认知语法研究内容与方向论文

摘 要：本文对Langacker 的认知语法体系进行了系统的介绍和分析。从认知语法的语义出发，解释了认知域，意象，词类和语法构式四个方面的内容，从认知角度对语言结构作出了系统的、严格的合理解释。 关键词：认知语法；语义；意象；构式 1. 引言 认知语法是Langacker教授于70年代跳出生成语法的框架而建立的一个全新的理论体系。它彻底抛弃了传统语法中的词类划分、句法分析的老套方法，基于体验哲学提出了与Chomsky“自治观”截然相反的立场。Langacker认为语言不是一个自治的认知系统，而是一个约定俗成的、动态的象征单位的集合体，人的语言认知和语言能力不能与其他认知能力分离。一套规则，一部完整的语法就应主要描写和解释这种人认知能力和过程。 2. 认知语法中的语义 认知语法认为语义是语言的基础，认知和语义是语言构成其句法构造的内在动因，句法构造的外在形式是受认知和语义因素促动的。所有的语法成分都有意义，语法与意义是不可分离的，语法实际上就是概念内容的结构化和符号化，不可能自治。Langacker将意义等同于基于身体经验的概念化。概念从广义上包含知觉、情感、概念和认识等，概念化既包括了概念形成的体验和认知的过程，也包括了过程的结果；意义就是概念化的过程和结果。 一个词语有若干个约定俗成的意义或义项，这些义项构成一个有层次的语义结构或网络。义项与义项之间有具体和抽象的关系，例如名词ring，有抽象的意义“环形体”，较具体的意义“环形符号”和“环形物”，通过引申又有了更具体的意义“戒指”。在词义网络中最突显的意义就是这个词的典型（prototype）意义，因此ring的典型意义就是“戒指”。 认知域 认知语法在描写词语意义时引入了“认知域（cognitive domain）”这个概念。认知域是指写某一语义结构时涉及的概念域，它可以是一个简单的知觉或概念，也可以是一个及其复杂的知识系统。Langacker认为存在一些最基本的认知域，如时间域、空间域、颜色域等，基本认知域来自人的基本经验，是无法再简化的。有的述义描写只需要参照一个最基本的认知域，如“red”只需参照颜色域即可；大多数述义需参照较复杂的认知域或多个认知域，如“knife”可参照其“形状”、“功能”和“材料”来描写其意义。 意象 除了认知域，语义描写还涉及意象，意象是形成一个概念或概念结构的具体方式。在认知语法中，Langacker的意象指人们以不同的视角，选择不同的注意点或辖域，突显不同的方面来观察某一情景，形成不同的意象，以便去理解和把握某一感知到的事物和情景的能力。Langacker把意象分为以下几个方面： 基体和侧面 意象的形成需要一个基体（ base），即一个述义参考的辖域基础；基体的一部分被突显成为注意的焦点，即成为侧面，每一种意象都将一个侧面加于基体之上。基体是述义的认知域或背景，侧面是基体突显的次结构，如描写“斜边”的基体是“直角三角形”。基体对描写述义非常重要，语言单位的语义值不仅仅在于突显的侧面本身，而在于基体和侧面的关系中，二者缺一不可，一个词语的语义值是二者的结合。如图1，“斜边”的语义即是以直角三角形为基体的一条斜线，基体是背景，侧面是背景上的突显物，后者是前者的基础，不能独立形成语义，如果独立起来看，它只是一条线，而不能称之为“斜边”。 动词作为象征单位，其语义极表示一个过程，过程是时间的延续，可以理解为一个物体的移动过程。一个物体的移动涉及空间和时间域，如go的语义随时间（t）的进展，移动物体（trajector）从另一运动物体（landmark）处离去，away只表示运动的结果，而gone语义则是以go的意象为基体而突显结果为侧面。 详细程度 同一情形可以用不同详细程度的词或句子描述，形成描述同一情形的不同详细程度的语言连续体，以此构成语言的不同范畴等级和不同的纵向层次，如一条响尾蛇，可以用不同详细程度的词来表达，animal—reptile—snake—rattlesnake—sidewinder等。 比例和辖域 述义的比例就如地图上标明的比例关系，而比例就是它的基体，即在相关认知域中的覆盖区，在很多情况下，其边界是模糊的，但一个表达式被激活的辖域至少应能包括基体和侧面的内容，以body为例：arm的直接辖域是body，hand的直接辖域是arm，依次类推。最高辖域的成分在较小的比例上充当其他部位的直接辖域，整体与部分的关系不能超出直接辖域，否则显得晦涩。 突显 突显即注意的焦点不同。认知主体从不同的识解角度出发来观察同一情景或事件就会产生不同的认知过程和结果，出现不同的语言表达，它们就突显了同一情景的不同侧面，视角、方向或立场的不同也会导致突显不同的含义。如X is above Y 和 Y is below X，前者是以Y为参照物而后者以X为参照物，因此前者突显X,后者突显Y. 此外，假设或期待不同，也会造成不同的突显。如 a. He has few friends in high places. b. He has a few friends in high places. a与b中“few”和”a few”的实际数量可能是相等的，但“few”表示的数量是相对某一期待高的量而言，而“a few”是相对于零而言。 Langacker 认为语言描写的最终目的是描述语言使用者掌握的语言单位的结构和构成更大结构的能力，这种结构和能力构成他的 语法结构之间相互关联，有些结构能成为较大结构的构件，即较小的象征单位可层层级级地整合成较大的语法构造，而较大的语法构造也被层层级级地分解成很多较小的象征单位。Langacker认为任何一个语法构式的构成总是涉及两个构件之间的对应，复合结构是两个对应构件部分叠合的结果，如“above”和“table”复合成介词短语“above the table”，如图5所示。述义〔ABOVE〕勾画的是两个抽象事物—射体和界标之间的空间关系，述义〔TABLE〕勾画的是一具体事物，这两个述义的复合是通过〔ABOVE〕的界标和〔TABLE〕的侧面之间的对应实现的。总起来说，这个语法结构由两个构件构成，一个勾画关系，一个勾画事物。 语法结构的层次构造是由小的象征单位构造大的象征单位。名词〔LAMP〕与“above the table”结合就成了一个更大的象征单位“lamp above the table”，此时的中心语就变成了“lamp”。如果一个构件A使另一个构件B的一部分由抽象变为具体，那么构件A就叫做“概念自主（conceptually autonomous）”的构件，构件B就叫做“概念依赖（conceptually dependent）”的构件。在图5（a），〔TABLE〕是概念自主的述义，〔ABOVE〕是概念依赖的述义；而在图6，〔LAMP〕是概念自主的述义，〔ABOVETABLE〕是概念依赖的述义。 最后，认知语法还有较大的灵活性。层次构造是复合的次序，而这个次序是可以变化的，如下例句： likes liver. likes, but most people really hate, braised liver. 在句a中，liver先与likes复合，然后是likes liver与Alice复合；但这个次序在特殊情况下可以颠倒过来，如在b句中，Alice先与likes复合，然后liver与Alice likes复合。 认知语法认为语言是人类认知的一部分,语言从本质上来讲是象征性的,象征是指一定的形式约定俗成地代表一定的意义。在认知语法里，语义等同于概念化，一个语言表达式的语义是由若干约定俗成的意义或义项构成的，是一个有层次的语义结构网络，我们可以借助语义结构所涉及的概念域即认知域来刻画一个语言表达式的意义。 Langacker 认知语法的出现标志着语法研究由注重形式转向注重意义，将形式与意义密切结合起来。语义是一种基于体验的认知现象，是身体与心智相结合的产物，是人类与外界互动的结果，语义描写不仅是对客观真值条件的描写，而且是对主观形成的“意象”的描写。人的语言能力跟一般的认知能力密不可分，认知语法从认知上对语言结构作出了系统的、严格的合理解释，对认知语言学的发展做出了一定的贡献。

1. 英语附加疑问句的动态研究，《外语教学与研究》2005年第3期。2．国外实据性理论研究，《当代语言学》2005年第1期。3．英汉语附加疑问句语法化比较，《外国语》2001年第2期。4．因果复句的认知语法研究，《现代外语》2006年第4期。5．信疑假设，《外语学刊》2003年第4期；《语言文字学》2004年第1期全文转载。

英语语言学毕业论文哪些题目好写？ 一、英语语言学毕业论文题目：1、中西语言方式对比2、 词汇学3、 近代英语语言的衍变二、英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成：理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。 理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、修辞知识、语体知识、英语变体、英语学习策略等。 基础理论模块由英语语言学概论执行，内容涉及语言的各种属性、语言学的学科知识、语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、语言与心理、语言与文化、语言习得等。 研究方法模块通过介绍语言学研究的设计与分析方法，帮助学生掌握从事语言研究的本领，并直接与本科毕业论文的写作挂钩。 三、毕业论文，泛指专科毕业论文、本科毕业论文（学士学位毕业论文）、硕士研究生毕业论文（硕士学位论文）、博士研究生毕业论文（博士学位论文）等，即需要在学业完成前写作并提交的论文，是教学或科研活动的重要组成部分之一。 语言学英语专业毕业论文哪个方面比较好写？ 说实话毕业论文弄好的话还是比较烦人的，准备了两个星期也没弄出来，题目全被否决了，老师又不给现成的题目，选题都麻烦的不得了，最后直接找VIP英语论文网的帮我的，值得庆幸的是我还好找VIP英语论文网的老师帮了忙，还辅导我熟悉了论文，还有答辩的问题，老师也没发现有什么问题，还是顺利的通过了，嘿嘿 对于英语专业的学生来说应该如何学习语言学论文答辩,最好300字以 名词化的语篇功能330诺曼时期法语对英语词汇的影响339浅谈英语虚拟语气的语用功能340浅谈英语虚拟语气及其语用功能345浅析二十世纪计算机英语词汇的构成特点346浅析汉英动物谚语中的文化348浅析英汉语言中的性别歧视现象及其根源349浅析英语禁忌语及其发展352浅析英语无标志被动句356浅议译者能力359认知语言学角度下“within” 的空间隐喻意义365商标英语汉译的原则和方法384体育新闻英语文体研究375社会语言学视野中的网络语言418新闻英语中的语法特点研究423颜色词在英汉互译中的不对应性425移就的审美价值和生成基础426以认知为基础的颜色隐喻研究428隐喻认知功能研究的新视角429隐喻与一词多义的关系438英汉被动句对比研究439英汉宾语类型差异的认知原因440英汉动词非谓语用法之比较研究442英汉否定问句的答句对比研究443英汉汉英双关语及其翻译研究444英汉合成词构词对比研究446英汉名词短语修饰模式比较447英汉拟声词异同探讨448英汉人称代词运用对比研究449英汉人名的比较研究450英汉时间的空间隐喻对比研究451英汉习语的文化共性和个性的研究453英汉颜色词的引申义的文化差别454英汉颜色词跨域对比分析？—以RED和红为例458英汉隐喻性词汇对比研究462英汉语中红绿色文化比较468英语道歉方式研究 语言学论文的研究思路怎么写 语言学论文的困惑：选题是否有新意或价值，选题是否可行，选题如何打开思路。 一、选题原则：选题要新颖，选题路径：学科、方向、领域、课题、话题、问题，解决方法、效果评估。 选题方向：学科前沿课题，特别是学科交叉性课题，有扩展空间和创新余地。 二、误区：前辈研究很多的东西，没有多少好研究的，在前人的基础上不容再攀高峰。 这需要看研究目标、看研究问题，看研究框架，润物细无声，于无声处听惊雷，时代在进补，科学在发展，流水不腐户枢不蠹，多元化思考，发散思维，去研究人家没有研究过的东西一定有价值，同时前辈的研究成果也可去粗取精，继承学术也要与时俱进，有创新才有发展。 三、从选题找创新：面向新的语言现象（网络时代、自媒体时代语言的研究）、面向旧的语言现象（旧有语言的发展和继承，交叉发展进化等），面向特定语言理论（补充、修正、完善）、面向学科交叉点（社会心理学与语用学：语码转换、符号代替等。 ）理论研究：寻求共性（语言共性、语用共性、认知共性等）。 应用研究：寻求对策（面向规划政策、实践（教学、口语化应用、翻译、矫正等。 ）。 四、那些选题不会有创新：选题太大，太泛，如语法的认知研究，汉语英语系统的对不分析，认知语法初探等。 太微观没有一般理论性价值。 选题太大，容易重复别人的研究。 结论指向容易归结的常识化和空泛化。 怎样写语言学论文 How to improve your English in full detail (my experience) The Third Edition To be good at English is not particularly easy but not terribly hard you start to learn sentences, or new words, the first and also the most important step is the ＂pronunciation＂. To pronounce perfectly you should buy a tape to assist you to learn and practise. This is the fundamental step to learn English, ignore or pay no attention to this step; you will not learn proper English and you will find the later steps more and more difficult. If you are solid and accurate in pronunciation, you will find the later steps much easier and you will stand firmly on the right mastering the pronunciation perfectly, it is the time to accumulate new words and useful expressions. Of course start from the simplest words like “hello, hi, you, me, he, him, his, her”, etc.... and expressions like “how are you, how old are you, how do you do”, etc.......... It is essential to write the words on a piece of paper so that you remember them well. Actually everyone had done these at his/her primary school.*************Now let me tell you how I learnt English in China. ******************* Speaking:In China, you won"t have enough chances to speak English. What I did was in the morning I got up early and read aloud the texts in the textbooks. The initial aim was to achieve the same speed as the tape, and then being able to read aloud the texts with the same style as the English announcer in the tape. By doing this, it helps you to consolidate your pronunciation and it is much easier to learn English in China because you can watch some TV channels in English. The more channels in English the better because you can choose your preferred programmes and it helps you to learn English with interests of your own, hence ideal for listening and expression/words is also very useful to write diaries. On writing diaries, it is not useful if you just write it without the care of grammar and spelling. When you finish you should always read your diaries again to check for errors and refine your sentences (. remove repetitive words, use better expressions, and sort out the structure of the sentences).Reading:It is also very important to read story books in English, starting from thin ones with not many new words. Read as many thin books as you possibly can. Little by Little you will want to read thicker books, and your reading ability will get even four elements together:I have to emphasise that when you do all these reading, listening, writing and speaking; you should join them together as a whole, apply the new words you learn from watching TV, reading books to your writing and enhancement of learning comes from getting hold of the possible opportunities to speak English (in China or abroad):In China, you should try to go to local English corner to practise your oral English. If you are abroad then you should make a lot of English or international friends so you always have the opportunity to speak Spoken English, attitude is very important. You need to be very keen and you must not be shy. Never be afraid to make mistakes. Always think that a talk in English with some one will help you can think in this way: since my parents have paid so much to support me to study abroad, the money is partly spent on the international environment for learning English; therefore I ought to try my best to take every opportunity to practise my English. My English has risen to a higher level in the last 2 years, because I talk in English most of the time. Having some international friends is particularly useful indeed. Summing up the activities:I have also been watching TV too. The real improvement lies in staying with international friends long enough and watching a lot of TV such as news, football, dramas, documentaries etc.... Writing diaries also helps me to remember good words, good expressions and practise sentence structuring.*****Now, I have finished talking about how to learn and improve General is the time to switch to ＂Your Major in English＂ ******************************* Knowing general English on its own is not going to be sufficient for most people. Skills are as important as mastering another language. General English helps people to communicate with each other in their lives. Technical English helps you to take on challenges to change the world for the highest, to earn money for your living for the people who have a degree in English go abroad to learn something different but heavily based on the language such as Media study, ... 中文系 关于语言学的论文题目 and the relationship between stress, emphasis, accent and prominence is also defined differently;s build a fire. Táá diné "ooljéé". A syllable can be divided into three parts. In English only long vowels and diphthongs can occur in open syllablesOn suprasegmental features 一. Introduction So far we have been talking about phonetic features as they apply to single phonetic segments: phonetic. (Hawaiian) On the other hand. The study of phonological features which applies to groups larger than the single segment, are known as suprasegmental features, such as the syllable or the word. The study of these features is known as prosody.二. Syllable The most obvious prosodic feature in language is the syllable, nucleus, and coda, of which nucleus is a must. A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable while a syllable with coda is called a closed syllable. It mainly includes syllable, stress, pitch, that is, onset; they must end in a consonant (Navaho): Háá"ishah dididiljah;syllable". In this paper, I will talk about the suprasegmental features in great detail, that is, they always end in a vowel, never a consonant, suprasegmental.) In other languages, syllables are always closed. Let"s briefly discuss the notion of syllables. Like all of our other basic linguistic concepts, although everyone knows what a syllable is, the concept ", tone. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda, every Hawaiian syllable must begin with a consonant. (Aloha spoken as a single word begins in a glottal stop, and production of stress is generally believed to depend on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used for unstressed syllables. From the perceptual point of view, all stressed syllables have one characteristic in common, and that is “prominence”. Roach has manifested that at least four different factors are important to make a syllable prominent:i) Loudness: Most people seem to feel that stressed syllables are louder than unstressed ones; in other words, loudness is a component of ) Length: The length of syllables has an important part to play in prominence; the syllables which are made longer than the others will be heard as ) Pitch: Pitch in speech is closely related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musical notion of low-pitched and high-pitched notes; if one syllable is said with a pitch that is noticeably different from that of the others, this will have a strong tendency to produce the effect of ) Quality: a syllable will tend to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighboring vowels. Languages differ in how they use ) In some languages, each syllable is equally stressed or unstressed,as in Cambodian2) the syllable in each word is more stressed. The place of stress is fixed on a certain syllable:1) initial. Finnish, Hungarian and other Finno-Ugric languages2) penultimate. Polish,3) final. ) Complex set of rules. In Bulgarian nouns and verbs have separate sets of rules for stress placement. Hopi (phonetic: first syllable of a two syllable word: síkwi meat; in words of three or more syllables, accent falls on the first long vowel: máamatsi to recognize; or on the first short vowel before a consonant cluster: péntani to write; otherwise it falls on the next to last syllable: wunúvtu stand up) The place of stress is ) In Russian the stress is completely random: xoroshó， xoró) In English the stress is more predictable but still random. Usually a middle syllable of a longer word receives the stress. In two syllable words stress is rando and often renders differences in meaning: project/to project, produce/produce, and insult/ to insult. Some languages have more than one stress per word: English is such a language. In English, words of four syllables or more have a primary and a secondary stress. Some English compounds have phrasal stress on the first element of the compound. Phrasal stress often distinguishes meaning in adjective/noun combinations. Sentence stress in English According to He Shanfen (1992), English sentence stress has two main functions：⑴ to indicate the important words in the sentence； ⑵ to serve as the basis for the rhythmic structure of the sentence. Consequently, in connected English speech, sentence stress usually falls on content ( or lexical) words, which carry the basic meaning of a sentence, . nouns, adjectives, adverbs etc. Those which are usually unstressed in sentences are form (or structural) words, which show grammatical relationships, such as articles,...