承德避暑山庄论文的参考文献

The Imperial Summer Villa of Chengde Introduction The Imperial Summer Villa, located in the city of Chengde in northeastern Hebei province, is China’s largest imperial garden. Twice the size of Beijing’s Summer Palace, construction spanned nearly ninety years, beginning under Emperor Kangxi in 1703 and lasting through the greater part of Emperor Qianlong’s reign. The Imperial Summer Villa often saw use as a de facto second capital as Kangxi set a precedent followed by Qianlong and a succession of other Qing emperors of spending much of the year at the garden. In 1994, the Imperial Summer Villa became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Layout The Imperial Summer Villa covers some 564 hectares featuring well-manicured gardens and over 110 architectural structures surrounded by a 10-km-long outer wall that rises and falls with the surrounding hills. The Imperial Summer Villa can be divided into two sections: a palace section and a garden section. Palace SectionThe palace section is where Qing emperors would dispose of state affairs and live during their stays at the Imperial Summer Villa. A plaque inscribed with four characters by Emperor Kangxi hangs above the vermilion front gate. Bi Shu Shan Zhuang it reads, or “Mountain Villa to Flee the Summer Heat”. Walking through the gateway, Danbomingcheng comes into view, or the “Hall of Simplicity and Reverence”. The name comes from an ancient Chinese saying roughly translated as, “Only a simple lifestyle can help one realize his true life-goal.” Also known as Nanmu Hall, because it was built with nanny, a fragrant, fine-grained hardwood unique to China, the hall was used by the emperor to carry out official state Danbomingcheng, stands Yanbozhishuang Hall, or “Cool on a Misty Lake” Hall, which was used as the emperor’s living quarters. Today, most of the hall has become a museum with Qing relics and artwork on exhibit. Visitors are rewarded with a glimpse into the lifestyle of Qing royalty. Other famous halls in the palace section include Wanhesongfeng, which stands by the lakeside, encircled by pine trees, and was used as an imperial study, and Songhezhai, which housed the emperor’s mother as well as his SectionThe garden section can be further divided into a lake section, plains section, and mountain SectionThe lake section is north of the palace section and covers about 80 hectares. Unlike the Summer Palace’s Kunming Lake, which is an open expanse of water, the lakes here are smaller, more-complicated, interconnected affairs, and come in a variety of shapes and sizes and feature islets, causeways, bridges, pavilions, etc. One of the most beautiful sites in the lake section is the “Moon Color and River Sound” Islet. When night falls, the surrounding waters shimmer with moonlight. It is so peaceful and picturesque. The lakeside buildings were designed in the style of southern Chinese architecture, and look transplanted from Jiangsu or Zhejiang. Flatland SectionThe flatlands north of the lake section are covered with both grassland and forest. There are no buildings here with the exception of a few Mongolian yurts. The southwest corner of this section was devoted to horse riding. Emperor Qianlong often entertained Mongolian princes here, with barbeque dinners, wrestling, horse racing, and archery. He also hosted grand banquets here for such distinguished guests as the sixth Panchen Lama and envoys from foreign countries. Mountain SectionFour-fifths of the Imperial Summer Villa is mountainous, sloping down from the northwest to the southeast. The mountain section is merely the most mountainous area. Sites to visit here include the Qingchui Sunset Glow Pavilion, which offers gorgeous views of Qingchui Peak at sunset, which glows under the golden rays of the setting sun. The most breathtaking pavilion of the entire garden is perhaps the Snow Covered South Mountain Pavilion. Located high on a mountain in the garden, it offers panoramic views that include the entire Imperial Summer Villa, much of the surrounding countryside, and downtown Chengde. ( Text by Han Yueling and Allen Chai)

中国十大名胜古迹 1.北京故宫：北京故宫古称紫禁城，是明清两朝的24代皇帝的宫殿，也是我国现存最完整的宫殿的群体。 2.八达岭长城：八达岭长城被列入了《世界遗产名录》的中国古代伟大的万里长城，它体现了我们国古代人民的智慧结晶！ 3.承德避暑山庄：承德避暑山庄位于河北省，又称热河行宫，建于清朝是皇家别园。 4.兵马俑：兵马俑是中国第一个封建皇帝的皇陵，修建了36年之久，是一座雄伟的地下皇宫。 5.长江三峡：长江三峡西起重庆白帝城，全长204千米，称峡江。 6.桂林山水：桂林山水是我国著名的风景城市。因为多玉桂树而得名，有“桂林山水甲天下”之称。 7.苏州园林：苏州是我们国著名的历史古城，有园林城市之称。 8.黄山：黄山是我国著名的风景名山，它有泰山之雄，峨嵋之秀，华山之险，衡山之烟云，庐山之瀑布等。 9.杭州西湖：杭州西湖为与杭州西部，又称西湖子，风景秀丽，具山水之胜，园林之美。 10.日月潭：日月潭位于台湾省南投县东玉山之北，是台湾最大的天然湖泊，被誉为“双潭秋月”是台湾八大景点之一。直饮水。中国旅游十大风景旅游区：①.作为中华民族象征的万里长城居于榜首②.“江作青罗带，山如碧玉簪”的桂林山水列为第二③.“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的杭州西湖 ④.标志着祖国悠久文化传统，显示着劳动人民在建筑上卓越成就的北京故宫 ⑤.曲径通幽，巧夺天工，使人叹为观止的苏州园林 ⑥.以奇松、怪石、云海、温泉著称于世的安徽黄山 ⑦.水险山雄、涛飞浪卷，令人驰魂夺魄的长江三峡；直饮水。⑧.湖光山色、风韵幽绝，象一颗璀璨明珠闪耀在宝岛台湾中部的日月潭 ⑨.集秀美雄浑的自然景观和别具神韵的寺宙宅院为一身的承德避暑山庄 ⑩.颇具历史价值和艺术价值，被誉为“世界第八奇迹”的秦陵兵马俑

The Mountain Resort in Chengde (Chinese: 避暑山庄; pinyin: Bìshǔ Shānzhuāng; literally: Mountain Resort for Avoiding the Heat; Manchu: Halhūn be jailara gurung) or Ligong (Chinese: 离宫; pinyin: Lígōng, the Qing Dynasty's summer palace) situated in the city of Chengde in Hebei Province, China, is the world's largest existing imperial between 1703 and 1792, the Mountain Resort took 89 years to complete. It covers a total area of km�0�5, almost half of Chengde's urban area. It is a vast complex of palaces and administrative and ceremonial buildings. Temples of various architectural styles and imperial gardens blend harmoniously into a landscape of lakes, pastureland and Kangxi, Qianlong and Jiaqing Emperors often spent several months a year here to escape the summer heat in the capital city of Beijing and the palace zone in the southern part of the resort was therefore designed to resemble the Forbidden City in Beijing. It consists of two parts: a court in front, where the emperor received high officials, nobles of various minority nationalities, and foreign envoys; and bed chambers in the rear, which were the imperial family's living quarters. Emperor Jiaqing and Xianfeng both died while staying at Chengde in 1820 and 1861 spots The Mountain Resort is most famous for the 72 scenic spots which were named by the Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors. Many of the scenic spots around the resort's lake area were copied from famous landscaped gardens in Southern China. For instance, the main building on Green Lotus Island, "Tower of Mist and Rain," (Chinese: 烟雨楼; pinyin: Yānyǔ Lóu) is a copy of a tower in Nanhu Lake at Jiaxing in Zhejiang Province. The resort's plain area also possesses characteristics of the scenery of the Mongolian grasslands. Forested mountains and valleys are dotted with various buildings. This includes a 70 m tall stone Chinese pagoda built in the year 1751 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. The pagoda is shaped with an octagonal base, while the pagoda's nine stories are decorated with colorful glazed tiles and the steeple is crowned with a gilded round spire. 希望能帮的到你，祝开心快乐每一天o(~_~)o