埃德加爱伦坡毕业论文

"The Black Cat" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in the August 19, 1843, edition of The Saturday Evening Post. It is a study of the psychology of guilt, often paired in analysis with Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart".[1] In both, a murderer carefully conceals his crime and believes himself unassailable, but eventually breaks down and reveals himself, impelled by a nagging reminder of his guilt. The story is presented as a first-person narrative using an unreliable narrator. The narrator tells us that from an early age he has loved animals. He and his wife have many pets, including a large black cat named Pluto. This cat is especially fond of the narrator and vice versa. Their mutual friendship lasts for several years, until the narrator becomes an alcoholic. One night, after coming home intoxicated, he believes the cat is avoiding him. When he tries to seize it, the panicked cat bites the narrator, and in a fit of rage, he seizes the animal, pulls a pen-knife from his pocket, and deliberately gouges out the cat's that moment onward, the cat flees in terror at his master's approach. At first, the narrator is remorseful and regrets his cruelty. "But this feeling soon gave place to irritation. And then came, as if to my final and irrevocable overthrow, the spirit of PERVERSENESS." He takes the cat out in the garden one morning and hangs it from a tree, where it dies. That very night, his house mysteriously catches on fire forcing the narrator, his wife and their servant to next day, the narrator returns to the ruins of his home to find, imprinted on the single wall that survived the fire, the figure of a gigantic cat, hanging by its neck from a first, this image terrifies the narrator, but gradually he determines a logical explanation for it, that someone outside had thrown the dead cat into the bedroom to wake him up during the fire, and begins to miss Pluto. Some time later, he finds a similar cat in a tavern. It is the same size and color as the original and is even missing an eye. The only difference is a large white patch on the animal's chest. The narrator takes it home, but soon begins to loathe, even fear the creature. After a time, the white patch of fur begins to take shape and, to the narrator, forms the shape of the , one day when the narrator and his wife are visiting the cellar in their new home, the cat gets under its master's feet and nearly trips him down the stairs. In a fury, the man grabs an axe and tries to kill the cat but is stopped by his wife. Enraged, he kills her with the axe instead. To conceal her body he removes bricks from a protrusion in the wall, places her body there, and repairs the hole. When the police came to investigate, they find nothing and the narrator goes free. The cat, which he intended to kill as well, has gone the last day of the investigation, the narrator accompanies the police into the cellar. There, completely confident in his own safety, the narrator comments on the sturdiness of the building and raps upon the wall he had built around his wife's body. A wailing sound fills the room. The alarmed police tear down the wall and find the wife's corpse, and on her head, to the horror of the narrator, is the screeching black cat. As he words it: "I had walled the monster up within the tomb!" Like the narrator in Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart", the narrator of "The Black Cat" has questionable sanity. Near the beginning of the tale, the narrator says he would be "mad indeed" if he should expect a reader to believe the story, implying that he has already been accused of madness.[2]One of Poe's darkest tales, "The Black Cat" includes his strongest denouncement of alcohol. The narrator's perverse actions are brought on by his alcoholism, a "disease" and "fiend" which also destroys his personality.[3] The use of the black cat evokes various superstitions, including the idea voiced by the narrator's wife that they are all witches in disguise. The titular cat is named Pluto after the Roman god of the Underworld. Publication history"The Black Cat" was first published in the August 19, 1843 issue of The Saturday Evening Post. At the time, the publication was using the temporary title United States Saturday Post.[4] Readers immediately responded favorably to the story, spawning parodies including Thomas Dunn English's "The Ghost of the Grey Tadpole".[5][edit] Adaptations [edit] In film "The Black Cat" was adapted into a film starring Bela Lugosi and Boris Karloff in 1934 and another with Lugosi and Basil Rathbone in 1941, although neither version bears much resemblance to the original story.[5] Many other adaptations exist but the most faithful to the original is the middle segment of Roger Corman's trilogy film Tales of Terror in 1962.[5] Although the overall film was cast with Vincent Price as the lead, in this segment, he was in a supporting role with Peter Lorre as the main character. The 1934 film Maniac also loosely adapts the story. This version follows a former vaudeville actor who kills a doctor and takes the doctor's place to hide his crime. "The Black Cat" was also adapted into a film of the same name by Italian horror director Lucio Fulci in 1981. Film director Dario Argento presented his own loose adaptation of the story in the 1990 anthology film Two Evil Eyes.[edit] In television "The Black Cat" is the eleventh episode of the second season of Masters of Horror. The plot essentially retells the short story in a semi-autobiographical manner, with Poe himself undergoing a series of events involving a black cat which he used to inspire the story of the same name.[edit] Recordings In 1997, a compilation of Poe's work was released on a double CD entitled Closed on Account of Rabies, with various celebrities lending their voices to the tales. The Black Cat was read by avant-garde performer Diamanda Galás.[edit] References in literary works In 1970, Czech writer Ludvík Vaculík made many references to "A Descent into the Maelstr�0�2m" as well as "The Black Cat" in his novel The Guinea Pigs.[edit] References in art In 1910-11 Futurist artist Gino Severini painted "The Black Cat" in direct reference to Poe's short story. An illustration and description can be found at this site

A: in this paper:Edgar Allen POE is a famous 19th century American novelist, poet and literary critic. George Bernard shaw once said: "the United States out of the two great writers, POE and Mark Twain." Mark Twain has long been a household name, but Edgar Allan POE's life experience, even in the first decades after the death of his neglected, even the sky. Until the twentieth century, he was gradually favored by various criticism genre. Slope in its short life of the communist party of China produced 70 short stories and 48 poem. His poetry pays great attention to the subjective emotion, the pursuit of the beauty of music and form; In the majority with gothic horror fiction novel. This kind of work often mysterious story, character in the majority of insanity, is full of terrorist weird things, build

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摘要 ：<乌鸦>是美国诗人、文论家埃德加爱伦坡的代表诗作。<乌鸦>以优美的形式、韵律极强的音乐感来表现该诗的主题“美妇人之死”。主题、形式和语言的选择反映了诗人的创作哲学，而该诗的成功实践也证实了其相关理论。

关键词 ：爱伦坡;乌鸦;主题;形式;音乐性

埃德加爱伦坡被认为是唯美主义的先驱，他与惠特曼、狄更森一起被称为19世纪美国最有创造力的三位诗人。爱伦坡的“为诗而诗”的观点决定了他诗歌作品的唯美主义倾向，他的诗歌作品形式精美，音韵优美。爱伦坡在《诗歌原理》中写道：“我认为根本就不存在什么长诗，‘长诗’本身就是一个自相矛盾的词。诗之所以为诗，是因为它能够激动人心，使灵魂升华。而人们激动的短暂乃是心理的必然。”因此要创作出能给读者留下深刻印象的富于美感的诗，根据他的说法，长度在一百行上下的诗歌最为理想。

爱伦坡在他的著作《创作哲学》中，非常详细地阐述了他对文学创作的主张，也第一次明确地提出了“美女之死”这一主题。他在文中指出：“美是诗的唯一正统的领域”，同时“忧郁是所有诗的情调中最正宗的”，而“死亡”则是所有忧郁的题材中“最为忧郁的”，因此“当死亡与美紧密联系在一起的时候”最具诗意。爱伦坡由此得出结论“美妇人之死无疑地是最富有诗意的主题——而这主题如由悼念亡者的恋人口中说出是再恰当不过的了”。《乌鸦》就是以这一主题为基调的。

《乌鸦》是爱伦坡的代表诗作，坡关于诗歌主张的主题之美、形式之美、音乐之美在这首诗里得以充分体现。坡在《创作哲学》一文中分析了该诗的创作过程，他有意识地选择了乌鸦这个不详之鸟来寄托。最大限度的悲痛与绝望”，这首诗要表现的就是坡最热衷的主题即由“死亡”所带来的“忧郁美”，即主题之美。

《乌鸦》一诗的形式别具一格。爱伦坡为使诗歌达到整体的艺术效果，创作之前，诗人对该诗的长度进行了认真的考虑，认为一首诗不宜太长，太长则读者容易倦怠，或易受干扰，难以卒读;一首诗也不宜太短，太短则有点像格言警句，不能达到一定的效果。爱伦坡在《创作哲学》中说道：一部作品只有一口气读完，否则其美的统一感便会消失，因为尘世间的杂事会干扰。所谓长诗，如弥尔顿的《失乐园》，实际上是由诸多短诗构成的，即其整体效果是诸多短暂效果所形成的”坡在确定了诗的范围和长度后，运用数学计算和逻辑推理以及心理学方面的知识，设计了一次能读完的最佳长度——即《乌鸦》的108行;《乌鸦》全诗由18节构成，每节都有6行，前5行字数相近，音节相当(都是15至16个音节)，最后一行字数及音节仅为前5行的一半。就是18节这样的6行诗组构了全诗。因此，全诗从形式上看整齐划一。显然，作者对该诗的展开方式是平直、刻板的，也正是这种刻板与全诗的氛围高度一致，表现了述者已悲哀麻木到了无可复加的程度。

音乐美是《乌鸦》最突出的特点，其节奏感和旋律感非常强。在《诗歌原理》中，坡认为诗歌只有与音乐结合才可以找到诗歌发展的最广阔的领域，他还给诗下了一个简短的定义：“美之节奏创造”。坡在《创作哲学》中为《乌鸦》设计的韵律为扬抑格。每一行的第一个音节是重读音节而第二个音节是非重读音节。其一、三行的八音步与二、四行七个半音步交替出现，最后一行以三个半音步包含一个三重韵的迭旬结束。其节奏格式始终是ABCBBB。这种诗歌的创作技巧贯穿于整首诗，为全诗打造出一种神秘、恐怖的氛围，这恰恰与青年哀伤的情绪相应，忠实地表现了该诗低回哀怨、痛苦绝望的基调。这种韵律所营造出的生离死别、凄惨感伤以及最大限度的悲痛与绝望，让读者在体会“死亡之美”这一主题的同时深深为之震撼、为之动容。

坡在《乌鸦》中的独创性就在于将这种固定的韵律和格律设计进行各种巧妙组合，大量运用头韵、行内韵、尾韵以及重复，把诗连接成为一个整体，将青年愁苦的心境贯穿始终，表达了青年哽咽不能自抑的叹息和绵绵不绝的痛苦心情。

头韵。头韵是取得音韵和谐的基本形式之一，它蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美，使得语言声情交融、音义一体，具有很强的表现力和感染力。《乌鸦》的音乐美在一定程度上是取决于头韵的使用。头韵的使用既取得了音乐效果又增强了诗的意境。例如，第一节的第一行中，“weak and weary”，为全诗打下了忧郁、沉闷的基调，句句读来仿佛能感受得到主人公的疲惫、消沉之心境;第三行的“ napping”描述了青年在困倦至极之时听到的叩门声所产生的动感声音与死寂沉沉的黑夜以及青年心中的忧伤形成了强烈的.对应，产生一种恐怖的悬念。使读者切身体会到主人公在午夜时分、困倦梦幻之际突然听到门外响起的轻轻的“笃”、“笃”的叩门声，从而为全诗渲染出了神秘、恐怖的气氛。

行内韵。行内韵是指诗行中间的停顿或休止前的重读音节与该行的最后一个重读音节押韵。在《乌鸦》每一诗节的1、3行，诗人都运用了行内韵来强调诗歌的音乐性，取得了回响的效果。这里，仍先选取其第一个诗节为例加以分析：在这首诗里我们注意到爱伦坡精心地安排了“dreary”与“weary”，“napping”与“tapping”以及下一诗节的“uttered”与“fluttered”等词。连续的行内韵形成了诗歌高度的统一性，为全诗打下了忧郁神秘的基调。使得全诗节富有强烈的节奏感，吟诵时产生极强的音乐性。

尾韵。尾韵就是整首诗的韵，是行末词尾元、辅音的重复。尾韵是这首诗中最重要的音乐手段。正如坡在《创作哲学》中指出，他刻意选用最响亮的长元音“O”作为诗歌的韵脚，很显然诗人在刻意强调这种声音并用它作为全诗的基调。这个响亮、绵长且低沉并充满哀怨的声音使全诗充满了“深沉而阴森的音响”。在这首诗的每节六行诗中有四行押/)：/韵，即第二、四、五、六行，全诗/)：/韵，共72行，以nothingmore。evermore或nevermore结束o/)：/韵的不断复现加强了诗的内在联系，一环紧扣一环，反复回旋，撼人心灵。这种音韵好似一种因悲伤哽咽不能言表的情感。表现了该诗低回哀婉、痛苦绝望的语气，诗中每一个尾韵的使用都会唤起读者心中无限的哀伤，从而使读者和这个青年一起感受着这种悲凉，体味着这种伤痛，直至最后青年心碎，近乎疯狂。

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埃德加·爱伦坡（Edgar Allan Poe，1809—1849），美国小说家、诗人、批评家。提倡“为艺术而艺术”，宣扬唯美主义、神秘主义。受西欧尤其是法国资产阶级文学颓废派影响大。小说有《怪诞故事集》、《黑猫》、《莫格街谋杀案》等。论文有《写作的哲学》、《诗歌原理》等。 爱伦·坡被誉为“侦探小说的鼻祖”。《莫格街谋杀案》、《罗杰疑案》和《失窃的信》被奉为侦探小说的先河。《莫格街谋杀案》写密室凶杀，凶手居然是猩猩。《罗杰疑案》借新闻报道，纯粹用推理形式破案。《失窃的信》是对人类心理进行解剖与逻辑演示的范本。在这三篇小说中塑造了业余侦探杜宾的形象，将科学精神和诗意灵韵融于这个理想的侦探身上，可以说他是柯南道尔笔下福尔摩斯的前辈