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象征主义论文摘要万能模板

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象征主义论文摘要万能模板

what we ever sasid will never forgot by us.

坚毅顽强的个体,与命运的抗争,融入自然,同时又以强大的精神去驾驭自然,却不能摆脱人做作为一个渺小个体的宿命,同时也是人类的宿命。有战斗,有胜利,有悲愤,最终一切都将归于平淡。

In 19th century symbolism is produced in literature and art movement of intelligentsia in Paris, and the influence of the 20th century, the development of aesthetics, and played a certain role. This movement mainly in France and Europe's other cultural center also have some adherents, such as Germany, Belgium, etc. Symbolism symbolism, and divided into before after symbolism. Before the symbolism of the nineteenth century, produced in France's poetry genres. Representative character is: WeiErLun baudelaire, Malawi, bo and beauty. Baudelaire sonnets Correspondences of the first proposed guys with the famous "symbol" Theory. Late 19th and early 20th century symbolism extend from France, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy, Russia and other countries and regions, develop international literary trend, and in the 1920s, known as the climax period symbolism. In France, Austria viding in Ireland, Kerr Yeats and American poet is reserved for main representative. They inherited the symbolism of the development of the traditional symbolism, make more perfect, more and more rich connotation of modernist trend. The symbolism and can be divided into three stages: baudelaire before starting period symbolism. In this period, France's first prose poet's bell, Nanotubes igbokwe, poet essayist was a famous American poet and LeiYaMeng and introducing Allan POE. They and poetry theory has to baudelaire and later a large provided the poet's happened, but also become truly "poetry. The second phase is baudelaire period. Baudelaire not but the ancestor of symbolism, Is the pioneer of the modernist literature, we took him this one phase called pioneer period symbolism. The third stage is the baudelaire after the three important a poet: WeiErLun, Latin America, bo. We call this period for the symbolism of the orthodox. Because of their personal efforts, 3 to 19 century symbolism of unprecedented upsurge appeared. France, from the seraphim, essien and above all poets such as elias morey has joined symbolism. With the creation of symbolism gimmick, formed a kind of poem to drown the disintegration of the romantic has gained in popularity with the pearl, send in the pattern. After the 1890s, poetry and began to spread to western European and north American countries, where to find many companion. "Those who became the 1920s in the symbolism of the backbone. But, in France, after the summit, the symbolism immediately began to decline. In 1891, provided the author "literature" morey azriel, and provided from the first announced a so-called "advocated" Roman literature, trying to regain his ancestors of the Greek and Roman tradition of ancient literature. Then, bo, WeiErLun respectively, Latin America, 1896, 1891, 1898, many other provided poet died in selecting new development direction, no longer follow symbolism artistic standard. The symbolism as 70 literary schools, to the 19th century has actually disintegration. But the symbolism, as a kind of literary and artistic ideas, its influence has been deeply rooted in France. But because of the famous poet and Latin America, symbolism in 19th century French GuoJieXian across to Western Europe, North America, to expand in the 1920s, and rise after the symbolism. Late 19th and early 20th century symbolism extend from France, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy, Russia and other countries and regions, develop international literary trend, and in the 1920s, become the climax period symbolism. In France, Austria viding in Ireland, Kerr Yeats and American poet is reserved for main representative. They inherited the symbolism of the development of the traditional symbolism, make more perfect, more and more rich connotation of modernist trend. Its main characteristic is: create sick "beauty", the highest "real" inside, use symbol in the illusion, built in musical images, increase meditation effect.

19th century symbolism is produced in literature and art movement of intelligentsia in Paris, and the influence of the 20th century, the development of aesthetics, and played a certain role. This movement mainly in France and Europe's other cultural center also have some adherents, such as Germany, Belgium, etc. Symbolism symbolism, and divided into before after symbolism. Before the symbolism of the nineteenth century, produced in France's poetry genres. Representative character is: WeiErLun baudelaire, Malawi, bo and beauty. Baudelaire sonnets Correspondences of the first proposed guys with the famous "symbol" Theory. Late 19th and early 20th century symbolism extend from France, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy, Russia and other countries and regions, develop international literary trend, and in the 1920s, known as the climax period symbolism. In France, Austria viding in Ireland, Kerr Yeats and American poet is reserved for main representative. They inherited the symbolism of the development of the traditional symbolism, make more perfect, more and more rich connotation of modernist trend. The symbolism and can be divided into three stages: baudelaire before starting period symbolism. In this period, France's first prose poet's bell, Nanotubes igbokwe, poet essayist was a famous American poet and LeiYaMeng and introducing Allan POE. They and poetry theory has to baudelaire and later a large provided the poet's happened, but also become truly "poetry. The second phase is baudelaire period. Baudelaire not but the ancestor of symbolism, Is the pioneer of the modernist literature, we took him this one phase called pioneer period symbolism. The third stage is the baudelaire after the three important a poet: WeiErLun, Latin America, bo. We call this period for the symbolism of the orthodox. Because of their personal efforts, 3 to 19 century symbolism of unprecedented upsurge appeared. France, from the seraphim, essien and above all poets such as elias morey has joined symbolism. With the creation of symbolism gimmick, formed a kind of poem to drown the disintegration of the romantic has gained in popularity with the pearl, send in the pattern. After the 1890s, poetry and began to spread to western European and north American countries, where to find many companion. "Those who became the 1920s in the symbolism of the backbone. But, in France, after the summit, the symbolism immediately began to decline. In 1891, provided the author "literature" morey azriel, and provided from the first announced a so-called "advocated" Roman literature, trying to regain his ancestors of the Greek and Roman tradition of ancient literature. Then, bo, WeiErLun respectively, Latin America, 1896, 1891, 1898, many other provided poet died in selecting new development direction, no longer follow symbolism artistic standard. The symbolism as 70 literary schools, to the 19th century has actually disintegration. But the symbolism, as a kind of literary and artistic ideas, its influence has been deeply rooted in France. But because of the famous poet and Latin America, symbolism in 19th century French GuoJieXian across to Western Europe, North America, to expand in the 1920s, and rise after the symbolism. Late 19th and early 20th century symbolism extend from France, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy, Russia and other countries and regions, develop international literary trend, and in the 1920s, become the climax period symbolism. In France, Austria viding in Ireland, Kerr Yeats and American poet is reserved for main representative. They inherited the symbolism of the development of the traditional symbolism, make more perfect, more and more rich connotation of modernist trend. Its main characteristic is: create sick "beauty", the highest "real" inside, use symbol in the illusion, built in musical images, increase meditation effect.全部都是简单句~

多边主义论文摘要万能模板

举办中国国际进口博览会,这是一项伟大创举。中国正在以自己的行动践行构建人类命运共同体理念,为世界的和平发展作出更大贡献。

近十年来,中国在推动全球化中扮演的角色,带来了新的思考和探索。俄罗斯科学院世界经济与国际关系研究所所长沃洛托夫斯基·根里霍维奇院士说,未来已来,多极化的世界会带来更多变化,不同经济体之间将高度相互依存,形成竞争合作。全球各国都希望能有个好的国际合作机制,更稳定、更可靠地推动全球经济发展,而中国在这当中所做的努力和作用是显著的、有目共睹的。

扩展资料:

人类命运共同体,其包含着共商、共建、共享原则,将有助于克服全球治理问题的高度复杂性和不确定性,有助于超越以往国家秩序构建中的竞争思想和博弈思维,以合作共赢来改革完善国际政治经济秩序的政策目标,这是推进和解决全球治理问题的根本,财政部原副部长朱光耀在发言中这样解读。

朱光耀说,经过70年艰苦奋斗,特别是经过改革开放40多年快速发展,中国已成为世界第二大经济体,并对世界的和平与发展事业作出了更大贡献。中国已将发展同各国的外交关系和经济文化交流,推动构建人类命运共同体的重要政策目标,写入中华人民共和国宪法,这是中国行动的指南,也是对世界的庄严承诺。当下中国已经与150多个国家和国际组织签署共建“一带一路”协议,政策沟通、设施联通、贸易畅通、资金融通、民心相通,推动构建人类命运共同体。

参考资料来源:

石家庄新闻网-中国构建人类命运共同体的实际行动

什么是多边主义呢?美国学者约翰·鲁杰曾经有一个经典的定义,即多边主义是一种在广义的行动原则基础上协调三个或者更多国家之间关系的制度。他同时强调:这一术语的定义意味着合作。因此,通俗地说,多边主义就是协商一致、合作治理、互利共赢;“真正的多边主义”,其最终目的就是走团结合作之路。

那么,在践行多边主义方面,中国采取了哪些行动呢?

中国非常重视联合国、世界贸易组织、二十国集团等多边组织,坚定维护以联合国为核心的国际体系。中国是联合国创始会员国和安理会常任理事国,是第一个在《联合国宪章》上签字的国家,至今已加入了几乎所有政府间国际组织和500多项国际公约,而且从不退群毁约,也不要求别国选边站队,更从不拖欠联合国等任何国际组织会费。

2021年是中国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)20周年。20年来,中国全面履行入世承诺,已成为世界上开放程度最高的国家之一,成为全球第二大经济体、第一大货物贸易国和第一大外资吸收国。

此外,1986年加入亚洲开发银行;1991年加入亚太经合组织;1999年加入20国集团(G20)。2001年6月15日,上海合作组织(简称上合组织)在上海成立,这是第一个中国作为创始国参与、并以中国城市命名的国际组织。2021年是上海合作组织成立20周年。20年来,上合组织已发展为维护世界和平与稳定的重要力量。

比如,组织推进了朝核六方会谈,会谈于2003年8月27日开始,到2007年9月30日为止,共举行过六轮会谈;举办上合会议(上海合作组织成员国政府首脑理事会);举办金砖会议(金砖国家峰会,由巴西、俄罗斯、印度、南非和中国五个国家召开的会议);2012年,中国—中东欧国家合作(“16+1合作”)正式启动,2019年,希腊作为正式成员加入了中国—中东欧国家合作,“16+1合作”升级为“17+1合作”,中国与中东欧国家合作不断加深。2012年,包括中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚、新西兰和东盟十国共15方成员制定了《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》(RCEP)等。

在事关全球发展与和平的行动,中国都成为不可或缺的参与方和贡献方。比如,在经济恢复、解决全球变暖等气候问题、推进多边抗疫合作、防范恐怖主义、联合国维和行动等方面,中国一直在贡献力量。中国已经成为联合国第二大会费与维和摊款国,也是派出维和人员最多的常任理事国。

2013年9月和10月,中国分别提出建设“新丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的合作倡议,简称“一带一路”,旨在借用古代丝绸之路的历史符号,高举和平发展的旗帜,积极发展与沿线国家的经济合作伙伴关系,共同打造政治互信、经济融合、文化包容的利益共同体、命运共同体和责任共同体。2015年,中国倡导建立了亚洲基础设施投资银行(简称亚投行)。此外,在新冠疫情防控广泛开展多边合作;在气候变化领域承诺力争2030年碳排放达到峰值、努力争取2060年实现碳中和等。

多边主义的精髓就在于尊重多样性。每个国家都有自己与他国不同的独特文化,都要走符合自身国情的发展道路,同时也都需要平等的权利、平等的机会、平等的规则。

联合国有193个成员国,其实就是同一条船上的193个水手,必须和衷共济,通力协作,共同团结在多边主义的旗帜下,真正树立命运共同体的意识,只有这样,才能真正实现和平与发展。

浅论国际贸易环境对我国贸易策略的影响摘要:近十几年来,全球贸易量取得了惊人的跨越式增长,而自由贸易与环境的关系问题也日趋尖锐。一方面,许多发达国家利用不对等的贸易和投资手段从发展中国家攫取大量战略性资源,却造成这些国家境内生态环境的严重失调;另一方面,一味地追求贸易扩张、资金积累和工业化又实际加剧了全球环境的恶化。环境效应对贸易的“挤压”性制约日益上升为国际贸易发展的焦点。在此背景下,引入环境变量,促进贸易策略的可持续性便成为实现我国对外贸易科学发展的必然之路。关键词:国际贸易 贸易环境 贸易策略一、贸易的环境效应传统贸易理论与实践往往集中关注贸易量差、国家福利等方面,常常忽视环境这一重要变量,如以比较利益为基础的李嘉图理论及赫克歇尔-俄林(H-O)的要素禀赋理论均未考虑到贸易可能引发的环境外部性问题。依照这些理论,自由的国际贸易会实现帕累托意义上的经济效率,满足社会需求并增进国民福利。然而,这一观点只是在静态条件和未出现市场失灵的情况下才具有一定合理性,若加入贸易活动可能引发的环境负效应情况要复杂的多。研究和实践表明,一定条件下一国发展某些比较优势的贸易活动可能会给它国带来环境损害,如跨过河流上游国家砍伐森林以推动林业相关产品出口将造成土地沙化和水土流失,从而会严重损害下游国家出口型农业所依赖的环境,导致以邻为壑,破坏国际贸易发展的基础。经济合作和发展组织(OECD)认为,贸易对环境的影响主要集中在4个方面:同产品和服务的交换有关的产品效应;同市场和经济活动扩张有关的规模效应;同生产和消费活动的分布及强度有关的结构效应;同贸易政策和环境政策有关的法规效应。所以这些效应均会对地区生态环境产生长短期的持续作用,进而反转影响贸易利益及国民福利。以出口为例,由于工业污染密度下降的可能性有限,而出口增长弹性却较大,负的规模效果常常要大于正的结构和技术效果,在一定的生产力发展水平下,一国过度出口往往对环境不利,如资源性产品的跨国贸易常常以资源不合理或过度开发为背景,野生动植物资源及矿产资源产品的盲目出口更极易破坏平衡的生态环境,而当代盛行的转基因产品贸易已日益被证实背后隐藏着不少环境风险。此外,从各国政府贸易政策来看,当今国际贸易中凸显的绿色壁垒、环境关税,一方面反映了贸易保护主义发展的新形式,但另一方面亦侧面反映出不恰当的贸易活动将危害到人类和动植物的健康安全,危害到全球生态环境的可持续发展。二、中国进出口贸易中的环境困境(一)、贸易出口中的环境问题自上世纪80年代初改革开放以来,我国出口贸易增长极为迅速,出口依存度一直保持较高水平。但是,在过去相当长的一段时间里,出口创汇的单向需求促使我国出口实施了高投入、高消耗、低效益的数量型模式,所造成的资源浪费、环境破坏触目惊心。1、生物资源破坏就外贸出口而言,由于环境污染和生态平衡受到破坏,一些生物资源因盲目、无节制的捕杀和开采,数量大为减少,相关衍生品质量下降,出口货源已经或濒临耗竭,如盲目出口野生动植物,破坏了地区生态平衡,生物多样性受到严重影响;还导致产区土地沙化、荒漠化;而名贵中药材出口对资源的破坏更为严重,某些地区人参、杜仲、天麻、砂仁等因采挖过度已濒临绝迹。2、矿产资源损耗矿物资源的盲目出口导致盲目开采,不仅因此破坏了宝贵的矿产资源,也使生态环境急剧恶化,一些矿物在选炼过程中释放出有毒物质或放射性物质,严重污染并威胁到环境和成品。一方面,资源密集型产品在生产过程中能耗较大,投入自然资源高于产出水平,使原本稀缺资源更加稀缺。另一方面,高污染产品在生产过程中常具有不经济性,而这一类的产品,如化工、农药、制革、印染等出口却占全部出口额较大比重,尤其是一些外向型乡镇企业盲目开发高污染产品的出口,给生态环境造成严重隐患。(二)、贸易进口中的环境问题1、资源消耗型产品进口国家统计显示,近年来我国进口商品中初级产品的总量在波动中减少,而矿物燃料、润滑油及其他有关原料的进口无论从绝对量还是从所占份额都在增加;尤其是石油天然气工业产品的进口正快速增长。自1993年起,中国由石油净出口国变为净进口国,随着油气需求每年的扩充,中国对国际原油市场的依赖程度加大。据国际能源署(IEA)最新估计,到2010年我国石油进口将达到8000万至1亿吨,净进口率达41%。这种趋势既对国内贸易产生巨大影响,也将加剧我国环境问题。2、易污染型产品进口进口氟氯烃和使用氟氯烃的空调器、冰箱等产品,加重了我国环境压力,尤其是国家淘汰此类破坏臭氧物质的难度。此外,进口化肥、塑料薄膜等形成了新的二次污染。特别是氮肥易使地面水富营养化,造成赤潮,使近海生态平衡受到威胁,而最终失去农业价值的塑料薄膜则在自然界中难以分解,形成白色污染。3、废弃物转移进口近年来,发达国家和地区以直接贸易形式向中国大陆转移废弃物的事件相当严重,2006年从美国、日本和香港入境的占进口总量的、和。另据报道,仅英国在2003年就向中国出口有毒废弃物吨,价值约1155万英磅。这些有毒废弃物种类繁多,主要是有色金属废渣、电池、旧衣物,甚至含放射性废物,其再生过程已对使用地环境造成了极大的污染。此外,有些外国企业将国外淘汰的、严重污染环境的、禁止使用的产品及技术和设备以旧顶新、以次充好,通过投资方式转移进口至中国,这类投资实质上是有毒废弃物越境转移的另一种隐蔽方式,同样严重破坏了我国生态环境。三、我国贸易科学发展的环境策略实现我国贸易发展的可持续性,必须恰当地引入环境变量,将环境因素纳入政府贸易政策规划的视域范围。在当代全球贸易环境经历深刻变化,“绿色浪潮”汹涌之际,环境效应对促进我国对外贸易可持续发展显得尤为紧迫。(一)、确立环境出口导向、全面推行环境标准制度出口的规模、速度及质量关系到一国国际收支和产业竞争力,在当前我国出口面临持续性“刚性”顺差但总体附加值不高,频频遭受“绿色壁垒”及倾销诉讼的现实条件下,企业必须彻底扭转传统环境规避的贸易观,确立环境出口导向,将出口产品导入更多的环境质量因子,使之成为产品核心竞争力之一。政府及相关质检部门应积极引导各类企业将环保作为生产经营的重要价值取向,促使环境指标和其它质量指标一起构成优质产品的内涵,大力宣传彰显优质品牌中的环境优势,通过树立若干环境“标杆”型贸易产品带动相关产业部门的转型提升;此外,努力改善出口贸易商品结构,将环保产品提升为国家出口产业结构的重要组成部分,借助财政、税收、金融等优惠政策培植环境型规模经济,[2] 对出口型绿色产业的孵化发展尤其要给予特殊的政策扶持,努力形成企业与社会收集绿色信息、制定绿色计划、开发绿色产品、从事绿色营销、开辟绿色渠道、发展绿色消费的风尚。鉴于当代国际贸易中突显的环境标准效应,我国必须全面加强与国际环境标准管理制度相衔接的标准认证。首先,要积极推行ISO 14000国际标准认证制度,完整对出口产品从设计、生产到回收过程中绿色方案的施行步骤;其次,积极实施环境标准制,使出口产品在环境认证基础上扩大对环境标准的适应能力;再次,大力拓展与我国主要贸易伙伴国之间在标识认证领域的合作,推进环境标识的多边认可,同时努力扩大标准制订层面的国际发言权,减少不合理的环境壁垒。(二)、坚定可持续型进口观、规范贸易类投资准入进口是一国对外贸易体系中不容忽视的重要一极。受历史产业结构和传统贸易政策影响,我国贸易活动中一度存在“重出口轻进口”的倾向,对进口的战略性地位和发展层次的认识相对薄弱,进口中的环境观念更是鲜有涉及。2007年,针对贸易持续性顺差导致的一系列问题,国家商务部明确提出了“扩大进口、优化结构”的口号,同时将环境因素置于政策调整的视域范围,这对于全面理性地开展国际贸易具有重要意义。可持续性进口要求立足国家环境安全的战略高度,根据国家产业政策和生物健康标准积极引进环境友好型的产品、技术与设备,尤其要积极引进有利于改善生态环境质量的环境产品如污染防治技术及设施,使之成为促进我国环境良性发展的重要驱动力;建立有利于环境保护的进口商品结构,坚决禁止有害废物的进口,对拆船业和废钢、废纸进口要实行专营;严格禁止有害于世界生物多样性的野生动植物的进口;严格管制有害于生态环境的商品进口;加快禁止消耗臭氧层的受控物质及其制品的进口。贸易类投资是我国吸引国外投资结构中重要组成部门,其主要用于以进出口为目标贸易产品的开发、生产、加工外销,受发达国家和地区产业结构的调整,我国在该领域吸纳的外资量近年来不断呈快速增长之势。着眼于国内现实,在今后的贸易类引资过程中,我国应将环境要素置于更为突出的位置,严把引资关口,鼓励引导外资投入到有利于环境效益提升的产业和产品生产中,如清洁能源、交通、农业、有机食品、生态林业、绿色包装等,大力加强企业环境成本的核算,更加关注环境与外资的协调,更加着力提高外资使用的环境效益,、促使我国贸易类引资向内涵型、集约型、环境友好型方向转变。(三)、建立环境税收制、培育环境贸易示范区国际贸易活动中对环境的漠视并引发的诸多环境问题很大一部分源于环境的公共性特征、企业没有将环境成本置于其生产经营总成本框架中,缺乏环境成本内部化的激励和动机,导致高消耗高污染、私人成本较低而社会成本较高的产品在高额利润刺激下盲目发展,现代税收制能够一定程度上弥补这一缺失。经济学理论及西方实践表明,市场经济下税收具有有效的杠杆调节效应,环境税是纠正市场失灵,消除外部性,促进环境良性发展、引导企业从事环境标的生产和经营的有益税种。[3] 着眼于科学发展的时代要求,我国应尽早启动环境税收制,从重点污染源和易于征管的课征对象入手,按照产业特点分门别类征收级差性税收,对不利于环境贸易产品的生产、经营尤其要加强环税调控功能,以促使环境成本内部化,鼓励企业大力发展“清洁生产”和“绿色贸易”。据经济预测,2010年全球环境贸易将达6000-10000亿美元。面对这一趋势和现今我国环境贸易现状,若有重点地选择基础条件好的地区发展环境产业,建立环境贸易基地,则可以创造成果,积累经验,辐射国内外,从战略上推动环境贸易发展的大局。鉴于各类经济开发区日益成为我国进出口贸易生产企业大量聚集的现实,政府应积极加快区内产业结构的调整优化进程,推动环境贸易示范区建设。要建立开发区贸易条例法规,制定绿色-有机产品贸易管理法,全面推广ISO 14000环境管理体系认证,取消限制类污染密集型产业和项目的优惠政策,鼓励可持续型贸易企业落户并给予特殊优惠,如退税扶持、保证优先进出口经营权、为出口信贷和产品认证设立“绿色通道”等;要建立贸易与环境信息反馈中心和数据库,收集、跟踪国际及我国主要贸易对象国相关有影响的环境措施,整合职能部门、行业协会、专家学者对区内环保体系进行研究评议,逐步形成开发区资源与环境商品化、价格合理化、消耗资源与破坏环境有偿化的良性机制,推动企业对外贸易经营的可持续之路。(四)、拓展国际合作空间、增强环境贸易主动性贸易的可持续发展是当今国际社会共同关注的问题,亦是建立国际经济新秩序的重要组成部分。鉴于可持续发展已上升为国家战略,我国应积极加入贸易与环境问题的双边及多边谈判,利用WTO舞台努力促成相关贸易与环境协议的达成;在环境检测方面,力争使部分资质佳的专业检验机构通过国际认证并获取可直接颁发国际绿色通行证的权威授权,成为有关国际组织的正式成员。[4]作为世界上最大的发展中国家,我国有责任推进国际有效合作,防止任何严重退化或有害人类及生态环境的活动迁移转让至第三国,尤其严防发达国家通过贸易渠道向发展中国家转移污染密集型产业和产品,维护发展中国家合法权益。特别需要指出的是,面对国际贸易的环境因素,我国既要适应绿色条款,积极调整产业政策,提高产品国际竞争力,也要联合广大发展中国家抵制发达国家制定的不符合相关国际规范、借环境之名搞事实上的贸易保护主义行为,坚持为环境目的而采取的贸易措施不应当成为国际贸易中一种任意性歧视手段,绿色壁垒应遵循客观理性化原则和实施路径。[5]这有助于推动国际社会充分考虑发展中国家现有发展阶段的实际情况,客观认识环境标准及其应有的补偿机制,更好的促进发展中国家对外贸易的稳步发展。

发起一带一路倡议、创建上合组织、积极参与金砖五国、促成RCEP、建立亚投行等等。

语文论文摘要万能模板

如下:

一、什么是论文摘要?

1.论文摘要即“摘其要点而发”。

2.论文摘要是对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。

3.摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。

4.论文摘要就是论文内容提要,是在对论文进行总结的基础之上,用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括,提取论文的主要信息。

5.内涵:短文

6.外延:陈述论文主要内容的简明、确切的,不加解释和评论的。

7.论文摘要是简明、确切、不加解释和评论地陈述论文主要内容的短文。

二、论文摘要起什么作用?

不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。

1.读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足。现代科技文献信息浩如烟海,读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文,主要就是通过阅读摘要来判断;所以,摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。

2. 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。论文发表后,文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以直接利用,论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具。所以论文摘要的质量高低,直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。

三、论文摘要应包含那些内容?

摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文。

摘要的'四要素:

1.目的: 研究的目的、范围、重要性;

2.方法: 采用的手段和方法;

3.结果: 完成了哪些工作取得的数据和结果;

4.结论: 得出的重要结论及主要观点,论文的新见解。

(1)目的:指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件,不是主题的简单重复。

(2)方法:简述课题的工作流程,研究了哪些主要内容,在这个过程中都做了哪些工作,包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。

(3)结果:陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值,包括通过调研、实验、观察并剖析其不理想的局限部分。

(4)结论:通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论,包括从中取得证实的正确观点,进行分析研究,比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义,理论与实际相结合的价值。

论文摘要万能模板

论文摘要万能模板,写论文是每个毕业学子的必要任务,论文写得好不好直接影响后续的学业,最近很多朋友都在写论文,下面我就来分享论文摘要万能模板,供大家参考,希望能对大家有所帮助!

1、首先介绍本文研究的背景和发展现状,指出本文尚待解决的问题和造成的`影响。一般在前言中可以挑出研究背景、目的或假设。

范例:随着(社会)的发展,(主题)在(主题领域)中扮演着越来越重要的角色。而过去,人们对(主题)的理解仅限于(背景现状)。从而导致了一系列问题(罗列3-5条本文待解决的问题),这些问题造成了(详述什么影响)。

2、之后,叙述研究采用的技术方法和路线

范例:基于此,本文拟采用(实验法、调查法、实证研究法、定量分析法)进行研究

3、再简述某某问题的技术解决策略,并带来怎样的结果

范例:并为解决上述问题,提出了(3-5条,与前述的问题对应)解决方案。

4、对上述内容总结,将结果上升到对社会、科学研究等领域,突出其作用价值。在结论章节中可以挑出有用的句子。注意避免夸大结论

范例:期望能够促进(主题)的发展,推动(主题领域)继续更好地发展。

5、最后,将以上内容重新整理,组成200-300字的一个段落。确保文意顺畅,删除文章里没有提及的信息和不必要的方法细节。

1、基于、、、理 论,本文分析了……; 当前,……(背景),本文从……角度/方向/领域进行关于……的研究; 针对……问题/现象,从……方面,利用……方法进行研究。

2、本文采用……研究方法/研究模型,综合比对……理 论; 根据……研究方法/理 论模型,充分考量/考虑/分析……,对……问题进行了深入探索。

3、研究表明/显示/证实,……; 数据证明,……;……的发现,对……问题的解决和突破具有重要意义/影响。

4、建议……;实践证明,……; 为……,已证明……。

5、本论文以《……》为切入点,重点研究……。本文分为四个部分,第一部分简单分析了……现状;第二部分阐述了……模式;第三部分……模式现存问题;第四部分打造……的思考。

论文摘要万能英文模板

那是因为你的单词在一行没有写完跳到第二行了,这个不影响的,如果你实在不想这样,就把你第一行的最后那个单词拆开写到第二行一部分,但记住要把用一个连接符号“-”,不然别人会以为你那是2个单词了哦,这个符号写在第一行最后单词的拆开处。

关键词:Title of Thesis:Name of Institute: Pages:Graduation Time:(MM/YY)Degree Conferred:Student Name: Advisor Name:Abstract:Key words:

一、标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。

如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。

二、提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、摘要

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距: 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,倍行间距。

4、英文题目: 使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要: “Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。

6、英文关键词: “Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。

四、正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。

正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。

在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

五、文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。

引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。

六、文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:

目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。

标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。

各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

英语论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。

摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词,并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。

论文的作用

论文为进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同:

1、评职称(晋升职称):研究生 毕业需要;教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时,发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。

2、申报基金、课题 :教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时,发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。

3、世界性基础领域的研究,比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的基础性研究,公开发表论文 是对最新科技 科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。

参考资料来源:百度百科-英语论文

下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板,希望对你们有帮助。

Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < ),Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture), aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999),the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b),andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008),to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English),FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus), the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

论文中文摘要万能模板

摘要要简练,内容亦概括,字数不超过论文字数的5%。例如,对于一篇6000字的论文,其摘要一般不超过300字。摘要包括四部分:研究背景/目的、研究内容/对象、研究方法、研究结果。摘要可以“套”公式法摘要 万能公式 模板第一句(背景/目的)在……/随着……发展。第二句(内容)对……进行了研究/探讨……。第三句(方法)以……研究对象,采取……方法。第四句(结果)结果表明……如需更多写作帮助,咨询v可以搜dyl加156联系6658我们3090。

标准论文格式模板范文

标准论文格式模板范文,毕业论文是我们掌握所学的专业基础知识的呈现,论文基本上是每个人都要写的,对论文的题目要有自己的心得体会,论文的格式也是非常重要的,下面学习一下标准论文格式模板范文。

一、封面

使用学校统一格式,题目居中,学号等内容靠左侧对齐,后面的下画线要整齐。。题目要对论文(设计)的内容有高度的概括性,简明、易读,字数应在20以内。

二、中文论文题目

论文题目 黑体三号,居中。下面空一行。

三、中文摘要

“摘要:“顶头,黑体四号,后面内容采用宋体小四号,摘要应简要说明毕业论文(设计)所研究的内容、目的、实验方法、主要成果和特色,一般为150-300字。下面空一行

四、中文关键词

“关键词:“顶头,黑体四号,后面内容采用宋体小四号,关键词一般3-5个,以”,“号隔开,最后一个关键词尾不加标点符号,下面空两行。

五、英文论文题目

所有英文采用“Times New roman”字体,黑体三号,加粗,居中。下面空一行。

六、英文摘要和关键词

英文摘要和关键词除字体外同中文摘要和关键词的格式要求,但“Abstract:”和“Key words:”要加粗。内容翻译要准确,英文摘要的词汇和语法必须准确。

注意:如果内容教多,可以将英文题目、摘要、关键词放到下页。

七、目录

“目录”两字为黑体3号,居中,下面空一行。

第一层次标题“一、”顶头,黑体、小四号,第二层次缩进一字,宋体,小四号,第三层次再缩进一字,宋体,小四号……,页码加小括号,页码前为连续的点,垂直居中。

如果采用“1”、“1、1”、“1、1、1”的形式,则每层缩进半字。

参考文献按第一层次标题的格式。

八、正文

正文采用宋体,小四号,每段开头空两字,要符合一般学术论文的写作规范,文理科毕业论文字数一般不少于6000字,工科、艺术类专业毕业设计字数视专业情况而定。

论文应文字流畅,语言准确,层次清晰,论点清楚,论据准确,论证完整、严密,有独立的观点和见解,应具备学术性、科学性和一定的创新性。

毕业论文内容要实事求是,尊重知识产权,凡引用他人的观点、统计数据或计算公式的要有出处(引注),计算的数据要求真实、客观、准确。

九、标题

所有标题左侧空两字,数字标题从大到小的顺序写法应为:“一、”,“(一)”,“1、”,“(1)”,“” 的形式,黑体,小四号,左侧空两字,或者采用“1”、“1、1”、“1、1、1”……的形式,黑体,小四号,左侧顶格。

十、注释

采用本学科学术规范,提倡实用脚注,论文所有引用的中外文资料都要注明出处。中外文注释要注明所用资料的原文版作者、书名、出版商、出版年月、页码。

十一、图表

正文中出现图表时,调整行距至所需大小,返回正文再将行距调整为22磅。

十二、参考文献

参考文献按在正文中出现的先后次序列表于文后;文后以“参考文献:”(左顶格)为标识;参考文献的序号左顶格,并用数字加方括号表示,如[1]、[2]、…,以与正文中的指示序号格式一致。参照ISO690及ISO690-2,每一参考文献条目的最后均以“、”结束。各类参考文献条目的编排格式及示例如下:

专著、论文集、学位论文、报告

[序号]主要责任者、文献题名[文献类型标识]、出版地:出版者,出版年、起止页码(任选)、(中译本前要加国别)

[1] [英]M奥康诺尔著,王耀先译.科技书刊的编译工作[M]、北京:人民教育出版社,1982、56-57、

[2] 辛希孟、信息技术与信息服务国际研讨会论文集:A集[C]、北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994、

十三、打印及纸张

本科生毕业论文(设计)应一律采用打印的形式,使用A4规格的纸张,左边距2、75cm,右边距及上下边距2、5cm,页眉页脚1、5cm,全文行距22磅,装订线在左侧。按以下介绍的次序依次编排,页号打在页下方,宋体五号,居中。

装订次序

学生答辩后各院系要将有关资料和论文按照封面、中英文内容摘要及关键词、目录、正文、注释、参考文献、选题审批表、开题报告、中期检查表、指导教师评语、答辩记录表的顺序统一装订成册,存入院系教学档案。

十四、提交论文电子稿

学生上交的毕业论文(设计)软盘一定要经过杀毒处理!

毕业论文(设计)应用Microsoft Word编辑,存成以学号为名的、doc文件,例如一个学生的学号为0137023,则文件名应该为0137023、doc。每个学生交上来的磁盘中只能有一个名为学号、doc的文件,对于双修的学生,应上交两篇论文,其中一篇名为学号、doc,另一篇名为学号sh、doc,如 0137023sh、doc(双修专业)。

1、论文题目:

要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

2、内容提要:

文章主要内容的.摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。

3、摘要及关键词:

关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词。

主题词是经过规范化的词。

4、论文正文:

引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。

正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:a.提出问题-论点;b.分析问题-论据和论证;c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤;d.结论。

5、参考文献:

一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在研究和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期)

所列参考文献的要求是:

(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。

(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

标题:

作者:

单位:

电话:

基金项目:

摘要:

关键词:

1、报道性摘要 报道性摘要是指明一次文献的主题范围及内容梗概的简明摘要,相当于简介。 报道性摘要一般用来反映科技论文的目的、方法及主要结果与结论,在有限的字数内向读者提供尽可能多的定性或定量的信息,充分反映该研究的创新之处。 ...2、指示性摘要 指示性摘要是指明一次文献的论题及取得的成果的性质和水平的摘要,其目的是使读者对该研究的主要内容即作者做了什么工作)有一个轮廓性的了解。 创新内容较少的论文,其摘要可写成指示性摘要,一般适用于学术性期刊的简报、问题讨论等栏目以及技术性期刊等只概括地介绍论文的论题,使读者对论文的主要内容有大致的了解。

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