓄和英语国家人坦荡直率的不同风格。 字串7 5.称赞 在英语国家，赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌、外表、新买的东西、个人财物、个人在某方面的出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力（打扮）的结果，而不是她的天生丽质。对别人的赞美，最普通的回答是："Thank you."如， A：Your coat looks nice. B：Thank you. 6.隐私 中国人初次见面问及年龄、婚姻、收入表示关心，而英语国家人却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私。如在JEFCBook 1 Lesson 16中有这样的对话："How old are you， Mrs Read？ ""Ah， it’s a secret！"为什么Mrs Read不肯说出自己的年龄呢？因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛，青春永驻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心的"你去哪儿？"（Where are you going？）和"你在干什么？"（What are you doing？）在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问监视别人的话语而不受欢迎。.........
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呵呵，说真的，这要看学校要求啦！因为学校的有不同的等级之分，所以国家对学校所培养的学生毕业论文的要求也是不一样的！一般来说地方院校的外语系论文是3000字左右，省一级的学校的话要求大概是4000到5000左右，而且论文的要求是大不一样的！所以建议你最好咨询一下系里或学校！