The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference. Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization. Between China and the West culture's difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode. The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention “humanist”. here chats the Western diet culture difference briefly from the following three aspects.
摘 要]本文从思维方式、价值观念、审美情趣、传统风俗文化心理及民族禁忌等层面探讨了广告翻译策略。广告翻译质量的关键在于能否使译入语文化背景下的受众产生原文在源语文化背景中的相应效果在于能否准确把握两种文化异同。本文拟从中西思维方式差异、文化背景与价值观念差异、审美情趣差异、从传统风俗文化心理及民族禁忌层面等层面阐述广告翻译策略。[关键词]广告文化心理翻译一、文化与广告语言语言是文化的载体它反映一个民族的特征不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法及其生活方式和思维方式。广告是一门艺术广告作品要有艺术感染力不仅要吸引观众还要触动其情感使其对企业及商品产生好感进而引导购买行为(胡屹1999)。为达到攻心目的国际广告中语言文字的翻译一定要精心求善求美。广告本身也蕴含着丰富的文化内涵它从一个侧面揭示了一个民族的心理特征、信仰和价值观念。因此译者对广告的理解也不能只限于字面还要了解其引申意义及丰富的文化蕴涵。所以商品的译名应该是好读、好听、好看做到音、形、义的完美统一。在翻译英语广告文字时，无论是英译汉还是汉译英，绝不能满足于字面上的翻译，做“表面文章”。必须要使语言翻译得既准确又地道，尤其是要把原文中的“潜台词”(message)或言外之意传达出来，做到达意、传神和表形，收到意似、神似和形似三统一的效果。二、广告翻译策略分析王佐良先生曾指出“翻译中最大的困难就是两种文化的不同……翻译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人。”作为跨文化交际的重要组成部分，广告翻译也同样受到文化因素的制约。广告文化具有明显的大众性、商业性、民族性和时代性的特点所以文化传统、信仰、价值观念在很大程度上影响广告活动。本文拟从中西思维方式差异、文化背景与价值观念差异、审美情趣差异、从传统风俗文化心理及民族禁忌层面等层面阐述广告翻译策略。1.从中西思维方式差异层面审视广告翻译策略语言是思维的工具，而文化的构成又离不开思维(心理文化就是思维的直接产物)人的语言表达是受思维方式支配的思维又影响和制约着语言。东、西方文化的思维方式有着很大的差异。东方人主张“天人合一”、“物我交融”追求和谐与对称平衡重综合、重归纳、重暗示。西方人则主张“人天分立”、“物我分明”崇尚个体思维、个性展示重形式论证重分析、细微、曲折挖掘惟恐不尽描写惟恐不周。例如在西方国家里妇女解放是人们关注的一个焦点。在一则题为“Why can't a woman be like a woman”的香水广告中列举了妇女形象、地位变化以及这些变化带来的矛盾和困惑广告最后写道:Cabriole is full of delicuous like the woman who'clever enough to rnjoy being awoman.香水作为一种女性化的商品在这里成为妇女“To befeminist and feminine”的中介。这则广告的创意充分利用了妇女对自身形象的关注细致地分析了妇女解放带给人们的心理困惑强调女性思维博得了广大女性对商品的好感达到了很好的广告效果。译者如果不了解受众的思维方式，广告商所做的广告不仅难以达到促销的目的反而会带来一些意想不到的麻烦。如在英语广告中unique是一个使用频率很高的词汇这在一定程度上反映了西方社会强调个性的思维方式。然而由于中华民族特有的文化心理对于unique的强调难以在汉语广告中达到相应的效果。与之相反在汉语广告中“大宝”牌化妆品的广告语:“儿子一瓶，我一瓶，再给老爸来一瓶，我给老婆买一瓶”迎合了注重家庭亲情的大众心理。可见不同的民族有着不同的思维方式。迎合人们的思维方式以唤起认同感准确生动地传达商品信息刺激广告受众的购买欲对于成功的广告翻译是十分重要的。2.从文化背景与价值观念差异层面审视广告翻译策略美国人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》一书中把“文化”作为一个中心概念提出来提出文化是一个复合的整体其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他的能力和习惯文化的内容如此丰富，是一个民族经过几千年的沉淀、发展和承袭而形成一定社会和社会群体的共同意识和共同规范。不同的民族文化深受其背景的影响，形成其不同的价值观念。语言反映文化文化的核心是传统的价值观念。广告商正是利用这一点竭力迎合人们的价值观念以谋求最大的商业利益。同样是航空广告由于价值观念不同美国航空公司的广告是“Bigthrillsmall bills”(大刺激小价钱)强调刺激、新奇价格便宜这是美国人所崇尚的价值观。又如在美国的主流文化中追求成功是压倒一切的主旋律而成功与否乃至成功的大小往往是用金钱来衡量的。基于此一家证券公司打出这样的广告标语: Want To Succeed Not Just Survive;2 The Will ToSucceed Is Part Of Americans Spirit最后的点睛之笔为The SuccessYou Want We Help You不难想象这则广告将会给成功欲极强的美国人留下深刻的印象。又如“:Carefour”是外商投资的超市译为“家乐福”取“家家都快乐和幸福”之意。的确它为都市人提供了衣、食、用等方面的商品成了人们喜爱的购物场所。无独有偶“安而乐”卫生巾同样迎合了国人“平安幸福”的人生价值观让女性感到安全、快乐。又如“可口可乐”和百事可乐”译文和中文谐音而且具有美好的含义。如“乐凯”彩色胶卷的商标音译为“Luck”为“幸福”之意“;Stone”寓意是“坚如磐石”作为“四通”电脑的英文商标充分体现了“四通人”甘做中国电脑的铺路石创世界名牌坚韧不拔的精神。类似的译名还有上海补品来福(Life)果奶“乐百士”(Robust)等等。而法国某公司在中国某地区曾推出“鸦片”牌男用香水本想用鸦片的诱惑力使中国的男人使用“鸦片”牌香水像鸦片一样上瘾。但由于该公司不了解中国人对鸦片二字的感觉不是诱人而是痛恨此广告严重挫伤了我国民众的民族自尊心。结果此品牌香水上市后受到消费者的猛烈抨击。鉴于此广告的翻译工作最好由广告受众国的译者去做因为只有受众国的译者才能熟知本国的价值观念才能译出符合本国受众思维方式和文化习惯因而为他们所喜欢的广告语。3.从审美情趣差异层面审视广告翻译策略大众的审美心理与广告的翻译之间存在着非常密切的关系。审美心理是一种综合的文化意识涉及到政治观点、宗教观念、生活方式和风俗习惯等各个方面。中国国民稳固的心里结构以“仁”、“务实”、“忍耐”为基本内容。形成特有的审美取向这里有很大成分是受儒家的“中庸”之道思想方法影响。审美要求“内敛”且有美善统一的自觉要求与西方审美观中的张扬的唯心主义片段性的思维相比更客观一些。西方的审美心理强调主体感情、想象、直觉产生的美、美感受康德美学思想中人的主体能力的影响形成全力张扬的现代主义的审美观这种审美观是非理性的具有意志、直觉、潜意识等方面把握美之本身的唯美化倾向。这种审美心理差异形成了中西广告文化的不同心理。中国人在文化上表现为大一统观念例如重权威、轻事实还有从众心理；有小农意识重实惠轻意念且人格至上。西方人的文化心理结构较为复杂以“人本”、“认知”、“行为”为基本内容。审美情趣是一种综合的文化意识涉及生活方式、风俗习惯等方面。而广告又是面对大众的一种重要的商品宣传手段它要迎合大众的审美心理。广告的翻译没有固定的模式应采用灵活多变的方法最大限度地再现原广告的神韵和风格提倡吸引力、诱惑力和表达方式的大众化同时要尊重普通人的审美情趣。因此广告商要深入了解商品出口国的文化背景了解异域广告受众的审美情趣这一点在出口商品的名称翻译中尤为重要。如我国有种叫“芳芳”的口红国人看到“芳芳”二字心中会产生美好的联想仿佛看到一位美丽善良的少女又好像闻到了她周身袭来的香气。而此商标音译成“Fang Fang”英语国家的消费者听了心中不禁生起一种恐怖之情因为Fang恰好是一个英文单词其义是a snake'spoison tooth(蛇的毒牙)。因此他们联想到的并不是一位涂口红的美丽少女而是毒汁四溅的毒蛇。翻译出现了这一败笔口红的销路便可想而知了。Whisper卫生巾音译为“护舒宝”。Whisper的英文意思是耳语、密谈富含女性用品的形象性和女性味。而翻译为中文时则传达给中国女性消费者的是该产品的功能和优良的品质给人以舒爽、安全、美妙的感觉从而达到了名牌效应。再如宝洁公司的洗发用品Head＆Shoulder如果仅根据原文直译为“头和肩”或像我国台湾地区一样翻译为“海伦仙杜丝”消费者会感到茫然不知所云而译为“海飞丝”高雅的词义迎合了广告受众的审美情趣使人联想到怡人的大海以及青春美少女飘逸柔顺的秀发随风飞扬的画面自然会激发消费者强烈的购买欲望。优雅的名称对商品来说是一种“包装”对消费者而言是一种“诱惑”。翻译广告时要符合大众的审美情趣只有当一个译名在人的心目中产生与本国消费者相似的美感时该产品才会被接受。4.从传统风俗文化心理及民族禁忌层面审视广告翻译策略一个国家、民族都有千百年来形成的风俗文化及审美习惯。因此译者应充分考虑到商品所销国家和地区的文化、历史和风俗尽量避免带有文化禁忌色彩的词语和形象这样才不会影响商品的销路。例如:中国有一种电扇商标为“蝙蝠”是因为“蝠”和“福”同音蝙蝠被认为是吉祥的动物。在日本韩国蝙蝠也象征幸福。但是如果翻译为Bat会引起西方人反感。类似的还有Dragon(龙)在我国历史上龙是一个图腾形象而在西方文化中;Dragon却代表罪恶、邪恶。英国人不喜欢Magpie(喜鹊)、大象。伊斯兰教国家对Panda(熊猫)很反感。数字在中西方喜好也有区别。日本不喜欢“4”认为与“死”同音。“7”在欧美国家有积极意义。“13”则象征不幸。出口英国的商标最好不用“666”因为它在圣经里象征魔鬼。还有对花类的青睐禁忌也有区别。如日本人忌讳荷花喜欢樱花意大利人偏爱玫瑰讨厌菊花。翻译时颜色的广告词也不可忽视。如:美国人大都不喜欢紫色;法国人讨厌墨绿色而偏爱蓝色;比利时人最忌蓝色;西方国家以白色象征纯洁把黑色当作死亡。总之各种禁忌无奇不有广告翻译者应大力研究。广告语言承载丰富的文化蕴涵。如MercedesBenz的中译“平治”这两个字马上使人联想到《大学》里所说的“齐家、治国、平天下”。平治汽车是身份的象征车主非富则贵即使不是国家、天下的领导者至少在治、平两方面有些参与。与平治同为名车的BMW译为“宝马”是取B与M的发音。现代的名车就是古代的宝马这两种汽车的翻译就很体现中国的文化内涵迎合了消费者的心理。不熟悉外族文化不了解异域人民的审美心理就会在商标翻译中出现败笔。还有一种出口干电池的商标叫“白象”英译成“WhiteElephant”应该是百分之百的正确。殊不知awhiteelephant这条固定的英文短语意为“沉重的负担”或“无用而累赘的东西”。由于翻译中的这一败笔商品的销路可想而知。为了向译者忠实地转达原文的信息和实现广告语的艺术性有时要做适当的文化转换。如“玉兔”这一商标英译成“MoonRabbit”而不译成“JadeRabbit”。原因是“玉兔”乃是我国神话中陪伴吴刚生活在月宫桂花树下的兔子因此它又成为月的代称。将它译成MoonRabbit体现了我国东方文化的风采使英文不易产生异解不会误以为是玉做成的兔子。三、结束语广告语言本身充满着丰富的想象力和极大的创造性。促销是它惟一的目的而把一国的广告语译成另一国广告语时由于社会文化、语言、民族心理等多方面的原因这种翻译绝非只是一种一一对应的语码转换。要求译者要具备语言、社会文化、民俗、心理学等、经济市场学、广告原理等方面的知识。二、参考文献：三、[1]王秉钦:文化翻译学[M].天津:南开大学出版社1995四、[2][美]萨丕尔:语言论[M].北京:商务印书馆1985五、[3]王佐良:翻译:思考与试笔[M]．北京:外语教学与研究出版社1989
建议你先找找案例。而且你给你内容也太宽泛了， 西方国家之间的文化也有很大的差异，建议你给出一个特定的国家和地区 再搜索结果。 而且作为毕业论文，引文要20篇以上才够说话。如果你有特定需要，可以留言联系我， 本人在美国读MBA
Brief Discussion of cultural differences in the Western diet food products as geographical features, climate environment, customs and other factors, will appear in the raw materials, flavors, cooking methods, eating habits, the different degrees of difference. It is because of these differences, food products have a strong regional. Cultural differences between Chinese and Western food culture creates differences, but this difference different from the Western way of thinking and philosophy of life. Chinese people pay attention to "Heaven", Westerners focus on "people-oriented." Here we briefly turn from the following three differences between Chinese and Western food culture. First, the concept of comparing two different diets focus on "taste" of the Chinese diet, the West is a rational eating. Regardless of food color, aroma, taste, how to shape and nutrition must be assured that one day pay attention to intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on. Even the same taste, also must eat - because nutritious. The food concepts to the whole of Western philosophy is compatible. Metaphysics is the main features of Western philosophy. The object of study of Western philosophy for the reason of things, things and objects often metaphysical grounds, consistent with each other metaphysical reason, they form a metaphysical philosophy. This philosophy has brought vitality to Western culture, so that in the natural sciences, psychology and methodology to achieve a rapid development. But in other respects, this philosophy advocates greatly impeded the role, such as food culture. In the banquet, you can pay attention to tableware, attention to materials, pay attention to service, attention to vegetables, raw materials, shape and color with respect; but no matter how high-end luxury, from Los Angeles to New York steak is only one flavor, no arts to speak of. As a dish, chicken is chicken, steak is steak, even with matching, that is conducted in the session, a "French-style rack of lamb" while up mashed potatoes, side lean lamb chops, cooked green beans with the other side, plus a few pieces tomato and serve. The color contrast, but the taste of the variety of materials independent of each other, reconcile, each is different in flavor, simple and clear. Chinese people attach great importance "to eat", and "Food" proverb speaks with the day we see as important eating. As our nation for thousands of years the low level of productivity, people are always hungry, why we have a unique all else to eat the food culture, I think this is probably out of a survival need it. If as a culture to eat first thing, then there will be two phenomena: on the one hand this will eat into full play to the extreme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain health, which is "drug tonic as "the cultural basis; the other hand, eating too much attention, will make people praise of the delicious pursuit. Chinese cooking technique in pursuit of delicious almost perfection, and the Chinese people living overseas have to open a restaurant for the industry in the world we want to settle down into the root! Unfortunately, when we consider the pursuit of delicious as the first request, we have neglected the most basic food of nutritional value, many of our traditional food to go through the long slow fire hot ravioli fried and boiled, so the nutritional content of dishes destruction, many nutrients are lost during processing of the.。Hence the mention of the nutritional problems, in effect, goes to the biggest weakness of Chinese food culture. Folk saying goes: "Food, food to taste first." It is this pursuit of the delicious, down so that we ignore the true meaning of eating. Chinese cuisine in the tasting, they tend to say that this dish "delicious" dishes that "taste bad"; However, to further ask what "delicious," why "delicious," "delicious" Where, I am afraid that is not easy to clear. 。 This shows that Chinese people eating is a kind of hard to explain in words the pursuit of the "mood", that use of commonly called "color, smell, taste, shape, device," to put this "state" specific, probably still difficult to cover all his. The reason why Chinese food has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste. And delicious produce, is to reconcile, to make the food taste, cooked taste after heating, plus ingredients and excipients, flavor and seasoning to reconcile the flavor, mixed with the integration of coordination, so that complement each other, mutual penetration, perfect harmony You have me, I have you. China cuisine stresses the harmony of the United States, is the essence of Chinese culinary art of office. Dishes point the shape and color is something external, while the taste is something inherent, intrinsic rather than deliberate modification of re-appearance, flavor and not too heavy dishes expose dishes the shape and color, this is China and the United States concept of food The most important performance. In China, the diet has suppressed . pursuit of rationality, this concept with the traditional Chinese diet philosophy is consistent. As a representative of the Chinese philosophy Eastern philosophy, its distinguishing feature is the macro, intuitive, vague and elusive. Chinese food production is to reconcile Ding Nai, ultimate goal is to reconcile a kind of good taste. The stress is measured, is the overall co-ordination. It contains a wealth of dialectical thought of Chinese philosophy, all to the good taste of food, as the degree of harmonization, within the ever-changing degree of the decision of the Chinese food on the rich and richly varied, determine the characteristics of China's Cai Cai system and even every cook characteristics. Second, differences between Chinese and Western food object that the dishes are Westerners eat, it eats a large piece of meat, whole chickens and other "hard food." China's cuisine is "taste", so the Chinese cooking at the selected materials also show great randomness: many Westerners as discarded things in China are excellent raw materials, foreign chefs can not handle things, the hands of a chef in China, we can achieve the impossible. Indicates the Chinese food in the materials used for the extensive arbitrary. According to a survey of Western botanists, Chinese food has more than 600 kinds of vegetables, six times more than in the West. In fact, in Chinese cuisine, the vegetarian is a common food, meat dishes only on holidays or the standard of living is high, before entering the normal diet, so ancient it will have "fresh vegetables", which eat vegetables in the diet in the usual dominant. Chinese plant-based dishes, and Buddhist advocacy of thread 10000 wire with 1000 links. They see animals as "lives", while the plant is "no soul", therefore, advocated vegetarianism. Western diet, introducing features of their own country, I felt more than in China with emphasis on the rational nutrition, there are more developed food industries, such as canned food, fast food, etc., although the same taste, but to save time, and good nutrition, it is their country than the Chinese people generally robust body: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular development; the Chinese people will look tall and skinny, short legs, narrow shoulders, weak quality color yellow. According to the Western diet was significant difference in the characteristics of the object, called the plant the Chinese character, Westerners called the animal character. In the diet, the different ways in the Western diet is very different, these differences also have an impact on the national character. In China, a banquet, no matter what purpose, there will be only one form, is everyone sitting round and round, sharing a seat. Use round-table banquet, which created a unity in form, courtesy of Fun atmosphere. Delicious food on the table's center, It is the table of people appreciate the object of taste, but also a table of people exchange feelings vehicle. People to toast each other for food and advised food, in the face of good things, reflects the mutual respect between people, courtesy of the United States and Germany. Although from the health point of view, this diet has obvious shortcomings, but it is consistent with our nation, "happy," the general state of mind, reflecting the classical Chinese philosophy "and" this area thinking of future generations, to facilitate collective emotional communication, and therefore difficult to reform so far. Western-style banquets, the food and wine, although very important, but in fact it is as a foil. Friendship is the core of the banquet, with guests sitting next to the conversation between the purpose of friendship. If the friendship of the banquet and dance analogy, it can be said that Chinese banquet is like a dance, and Western-style banquet is like a dance of men and women. Thus, Chinese style banquet dinner and the purpose of friendship is very obvious, but more Chinese banquet of friendship reflected in the All seats, while the Western-style dinner and more reflected in the friendship between the neighboring guests. 。 And Chinese food more obvious differences in the way of Western popular buffet. This method is: all the food 11 are listed, all what they want, not fixed to the seat to eat, walk free, this way to facilitate communication between individuals, the emotional, if not all of the table also reflects the the Westerners on the personality of the self-respect. 但 However, eat all of, each disturbance, the lack of a number of Chinese people celebrating together, the mood of talking. So, after all, or the difference between emotional and rational. However, this difference seems to change with the development of science and the fuzzy. More and more Chinese people to no longer focus only on food color, aroma, taste, and more emphasis on its health and nutrition of the. Also, because more people are busy working, that Chinese food can not be bothered to do than to a hamburger and convenient. As a difference in the diet also not clear when. 。 But the saying goes, "there are disadvantages also be conducive to the sword", that is, in the scientific era, Chinese and Western restaurants are still there can not be ignored on the shortcomings and disadvantages. So how to avoid and eliminate the shortcomings of both, to improve both diet and how to combine the two, how the Western diet and make greater contributions to human health. We are a group of subjects especially after careful investigation and careful comparison, here a brief talk from the following four differences between Chinese and Western food culture. !
中西方文化差异与语言差异 在中国人的心目中，"夏日炎炎"、“火辣夏日”，夏天总与酷暑炎热联系在一起。而在莎翁的一首十四行诗中却有这样的诗句，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate.(我能不能拿夏天同你相比?/你啊，比夏天来得可爱和照。) 诗人把情人比作夏天，可爱而温煦。"夏天" 带给中国人和英国人的联想竟是如此的迥异。原因就在于所处的地理位置不同，中国位于亚洲大陆，属于大陆性气候，四季分明，夏天最明显的特征便是骄阳似火，炎热难熬。而英国位于北温带，属海洋性气候，夏天明媚温和，令人惬意。当然还有很多这方面的例子，例如，在汉语中的 "东风" 使人想到温暖和煦，西风则叫人有种寒风刺骨的味道。而在西方则相反。原因也是一样，两地所处地理位置不同，带来感觉就不同 。 二、 生产劳动 英语中与水产、航船有关的词语非常多，如 fish in the air (缘木求鱼 )、an odd fish(怪人)、miss the boat (错过机会) 等。汉语中这类词语就少得多。原因在于英国四周环水、水产捕捞业和航海业在其经济生活中占有重要地位，故而多此类词语。而在中国只有沿海地区才有渔民结网捕鱼,所以该类词语相对较少。 要表达“用体力负运东西" 的动词在汉语中有许多，如 "扛、 荷、挑、担、抬、背、驮、负、提、挎" 等，每个词都有一定的负运的东西与之相应(如，挑土、担水、提箱子)，真是细密之极。在英语中却只有一个 carry来泛指这个动作。汉语之所以将这个动词细加区分，大概因为中国长期处于农业社会，体力劳动特别多的缘故。 汉语中我们会遇到"像老黄牛一样干活" 、"气壮如牛 " 等词 ，英语中要表达同样的意思，会说 work like a horse, as strong as a horse, flog a willing horse 。为什么汉语用 "牛 " 而英语用horse 呢? 答案是中国人向来用牛来耕田种地，早期的英国人却用马来耕作。牛和马在生产过程中分别分成了两国人的好帮手，博得了人们的好感，词语中也就有了如上用法。 三、风俗习惯 1、称谓及称呼: 学习英语时，我们发现英语中的称谓名称比汉语中的要少得多。例如，英语中cousin一词，对应于汉语的表兄、表弟、表姐和表妹等。我们看到，汉语把表亲关系区分得非常严格，既要说出性别，又要分出大小，根本不像英语笼统一个词了事。这种语言现象的产生归因于中国二、三千年之久的封建统治。这种封建社会高度重视血缘关系，特别强调等级间的差异，提倡长幼、尊卑有序。亲属关系亲疏，长幼和性别等万面不同，权力和义务也随着出现区别， 故称谓区分得严格而细密。英语中的称谓为数不多 ， 除 dad, mum, grandpa, aunt, uncle等几个称谓经常使用外，其它的几乎都不用。在英美国家，人们的相互称呼在中国人看来有违情理，且不礼貌，没教养。比如: 小孩子不把爷爷奶奶称作grandpa和grandma,而是直呼其名，这种做法却是得体，亲切、合乎常埋的，年轻人称老年人，只在其姓氏前加 Mr, Mrs 或Miss。他们这些做法体现了西方人追求人人平等的思想，在他们眼中，称谓本身就意味着不平等。 2、敬语谦词: 像称谓一样，英语中的敬语谦词也远远少于汉语。在英语中，不管对方年龄多大，地位多高，you 就是 you，I 就是 I，用不着像汉语那样用许多诸如 "您、局长、工程师 " 等敬语。汉语产生这种现象的原因之一还是中国封建社会等级森严的宗法制度。它要求人们跟长辈或上级、甚至同辈说话时，要用敬语，否则就认为用词不当而失礼，甚至显得高傲；谈及自己时则要用谦词，如不使用，也会被认为没有礼貌。另一原因，便是中国人几千年来的传统思想的影响，不愿突出自己，总认为"谦虚" 是一种美德。而在英语中这类词较少的原因有两个: 一是西方人喜爱追求平等，二是他们长期以来尊重个人价值，乐于表现自己，强调培养个人自信心。受以上观念的支配，中西方人接受赞扬、祝贺时的反应也明显有很大区别。中国人听此类话语后会说一类谦虚的话语，而西方人则会毫不犹豫地说: “ Thank you”我曾从报上看到过这样一则笑话，在一次舞会上，一位美国人赞扬一位中国女士说：“You look very beautiful today (你今天很漂亮) 。” 这位中国女士赶忙谦虚地说:Where(哪里 ), where(哪里 )." 而这位美国人感到非常奇怪，然后只好说了句: everywhere(到处)。" 根据西方人的习惯，当他们赞扬别人时，总希望别人以道谢或爽快接受的方式作答，否则他们会误解为对方对自己的判断力表示怀疑。而东方则比较谦虚、谨慎，即使心里非常高兴，也不会坦然认同或接受对方的赞扬。 又如学术刊物上发表的文献或论文的标题。汉语文章的标题除说明文章的内容外，往往有表示谦虚的字眼。如"浅谈…… " 、"试论……" 、 "、“……初探" 等，而英语文章的标题常常是直截了当，不加任何修饰，如 Science and Linguistics (《科学与语言》) 。 3、个人隐私:对大多数西方人来说，向陌生人或不大熟悉的人提出 How old are you? How much do you make? Are you married? 等谈及年龄、收入、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、家庭情况等问题的话题属个人隐私范畴，忌讳别人问及。西方人寒暄最频繁的话题是天气的状况或预测。如“It’s fine, isn’t it?“、 “It’s raining hard, isn’t it?”、 “Your dress is do nice!”等等。他们在初次见面或不太熟悉的人面前，从不问及有关别人隐私方面问题，以示对对方的尊敬。汉语里的寒暄有时还表示对对方的关心。 如 "你今天气色不好，生病了吗? " "好久不见，你又长胖了 。" "你又瘦了，要注意身体啊。" 如西方人听到你说:“You are fat”或 “You are so thin”等话语。即使彼此间较熟悉，也会感到尴尬，难以回答，因这是不礼貌的。而中国人见面三分熟，在半小时内，对方的家庭情况、个人状况便了解得清清楚楚。这又是双方所处的不同文化背景在起作用。西方人特别注重个人隐私。他们认为个人的事不必让别人知道，更不愿让别人干预。而中国人千百年来住在一个村庄里，离得近，接触得多，个人生活或私事很难不被人知道或干预。再加上中国人团结友爱，互相关心，相互帮助，认为个人的事即家庭乃至集体的事。故而他们很愿意了解别人的酸甜苫辣，别人也愿坦诚相告。当然，现在在一些发达或沿海城市，人们也开始接受西方人的观点，说话不随便涉及对方隐私。 四 宗教信仰 汉英语言中涉及宗教的词语数目庞大，蔚为壮观。比如，"天公" 、"阴阳 " 、"菩萨" 等。语言是思想的直接反映，两种截然不同的宗教词汇是两个民族宗教观念迥异的真实写照。隋唐之前，儒道两教在中国居统治地位，汉语中涉及宗教的词语多与此相关，如 "太极" 、"道" 等，其精神，如尊天命，行孝道、听天由命等也可见于 日常语言当中。隋唐时期，大量佛教传入，大量佛教词语随之而来，其轮回报应的思想被儒道思想所接受并被消化。这样儒、 佛、道三教在中国占有绝对主导地位。在英国，则以基督教为主要宗教。该教于597 年传入英国。在随后相当长的时间里，大量与此相关的词语陆续汇入英语行列 。这里既有古英语时期由拉丁语渗入英语的词 、如angel (天使)、monk (僧侣 ) 等，又有中古时期从法语借用的词 ，如 religion (宗教) 、dean(教长)等，还有现代英语时期从其他外来语中借来的大量的词， 结果英语中涉及宗教的词语远比其他语种来得多。 五、 历史典故 用典是每个民族日常交谈的一个重要组成部分，人们常常在不自觉间运用出于各自民族文化遗产的典故，比如中国人会说，"真是马后炮"、 "原来是个空城计啊 ! " 西方人则会讲 That all Greek to me.(我对此一窍不通。) 、He’s a Shylock (他是个守财奴)。一谈用典，对对方文化了解不多的外国人大多感到相当费解，显然这是因为各民族以化遗产不同的缘故。中国人的典故多源于《红楼梦》等古代四大名著、民间传说神话以及中国传统的体育娱乐项目，如象棋、戏剧等。前两个例子一个来自中国象棋，一个来自《三国演义》。而西方人的典故则多出于莎士比亚戏剧和以后英美文学中的许多其他人物或名称、希腊、罗马神话、《圣经》中的人物和事件以及传统的体育项目，如美国的棒球、橄揽球等。后两个英文例子便来自莎士比亚戏剧。 六、思维方式 英语注重运用各种具体的连接手段以达到语法形式的完整。这些句子组织严密，层次井然有序，其句法功能一望便知。比如 ，If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (冬天来了，春还会远吗？)一见到if,两句间的逻辑关系便一目了然。而汉语则很少使用连接手段，句子看上去松散混乱，概念、判断、推理不严密，句子间的逻辑关系从外表不易看出。比如，"打得就打，打不赢就走，还怕没办法?"几个句子间无连接成分，好像大量动词杂沓堆上，句间关系外表上根本看不出，但句子的意思却把他们联系起。这就是人们所说的英语重形合，汉语重意合，这些差异反映了英汉民族思维方式的不同。英民族重理性，重视逻辑思维。而汉民族重悟性，注重辩证思维。 七、个人主义价值观 在西方文化中，与 " 自 我" (self) 相关的观念可以说是根深蒂固、 无所不在。在英语中就有许多以自我为中心的词汇，如“self-absorption (自我专注 )、self-admiration(自我赞赏)、self-cultivation (自我修养 ) 、 self-image (自我形象 ) 等等。故此西方社会盛行的是个体主义 (individualism)”，强调个人自由、不受外来约束。而中方文化强调集体利益高于个人利益，"先国家，后集体，再个人，先利民，再利已" 的话语随处可见。通过简单的言语就可从中了解两种截然不同的文化。 通过语言对比了解中西文化的差异，人们会对双方文化有更深的理解，这反过来有助于我们掌握这两种语言。我们在学习英语时，应了解它的文化背景知识以及社会风俗习惯，随时将它与我们的母语进行对比，使自己自觉意识到不规范语言产生的根源和避免方法，进而增强使用规范语言的意识。
道可道非常道名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。学者梁燕城访谈：太初有道、道(Logos)是信息的意思。神的话成为万有的根据，也成为万有的规律。当代的量子力学就非常奇妙地发现，万有事实上是根据很多信息的秩序组成。这主要是由戴维•玻姆（DavidBohm）,著名的量子力学大师提出说：万有有一个看不见的秩序，叫“ImplicateOrder”，里面都是非常复杂的信息系统，造成我们看见的秩序，叫作“ExplicateOrder”。中文“道”这个字也有信息、语言的意思。老子那个时候非常奇妙地体会到，宇宙背后是有真理的信息存在。《庄子》里面提到：“夫道，有情有信”。从前后文里还可以看到，庄子心中的神是有位格的。这个传统一直到1911年，就是上帝是没有形像的。天坛里没有偶像，祈年殿里一个偶像都没有，里面只有一个牌子，叫“皇天上帝”。中国祖先本来就相信无形的上帝，老子、庄子事实上是继承这个传统而来。这正是《圣经》里的内容，上帝是个灵、而且恨恶世人崇拜偶像。在牛津的博德莱安图书馆里有一份手稿，作者名叫马斯——乌迪。他在这份手稿中宣称所谓胡夫的金字塔是埃及王苏里特叫人建造的，而这个苏里特是在大洪水前统治埃及的。根据其它文献记载，这位目光深远的苏里特王命令他的僧侣们，写下他们的全部常识，藏在金字塔里，给洪水后的人们留下必要的知识。《圣经》创世记前11章，关于人类早期共同史的记述，在中国古经中几乎都可以找到印证：《周易》也神秘地说：七日来复，天行也；《圣经》说：上帝造物的工已经完毕，就在第七日歇了他一切的工，安息了。《淮南子》上说：天下有四水，凡此四水者，帝之神泉，以和百药，以润万物；《圣经》说：伊甸园里有四条河，流出珍珠玛瑙。《山海经》上说：当初有不死树和圣树，圣树又叫睿木，“食之令人圣智也”；《圣经》说：伊甸园中有生命树和智慧树。《尚书》和《国语》上说：人犯了罪，上帝命令重黎堵绝天路，上下不相来往；《圣经》说：人类始祖贪吃了智慧树上的果子，被上帝赶出伊甸园，并有基路伯和火焰之剑，阻断了人神通路。《老子》说：天地之母，万物之根，众妙之源，从无中生有，乃天地之始；《庄子》说：有情有信，无为无形，可传而不可受，可得而不可见；《圣经》说：太初有道，道就是上帝，生命在他里头，这生命是人的光。一位伟大的学者在美国神学院读书时，发现《老子》与《圣经》有奇妙相通之处。老子的道，是自有永有者，造化养育者，超越者，启示者，生命者，公义者，拯救者，这七点很像上帝的属性。无神论者把道归于自然神，其实老子的道不乏人格特征，有信实、有恩德、有慈爱、有赏罚、能赦罪、能教化。更神奇的是，惜字如金的老子竟然着重笔墨描述一位道的化身圣人：自有永有者，造化养育者，超越者，启示者，生命者，公义者，拯救者。说他承袭上天大道的光明和永恒，来普救世人。知其荣、守其辱、知其白、守其黑、成为世人认识大道的中介。圣人秉持大道本像，普天下的人都前往归向他，领受平安。他外表粗卑、内怀宝贝，能将众人从过犯中领回来。最后，老子竟然暗示这位圣人要受辱受难，却作主作王，直到永远，是谁?查考世上所有的经典、教门的主子都对不上号，唯独道成肉身的耶稣基督非常酷似。这2500年前的古人是怎么知道《圣经》中“道成肉身的耶稣”的呢? 这的确是一个巨大的、神圣的、跨越时空的谜团。老子说：道是万物之主、是善人的宝贝、罪人的中保。美好的言辞固然可以博取尊荣、美好的行为固然使人得到敬重，然而人的不善怎能被剔除干净呢? 所以,就是立为天子,身为太师、太傅、太保，财宝无数、荣华加身，还不如坐进这大道里呢。古时候为什么重视道呢? 不就是因为在道里面，寻求就能得着，有罪可得赦免吗? 所以道是天下最宝贵的啊！老子的笔墨中展示给人间的不正是《圣经》中上帝的天国、耶稣的救赎吗? 《尚书》、《诗经》都记载着：中国人来自上帝。早在老子古经中便记载旧约《圣经》预言中的“耶稣”。而且两千多年来，举凡太平盛世，竟无一不是遵循了老子之学说。顺天道治国的皇帝，囊括了仅有的几百年辉煌时代。文景之治、光武中兴、贞观之治、开元之治等等。孔子倾注毕生心力宣扬敬天爱人的忠恕之道，当代多个皇帝均尊纯了老子“天道”的统治方式，那么老子的神学知识是那里来的呢？就目前世界不管任何一种教门的国家，他们的统治方式都在努力提高到上帝的道上来，这又是为什么?清皇康熙说：中国人的“上帝”就是真神，天不是物质的天。康熙亲临宣武教堂，题写了“敬天”和“万有真原”两副扁额，又作诗称颂耶稣：“功求十架血成溪，百丈恩流分自西。”在《生命之宝》一文中，康熙明确表示：“天门久为初人闭，福路全是圣子通。我愿接受神圣子，儿子明分得永生。”古人老子、孔子、孟子对“道”的认识，已如此入神境界，实令人难以置信。其代表着中国的古人，代表着中国的文化。他的“道”影响着整个中国尽至世界的每个人的行为和思想。可悲的是现今一辈自己不进去，却连急俗得到真知走进真理的下辈也挡在门口。而至今只能在未接触过这批“贵人”的最低层中找到蛛丝马迹：《广东新闻网》2011年10月21日10:12王华报道：10月13日晚，两岁女童小悦悦在佛山市某市场内被两辆车相继辗过，肇事车辆逃逸。18名路人陆续经过均对躺在地上奄奄一息的孩子视而不见。让人想不到的是，最后伸出援手的竟然是一位俗世里被视为生活在最底层的人，捡垃圾的阿婆。期间，阿婆想向附近店主要块纸皮为孩子遮挡有些凉意的秋雨，亦被拒绝。 历史以来，司机驾车交通肇事撞伤了人，伤者都是理直气壮责令司机赔偿，司机都是礼亏连连道歉。可是现今被车撞伤者爬起来就逃，问曰何故?答：我怕又是高校大三的大学生药家鑫！老辈人们看到读书人都会夸耀说：“读书人讲句话都特别有道理，不像我们斗大的字不识一箩筐的文盲，开口就只知道讲女人、男人那一点东西”。可是现今算是文化的中国，耳朵听到的、眼睛看见的，千篇一律。都是男人、女人的那个“爱”。或者几个男的争一个老婆、或者几个女的争一个老公。一夫多妻、一妻多夫，杀人的、放火的也是自家园子，通行无阻。现今的文化已经傻到随眼见到的都是胡编乱造，谎话连篇累牍，而真话却无处寻觅的朝代。当然聂耳、洗星海已经死了这是事实，但活着、真正有一定艺术水准、记录写实的近代作品也被挤到角落里，成了葱蒜。古人早已给后人作过警告，就汉字信息也明白罢着：一人二女则是“爽”字，不难发现一人两边颈上是4个“杀”字的头，按麻衣相法用语：即凶多没吉。你若认真地去看一下，也是斜着的罗马人死刑犯用的4个十字架；就国内而论，刚好是冲军犯人戴在头颈的一个枷(锁)。古人说：“万恶淫为首”，冲军路上小心“爽”死。60岁的粗人都知道，古人对这个字的造词指向是十分狭隘的，往往都只两个人、夜里床上才好轻声说的话，可怜的今天打开电视就能听到，“爽XX”、“XX爽”还作为光彩照人的时尚广告。什么话还讲不清楚、刚学说话的婴孩却先会“爽XX”！你若反对恐怕就得挨罚款，因为是国家批准当产品商标的。公安不辞辛苦天天在扫黄，而名牌的幼儿用、小儿科教片打开就听见“谈恋爱啦！” 2010年4月8日《杭州日报》B11版告诉人们：开发商的卖房广告：“卵巢寻找精子”、“如果你不能给她一个名分，那就送她一套房子”、手提红裙露出大腿的靓女画旁“要提，还要往上提”等雷人广告已经出现。60岁的人答不出的有关男女问题，现今6岁的孩童都能回答。不论看的、听的若不加上男的女的哪些事休想出版、上架。历史以来关于男、女哪些事，没有一个朝代能写得如此透彻、细腻，比现今更精粹了。若借着有把“靠椅”就是为了“机不可失”、调节一下精神，倒是情有可原，否则，哪中国的爱国人士该放声大哭了，它所折射的已不只是一付简单的中国画像。2009年8月6日《杭州日报》B7版文章：八岁儿子给他们女班长写情书；2007年3月9日《钱江晚报》A12版文章：11岁女孩遇害，谜底令人震惊，凶手今年12岁。文章说：11岁的小女孩就因为不接受12岁小男孩歪歪斜斜的“我爱你”三个字送了命。更可悲的是，党中央再三强调“社会和谐、人民稳定”的今天，“弱肉强食”斗争“进化论” 新、老剧本通行无阻，而历史悠久极力推行的孔子、孟子、老子优良传统的“天道”实体；世界上最古老的人类道德源头、中国文化背景；劝人为善、不要犯罪、否认地上“有神论”的《圣经》有关文章出版界成了一条不可碰的红线、上不了架。人啊! 一个失去了心灵的口头道德世界，用子弹是无法收服的。我国祖先文明建设靠的就是： 一直传到今天从未分离的“道德”二字，若没有了“道”还有什么“德”呢?
中西文化差异论文参考文献
参考文献：
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略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。 -- 作者：bill 参考资料：Minicity-合肥论坛 如何写论文 写下自己的想法是完善它的好方法。你可能发现自己的想法在纸上会变成一团糟。 写作是很痛苦的事情，但是当你越来越熟悉它的时候，就会很快了。如果你把它当作一种艺术，你就会在写作的过程中体会到无穷的乐趣。 你也会遇到和其他作者一样的滞碍。这有很多原因，而且不一定能顺利解决。追求完美是一个原因。 记住：写作是一个不断完善的过程。当你发现所写的不是你开始想写的，写下粗稿，以后再修补。写粗稿可以理出自己的思想、渐渐进入状态。如果写不出全部内容，就写纲要，在容易写具体的内容时再补充。如果写不出来，就把想到的东西全部写出来，即使你觉得是垃圾。当你写出足够的内容，再编辑它们，转化成有意义的东西。另一个原因是想把所有的东西都有序的写出来(in order)。你可能要从正文写起，最后在你知道你写的到底是什么的时候再写简介。写作是很痛苦的事情，有时候一天只能写上一页。追求完美也可能导致对已经完美的文章无休止的修改润饰。这不过是浪费时间罢了。把写作当作和人说话就行了。 写信也是练习的好方法。大多的文章也会因为风格很想给朋友的信件而易读(can be improved)。写日记也是很好的锻炼。这两种方法还有其他的好处。 无休止的修改格式而不是内容也是常犯的错误。要避免这种情况。 LaTex（附：CTex）是一个很好的工具，但是它自己有很多自定义的宏定义。你也可以利用别人类似的代码，许多站点（包括MIT）都维护有扩展库。 清楚自己想说什么。这是写清楚要的最难最重要的因素。如果你写出笨拙的东西，不断的修补，就表明不清楚自己想说什么。一旦真正想说了，就说吧。 从每一段到整个文章都应该把最引人入胜的东西放在前面。让读者容易看到你写的东西(Make it easy for the reader to find out what you've done)。注意处理摘要（carefully craft the abstract）。确定(be sure)说出了你的好思想是什么。确定你自己知道这个思想是什么，然后想想怎么用几句话写出来。大篇的摘要说明文章是写什么的，说明有一个想法但没有说到底是什么。 不要大肆夸耀你自己做的事情。 你经常会发现自己写的句子或者段落不好，但不知道怎么修补。这是因为你自己进入了死胡同。你必须回去重写。这会随着你的练习减少。 确信你的文章真的有思想（ideas）。要说清楚为什么，不仅仅是怎么样。 为人而写，不要为了机器而写。不仅仅需要正确，还需要易读。读者应该只做最明显简单的推理。 完成文章以后，删除第一段或者前面的几句话。你会发现这些话其实对主旨没有影响。 如果你在所有的工作做完以后才开始写，就会失去很多好处（benefit）。一旦开始研究工作，好的方法是养成写不正式文章的习惯，每隔几个月（every few months）记下最新的和你刚学的东西。从你的研究笔记开始比较好。用两天时间来写，如果太长的话就说明你太追求完美了。这不是要进行判断的东西，而是与朋友共享的。在封面上说明“草稿”（DRAFT-NOT FOR CITATION）。拷贝很多份，给那些感兴趣的人看，包括导师。这种做法对以后写正式的论文很有好处。 得到反馈： 如果你加入私人文章交流网（Secret Paper Passing Network），会收到很多别人的文章，他们请你评论。知道别人对论文的意见很重要。你给别人帮助，别人会在你需要的时候帮助你。而且，自己也能提高。为文章写有用的评论是一门艺术。你应当读上两遍，第一遍了解其思想（IDEAS），第二遍看表达。 当然也可以把自己的文章交给别人评价，要学会吸取有建设性的建议，忽略破坏性(destructive)和无意义的建议。为了得到建议，你要写清楚自己的观点，写你所作的事情，即使你没准备写一个没有完整的期刊或者会议文章，然后交给别人看。即使是将要发表的文章，也应该写清楚，这样可以增加得到建议的机会。 以简要的形式降序组织评论（建议）对你和你所评论的人都有用：最上面内容相关，中间是风格和表述，最后是语法和文法。 三、论文的写作 （一）作好准备－－收集资料 选题确定之后，论文有了中心思想，在写作上迈出了关键的一步。但是，要写好一篇论文，作者还必须占有丰富、准确、全面、典型、生动具体的材料。从中研究提炼出自己的观点，并用具有说服力的题材（论据）来证明自己的观点。这些材料必须是有根有据的，而不是主观臆断的。它们或是通过自己亲身实践研究的出的，或是他人以前研究总结的可靠成果。因此，资料的收集对论文的写作有着举足轻重的作用。收集资料的途径有以下几种。 1、阅读有关的理论书籍。 参加教育教学研究，撰写论文，必须掌握必要的教育教学理论和科研方法。对于教育、教学理论的一些基本概念要理解掌握。 2、调查研究，收集有关的论据。 论文的中心思想确定后，作者明确了所要研究的对象和内容，就要着手拟订调查提纲。列出调查研究从何入手，了解哪些方面的情况，每个方面包括哪些项目和具体内容，需要哪些典型的材料和数据，取材的数量和质量上的要求应达到的深度和广度，等等。 3、查阅有关的文献资料 作者不仅要学习教育、教学理论，对于与教育、教学相关的社会科学知识也要有所涉猎。因此，要注意多阅读教育书刊、报纸，收集有关研究信息，吸收他人的研究成果，开阔自己的思路，完善自己的设想。 （二）安排好论文的结构 论文的一般结构是：提出论点，进行论证，概括结论。 1、题目－－体现内容。论文的题目是论文的眼睛，也是论文总体内容的体现。 一个好的题目能吸引读者阅读文中的内容，起到很好的宣传作用。好的题目应是用精辟的语言来阐明作者打算探索和解决的问题，要明确、精练、易懂，要能正确地表达论文的中心内容，恰当地反映此研究的范围的所达到的深度。同时要使内行人看得明白，外行人也能有所理解。例如,”浅谈应用题教学中学习的激发”和”问题意识与数学教学”。前一个题目明确的反映了论文的中心内容和研究范围，即在应用题教学中如何激发学生的学习兴趣；后一个题目明确而精练，读者一看便知研究的中心内容，即在数学教学中如何培养学生的问题意识。 2、绪论－－提出观点。对本论内容加以简要介绍，把中心论点准确地概括出来。绪论要求写得精炼、明确，字数不宜多。 常见的绪论写法有： －直接申明自己的主张和见解，开门见山地提出中心论点。 －提示内容要点。 －因事发问，启人思考。 －从日常生活现象写起。 －引经据典，说古道今。 论文的结构和结构原理,里面讲解的很详细,对学写论文有帮助,可以看看:)~ py 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中西方酒文化论文
人的情绪情感是一种复杂而又高级的心理活动，喝酒能加速人的情绪情感的变化与构成。那么，中西方酒文化有什么不同呢?
一、宗教信仰的影响
人们的宗教信仰和酒的关系密切：一方面，宗教的教义影响着人们的饮酒行为;另一方面，人们的许多宗教活动又都离不开酒。
佛教在中国的影响较为广泛。
佛教的五条戒律中就有“不饮酒”这一条。
很多中国人信奉佛教的教戒，尽可能地不饮酒或控制饮酒;再加上中国的酒大多是用粮食酿造的。
所以，人们对于饮酒持的是一种比较谨慎的态度：认为喝酒只要达到一种微醺之境即可，当一个飘飘然的“酒仙”，而不愿当一个喝酒喝到失去常态的“酒鬼”。
可以这么说，佛教戒律对人们的饮酒行为影响很大，甚至起支配作用。
然而，西方人的主流宗教是基督教，葡萄酒在《圣经》里多次被提到。
耶稣在知道了自己的命运后,在最后的晚餐上说：“面包是我的肉，葡萄酒是我的血。”其目的在于要人们记住他是为人类赎罪而死的。
因此，基督教徒视葡萄酒为圣血———耶稣的血液。
他们在做弥撒的时侯喝圣血、吃圣体，视酒为耶稣救世精神的化身，认为人喝了酒就能与上帝的心灵相通，从而得到仁慈上帝的佑护。
在此背景下，人们对于葡萄酒怀着一种喜爱、敬仰的心情，教会人员把种植葡萄和酿造葡萄酒看作是他们的份内事。
在宗教活动中，人们分食象征着基督血与肉的葡萄酒和面包，旨在继承基督精神。
在举行酒神祭祀的时侯，人们结队游荡，组成合唱表演队唱酒神颂歌，载歌载舞，在树林里或者在荒野里喝酒纵情狂欢，人的本性得到了完全地释放。
二、价值观的影响
中国的酒文化典型地体现了集体主义的价值观念。
中国人之间的关系倾向于依靠、合作，也就是一种集体主义的紧密社会结构。
中国人喝酒讲究气氛，三五成群，呼朋引伴。
在喝酒时，中国人常常敬酒、劝酒，遇上喜庆节日的时侯还会有一些活动，比如划拳、行酒令、做游戏等来活跃饮酒气氛。
劝酒不仅表现了中国人的热情好客，更与他们的集体主义思维有很大的关系。
一群中国人喝酒要比一群西方人喝酒更热闹、更有趣。
除非是借酒消愁的或者是嗜酒如命的，否则很少看得到独自饮酒作乐的中国人。
中国人的集体主义的紧密社会结构使得他们视酒为交际工具，大家聚在一起喝酒大都是出于联络感情的需要。
在中国酒被赋予了很多感情色彩，酒是联系中国人感情的纽带、润滑剂。
人们喝的是酒，饮的是感情，重视的是饮酒人，劝对方多喝是为了表示友好、诚意。
夸张点讲，在中国，人与人之间的感情是喝出来的，“感情深，一口闷;感情浅，舔一舔。”在中国人的人际关系交往中酒起着非常重要的作用，“无酒不成席”、“无酒情不厚，无酒礼不真”，以酒寄情，“一切尽在不言中”。
中国人还注重“以人为本”，认为酒是为人服务的。
因此，不管是繁多的酒器、敬酒的次序还是在饮酒者座位的安排上，无不体现出了中国酒文化“以人为本”的价值观。
然而，西方的酒文化则是个人主义的体现，一切都以自己为出发点。
尽管他们也会有群聚而饮，但他们更注重的是个人对酒的浅尝独酌。
西方人强调个人民主自由，从不干涉、强迫别人，所以他们在喝酒的时候全凭个人自由自主，不想喝就不喝，想喝多少就喝多少，无需客套。
西方人的这种个人主义也使得他们不愿意依赖别人，也不希望别人依赖自己，甚至包括自己的亲属。
他们之间这种关系决定了酒只能扮演艺术品的角色，是聚会的附属品。
西方这种个人主义的松散社会结构使得他们把酒看作是艺术品，他们是为欣赏美酒而饮酒。
西方人也讲究尊重个人隐私，互不干涉彼此，所以他们在酒桌上互相不敬酒、不劝酒，也不兴做游戏如划拳、猜数等。
只有在一些特定的场合，他们才会一同举杯。
西方人还注重“以物为本”，无论是酒礼、选择酒器时、还是在品饮的顺序上，他们都会认真考虑每一种酒的性质、味道，力求将不同酒的不同特点都表现得淋漓尽致。
三、心理因素的影响
酒文化也常常伴有心理因素的表现，并在一定程度上制约着人们的饮酒行为。
饮酒，作为一种社会的有规律的活动，是人们有意识地进行的，反映了人们一定的精神意志，人们的情趣和精神的寄托等，也常会反映出人们心理上的一些积淀。
它们在酒的作用下，就会在一定适宜的时间、场合、气氛中迸发出来。
这些也就构成了饮酒心理，它是酒文化内涵的重要组成部分，且往往是其中的核心。
中国人常常赋予酒很多感情色彩，他们的饮酒心理更多地趋向于精神层面。
①表现人格和个性的心理，通过饮酒就表现得更加充分具体了。
比如唐代的李白，对酒的爱好以及他独特的饮酒神态反映了他酷爱自由、不受拘束的个性。
②反映动机和需要的心理。
中国人饮不同的酒有不同的需要和动机，比如通过喝白酒来抵御寒冷，喝药酒来强身健体或治病。
③显示观念和理想的心理。
人们对某些观念的崇尚以及对理想的追求也常会蕴含在酒文化活动中。
比如在中国有不少民族都有“三杯酒”的习俗。
敬三杯酒，罚三杯酒，其中“三”这一数字就包含追求圆满的意思。
④激发思维和灵感的心理。
适量饮酒能刺激人们的思维能力，激发灵感，使人展开想象的翅膀。
中国历史上许多诗人为了激发诗兴而饮酒，像李白、杜甫、辛弃疾等，他们在酒后写下了许多经典之作。
“李白斗酒诗百篇”就是此意。
⑤升华情绪和情感的心理。
人的.情绪情感是一种复杂而又高级的心理活动，喝酒能加速人的情绪情感的变化与构成。
所以，人一般在饮酒的时侯更容易吐露自己内心的真实情感，即人们常说的“酒后吐真言”。
而西方人更多地视酒为个人愉悦感官、舒缓精神的一种物质。
正如他们选择酒器是为了更好地来品酒一样，他们不像中国人那样赋予酒很多东西，利用酒来传情达意。
西方人以生命的欢畅为主题。
德国哲学家尼采认为饮酒就是情绪的发泄，是抛弃传统束缚回归原始状态的生存体验，人类在消失个体与世界合一的绝望痛苦的哀号中获得生的极大快意。
整天忙忙碌碌，面对生活的无奈、感叹生命的短暂无常，只有在酒酣耳热后，沉重的心灵才能得以片刻的慰藉，脆弱的人性才能得以片刻的解脱。
总之，酒作为一种饮品得到了很多中外人士的喜爱，并在人们的日常生活中起着重要的作用。
由于中西方人不同的宗教信仰、价值观、心理因素、生活环境、风俗习惯以及思维方式等方面的不同，导致了中西方酒文化之间的差异。
随着当今中西方交流的扩大，了解中西方酒文化之间的差异有助于人们理解酒背后所隐藏的风格迥异的文化、民族意义，能够更好地为中西方的文化交流起到积极的促进作用。
酒 文化 是指在酒的生产和消费过程中所产生的物质和精神文化成果。在中华民族五千年历史长河中,酒文化作为一种特殊的文化形式,在传统的中国文化中有其独特的地位。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于酒文化的论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!酒文化的论文篇1 浅析中西酒文化 摘要：文化是人类在历史过程中所创造的物质文化和精神文化的总和，在酒文化方面，中国和西方的酒文化有明显差异。西方酒文化一般指葡萄酒文化，而中国酒文化则是白酒文化。本文从酒的起源，酒与宗教的关系，酒器的使用，饮酒礼仪以及酒的社会功能几个方面，简单介绍中西方酒文化的区别以及造成这些差异的原因。 关键词：酒文化 文化差异 文化 酒文化作为文化系统的一个方面，跟其他方面一样，其形成过程以及在地域上造成的差异，是有其深刻的社会背景的。社会以及历史的不同因素形成了文化的最终不同。只有从各个方面把握中西文化的不同才能促进中西方的文化交流。 1.酒的起源 从酿酒所使用的原料方面来说，在中国早期的文化起源地黄河流域，气候温和并且农作物发展较为先进，人们便用粮食酿造就有中国特色的黄酒以及白酒。而在被称为西方文明摇篮的巴尔干半岛古希腊地区，境内多山，土壤贫瘠，不适合农作物生长，反而很适合葡萄的生长，因此葡萄酒的酿造就成为西方酒文化的代表。对于酒神崇拜，从神话 传说 方面来说，西方的葡萄酒最早起源于希腊神话中的酒神狄奥尼索斯(Dionysus)据说他是最早 种植 葡萄并且酿造葡萄酒的。而在中国，中国历史上没有明确的酒神，而又普遍地将仪狄或是杜康认为是中国的酒祖。 2.宗教与酒文化的关系 从宗教方面来讲，____是西方的主流宗教，在圣经中多次提到葡萄酒。耶稣知道了自己的命运后在最后的晚餐上说，面包是我的肉，葡萄酒是我的血，并且让人们记住自己是为人类赎罪而死的。因此基督____萄酒视为圣血，而且葡萄的种植以及葡萄酒的酿造被教会人员视为工作，在这种背景情况下，人们对于葡萄酒是一种敬仰与喜爱的心情。在中国佛教的影响较为广泛，而佛教的教义是反对饮酒的，无论是在家还是出家，在戒律上都一律禁止饮酒。人们很多听信佛的教戒，尽可能的控制饮酒。加之中国的白酒多是粮食酒，因此人们对于饮酒是一种比较谨慎的态度。 3.酒器的使用 无论是在西方还是在中国，人们对酒器的重视都是略见一斑的：酒器制造所用的材质，最终的形状以及做工的精美都有不同的讲究。在中国的 传统文化 中，依据材质，使用者和时代等因素的不同，酒器的名称很多，比如有尊、壶、爵、角、觥、杯、卮、彝、卣、?、瓿等，不胜枚举。中国酒器的繁多，不仅是因为时代变迁从而生产力所带来的材质改革，更是因为在封建等级社会的中国，酒器的使用更是印上了等级制度的烙印，不同的酒器代表了不同的身份。西方国家的酒器也有很多种，但是一定程度上来说西方国家的酒器基本上以透明的玻璃杯为主而又形状各异。透明的高脚杯是西方饮酒时所使用酒器的典型代表，但是根据各种不同的酒所适用的不同的酒杯，这种高脚杯的形状又有很大差别，如郁金香型的细高型的香槟杯，矮脚的梨形的白兰地酒杯等等。西方人对酒器的讲究毫不逊于中国。但是中国的酒器更多的反映使用者的身份，西方的酒器则更多的是为了衬托酒本身的艺术性。 4.喝酒的礼仪 中西方在酒文化中都存在饮酒的礼仪，但是二者最大的区别在于中国的酒文化中更善于劝酒。同是饮酒的场面，必定中国人一起饮酒的场面更为热闹。劝酒是敬酒的一种方式，是中国人在历史过程中逐渐形成的一种习俗。封建社会中等级分明，很多人一同饮酒时，卑者、少者须向尊者、长者敬酒。一顿饭下来，敬酒的次数是不好计算的。单是敬酒，在敬酒词，敬酒姿势，自己饮多少别人饮多少，敬别人，被敬等方面就有很大的学问。在西方国家，民主与自我意识占主导，在饮酒方面也有体现。首先，因为各种高脚杯形状的不同，手持酒杯的方式也是不同的，正确的姿势也是礼仪的一个方面。在西方餐桌上，饮酒的人也会彼此举杯，但是一次喝多少，完全是个人意愿。在一次正式的西餐中，敬酒(toast propose)的次数也一般一次，这一次一般也是面向所有在座宾客，祝酒词是必不可少的。 5.酒的社会功能 而西方人把葡萄酒看为艺术品：把葡萄酒的酿造看成制造艺术品;把饮酒也看成一种欣赏与品味艺术的行为，饮酒的兴致就在酒本身，因此可以常常看见西方人在不就餐的情况下而仅仅品味葡萄酒的场景。中国人把酒当做交流或是表达感情的工具，常为“醉翁之意不在酒”，饮酒的兴致不在酒本身，而在乎与谁饮酒以及以什么样的心情饮酒，一般情况下中国人饮酒是离不开饭桌的。中国人就餐时相比较而言更讲究的是菜肴，酒则从始到终都是一种酒。但是在西餐中，他们吃一道菜换一种酒， 一般吃沙拉和冷拼小吃时喝干白葡萄酒，吃头道序菜时喝干白、干红或玫瑰葡萄酒，吃海鲜类正菜时喝高度干白葡萄酒，吃肉禽类正菜时喝高度干红葡萄酒，吃甜食时喝甜食酒或香槟酒。正式的宴会要上三五道莱，而每一道菜对应一种葡萄酒。除此之外饭前还有开胃酒，餐后还有鸡尾酒或威士忌、白兰地一类的蒸馏酒。这样一顿餐下来总得需要五六种酒。 总的来说，中国和西方的酒文化差异体现在各个方面，而各个方面的差异又是由不同的因素造成的。探索形成差异的原因，有助于对酒文化更好的理解，从而有助于更好的理解中西文化差异并且促进中西交流。 参考文献： [1]米歇尔?爱德华.红葡萄酒鉴赏手册[M].上海科技出版社，2000. [2]侯淑琴.形象礼仪[M].北京联合出版传媒股份有限公司，2010. [3]杨乃济.中西酒文化比较[A].北京联合大学学报，1994. 酒文化的论文篇2 浅谈水族酒文化 水族自称“虽”，汉语译称“水”，是全国少数民族之一，也是我国古骆越人的后裔，ol(r}s})有着古老的文字《水书》、历法《水历》。水族现有人口40余万，主要分布在黔南布依族苗族自治州的三都、荔波、都匀、独山以及黔东南自治州的榕江、丹寨、雷山、从江、剑河等县，以三都水族自治县境内最为集中。(zlcr}3)水族人民喜食糯米，除一部分做成糯米饭，大多都是用来酿制糯米酒。水族的酒味美甘醇，特别是三都水族自治县九吁地区的九吁酒，更是远近驰名。在水族地区，不论是丰富多彩的民族风情，还是各种各样的独特风俗中，酒都扮演着非常重要的角色;甚至在人生历程中，水族已经把酒当作一种标志，用以象征人的生命从一个阶段步人另一阶段。酒伴随着水族人走过出生、婚嫁、死亡的各个阶段，贯穿了水族的历史进程。 一、水族端节和卯节中的饮酒习俗 (一)酒与水族端节 端节，水语称为“借端”。“端”，意为“岁首”或端节“新年”;“借”，意为“吃”。因此，端节亦可直译为“吃年”，意为“过年”。水族端节的日期以水历为准，水历把九月作岁首，端节就定在九月初九日，通称“水年’，。f3J(r}s}0)为方便互相走访，水族地区是分期分批轮流过端节。水族端节中，酒是不可或缺的。 端节当天凌晨五点左右，水族村民就开始煮韭菜包鱼和糯米饭，煮熟后端到祖宗灵位前的酒桌上祭祖。 酒桌的四面都要摆满酒杯，酒杯比来贺新年的人数只能多不许少，意为讨个好兆头。天亮后，整个族人就挨家挨户去贺新年，水语叫“幼端”。每到一家，大伙按辈分依序在酒桌前围成圆圈，每人都用右手把自己的酒杯或酒碗举到右边族人的嘴旁，大家同时喊一声“秀”，便从主人家开始喝，而且喝酒的人必须干杯，然后在大家“秀”的喊声中把自己酒杯的酒倾入下一个人嘴里。这就是水族的“转转酒”。 有些少数民族也有喝“转转酒”的习俗，一般是一个人只喝一VI就把已喝过的酒杯传递给下一位。水族的“转转酒”则不同，虽然也是以传递的方式饮酒，但是每个人的手上都必须有一杯酒，左侧的人将右手所持的酒杯送到右边的人的嘴边，杯到酒干。水族人挨家挨户喝完贺年酒后才回家接待客人。在水族的端节中，这种“转转酒”不仅仅限于族人内，迎接远方的客人进家门后也会以最能表达心中热情的“转转酒”相待。 水族端节中喝“转转酒”这种习俗是水族先民们“一人获取、众人共有”这种氏族社会公有分配制度的一种表现形式，可增强民族的亲和力;这还与水族先民们在长期的历史进程中共同抵御 自然 灾害和外族侵略的生活方式有着直接的承继关系，也是一种追忆民族文化传统的重要方式。今天，水族端节中的饮酒习俗已成为一种聚合民族和凝结人心的重要方式。 (二)酒与水族卯节 水族“卯节”和“端节”事实上都是过年，按传统一向是过端节的地区不过卯节，过卯节的地区不过端节。卯节，水语称“借卯”，意为吃卯。水族卯节的日期也是依据水族历法来推算的，具体的日期是以水历九、十月(即阴历的五、六月)内的卯日分四批过节。水历十月，水书中称为“绿色生命最旺盛的时节”，辛卯日则被称为“最顺遂的日子”。卯节的分批是约定俗成。头三批卯节在荔波境内，第四批卯节，除三都水族自治县的九阡、水各、周覃外，荔波的岜鲜、水维、永康等乡的水族人，也在这最后一批卯日过节。 卯日那天，各村寨的人们都会在村寨门El隆重接待亲朋好友，在村寨门VI都设有“拦门酒”。水族的“拦门酒”由三到五个年轻的姑娘主持，客人一到寨门口，姑娘们立即为远方来的每个贵客敬上一碗“拦门酒”，然后再由青壮年上前把客人迎进家中。水族待客一向有“以酒为尚，以醉为乐，以醉为荣”的观念，所以在卯节中，也会像端节一样，用最热情的“转转酒”待客，总之都要让客人尽兴，醉酒的越多，主人越觉得光彩。 酒足饭饱后，各村寨的人们身着盛装从四面八方赶往卯坡对歌。这一天，不仅过卯节的水族村寨青年人要上卯坡对歌，就是不过卯节的外寨的男女老幼也会赶来参加盛会。在卯坡的树丛中、草地上、山石旁，青年男女各自寻找自己中意的人对歌，歌词均为即兴演唱，主要内容是青年男女互相倾诉爱慕之情，若情投意合，即可相约成婚。这是卯节受到水族青年男女欢迎的一个重要原因。 二、酒与水族丧葬习俗 水族是一个非常崇拜祖先的民族，存在灵魂不死的观念。生前好酒、喜酒乃至嗜酒如命的亲人去世后，仍要让他一如其生地在另一个世界里也能畅饮美酒。因此，水族在老人去世后，祭品中酒是必备之物，而且都是自家酿制的米酒。在三都水族自治县九阡地区，无论家庭是富或穷，老人在60岁左右就特地亲手酿制一坛酒，然后以土坛密封窖藏，直到老人离世的那一天才由子孙取出让亲人和近邻品尝。 老人活得越久，酒窖藏的时间越长也就越甘醇香冽。这不仅仅是单纯的一种物质享受，还包含着水族人希望延年益寿的文化 心理。 出殡之日，亲戚朋友来奔丧所携带的物品中，最重要的也是酒。酒的数量多寡不等，依据奔丧人与丧主的亲疏关系而定，多至数十斤，少至一两斤。奔丧人把酒瓶或酒罐放在棺材前的桌上，若酒太多，则倒人一个大缸中，以便取酒招待客人。但亲戚带来的酒不能全都倒完，在酒罐或酒瓶里至少要留一点酒。因为在免除生者对死者的惧怕心理和寄托对死者的美好愿望的祭悼仪式中，水族人意识上的酒已经具有超现实的幻化功能，奔丧携酒既是出于避邪逐煞的心理，也是对主家的一种祝福，在酒罐里留点酒也是一种祝福，是丧主对亲戚的一种祝福，祝他们年年余酒。可以说，强烈的群体意识是水族的心理特质之一，这一心理特质在丧事活动中表现尤于明显。 在出殡之日水族还有一个特别的风俗，那就是在唱祭歌时给歌手倒酒。这种倒酒方式也很讲究。 在所有亲戚奔丧结束后，丧主从家中搬出一张四方桌，摆放在选好的宽阔的场地上。酒桌中间摆放爆米糖一斤、白糖两包、豆腐两块、橘子和苹果各一盘。男女歌手各坐一边后，丧主在歌手面前各置五杯酒后，又在桌子边空缺的位置全都摆上酒杯，并倒满酒，以供听众饮酒。待吉辰一到，孝家立即倒酒，倒酒的同时歌手开始唱水族祭歌。倒酒的顺序非常讲究，孝子先倒第一杯酒，之后是孝女及孝主的儿媳妇、孙子，最后轮到血亲的表哥。水族丧事中的这一种习俗也反映一种文化心理，他们很重视孝道，请歌手唱祭歌一方面表明尊重长者，另一方面也是用歌声来寄托心中的哀思。 三、酒与水族婚姻习俗 在婚姻中，酒作为许多民族倾心 爱好 的特殊饮料，体现出重要的媒介功能。作为拥有悠久的酿酒历史的水族，酒更是贯穿婚姻的整个过程。 (一)提亲酒和定亲酒 水族青年有恋爱的充分自由，但不论是否自由恋爱，想要结婚的时候，都必须察告父母，由男方父母请媒人到女家去提亲。L61(})水族的提亲过程很复杂，就算是双方都已经中意，至少也要去提亲三次。 第一次提亲时媒人所带礼品是四个红糖，第二次提亲所带的礼品是:四个红糖、五斤酒、五斤肉。前两次提亲都会遭到委婉的拒绝，而媒人一般都会预料到这样的情况，所以还需要精心准备第三次提亲。第三次提亲所带礼品有:全新的一个篮子(内装红糖10斤、糯米五斤、手镯一对、银项圈一个，摆放的顺序是糯米在底层，手镯和银项圈第二层，红糖在最上层)酒(至少10斤)、肉(至少五斤)。 按照水族习俗，第三次提亲议定婚约之后就吃定亲酒，主要是约定吃大酒的日子。吃定亲酒的时候，女方会明确交代男方须准备的礼品:手镯一双、银项圈一根、红糖至少50斤、糯米30斤、酒一坛(100斤)。 可见，无论是在水族的提亲还是定亲中，酒都是必不可少的。 (二)迎亲中的酒 按水族婚姻习俗是结婚前一天晚上男方就要派迎亲队伍到姑娘家去，而且出门的时间还要请懂得《水历》的水书先生选择吉时。 迎亲时男方所带聘礼:一坛酒(约100斤)、一头猪(约200斤)、红糖(约80斤)、糯米(约80斤)、手镯一双、银项圈一根。结婚时，男方所带礼物中，最重要的就是酒，无酒不成礼。 迎亲队伍到了新娘家家后，新娘家立即杀猪，第一次酒席正式开始，喝酒吃肉都很随意，没有人来劝酒。等到女方把猪杀好，第二次酒席开始了。这是正席，水族婚姻中的正席跟许多民族都不同，双方的男女必须分桌。 按水族婚姻习俗，酒席至一半的时候，新娘还要到酒桌旁敬酒。新娘首先献给自己的父亲，这叫“感恩酒”。然后媒人会上前来介绍新郎的父亲，聪明的新娘会立即接话:“父亲，从今天起我就是你的孩子了，孩子在这里给父亲倒一杯酒。”这叫“认父酒”。男方父亲干杯后，一般都要把准备好的红包放在酒杯里，然后才把酒杯递过去，表示大红大喜。新娘倒酒的过程中，凡是男方来的客人都会在喝酒后送红包，但新娘的同村兄弟喝酒后不送红包。 次日早晨，新娘家用红糖拌糯米稀饭招待客人，然后才开酒席，开席的同时女方把要送的嫁妆全部拿到祖宗的灵位祭祖。女方嫁妆一般有:水族婚礼服装一件、猪腿一只、糯米20斤、布两匹、布鞋至少巧双、棉10床、衣柜一个、马一匹或牛一头。 到了双方预定的吉时，双方男人齐聚祖宗灵位前祭祖，然后新郎家派代表上前领新娘的嫁妆，代表人一般都是双方的哥哥。在领取嫁妆之前，双方的男人必须在祖宗灵位前履行一系列庄严复杂的程序，并由此表现出各种各样的饮酒习俗。 1.誓婚酒。首先是双方的哥哥上前来代替新娘新郎喝“誓婚酒”，而且还有一段精彩的对话。 女方哥哥：“你现在把妹娶走，祝愿你们福如东海，寿比南山。不要把她当晒米的木板，不要把她当洗脸帕，不要玩耍她。”(水语汉译，下同。) 男方哥哥：“现在你放心，我接她回去，到我家就如神仙般，一定好好善待她，不会玩耍她。” 然后媒人递上两杯酒，说：“现在你们俩代替新郎新娘发誓了，说话算数，请喝了这杯‘誓婚酒’。” 2.甜酒。喝完“誓婚酒”后，新娘家最有威望的寨老上前问新郎的哥哥饮的这杯酒是甜还是苦，这时候若误答为“苦”，婚事就会立即被取消，对方会认为你嫌弃他家女儿，若答“甜”又得喝一杯酒。这是因为说“甜”便是祝福新郎新娘婚姻甜美，所以不少人戏称为“甜酒”。 3.媒人酒。寨老接着会想方设法给媒人喝上一杯“媒人酒”，口才稍差的媒人喝了一杯又有一杯，所以水族的媒人除了会说还要能喝。 4.舅爷酒。媒人喝干酒之后，寨老又倒酒，面对众人说：“追本溯源，先有祖后有宗，不忘祖恩。有你舅爷才有这些儿女，请舅爷上前喝一杯。”舅爷上前来接酒杯，一般都要谦虚一番之后才喝。 祖宗灵位前的复杂程序结束后，在领取新娘嫁妆的过程中，又涌现出各种各样名称的酒，显现出水族酒 文化的浓重色彩。例如在领取衣柜时，衣柜的钥匙在新娘的哥哥手里，去接钥匙的人就要喝一杯酒，名为“钥匙酒”;在领取棉被时，捆棉被的绳子在新娘的哥哥手里，去接绳子的人也要喝一杯酒，名为“棉绳酒”。 5.马料酒和汤锅酒。在酒席结束后，众人一起把嫁妆抬出来，男方的人作好抬嫁妆的准备。这时候，新娘家会派一个口才好的人去拴马的地方等候，而男方也会派出早就安排好的能说会辩的代表前去牵马。马匹旁边会摆上几个四方桌，上面都摆上三个大碗，并倒满酒。男方代表前去牵马的时候，女方代表会以忘记喂马料来为难，并要求男方代表代替马喝下桌上的酒。男方不能拒绝，一旦不愿代替马喝酒就无法把马牵走。这就是“马料酒”。 喝完“马料酒”后，女方代表又以马想上汤锅行去吃汤锅为由带男方代表到预设的汤锅行饮一碗酒，这碗酒名为“汤锅酒”。 水族婚事中前去的牵马的人不是那么容易牵马走的，其中有许多道酒拦着，最有名的莫过于上述的“马料酒”和“汤锅酒”。当然，能说会辩的人代马喝的酒便少点，口才差的人几碗进肚后就牵不了马了，就会闹笑话。水族喝“接马酒”的过程既幽默又能生动，增添了婚事中的喜气，其独特的民族文化氛围使人赏心悦目。 (三)喜酒与酒歌 到新郎家后的酒宴，也分有晌午饭和正席。晌午饭也很随意，并不劝酒。傍晚时分正席开始。在新郎家里，最热闹的莫过于唱酒歌，主要是女人那一桌的对歌。 正席开始后，男方的女歌手先唱第一支歌：“我们三家叫我倒酒，我们四家叫我倒茶，我倒酒也是倒给你们，我倒茶也是倒给你们。提起这杯酒，不知姨娘是否接受?姐与妹共庆哈喂哈喂!”(意译)女方歌手对唱：“坐在你身边应该喝两碗，坐在伯母身边应该喝五碗，喝不得双方都不开心。跟妈学酒学不成，不知哪天才学会。到奶奶身边却让我讲，如果我能讲，我们一起笑。坐在桌边，哪个吝啬?大家一起来干杯!”(意译)众人举杯一饮而尽，然后再接着唱下去。水族婚姻中非常重视唱酒歌，一般都要唱整整一个晚上，而有的地区则连续唱三个晚上，例如三都水族自治县的廷牌乡就有这样的风俗。 四、结语 中国 有5000年以上的悠久 历史 ，在几千年的文明史中，酒几乎渗透到 社会生活中的各个领域。酒文化作为一种特殊的文化形式，在传统的中国文化中已经拥有独特的地位。神州到处酒飘香，饮酒习俗自古蔚然成风。中国的56个民族中，各民族都有自己的酒文化，而水族的酒文化更是独树一帜。 水族端节和卯节中的“转转酒”、“拦门酒”别有风味，丧事中丧主一家大小轮流为唱祭歌的歌手倒酒的习俗让人对水族的孝道赞叹不已，而水族婚姻中花样百出的酒习俗更是让人开怀大笑。由于特定的生存 环境、社会历史背景和 心理文化积淀的影响，酒不仅在水族独特的习俗中得以体现，在水族人的Et常生活中也占有极其重要的地位，甚至在接待朋友时，“酒重于肉”，如果客人来到，桌上没有酒，主人就有“不成敬意”之憾，可以说酒无处不在。 拜访 以酒为礼，迎客以酒为敬，感激以酒为谢，报恩以酒示情。酒在水族人的交往中所显示的不仅是物质赠馈上的多寡，而且可以借以表达 人际交往 和精神需求。可见水族丰富多彩的饮酒习俗与民族风情相得益彰，形成了一种独特的酒文化氛围，很值得我们探究。猜你喜欢： 1. 中国酒文化与宴请礼仪论文 2. 中日酒文化对比论文 3. 红酒文化论文 4. 浅析彝族酒文化中的音乐性论文
我不是研究这方面的，写个大概。你自己琢磨。这是按万字以上的论文提纲写的。。一、中西酒文化差异的国内外研究现状二、中西酒文化的基本范畴和相通之处三、中西酒文化差异表现。这应是重点章。一般来说，应该分为物质和精神两个层次。物质方面，你比如说对中西方对酒的偏好不同；酒器的使用也不同。精神方面，比如喝酒礼仪、酒的精神内涵都是有差异性的。四、中西酒文化差异的原因。历史啊、民族啊、地理环境啊等等五、结论部分。通过研究这种差异性有啥积极作用或影响。最明显的影响肯定是有助于中西方文化交流。好了，大概就这么多，根据你的落脚点可以多方面发挥。。。。
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
My dream is to study abroad in the future. I amalways that kind of life can come true soon.
我的梦想是以后可以去留学。我总是希望那样的生活能早日成真。
But, before I realize my dream, I have to do somepreparation.
但是，在实现梦想之前，我得做一些准备工作。
I think the most important thing I need to do first is to adapt the life there.
我想我首先需要做的是适应那里的生活。
It is said that there is a big difference between the eastern and western culture.
据说东西方文化是有差异的。
If I know nothing, it is easy for me to have culture conflict.
如果我什么都不知道，很容易发生文化冲突。
It will put me into an embarrass place.
这会置我于一个尴尬的地方。
For example, dragon is the leader for all animals and it has holy good meaning in china.
例如，龙是在中国是万兽之王，有着无比神圣的意义。
But it means violence in the western country.
但是在西方国家则是暴力的象征。
I need to learn as much the cultural conflicts as possible to make my oversea life become easier.
我要尽量了解更多的文化冲突，这样我的留学生活才会变得更简单。
Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. This is true even as popular culture that has traditionally been considered Western begins to spread throughout China. Kung Fu, especially, has had a great impact on the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about other aspects of this culture, such as traditional operas like the Beijing and Sichuan ones. Asian nations have long known about the greatness of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are a mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted ideas such as Confucianism is something that continues today even as it is challenged by Pop Culture. This strength comes from the ideas given in the Four Books of Confucianism (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and The Book of Mencius). These books built upon the ideas of an even more ancient period codified in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns such things as Fengshui and other concepts that are uniquely Chinese. China has taken steps to further this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe.
The passage mainly tells us the importance of protecting traditional Chinese culture, which is challenged or facing extinction because of the developing society and changing lifestyle. Besides, China is nationwide sparing no efforts to do it.
The protection of national and folk culture is of great significance to Chinese cultural diversity and also to the harmonious development between local economic and social development. It is reported that the Guangdong government pays special attention to protecting Chaoju(潮剧)， a local drama born in Chaozhou in the eastern Guangdong province.
In my opinion, some measures should be taken to protect traditional culture effectively. To start with, we should make a law to regulate the society’s performance. Besides, we should draw more people’s attention to it, for the more they know about the importance of culture protection, the stronger the support we can get from the public.
In a word, it is high time for us to treasure and develop our own valuable culture.
这段主要告诉我们保护中国传统文化的重要性,这是挑战或面临灭绝,因为发展中社会和改变生活方式。此外,中国全国全力以赴去做。
保护国家和民间文化是中国文化的多样性具有十分重要的意义,也是地方经济和社会发展之间的和谐发展。据报道,广东省政府支付特别注意保护Chaoju(潮剧),一个当地的戏剧在潮州出生在广东省东部。
在我看来,应该采取一些措施来有效地保护传统文化。首先,我们应该做一个法律调节社会的表现。除此之外,我们应该吸引更多的人的关注,因为他们知道关于文化保护的重要性,更强的我们可以从公众的支持。
总之,是时候让我们珍惜和发展我们自己的有价值的文化。
Through I am a Chinese,I have some west country lived in China for many years, from their tone ,I know that there are many cultural difference between West and as difference of dinner manners……In west countries ,when people are having dinner ,if one of them want to go to a or she shoud say”Excuse me ,I want to go to the toilets…”Only in such a way can others think you are of good in the bathroom,you can relieve the bowels, wash you faces, refine the make-up ,pick your teeth and so you finished yourself,you can return to you wonderful dinner can be in China,there are some different of you want to have a bath,you shoud only say”I want to go to washroom”.That just means:I want to go out for a you finished you dinner ,you can also say:”Im full”That means:I am full ,help then ,you can go out to have a rest or just some of the difference of dinner manners in west and in we face it in the future ,don`t forget that!
Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankinds civilization to fill up with wear colourful the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting philosophy.
This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture.
There are many difference between China and America such as in the field of geography ,culture, language ,politics ,economy and education with the development of science and technology .The word get even more smaller ,the communication between them is more frequent . Our country, China absorbs the essence and doesn’t eliminate the bad thing . Because a proverb ever since said when the fresh air come in ,the flies will also accompany it . At times we may not determine our countries’ geography and culture . But the system of politics economy , especially family education can be decided by the individuals . As the main body of the education is parents’ child . Though each parent tries their best and strives to teach their children very well, there are still some problems in it . In order to tackle them, I’ll give some detailed analysis of the difference of family education between China and American.
Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankinds civilization to fill up with wear colourful the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting philosophy.
This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture.
Today, I visited the temple of yue temple with my father, mother, two uncle, two aunt and sister. Many people ah, this is our original traditional dengfeng temple fair, people dare to come here near the temple fair, I with the crowded traffic into the zhongyue temple, I see theres four iron man, tai mountain, west of huashan, mount hengshan, hen, the songshan, there are many buildings, buildings can be spectacular! I was playing with my sister. Zhongyue temple there are lots of little temple, the temple has a monk, in tapping the holding it with a wooden stick or iron bowl, in the way of walking, I said to himself: "great! This is something to write diary finally!" We walked for a long time of the YueMiao unknowingly came to end, I remember zhong miao seems to be at the end of a long, long small channel, where the gods look like grow can be strange! Some even wear tiger leather shoes and tiger skin towel, the appearance is really funny! My sister and I will be laughed and silly! Its a joy. Finally, we came to a very high, very large building, and my sister and I immediately ran up, and we played there for a while, and my parents shouted, "lets go!" "Play again!" We played a while, they waited impatiently, my father came up to urge us to go, we did not go, and also played hide-and-seek with him! Finally, were ready to go! When we got in the car, we went back to our respective homes.
Today, we have fun! Not only play very happy, but also I also know the traditional culture of the temple, I am so happy!
Feng Jicai, born in Tianjin in 1942, is a highly accomplished writer, known for his depictions of intellectuals lives and the historical stories of Tianjin, where he has been living for more than 40 years. In recent years, while serving as executive chairman of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, and chairman of the Tianjin Writers Association, Feng has dedicated most of his time and energy to the preservation of China’s ethnic and folk culture, trying to save the countrys vanishing cultural memories.
Feng frequently published articles in newspapers, explaining his aims and beliefs to the local residents. He wrote, "Cultural relics are dead, but culture is living in the historical buildings. A city without culture is a city without root."
In December 1999, Guyi Street, one of the oldest streets in Tianjin, was in the process of being demolished. On this street, built during the Yuan Dynasty, there were many famous shops, such as Qianxiangyi, Ruifuxiang, Shanxi Guild House, and the General Chamber of Commerce of Tianjin. Again, Feng called for volunteers to record the street on videotapes, and collect oral history from local residents. In February 2000, a set of postcards was published with Guyi Street as the theme, attracting long lines of purchasers. With Fengs efforts, the destruction plan for the street was finally changed, saving some of the buildings there.
Acting on Fengs proposal, a nationwide heritage rescue program launched a general survey of Chinas folk cultures in 2003, aiming to catalog village-level art, songs, legends, dress and folk customs before they die off with their practitioners. A wide range of methods were adopted, including text, audio and video recording as well as photography.
Two severe problems in the rescue program were the lack of cultural workers and funds. Feng sold his own paintings twice to raise funds for the foundation to support the investigation of fine arts folk legacies in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. Besides, he also calls for help from NGOs (非政府组织，非营利性组织) everywhere.
Feng was hired as a consultant of the State Council in 2008 for his outstanding contributions to the work of protecting cultural relics.
China is a cultural ancient country with a long history of more than 5,000 years. Chinas traditional culture is profound and profound, and we can see it everywhere in our life. The four treasures we use, the Chinese medicine we eat, the tea we drink; And the erhu, the flute that we played; The tang suit we wear, the porcelain we use, and so on. Our countrys traditional culture is numerous, can be seen everywhere.
Our country has a variety of traditional festivals, many things have various manners and customs, each place also has local and ethnic characteristics. And I like the traditional Chinese festivals best,
The Spring Festival can be a symbol of the blessings of peace and peace. We can worship relatives who have died in qingming festival. The Dragon Boat Festival can eat sweet and soft glutinous rice dumplings; The Mid-Autumn festival is the day when the whole family is reunited to eat moon cakes and enjoy the moon. The double ninth festival is a good day for climbing high and wearing dogwood... Of all the traditional festivals, I remember the Dragon Boat Festival most.
The Dragon Boat Festival is to commemorate the great patriotic poet qu yuan, the legend qu yuan was insulted by the emperor, who was so sad that he was so sad that he threw himself into the river that night. When the news came, people rushed to the river, and the boat was ready to bring back the body of qu yuan, but it could not be recovered. People are afraid that the body of qu yuan was eaten by fish and shrimp, and they dropped zongzi and made them eat zongzi. From now on, people will call this day Dragon Boat Festival, on this day, every family will make zongzi to eat, to commemorate this great patriotic poet!
Every traditional culture in our country has a historical background or a classic story. The traditional culture in China is very profound and profound.
从婚礼的细节
提到婚礼(wedding ceremony)，我们就容易想到新娘的服饰(wedding dress)、婚纱 (wedding veil)、新郎抱新娘过门槛(carrying the bride over the threshold)，结婚戒指(wedding ring)都是戴在左手的无名指上，新娘拿花、新娘站在新郎的左边等习俗，可是你了解这些习俗的起源吗?新娘服饰的习俗可追溯到维多利亚时代 (Victorian Times)，结婚时新娘穿的服饰与“某种旧的、新的、借来的和白色的东西”有关。因为旧的东西与新娘家族和她以往生活有联系。新的东西代表新娘未来的幸福新生活中能有好运和成功（good fortune and success）。结婚时穿戴借的东西能给婚姻带来好运，这可以是一件婚礼服、一块手帕、一件首饰。白色的东西被认为是纯洁和忠贞的象征。关于新娘披婚纱的习俗有两种解释。一是在包办婚姻的时代，新郎在婚礼上正式娶新娘前，新娘的脸都要盖起来，这样，等新郎看清新娘时，即使不喜欢她的容貌，也为时已晚了。另一种解释是，新娘佩带婚纱是为了在婚礼那天不被在空中游荡的邪恶鬼魂伤害。新郎抱新娘过门槛的习俗则源于罗马时代。那时的人们认为，如果新娘第一天进新家门槛时绊脚的话，将会带来厄运，把新娘抱过门槛就能避免此类事情的发生。结婚戴戒指的习俗，一般认为始于17世纪。在那时的婚礼上，牧师按顺序从左手食指摸起，边摸边说：“以圣父、圣子、圣灵的名义……(in the name of the Father， the Son and the Holy Spirit)”，刚好摸到无名指。新娘拿花(carrying flowers)的习惯起源于古时。人们觉得香味浓郁的花草或香料可以驱除邪恶的鬼魂、厄运和疾病。到了维多利亚时代，当情人们通过互送鲜花来传达各自不同的情意时，花便有了更多的含义。如苹果花(apple blossom)代表“好事的到来(better things to come)”；红色的玫瑰代表“我爱你”；白色的玫瑰代表“纯洁”；勿忘我(forget-me-not)是“真挚的爱情和记忆(true love and remembrance)”。至于新娘站在新郎左边则是很有趣的说法。古时候抢婚成风，新郎用左手护住未来的新娘的同时，还必须腾出右手，用剑打败并赶走其他想抢她为妻的人。虽然今天人们对这些习俗习以为常，但了解这些古老的文化传统是很有意思的。西方婚礼仪式之后看西方电影的婚礼镜头时，总对婚礼过后那对新人穿过林荫丛，坐进敞蓬小车双双绝尘而去的镜头羡墓不已。最近看到一篇文章，才知道其中留下的还有很多讲究。在仪式结束时，牧师祝贺新婚夫妇。管风琴开始演奏退场音乐。新娘从伴娘手中拿过花束。如果戴着面纱，此时应该打开。如果作过决定，新娘和新郎接吻。新娘右手拿鲜花，和新郎转过身来。或者新娘的左手穿过新郎的右臂，或者手挽手，二人走下台阶。花童和托戒指的男孩，伴娘和伴郎一起走。然后，傧相和引导随后，两人一对。如果在冬天，仪式前，引导或伴郎会在更衣室为新郎穿上外衣，这样一来就不必在仪式结束后去取衣服。在大门口，已经有人为新娘准备好外衣。尽管进入时是单独走，出来时傧相可以和引导两人一起走。这具有象征意义，有效仿新娘，新郎来时单独来，走时一起走的意思。在仪式其间，一直呆在教堂后面的摄影师，此时可以在两位新人沿通道返回时，拍下这对幸福的人。汽车等在入口处。如果迎宾队列在招待会会上组成，此时伴郎可以帮助新婚夫妇坐进新娘的汽车。这辆车先走，然后是傧相的，然后是新娘父母的，然后是新郎父母的。如果没有租高级大轿车，伴郎将担任新婚夫妇的司机。话题先回到教堂里，退场式一结束，两名引导就回去，首先是新娘的母亲，然后是新郎的母亲到门口。如果新娘和新郎的母亲更愿意和他们的丈夫一起走，他们可以这样做，跟随着前来陪同她们的引导一起出门。大多数人婚礼上，只有两位新人母亲由引导陪同。而她们的丈夫则由其他女人的陪同和他们一起出门。在预留长凳上的其他人自己走。按从前排到后排的顺序。当丝带撤走，示意可以离开座位时，客人可以离开，前面和后面的客人可以一起走，如果还没有支付牧师费用，此时伴郎可以赶回礼拜室做完这件事。陪同新婚夫妇的父母离开，撤走丝带，引导们就可以离开，赶往招待会，为摄影帮忙。他们的小汽车或交通工具应当停在方便的地方，以免被离开的客人堵住。 （以上来自百度。）
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西方婚礼文化，提到婚礼(wedding ceremony)，我们就容易想到新娘的服饰(wedding dress)、婚纱 (wedding veil)、新郎抱新娘过门槛(carrying the bride over the threshold)，结婚戒指(wedding ring)都是戴在左手的无名指上，新娘拿花、新娘站在新郎的左边等习俗。新娘服饰的习俗可追溯到维多利亚时代 (Victorian Times)，结婚时新娘穿的服饰与“某种旧的、新的、借来的和白色的东西”有关。因为旧的东西与新娘家族和她以往生活有联系。新的东西代表新娘未来的幸福新生活中能有好运和成功（good fortune and success）。结婚时穿戴借的东西能给婚姻带来好运，这可以是一件婚礼服、一块手帕、一件首饰。白色的东西被认为是纯洁和忠贞的象征。关于新娘披婚纱的习俗有两种解释。一是在包办婚姻的时代，新郎在婚礼上正式娶新娘前，新娘的脸都要盖起来，这样，等新郎看清新娘时，即使不喜欢她的容貌，也为时已晚了。另一种解释是，新娘佩带婚纱是为了在婚礼那天不被在空中游荡的邪恶鬼魂伤害。新郎抱新娘过门槛的习俗则源于罗马时代。那时的人们认为，如果新娘第一天进新家门槛时绊脚的话，将会带来厄运，把新娘抱过门槛就能避免此类事情的发生。结婚戴戒指的习俗，一般认为始于17世纪。在那时的婚礼上，牧师按顺序从左手食指摸起，边摸边说：“以圣父、圣子、圣灵的名义……(in the name of the Father， the Son and the Holy Spirit)”，刚好摸到无名指。新娘拿花(carrying flowers)的习惯起源于古时。人们觉得香味浓郁的花草或香料可以驱除邪恶的鬼魂、厄运和疾病。到了维多利亚时代，当情人们通过互送鲜花来传达各自不同的情意时，花便有了更多的含义。如苹果花(apple blossom)代表“好事的到来(better things to come)”；红色的玫瑰代表“我爱你”；白色的玫瑰代表“纯洁”；勿忘我(forget-me-not)是“真挚的爱情和记忆(true love and remembrance)”。至于新娘站在新郎左边则是很有趣的说法。古时候抢婚成风，新郎用左手护住未来的新娘的同时，还必须腾出右手，用剑打败并赶走其他想抢她为妻的人。中西方婚礼文化差异摘要：婚礼作为文化的一个有机组成部分，也是一个人一生中最为重要的仪式之一，它在中西方不同文化熏陶下也逐渐的呈现出了不同的婚俗习惯，因而这些差异也明显的体现着中西方文化的不同。本文旨在对中西方婚礼的地点、着装、礼仪、婚宴的差异进行比较。关键词：婚礼文化地点着装婚俗内涵 婚礼，是一个温暖的词汇，它开启了情侣通往幸福婚姻的一扇门，执子之手与子偕老的佳话从此刻被书写。伴随婚礼的是各样多彩的婚庆习俗，这是由于不同的文化背景造成的。现在就让我们一起来探究一下中西方文化的差异。（一） 中西方婚礼地点差异作为人们一生最重要的日子之一，作为一对幸福恋人新的起点，中国人的婚礼是隆重热闹的。古代的时候，人们会在自己家里或是酒楼里摆上酒席以宴请亲朋好友作为新人的见证。在当代中国，新人一般会邀请亲朋好友去酒店或是宾馆。会在酒店宾馆里将排场弄得很大，突显婚礼隆重、热闹的特点。而在西方，人们的婚礼一般是在教堂或者是其他比较安静的地方举行，井井有条，不像中国婚礼般热闹。西方的婚礼突出庄重和圣洁，追求浪漫与实在的结合。（二） 中西方婚礼着装差异中国传统婚礼进行时新郎和新娘具着红色的礼服。中国人的婚礼离不开红色，习惯以鲜艳的颜色来烘托气氛。因此，历朝女式婚服颜色为大红色已成了定制，以示喜庆，衬托新人，预示未来生活蒸蒸日上，幸福美满。 新娘礼服为广袖对襟翟衣，头戴珠凤冠。值得说明的是，翟衣上面的图案很有讲究。对襟本身就有完整的对称感，且在中国文化里本身就代表合称、合美的意思，而上面密布的左右对称且成双成对的锦鸡图案，则象征着中国传统文化里夫妻生活的和美、和乐。 一般新娘在婚礼当天高挽发髻，区别于未婚女子。而在婚礼当天，新娘子以红色头盖蒙面，象征着童贞、年轻、纯洁。结婚后由新郎亲手揭开。而西方的新娘则穿白色的礼服。自罗马时代开始，白色象征欢庆。1850年到1900年之间，白色亦是富贵的象征。到了本世纪初，白色所代表的纯洁意义更远超其他。西方认为白色与童贞有关。古罗马的新娘穿着白色的婚纱，蒙着鲜橙黄色的面纱，象征着激情的火焰。在西方的天主教传统里，白色代表着快乐；其他一些地区，白色在他们的婚礼和葬礼里指示各种各样的通路典礼和意义在维多利亚女王时代，大多数的新娘只能穿传统的国家服装，只有上层阶级才能穿代表权力和身份的白色婚纱。一直到近代，贵族阶级的特权消失以后，白色的婚纱才成为普通新娘的礼服。（三） 中西方文化婚俗差异中国的传统婚俗有“三书六礼”“三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓“三书”，就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。而“六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。而在这之间更有换庚谱、过文定、过大礼、安床等一系列的活动。而在这些活动中有着大量的禁忌和礼俗，比如新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀、痰盂、尺、片糖、银包皮带、花瓶、铜盆及鞋、龙凤被、床单及枕头一对、两双用红绳捆着的筷子及碗、七十二套衣服，用扁柏、莲子、龙眼及利是伴着（丰衣足食）等物，每样物品都有其不同的含义。同时，在婚礼进行时也有一定的顺序，按一般的情况，在整个婚礼过程中有：祭祖、出发、燃炮、等待新郎、讨喜、拜别、出门、礼车、掷扇、燃炮、摸橘子、牵新娘、喜宴、送客、闹洞房、三朝回门。由此可以见到我国文化的繁琐，但不要以为繁琐是我国婚礼的特有特征，其实，不同国家虽然有不同的婚俗，但从繁复的细节与用品的喻意，都可见对婚姻的尊重和期许无分国界。在西方国家中，婚礼时有旧、新、借、蓝等习俗。旧是指母亲传下来之婚纱，头饰或首饰，代表承受美好的一切；新是指朋友送的礼物如裙子，饰物，象征新的生活；借是指可向任何人借东西回来，据说从富裕亲友借来金或银放在鞋内，象征带来财运；蓝是指新娘的一些小饰物或花束用蓝色，意味着新娘的纯洁及贞洁。而在进行婚礼时，西方亦有大量的习俗。比如，在结婚时新娘总要带着一方手帕，西方人认为白手帕象征好运。根据民俗说法，农夫认为新娘在磨擦婚当天所流下的泪能使天降甘露，滋润家作物。后来，新娘在新婚汉天流泪，就变成她将有幸福婚姻的好兆头。而在婚礼典礼时，新娘总是站在新郎的左边，据说，古时候，盎格鲁撒克逊的新郎必须保护新娘子免得被别人抢走。在结婚典礼时，新郎让新娘站在自己左边，一旦情敌出现，就可以立即挥出配带于右边的剑，吓退敌人。在进行结婚晚宴时，要特别定制结婚蛋糕，根据历史记载，自罗马时代开始，婚礼结束时，人们会在新娘头上折断一条面包的材料----小麦象征生育能力，面包屑则代表着幸运。新人必须以糖霜，就形成今天的结婚蛋糕了。由此可见，西方的婚俗并不比中方简洁。(四) 中西方婚礼内涵差异 著名民俗学家高巍认为，传统婚姻的很多仪式中都体现了中国向往“天地人和谐”的哲学，以及人们祈福迎祥的文化心理事。因为传统意义上的婚姻不仅仅关系到结婚的双方当事人，而是两个家族和全社会的。需要通过一系列仪式反映婚姻庄重，引起当事人和亲属朋友对婚姻本身的重视。其背后蕴含着对天地人融合的观念。请亲友来证明婚姻本身的正式和庄重，不是随意的，这和重视人与人的和谐结合在一起。由于婚姻的产生，使得二人的家庭形成姻亲关系。仪式可以体现家长在家庭中的地位。仪式结束时，新郎新娘要把敬神的钱粮和裱文都要放到钱粮盆中拿到院里焚化。随着火焰、纸灰升腾，此时鞭炮齐鸣，锣鼓喧天，表示已经得到了“天”的认可。国人敬天，这和农业社会生产水平有关。当时必须以家族为纽带，和自然形成共同生活的原则。因此只有天人合一、和谐关系，人才能够丰衣足食。再比如，传统婚礼中有很多装饰性的器物，以及语言禁忌、参与人的禁忌。像喜娘伴郎不能由鳏寡孤独者担任。这并不像庸俗化解释中说的那样是担心“不吉利”影响新人，而是因为在传统观念中，鳏寡孤独恰恰表现了一种不和谐，不圆满，和仪式中象天地祈福的初衷是相反的。因此有了这样的禁忌。传统婚礼中多用的乐器也反映了“和谐”的思想，以及对“天”的重视。锣鼓、唢呐、笙都是以响声明亮为主的，婚礼上的音乐也不是文人的自娱自乐，而是要表达人的声音，声音大才能让“天”知道，同时反映婚姻本身的隆重。参与者在四面大鼓，两面开道锣的巨大声响中能够感受到灵魂的净化作用。人在天地间生活，要与天地和谐，也要与人和谐。中国人的祈福迎祥，也就是这样一种社会文化心理的反映。而在西方是神前的婚礼。神的认知和庇护下求得永恒，并依照上帝的约定尊崇教义对婚姻的理解和规定。延伸到承诺和彼此生命赋予对方的神圣。宗教对人们心灵的掌控根深蒂固，信奉宗教的人们不容易对各种教义规定的教条敢于反叛和摒弃，特别是关于对婚姻的界定和教义阐述让信教的男女惟命是从，不敢越雷池半步，因为不止有教会家庭对他们的约束更有来自于心灵深处对神上帝的敬畏。从新郎新娘在婚礼上的教义讲解和誓词中都能找到佐证。婚姻是一种盟约，盟约又意味着一种结合，圣经说“因此，人要离开父母与妻子连合，二人成为一体”.耶稣也教导我们“夫妻不再是两个人，乃是一体的了，所以神所配合的，人不可分开”。