不知你要几篇, 你看看够么? [1] 孙璐. 浅析日本饮食文化[J]. 西安社会科学, 2010, (04) . [2] 徐静波. 试论日本饮食文化的诸特征[J]. 日本学刊, 2008, (05) . [3] 徐静波. 论日本肉食禁止和开禁的思想因素[J]. 日本研究, 2010, (01) . [4] 贺亚芹,隋国荣. 日本饮食文化琐谈[J]. 辽宁工程技术大学学报(社会科学版), 1999, (02) . [5] 张婕. 浅谈饮食与健康[J]. 技术与市场, 2009, (07) . [6] 方海燕. 从饮食看日本文化的特征——以中日饮食文化的关系为中心[J]. 科技信息(科学教研), 2008, (04) . [7]日本的饮食文化[J]. 健身科学, 2004, (12) . [8] 尹文华. 浅谈中日两国饮食文化[J]. 科技创新导报, 2010, (34) . [9] 时志中. 浅析“鱼文化”现象[J]. 中国钓鱼, 1995, (11) . [10] 仓石厚子. 中日饮食文化比较──兼论消费与经济观念[J]. 现代日本经济, 1997, (06) .
韩国传统饮食不过是在电视看上去比较有感觉，实际上是肯定不如中国传统饮食的，但是现代韩国饮食应该是结合了西方饮食文化中细腻的特点，说白了就是讲究一些
沙拉水果很好吃，我吃过。还有那种辣椒好啦好啦啊，舌头都红肿了。
[1]孙璐.浅析日本饮食文化[J].西安社会科学,2010,(04).[2]徐静波.试论日本饮食文化的诸特征[J].日本学刊,2008,(05).[3]徐静波.论日本肉食禁止和开禁的思想因素[J].日本研究,2010,(01).[4]贺亚芹,隋国荣.日本饮食文化琐谈[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(社会科学版),1999,(02).[5]张婕.浅谈饮食与健康[J].技术与市场,2009,(07).[6]方海燕.从饮食看日本文化的特征——以中日饮食文化的关系为中心[J].科技信息(科学教研),2008, [7]日本的饮食文化[J].健身科学,2004,(12).[8]尹文华.浅谈中日两国饮食文化[J].科技创新导报,2010,(34).[9]时志中.浅析“鱼文化”现象[J].中国钓鱼,1995,(11).[10]仓石厚子.中日饮食文化比较──兼论消费与经济观念[J].现代日本经济,1997,(06).
元朝忽思慧的《饮膳正要》《礼记》《本草纲目》
你都那么苗条了，不需要注意了，嘎嘎！！！
构洪栗子公主的夏天（校园悬疑不错）圆炽
偶有滴 韩国饮食文化 非网络可搜到的 保证安全 全韩文
其间，先后走访了水原、华城、首尔、庆州几个城市，对韩国的文化有了一个粗略的了解。中韩两国历史渊源如此深厚，要说这趟文化之旅有什么让我印象极深的地方，大概就是韩国传统饮食文化了吧。首先，盘膝而坐或是跪坐在垫子上，是每一位食客都要遵守的法则。坐惯了椅子，突然换个姿势还真是让人不太习惯。垫子的软硬程度很重要，进餐的时间长短也很重要，一不留神，双腿麻木就是家常便饭了。大多数时候与团友们一起进餐，便经常盘膝坐或跪坐的换来换去。可是有一天在民宿家庭吃晚餐，我实在不好意思经常换姿势，就只好一直跪坐着，结果边吃边聊的就过了一个半小时。事后，我腰酸腿疼的，别提有多怀念椅子啦。赴韩前就听人说，韩国美食有三绝：泡菜、米糕和水原烤排骨。在韩国，提到吃，就不能不说到泡菜。家家吃，顿顿吃，泡菜，不愧为韩国传统饮食文化的代表。韩国泡菜绝不仅仅指我们在国内常见到的辣白菜、萝卜、海带等等，泡菜的种类极其丰富，数不胜数，鸡鸭鱼肉、海鲜植物，似乎没有什么不能被制作成泡菜的。据说，在光州泡菜节上，泡菜的原料包括章鱼、海参、虾蟹、水果、树叶、人参等等，不下千种，韩国人能制作出以泡菜为馅的汉堡包、三文治、比萨饼、寿司、水饺、烧麦；泡菜以其各种原料形体、颜色的不同，还能被巧妙地制作成各种鱼形、动物、植物、花朵的各类点心装饰呢。我虽然无缘得见这种盛况，但是在庆州的一顿午餐上，小桌上摆满了20多碟的各类泡菜，五颜六色，琳琅满目，也足以满足我的好奇心了。而且，泡菜在韩国餐馆里是免费无限量供应的，保准叫你吃个够。米糕，在韩国传统饮食文化中是极具代表性的节日食品，吃米糕在韩国几乎和吃谷物的历史一样长。韩国人在生日、回家、孩子百日和周岁、结婚、祭祀，春节或中秋时，都会做糕饼祈求平安。韩国米糕多做成甜饼和各色花式的点心，很多甜饼和点心还有咸、甜等味道的馅。在水原礼节教育馆，我就亲手做了一回米糕。当然，由于时间和手艺的局限，我只做了最简单的不带馅的梅花型米糕。把用黑芝麻、蜂蜜、糯米、绿豆等混合在一起的原料塞进拇指盖大小的木制模具里，一个个可爱的梅花小米糕就诞生了。捧在掌心里，我实在是不忍下嘴啊。既然去了水原，就一定要吃水原烤排骨。据说，正宗的水原排骨选用的是上等牛的牛脊部分带骨肉，用刀交错切片成长50厘米、10厘米宽、厚2至3毫米的薄肉片（肉片的尾部仅保留一根骨头，表示是排骨），然后撒上盐、香油、芝麻，折叠起来腌制2天以备烤制。至于我吃的排骨制作工序有没有这么标准就不得而知了。不过，上桌时，烤排骨满屋飘香，真是让我垂涎三尺啊。至于具体吃法，可以直接用鲜嫩喷香的肉片蘸酱吃，也可以配着桌上的辣白菜、萝卜块、辣螃蟹、小银鱼等泡菜，夹在生菜里卷成团吃，其美味我实在难以用言语形容。最后，烤肉被一抢而光，连骨头上的肉也被啃的干干净净。就两个字:好吃！除此之外，韩国美食还有拌饭、石板饭、冷面、烤五花肉、高丽参鸡汤等等。韩国美食虽然不如中国饮食文化那么博大精深，但是勤劳智慧的韩国人民同样把对生活的美好憧憬与礼义孝的文化信念根植在韩食中，最终形成了独特的韩食文化，让韩食在世界饮食文化长卷中留下了美好的篇章。
沙拉水果很好吃，我吃过。还有那种辣椒好啦好啦啊，舌头都红肿了。
这个暑假，我来到韩国游玩了五天四夜，那里的景色让我大开眼界，吃的更让我喷喷称奇，我吃了韩国拌饭、火锅、海鲜、饺子、海苔卷饭等美食，让我吃的又好又健康，又饱又满足，给我留下了深刻的印象。韩国吃饭礼仪有很多，在进饭店的时候要脱鞋子，饭店里面没有椅子，要坐在地上吃饭，桌子很矮，正正方方的，一个只能坐四人……想必大家都知道韩国拌饭吧，韩国拌饭远近闻名，桌子上的盘子里，各式各样的小11菜混合在一起，把米饭倒扣进去，加点辣酱，搅拌搅拌。再把饭送入口中，第一口，咸咸的，第二口，甜甜的……每一口味道都不同，真的很好吃！韩国的火锅也很好吃，有饺子火锅、海鲜火锅。还有普通火锅，味道香浓淳厚，回味无穷，很受人欢迎……韩国的饮食文化非常丰富，对吃饭有着独特的见解，我才知道，除了中国菜以外，还有那么好吃的饭菜呢！
韩国的饮食偏向于自然健康，主要是以各种蔬菜、肉类、鱼类共同搭配组成的菜肴。这样的搭配能让营养更容易被人所吸收，从而使人身体更加健康。 那么，下面随我一起来看一下 韩国饮食文化 吧！韩国有各种饮食，由于韩国过去处于农耕社会。因此从古代开始主食就以米为主。最近，韩国饮食与各种蔬菜，肉类，鱼类共同组成。泡菜（发酵的辣白菜），海鲜酱（盐渍海产品），豆酱（发酵的黄豆）等各种发酵保存食品，以营养价值和特别的味道而闻名。韩国摆餐桌的特征是所有饮食同时摆出，传统菜数为贫民三种，王族十二种等，摆餐桌根据面条或肉类而有所不同。与中国和日本相比韩国饮食提供汤，在韩国饭匙实用使用更频繁。 传统韩国饮食的种类 1、米饭和粥 饭是韩国饮食的知主食，大部分人吃白菜饭。为增加营养也有时添加豆类，栗子，高梁，红豆，大麦，谷物。粥是营养价值高的饮食。种类很多，有添加米，红豆，南瓜，鲍鱼，人参，蔬菜，鸡肉，蘑菇，黄豆牙等做成的。 2、汤 汤是上饭时必提供的饮食。汤的种类根据蔬菜，肉类，贝类，海草，牛肉骨等而不同。 3、砂锅 砂锅跟汤相似但比汤更浓。最有各的砂锅最大酱砂锅。砂锅的味道较辣，在砂锅里煮好后趁热端上来。 4、熏和炖食品 熏和炖食品是类似蔬菜里加入酱油调味制作的食品。熏和炖食品用微火制作。 5、拌菜 拌菜是加入盐，酱油，椒盐，芝麻油，蒜，洋葱后稍微焯一下或炒一下作成。 6、腌海物（用盐腌好的海产品） 腌海物是特别咸的食品，用鱼，海蛎子，虾，鱼子，鱼内脏等发酵制作。腌海物可以做为一道菜。还可以在腌咸菜时当调料使用。 7、烤食品 烤食品是把事先放好作料的肉在炭火上烤制而成。烤食品的代表食物是烤肉和排骨，也可以用这种方法烤鱼。 8、煎饼 煎饼是把蘑菇，角瓜，干鱼，海蛎子，青椒，加盐和胡椒粉的肉等。放入面粉和鸡蛋里搅拌后，煎制成的类似煎糕的食品。 9、饺子 饺子是把肉，蘑菇，角瓜，绿豆芽，猪肉等绞成陷后，用面皮饺好的食品。
韩国特色美食光菜名，我就可以滔滔不绝的说上百种。北京的烤鸭、内蒙古的小肥羊、西安的羊肉泡馍、山西的刀削面……在这么多香甜可口的美食中，最让我喜爱的，便是山城重庆的麻婆豆腐。麻婆豆腐不仅吃起来麻辣鲜香而且颜色五彩缤纷。嫩白的豆腐丁排着整齐的“队”站在盘中，穿上了用鲜红的辣酱做成的“衣服”，看上去火红火红的一片，就像是一团熊熊燃烧的红色火焰，中间还夹杂着一些外酥里嫩的肉沫，绿色的葱花散落在盘中，就如同一片片绿叶，沾着辣酱的豆腐丁成了一朵朵盛开的红花，在绿叶的映衬下显得格外引人注目。不时，从盘中散发出一阵阵诱人的香味，真令人垂涎三尺！看上去，麻婆豆腐的做法是十分复杂的，其实非常简单：把豆腐切成一个正正方方的小块，让它们一个个“跳”入热气腾腾的水中热热“身”，再把它们捞出来，一会在用接着，把肉切成极小的块，用植物油把肉块抄酥。然后，向锅里倒入适当的油，打开开关，向油中放入事先准备好的干辣椒、花椒和姜片，等油在七、八十度时放入豆腐丁，再加上适量的淀粉，翻抄几下，再加入适当的盐、黄豆酱、豆瓣酱，点上一点白酒，最后用小火慢慢烧两分钟，在快起锅时加入少许的味精，这道色香味俱全的麻婆豆腐就大功告成了！吃麻婆豆腐也是很有讲究的。吃时，先夹上一块豆腐，多沾一些盘中的辣酱，把它轻轻地放入嘴中慢慢地咀嚼，吃上去，麻麻的，辣辣的，这种味道一下充满了嘴的任何角落。我吃的时候，喜欢先把豆腐上的辣酱舔一舔，顿时，辣酱的麻和辣味一下“扑”入嘴里，再吃豆腐，嫩嫩的豆腐从嘴里一过，顺滑爽口，这样的吃法，吃到了麻婆豆腐别具一格的风味。如果你幸运的话，还能够吃到一点点的肉沫，外酥里嫩，更一步增添了麻婆豆腐的风味，起到了画龙点睛的作用。
偶有滴 韩国饮食文化 非网络可搜到的 保证安全 全韩文
Diet idea the Europeans said that in the world has three big good food, in each edition has China and France, only then actually had different explanations about third, has said that was Italy, also had said that was countries' and so on Turkey, Tunisia or Morocco. Although reaches a stalemate, but everybody has a mutual recognition, the diet often can reflect the different nationality aspect and so on habits and customs and cultural thought differences. one time hosts the banquet in the Chinese restaurant, on the hotel vegetable very slowly, unconscious has passed for nearly two hours, but the vegetable has as if only then gotten up half. Is first time attends the Chinese meal banquet near a place woman, cannot bear asks me, your Chinese treats on these many vegetables? I said that must be many in China, usually is above 10. She is very surprised, including said that China's banquet too has been really rich, China's good food is very no wonder famous. But after a while, she also asks me, has a phenomenon to be very strange: The Chinese eats meal each time on that many vegetables, can be why long so thinly. But France enters the vegetable to be very each time few, but is why fatter than the Chinese? I am at a loss for words for a while, but thought that she asks how many truth a little, because that day shares a table several Chinese appear quite emaciated, but several French are all tall and sturdy. Thinks that spoke an own idea with her: China is a hospitable nationality, only then on a table vegetable had only then thought that has not neglected the visitor. Sometimes moreover the Chinese pays great attention the form, therefore in China's cooking, the vegetable style is ever changing, makes concrete is fastidious about the color fragrance to each vegetable matching. But European as if some, are inferior to China obviously actually in the vegetable variety change high and low free time, what but is fastidious is its nutrition matching and the protection. This is, the French diet idea important difference, how many also reflected the French chemical property standard difference. each people have the color which to color understanding oneself like, a country and the nationality are also same, likes to the different color being possible to reflect a national or the national esthetic appeal and the likes and dislikes tendency overall. has one time bumps into an EU commission's pair of professor husbands and wives, mentions China national dress which in the Shanghai APEC conference various countries' leader puts on, they said are attractive, but has a point to be not too clear, why do the Asian leaders mostly put on red, but the Western leader has chosen the blue color. I said that the color is leader designates. The Asian country has the same cultural context probably, red in the Chinese culture, is also possibly representing lucky, the wealth in the entire Asian culture and propitious pleasant, therefore the Asian leaders as if by prior agreement have chosen red. I ask in reply them, what does the blue color represent in the Western culture? They said the westerner to believe that the blue color represents is calm and is calm. thinks that I also said the East and West cultural difference was really too big, for example the dragon in China was nationality's symbol, but had one in Belgium's Mongolian Si Shize to hit the dragon festival, the dragon is regarded as the devil, has been massacred by fable in protection sacred · Michelle, therefore did specially hits the dragon festival to congratulate that eliminated the disaster shortcoming to thank Michelle. Professor husbands and wives also approves the East and West cultural difference hugeness, and approves the culture to need to exchange. in thinking mode West's cultural difference also displays in many aspects, but simple summarizes is not actually complex: Reflected that to the thinking mode in is abstract and the embodiment difference, reflected that to the life manner in as if may understand is more practical for the westerner, but Chinese how many stresses some mental feeling. For instance compares French word and Chinese writing, this point is very obvious. The Chinese writing makes the word to pay great attention the image much, what but in the French more pays great attention to consider is the use value. Looks like in Chinese the name card, in the French translates literally is the card which the visit uses, but the aircraft carrier calls in the French to carry airplane's warship and so on, is embarks from the actual uses makes the word. But presses the glass plate which likely the picture uses, we are also the words which makes from its use value angle, but the French has been more direct-viewing, the literal translation is “places above the picture”. reflects to the drawing in is so. Everybody knew that the traditional Chinese painting greatly opens big he, splashes ink enjoyably the human body proportion which and optics principle is fastidious with the European oil painting and so on completely belongs to the technical category which two have nothing to do with one another, is as if very difficult to have the common language. Sometimes the European not too can understand that sometimes we too abstract art expression means that we also will think European's artistic skill too practical duty, deficient divine and wonderful spirit. Looked that sometimes in many European drawing history has been presented for the classics religious theme painting, the Chinese while sighs its technique practical exquisite, also will sigh with emotion European master the imagination the deficiency: In order to explain that the angel is flying, must give these lovable young and clevers to add on a pair of wing. But our ancestor has not also drawn several thousand years, how many white clouds adds on nearby these beautiful female celestial, they have not flown? Has the ideal condition, has the imagination space. this is the cultural difference. But, the difference brings not always the difference, it gave culture masters of art to leave behind the broad creation space exactly, if could find an accurate combining site, not only that will give two nationalities, will also give the entire world to bring one kind to have forgives the significance the harmony and beautiful, for instance Zhao Wuji's painting manifested the inexhaustible charm which the culture blended 饮食观念 欧洲人都说世界上有三大美食，每一个版本里都有中国和法国的，只有关于第三家却说法不一，有说是意大利的，也有说是土耳其、突尼斯或摩洛哥等国的。尽管相持不下，但大家都有个共识，饮食常能反映出不同民族的生活习惯和文化思维等方面的差异。 一次在中餐馆举行宴会，饭店菜上得很慢，不知不觉中过去了近两个小时，但菜似乎才上了一半。临座的一位女士是第一次参加中餐宴会，忍不住问我，你们中国人请客都上这么多菜吗？我说，在中国还要多，通常是10道以上。她很惊讶，连说中国的宴会实在太丰富了，难怪中国的美食很有名。但过了一会儿，她又问我，有个现象很奇怪：中国人吃饭每次都上那么多菜，可为什么都长得那么瘦。而法国入每次菜很少，但为什么都比中国人胖呢？ 我一时语塞，但又觉得她问得多少有点道理，因为那天同桌的几个中国人都显得比较瘦弱，而几个法国人个个人高马大。想了想，和她讲了自己的一点想法：中国是个好客的民族，只有上了一桌子菜才觉得没怠慢客人。另外中国人有时候更注重形式，所以在中国的烹调里，菜的样式千变万化，具体到每一道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。而欧洲人似乎更实际一些，在菜的花色变化上下的工夫显然不如中国，但讲究的是其营养的搭配和保护。这是中、法饮食观念的重要差异，多少也反映出了中法文化性格的不同。 对色彩的认识 每个人都有自己喜欢的颜色，一个国家和民族也一样，对不同颜色的喜好从整体上可以反映出一个民族或者国家的审美情趣与好恶倾向。 有一次碰到欧盟委员会的一对教授夫妇，谈起上海APEC会议上各国领导人穿的中国民族服装，他们都说非常好看，但有一点不太明白，为什么亚洲领导人大多穿红色，而西方领导人则多选择了蓝色。我说颜色都是领导人自己选定的。大概亚洲国家有着相同的文化背景，红色在中国文化里，也可能在整个亚洲文化中都代表着幸运、财富和吉祥如意，所以亚洲领导人都不约而同地选择了红色。我反问他们，蓝色在西方文化里代表什么?他们说西方人认为，蓝色代表冷静和沉着。 想了想，我又补充说东西方文化差异实在是太大了，比如说龙在中国是民族的象征，而在比利时的蒙斯市则有一个打龙节，龙被视作恶魔，被传说中的保护神圣·米歇尔杀掉了，因此特意搞打龙节来庆贺除灾弊感谢米歇尔。教授夫妇也非常认同东西方文化差异的巨大，并认可文化需要交流。 思维方式 中西方的文化差异还表现在诸多方面，但简单加以概括其实并不复杂：反映到思维方式上是抽象和具象的差别，反映到生活态度上则似乎可以理解为西方人更加实用，而中国人则多少更偏重一些精神感受。比如把法语单词和中文文字加以比较，这一点就很明显。中国文字造词多注重形象，而法文里更多地注重考虑的是实用价值。像中文里的名片，法文里直译就是访问用的卡片，而航空母舰在法文里叫载飞机的军舰等等，都是从实际用途出发来造词的。而像压照片用的玻璃板，我们也是从其使用价值角度来造的词，但法国人就更加直观了，直译就是“放在照片上面的”。 反映到绘画上更是如此。大家都知道中国画的大开大阖、泼墨写意和欧洲油画讲究的人体比例和光学原理等完全是属于两个风马牛不相及的技术范畴，似乎很难有共同语言。欧洲人有时不太能够理解我们过于抽象的艺术表现手法，我们有时也会认为欧洲人的艺术技巧过于写实本分，缺乏灵气。看多了欧洲绘画史上被奉为经典的宗教题材画作，中国人有时在感叹其技法写实细腻的同时，也会感慨欧洲大师们想象力的贫乏：为了说明天使在飞，就非得给那些可爱的小精灵们加上一双翅膀。而我们的祖先不也画了几千年了吗，在那些美丽的仙女旁边加上几朵白云，她们不就飞起来了吗?多有意境，多有想象空间啊。 这就是文化的差异。但是，差异带来的并不总是分歧，它恰恰给文化艺术大师们留下了广阔的创作空间，如能从中找到一个准确的结合点，那不仅会给两个民族，而且也会给整个世界带来一种更具包涵意义的和谐与美丽，比如赵无极的画作就体现出了文化交融的无尽魅力。
only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (e.g. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.
1.Dominique Bouchet.Differences in Food Culture – Traditions & Trends.Odense University，1999.2.Hansen, Barbara. Taste of Southeast Asia. Tucson, AZ: HPBooks, Inc., 1987.3.Hyman, Gwenda L. Cuisines of Southeast Asia: A Culinary Journey Through China,Thailand, Myanmar,Japan. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. 4.Hallock, Constance M. Fun and Festival from East Asia. New York, NY: Friendship Press, 1968.
Eating Custom and Practice American eating is funny. They eat almost everything with a fork, and it appears that holding a knife in one's right hand longer than a few seconds is considered to be against good table manners. 饮食的风俗和习惯 美国人的饮食习惯很有趣。 他们吃所有东西都用叉子。好像用右手拿刀几秒钟就被认为与好的桌上进餐礼仪相违背。 The system is that if it is absolutely necessary to use a knife, people take the fork in their left hand, and cut off a piece of meat or whatever it is in the normal manner. Then they put the knife down, transfer the fork to their right hand, and only then do they transport the food to their mouth. This is clearly ludicrous(滑稽可笑), but it is considered good manners. 这种用法就是如果绝对需要用刀的话， 人们就用左手拿叉， 按平常的方法切下移小块肉和者其它的东西。然后他们把刀放下，把叉转到右手， 只有这时他们才把食物送入口中。这显然很滑稽， 但却是被认为是好的礼仪。 There are several results of this system. First, if it is not absolutely necessary to use a knife, Americans don't use one, because obviously this greatly complicates(使复杂化) things, and you will therefore see them trying to cut things like potatoes, fish and even bacon(熏猪肉) with a fork. Second, towards the end of a course, since only one implement(器具) is being used, food has to do chased around the plate with the fork - and for the last mouthful the thumb has to be used to keep the food in place, although one is not supposed to do this. 这样做有几种结果。 首先，如果不是绝对需要用到刀， 美国人是 不用的。 因为这样使得事情复杂化了。所以你就会看到他们用叉来切土豆， 鱼， 甚至熏猪肉。其次， 由于只是用了一种器具， 在吃完一道菜时， 就要用叉来到处弄食物，最后一口往往就需要大拇指的帮忙， 虽然是不该用的。 Third, tables are generally laid with one knife and two forks, the outside fork being for the salad. There is no need for foreign visitors to follow the American system and try to eat the salad with only a fork, but if you do use your knife, remember to save it for the meat course. 第三， 桌上通常会放一把刀， 两把叉， 外面的叉是用于吃色拉的。 外国人是不必跟美国人一样试图用一把叉来吃色拉。但是如果你用刀，记得用来切肉类。 Even desserts(甜食) (except ice cream) are eaten with a fork if at all possible, and the spoon you see by your dessert is meant to be for coffee (but if you use it for your dessert no one will say anything). 在可能的情况下，甚至甜食(除了冰淇淋) 都用叉来吃，在你看到的甜品边上的小勺是给你的咖啡用的(但是如果你用它来吃甜品，没人会说什么。 参考文献：词典