标点符号问题或正文结果与图片结果不符合等笔误问题,这一种我们只需要在自己的文章中核实后进行改正即可;北京译顶科技做的不错,可以联系他们一下若是还有不明白可以统一去知道了解下
[1] Retting, R. A., Williams, A. F., Preusser, D. F., et al. Classifying urban crashes for countermeasure development[J]. Accid Anal Prev, 1995, 27(3): 283-294.[2] Lan, L., Wang, M.-T., Kuo, A. Development and Deployment of Public Transport Policy and Planning in Taiwan[J]. Transportation, 2006, 33(2): 153-170.[3] Sciortino, S., Vassar, M., Radetsky, M., et al. San Francisco pedestrian injury surveillance: mapping, under-reporting, and injury severity in police and hospital records[J]. Accid Anal Prev, 2005, 37(6): 1102-1113.查到3篇不错的文献。如果需要全文可以发邮件到,注明在百度提问的题目。另本人利用业余时间在百度知道里免费给网友查专业文献,纯属业余爱好,发的文献无存稿,请无关人员勿骚扰。
你现在在学校么?建议你到学校的图书馆去查(一般每个学校都会买网站使用权,这些特定的网站才有学术型的论文或者期刊的,一般我们自己网进不去这些网站),上中国知网,你将你论文题目输入,选择相似查找,和你论文题目一样或者相似的论文就会罗列出来了,然后你根据自己需要选择就可以。
去百度搜索,需要什么语言直接在线翻译就OK啦
在毕业论文写作过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节,尤其是研究生同学,一般导师都会要求阅读一定数量的英文文献,这是因为许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献,借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
如何写开题报告,如何写文献综述,如何阅读外文文献,可以说,阅读一定数量的外文文献是毕业论文写作的必经之路。
要求如下:
1、前言
简要说明写作的目的,有关的概念以及综述范围,说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,所要解决的问题等。一般以 100~200 字为宜,使读者在读完前言后对有关问题获得一个初步的轮廓。
2、主体
主体部分是全文的主要部分,具体写法以能较好地表达综述的内容为准则。通常根据内容的多少,将主体部分分为几段,每段有小标题。
可按年代顺序综述。也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述。
主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
主体部分每一段落的开始应是综合提炼出来的观点,即论点;接着是文献所提出的实验结果或调查事实,即论据,可见主体部分是按论点和论据组织材料的。
总之,综述主体部分是以综合概括的论点开头引路,继之以诸家的资料、实验结果为论据展开层次论证。所以,综述也是一种论证文章的体裁,只是论点与论据都是前人文献所提供。
如果前人的观点分散或不甚明确,则需作者整理概括,成为开头。在论述某些观点时,作者可有倾向性,但对相反的观点也应简要如实列出。对存在的矛盾和问题应充分如实描述。
3、总结
常见的方式有:
①扼要的概括、精练主题部分的主要内容;
②介绍尚待解决的问题及对前景的展望;
③某些篇幅较小的综述,也可以省略结束语。
4、参考文献
通常凡引述的资料和主要的论点都应注明文献出处,以便使读者检索查阅。所引文献应以近 3 年内者为主;另外,未公开发表的资料不宜作为参考文献。
在我国许多期刊希望列出重要的参考文献,一般限为 20~30 条为宜;但国际上许多生物医学期刊的综述文章,其参考文献甚多,全篇所列文献常达数百条之多。参考文献的著录格式国内尚不统一,应按各刊「投稿须知」要求撰写。
扩展资料:
1、如何查询国内专利文献
可通过中国国家知识产权局()和中国专利信息中心()网站上的「专利检索」。
可以免费检索全部中国专利信息(有文摘)。如需获取专利全文,则需前去中国国家知识产权局查阅,也可通过 CSDL 馆际互借和原文传递系统代为办理。
2、如何查询国外专利文献
科学院用户可首先选择查询 Web of Knowledge 中Derwent Innovations Index (德温特世界专利索引),它是检索专利的权威数据库,收录全球了 40 多个专利机构的 900 万条基本专利,1800 万项专利,该库大部分有文摘,小部分有全文。
3、其它可供利用的网上免费数据库
欧洲专利局专利数据库:
http://ep.espacenet.com/ (免费 文摘)
美国专利商标局专利数据库:
(免费 文摘、全文)
WTO知识产权组织:
(免费 文摘)
IBM专利数据库资源:
(免费 文摘、部分全文)
更多请参见中国专利信息网上的(国外)专利网站:
本科生论文翻译外国文献没什么用,只要自己查查英文文献能看懂就行了。这种东西很虚,还不如自己在论文中搞点自己的课题研究和创新,探索一下高难度的东西,做点能发SCI之类难度的,绝对顶得过10篇外国文献。中国教育就是这么乱搞的,怪不得出不了改变世界的人才、拿个诺贝尔奖那么难
引用外国文献也是学习的另一种途径呀,不过尽量不要抄袭,或者是找清北医学翻译降重一下。
本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式
论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。以下是我精心整理的本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。
本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式
一、要求
1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式
1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主(Journals from English speaking countries)。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的,其中应该包括题目、作者(可以不翻译)、译文的出处(杂志的名称)(5号宋体、写在文稿左上角)、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去,但在文献翻译的末页标注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)(空一行,字体同正文)。
5、原文中出现的'专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译,并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
三、毕业论文设计外文翻译的内容要求
外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关,外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
外文翻译要求:
1、外文资料与毕业设计(论文)选题密切相关,译文准确、质量好。
2、阅读2篇幅以上(10000字符左右)的外文资料,完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译
3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供,外文资料原则上应是外国作者。严禁采用专业外语教材文章。
4、排序:“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。插图内文字及图名也译成中文。
5、标题与译文格式(字体、字号、行距、页边距等)与论文格式要求相同。
下页附:外文翻译与原文参考格式
英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)
外文原文出处:(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍,译文后附上外文原文)
英文文献翻译格式示例如下:
英文文献采用“APA格式”:
单一作者著作的书籍:姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
两位作者以上合著的书籍:姓,名字首字母., & 姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.
Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.
文集中的文章:Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.
期刊中的文章(非连续页码):Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
期刊中的文章(连续页码):姓,名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期,页码.
Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
摘要五号字体、行间距18磅、前后段行距0.5行、两端对齐、正文小三号。文献翻译中摘要和关键词部分一般采用宋体五号字体,行间距设置为18磅,段前段后距离为0.5行,对齐方式选择两端对齐,每个关键词使用分号或逗号隔开,最后一个关键词不用加标点符号。正文内容一级标题字体一般采用小三号,黑体,用粗体显示,段前段后距离设置为0.5行。正文内容的二级标题字体采用小三号,黑体,段前和段后距离设置为0.5行,段前空间设置为0.5行。毕业论文的外文文献翻译就是将外文文献翻译成中文。
吸水polyaminosiloxane环氧热固性聚合物作者: J.C. Cabanelas ,法国兴业Prolongo湾塞拉诺,学者布拉沃,学者Baselga 摘要:摘要吸水率是一种常见的问题环氧树脂基复合材料,尤其是在界面区域。相反,环氧树脂,有机硅具有疏水性材料。热固性环氧改性有机硅应改善与物理性能,由于减少了水的扩散。双酚A二缩水甘油醚( DGEBA )治愈的合成氨perfunctionalised硅氧烷。吸水率分析了不同的技术,包括近红外光谱( FTIR )吸水率在五二○○厘米- 1和重量。菲克定律扩散系数进行了计算。溶胀平衡树脂还分析。吸收水触发的固化反应强烈,从而使达到高转换率。 © 2003埃尔塞维尔科学B.诉保留所有权利
Along with the science and technology and management method unceasing progress, the traditional ways and means of office already can not adapt to the modern management, the need for training high quality qualified talents for the purpose of higher school, always walk in the forefront of scientific management of computerized management of colleges and universities has become a modern, an important part of the scientific decision-making and management work is created new situation.Currently, the main disadvantages of student management in two aspects: first, the work multifarious, big workload, the error rate is high, Second, the lack of supervision system and control means: the management policy, should be in strict accordance with the superior departments concerned policy and regulation, however, due to the traditional management mode is lack of effective supervision measures, make relevant departments to timely and accurate policy being carried out, make the student management work completely lost due to the seriousness of the school, the quality of talents brought serious influence to the society, also brought great negative impact.Student registration management system to realize the goal is to provide comprehensive school students management solutions to solve the traditional manual management mode, the efficiency is low, the secrecy is the search, the renewal and the maintenance problems, and greatly improve the efficiency of the management of university students' education funds, saving, in order to adapt to the development trend of the informatization construction of the school.This system is developed by vb to access to database tools, support platform, complete the adss in the management of a few big function module, such as student registration, course, scores query etc. Schools may be very easy for the students in this system.关键词:vb 高端门级驱动浮动供电 !导入 access访问 学籍管理系统The system of managing student Abstract As science and technology, and management advances in the way of the traditional office, methods and means have been unable to adapt the needs of modern management as a high-quality training of qualified personnel for the purpose of institutions of higher learning, always take the forefront in science and technology, school management computerization has become a modern university management, decision-making an important scientific aspect of school management to create a new situation in the only way. At present, students in school management in the two major drawbacks: First, complexity of work, workload and high error rate; second, lack of supervision and control system: the policy of school management has strong, it should be in strict accordance with the higher authorities relevant policies and regulations, however, the traditional school due to lack of effective management oversight measures to the policy of the relevant departments that it is difficult to get timely and accurate implementation, so that school management should be completely out of the seriousness of the school quality of personnel training of the severely affected, but also to society is a big negative impact. School management system for students to achieve the goal is to provide a full range of students in the school school management solution, to resolve the traditional management methods of artificial low efficiency, poor confidentiality is not conducive to find, update and maintenance problems, greatly improve the management of students in school efficiency, conservation education funding to meet school construction trends. Vb is the system for the development of tools to support access to the database platform, management completed a school of several functional modules, such as student registration, course information, such as query results. Schools can use the system is very simple to manage for the students. Keywords: vb, access, school management system
Summary: With the social development, technological advances, the computer as an information carrier is increasingly revealing its pivotal position. Today's society has entered the information society, knowledge-based economy will be the leading industry in the new century. With the gradual promotion and use of the computer, the computer has been in scientific research, production, commerce, services, and many other aspects to create ways to improve efficiency, at the same time, the unit cost of technology and a significant drop year by year, but the office personnel cost, however, increasing. Overseas, the cost of professional, managerial and administrative personnel costs account for the office on the total cost of 2/3-4/5, a phenomenon that people are increasing demand for office automation. We must, while carrying out institutional reforms, as soon as possible to use modern management equipment, management methods. At present, the computer personnel management in China, mainly used to carry out report processing, file management, word editing, information search, a comprehensive analysis. However, this manual process statistics, there are some obvious problems, such as the lack of statistical data accuracy, timeliness, need to spend a lot of manpower, material and financial resources and so on. The content of many modern management, relations are very complex, which includes people, capital, material, information and time of various elements, of which play a key role in the element is human. Who is both manager and also was manager in the dual position in management, and has a great initiative. See who is the modern management of the most important factor. Therefore, the management of human resources development and utilization of personnel management in the management of large complex systems is self-evident importance. Indeed affect the whole body, do a good job of personnel management on the management optimized for other fundamental guarantee. This thesis describes the basic functions of the system and procedure design. Keywords:Personnel files Personnel management Personnel Information Management System VB Database
Along with the science and technology and management method unceasing progress, the traditional ways and means of office already can not adapt to the modern management, the need for training high quality qualified talents for the purpose of higher school, always walk in the forefront of scientific management of computerized management of colleges and universities has become a modern, an important part of the scientific decision-making and management work is created new situation.Currently, the main disadvantages of student management in two aspects: first, the work multifarious, big workload, the error rate is high, Second, the lack of supervision system and control means: the management policy, should be in strict accordance with the superior departments concerned policy and regulation, however, due to the traditional management mode is lack of effective supervision measures, make relevant departments to timely and accurate policy being carried out, make the student management work completely lost due to the seriousness of the school, the quality of talents brought serious influence to the society, also brought great negative impact.Student registration management system to realize the goal is to provide comprehensive school students management solutions to solve the traditional manual management mode, the efficiency is low, the secrecy is the search, the renewal and the maintenance problems, and greatly improve the efficiency of the management of university students' education funds, saving, in order to adapt to the development trend of the informatization construction of the school.This system is developed by vb to access to database tools, support platform, complete the adss in the management of a few big function module, such as student registration, course, scores query etc. Schools may be very easy for the students in this system.关键词:vb 高端门级驱动浮动供电 !导入 access访问 学籍管理系统The system of managing student
这个要得看你的文章了,如果你不会的话,可以去请教请教北京译顶科技啊,那边还是很不错的,服务态度还很棒
《关于毕业论文书写格式》关于毕业论文书写格式(参考某一学校的要求)论文书写格式论文全部要采用word 来书写,文件名统一为“report95´ ´ .doc”,其中´ ´ 代表自己的学号。学位论文一般应包括下述几部分:论文首页格式: 其中学位论文题目用黑体二号字,其余用宋体四号字论文题目应能概括整个论文最重要的内容,简明、恰当,一般不超过25个字。中文摘要及其关键词(宋体5号字b5排版): 4 论文第二页为500字左右的中文内容摘要,应说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。学位论文摘要是学位论文的缩影,尽可能保留原论文的基本信息,突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。论文摘要应尽量深入浅出,通俗易懂,少用公式字母,语言力求精炼、准确。4 在本页的最下方另起一行,注明本文的关键词3╠5个。英文摘要及其关键词(宋体5号字b5排版): 论文第三页为英文摘要,内容与中文摘要和关键词相同。 学校名称:东北师范大学院(系)名称:计算机系本科生学号: 学 位 论 文 题 目 学 科、专 业:计算机科学技术本科生姓名: _____ _指导教师姓名:_________指导教师职称:___________ 东北师范大学计算机系学位评定委员会 年 月摘 要(粗宋体居中四号字)(空一行)摘要内容(宋体5号左对齐)(空一行)关键词:词1、词2 目录: 论文各章节的详细目录。格式如下:计算机概论……… ………………………………..……1 1.1 计算机产生……..…………………………………………..11.2 计算机的发展……………………………………………..21.3 计算机中的进制 …………………………………………3一 二进制表示法…………………………………………..….3第二章 计算机文化基础……………………………………….6 其中:“章”部分使用宋粗体四号字;“节”部分采用宋体5号字引言(或序言)(宋体5号字b5排版): 内容为本研究领域的国内外现状,本论文所要解决的问题,该研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等某方面的实用价值与理论意义。正文是学位论文的主体: 4 要求采用宋体5号字b5排版。每页36行,每行32个字。页码打印在页面下方中间位置,论文装订后尺寸为标准b5复印纸的尺寸。页眉部分奇数页使用“东北师范大学计算机系学士学位论文”,偶数页使用论文题目的名称。4 论文中图表、附注、参考文献、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字连续(或分章)编号。图序及图名置于图的下方;表序及表名置于表的上方;论文中的公式编号,用括弧括起写在右边行末,其间不加虚线。4 学位论文一律在左侧装订,要求装订、剪切整齐,便于使用。4 论文字数控制在1万字至3万字之间。 宋体3号字居中显示 (空一行)§1.1 宋体4号字居中显示(空一行)粗宋体5号字左起 正文部分宋体5号字,语言要简练,不能有错字、别字。也不能有错误的观点。 参考文献: 按学位论文中所引用文献的顺序、列于文末。[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。文献是图书时,书写格式为:[编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。附录: 包括放在正文内过分冗长的公式、以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性的数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。
本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式
论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。以下是我精心整理的本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。
本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式
一、要求
1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式
1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主(Journals from English speaking countries)。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的,其中应该包括题目、作者(可以不翻译)、译文的出处(杂志的名称)(5号宋体、写在文稿左上角)、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去,但在文献翻译的末页标注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)(空一行,字体同正文)。
5、原文中出现的'专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译,并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
三、毕业论文设计外文翻译的内容要求
外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关,外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
外文翻译要求:
1、外文资料与毕业设计(论文)选题密切相关,译文准确、质量好。
2、阅读2篇幅以上(10000字符左右)的外文资料,完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译
3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供,外文资料原则上应是外国作者。严禁采用专业外语教材文章。
4、排序:“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。插图内文字及图名也译成中文。
5、标题与译文格式(字体、字号、行距、页边距等)与论文格式要求相同。
下页附:外文翻译与原文参考格式
英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)
外文原文出处:(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍,译文后附上外文原文)
摘要五号字体、行间距18磅、前后段行距0.5行、两端对齐、正文小三号。文献翻译中摘要和关键词部分一般采用宋体五号字体,行间距设置为18磅,段前段后距离为0.5行,对齐方式选择两端对齐,每个关键词使用分号或逗号隔开,最后一个关键词不用加标点符号。正文内容一级标题字体一般采用小三号,黑体,用粗体显示,段前段后距离设置为0.5行。正文内容的二级标题字体采用小三号,黑体,段前和段后距离设置为0.5行,段前空间设置为0.5行。毕业论文的外文文献翻译就是将外文文献翻译成中文。