首页 > 论文发表知识库 > 服装英语广告翻译研究现状论文

服装英语广告翻译研究现状论文

发布时间:

服装英语广告翻译研究现状论文

我觉得你上网搜索中文 肯定能搜到 然后到google上翻译一下就好了

参考:广告的功能就是宣传产品,传播信息或观念,号召人们去采取某种行动。特点主要是 a.多用简单的词汇 如come go ues see look taste feel take love good fine real rich great等。b.多造词错拼 如 Krispy (krispy) milka(milk) 美之源(Minute Maid)(这点要有大量的西方文化的知识背景了,可以看看电视剧 广告狂人)c.句式简单,多祈使句,多省略句。d.大量的修辞手法 双关,拟人,比喻,押韵,重复等。 我觉得这方面需要的是创造能力,需要扎实的底蕴,超高的智商和记忆。参见你的教科书吧。一些翻译书里面有说明。

原文太长,我给你的是节选,你需要全文的话,文后我给你附上网址。 Abstract At present, with the rapid pace of economy’s development, advertising tends to be a main way to, so it is natural that international Ads translation becomes decisive for the products’ successful launching to the world market. Advertisements’ translation is a cross-cultural communication. Cultural differences determine that it would be far from easy for Ad to reach its function for the world market. The cultural connotation reflected in translation must win receptors’ acceptance. Just like the idiom says “when in Rome do as Romans do”. Advertising language should be kept in corresponding with cultural background of the target language, whenever this is done, it becomes possible for advertisements to exert its function to attract the receptors. Combining with translation practices this paper will analyze how the cultural differences influence Ad function in six aspects, including cultural habits, social political constitution, courteous principle, reasoning, aesthetic thought and language structure, Ad translation will not reach its function if such cultural differences are neglected, and how much importance should be attached to the cultural identity, which plays a positive role in Ad translation Key Words: Ad Translation, Cultural Differences,摘要: 广告语言作为一种特殊的实用文体,有其独有的特点,并蕴含一定的文化内涵。广告语言的翻译,是跨文化的交流活动,它不仅仅是将一种语言文字转换成另一种语言文字,而且使读者自然而然地认同广告的深层文化内涵,通过被吸引而产生广告的效应。 广告翻译必须注重目的语的文化背景,高质量的翻译不仅可以准确传达信息,还能引发读者的文化联想和审美想象,产生良好的广告效应,同时也宣传了本民族的文化,起到了对外交流的作用。为能灵活、有效和得体地表达出原语中的文化内涵以及广告信息,这就要求译者必须了解原语言和译语言的文化,确保信息准确传递。 本文结合广告翻译成功和失败的案例,从风俗习惯、社会政治制度、礼貌原则、推理模式、审美思想、语言结构六个方面文化差异对广告翻译的影响,忽视文化的差异,必将一定程度上影响广告信息的传递,产生误解,使广告翻译难以实现信息的等效交流,而进一步探讨应如何注重文化认同,分析其对广告功能、目的产生的影响。 关键词:广告翻译、文化差异Contents Introduction Chapter 1:Introduction of Cultural Differences Chapter 2: Misunderstandings Caused by Cultural Differences Different Cultural Habits Cause Misunderstanding Different Social Political Constitution May Hinder the Convey of Information Different Courteous Principle May Lead to Communication Failure Different Reasoning May Cause Misunderstanding Different Aesthetic Thought Result in Different Appreciation View Different Language Structure May Make Information Depart from the Original Meaning Chapter 3: Role of Cultural Identity Conclusion References Introduction Advertisement should express a certain expectation. It is a special pragmatic type of writing with a unique feature, and it also contains a certain cultural connotation. It should not as easy as a word-to-word exchange, but much of a flexible work. Cultural background of the target language is significant to Ad translation; much impotence should be attached. A good translated version will not only convey the information in accuracy, reaching a good advertising effect, but also stimulate receptor’s cultural and appreciating association, which will be of much help to the cultrural communication, thus it also is a impulse in cultural diffusion. Cultural differences as the main factor give much hindrance to the translation work. Misunderstandings will come about if it is ignored, the advertisement may consequently fail to meet its goal. How the cultural differences influence the advertisement’s function and target and how to make the cultural differences optimized when translating? What kind of role does culture identity play in this course? All these questions are the main discussions in this paper. Chapter 1 Cultural Differences As the product of culture, advertisement can show the close relationship between language and culture. Advertisement is a comprehensive art with commercial identity, which persuades people for a certain publicity goal. On some extent, it is a special pragmatic type of writing with unique feature, which contains a certain cultural connotation; only when put into the same or a similar social culture can its function and efficiency be completely explored. However, Ad translation is an across-cultural communication, which determines that it is not as easy as word-to-word exchange. It must win the receptor’s acceptance on the cultural connotation reflected in the Ads, then receptors are attracted and be willing to follow the Ad’s guide. Thus only by knowing the grammar, lexical and relating capabilities of listening, writing and speaking about the two languages is far from enough to ensure cultural connotation of the source language is properly and effectively expressed. The translator is required to know both cultures of the source language and target language to guarantee the best convey of the original information. For instance, “延年益寿”, “宫廷秘方”, “百年陈酿”,etc. These advertising language always turn up in domestic Ads, which are difficult to be translated, even though translated, target receptors would not understand the original cultural connotation, and a doubt to the quality of the product may arises in their minds. Different culture leads to different cultural identity. Domestic receptors are deeply influenced by the traditional culture. They like following the public, showing great awe to the authoritative people, this psychological phenomenon results in the existence of much advertising language with Chinese specialty, like “……,用了都说好”, “我们都喝……,今天你喝了没有”, “……时尚内衣”, “部优”, “省优”, “中国消费者协会推荐产品”, etc. While in western countries, people pursue independence. Everyone tends to be independent. Everyone is unique (why should I do the same as others? They always think in this way). So Advertisements there never advocate people to follow the public, rather to arise admiration to the so-called authoritative people. What reflects in the advertisement are “individuality”, “independence” and “privacy”. Different cultures determine that the product’s promotion will turn out failure if the Ad succeed inland is translated literally. Severe research must be done on the cultural differences, or a bad impression of irresponsible or muddling through might arise, a certain doubt about the quality might strike the consumer. Ad’s natural duty will end up with a failure. Thus, when conducting international propagation it is very important to study the differences between Chinese culture and western culture, and make sure not too much exaggeration is contained in the Ad. Cultural differences make their existence in many aspects, political, language, religion, custom, habits, etc. They have much importance to Ad translation. Once they were neglected, misunderstandings must turns up. Chapter 2 Misunderstandings Caused by Cultural Differences Advertising language is a special art form, which has profound cultural background and can be influenced by the tendency of the day. Ad translation is a motion of cultural communication. To avoid misunderstanding, comprehensibility of different cultural background should be strengthened in the translation. When translating, not only the exact meaning of the advertisement should be clear, but also the extended meaning namely the cultural connotation involved should be agreed on. Due to the differences in language, culture, politic, and custom, different understanding and cognition will form; the translation must go in line with the target cultural habits by which the communication shall reach an ideal effect. Mr. Wang zuoliang have said, “what translators deal with are some particular words, but what they face are two completely different cultures.” Another famous translation theorist Eugene A. Nida (1993) said, “Translating means communicating, what important is the extent to which receptors correctly understand and appreciate the translated text.” Different Cultural Habits Cause Misunderstanding Cultural differences and conflicts make their existence wherever and whenever, they influence people’s perspectives and their ways of generalization. Although people of different cultural backgrounds may have different tastes, their psychological inclination has much in common, that is to say, all human should pursue elegance and luck, but avoiding cynic and ominous, thereby translator should respect the cultural customs and be cautious in choosing words to avoid misunderstanding. For example, a pen product of Shanghai named “白翎”, the trade mark is translated as white feather. Unfortunately there is a saying in English, to show the white feather, which means escaping from the forefront. White feather is the symbol of cowardness in English. As a result, this pen got a bad selling in western countries. Another example, “金鸡鞋油,颜色有黑、棕、白、红、黄、蓝等.” It is translated into Golden Cock shoe-polish comes in black, brown, white, red, yellow and blue. In China, Golden has a meaning of valuable and of high quality, as well as “Cock” always leads to a positive association, then the translation of “金鸡” naturally comes to Golden Cock, which seriously mislead receptor’s association, because in English cock is a usual indication of male genital. Some words containing good cultural connotation in Chinese would mean the opposite in western world. Take Fang Fang a lip-stick as an example , “芳芳” in Chinese is a very nice word , usually it is used to describe beautiful things with flowerlike smell. It might make people imagine a pretty girl with fragrant smell. There is no doubt it is an excellent originality for Chinese consumers, but in English Fang Fang may arise a horror feeling because fang in English means poison fang that causing danger. Another instance Bees scented soap is literal translated from “蜜蜂”, Bee in China history is a very lovely insect as a symbol of diligence, its cultural association should be a flowerlike smell that appealing to bees, certainly this soap may attract a large number of Chinese consumers. On the contrary, westerners would not follow suit, the association of bee gives them an uncomfortable feeling caused by the thinking of fuzz on bee’s body. Different Social and Political Constitution May Hinder the Convey of Information Due to the differences on social politics, words reflecting social specialties may hinder people know little about the reality from understanding. For instance, “某公司自1981年成立以来,在改革开放,加快企业转换机制方针指引下,以强烈的竞争意识,勇于开拓,积极进取,出口额逐年上升与世界80多个国家和地区的120多家厂商建立了良好的业务关系。” “ABC Corporation has built up excellent business relations with more than 120 companies and manufacturers in over 80 countries and regions since it was founded in 1981. We make progress actively with a strong sense of competition. Our exports have been increasing year after year.” Compare the two versions, “在改革开放,加快企业转换机制方针指引下”was neglected, since it will be difficult for foreigners to know about Chinese enterprise’s historical and moral background of management mechanisms shifting, it is not necessary to add some information that should not be helpful to foreigners understanding. In some circumstances, the information about political or that cause difficulty to understanding can be omitted, this omission is reasonable and it makes no influence for the company promotion. Another example, a pencil sharpener with “大鹏” as its trade mark, and it is translated as “ROC hardeners”. Hardener is the biggest bird in Han’s national myth, having a positive meaning of ambitious and prosperous. While in westerners’ minds, “ROC” stands for “Republic of China”, certainly this will lead to a misunderstanding and unnecessary association, consequently this trademark will be neither helpful to create good impression of the products nor to defend national dignity. Different Courteous Principle May Lead to Communication Failure Courtesy is the common conducting norm followed by people when they get to communicate. A mild tone is publicly welcome. Improper wording or harsh tone might result in failure for communication. Here is an example, in china, public good Ads always get “禁止……”, public take this natural, no one think it is amiss, but as you weigh about its commanding tone, a slight domineering must be felt. “禁止” in English should be “Do not”, which is not mild but a word of harsh, . “Do not pick the flower!” “Do not make noise!”……, since such a stiff tone will unavoidably raise a sense of distance, it won’t help to create a happy and sweet public atmosphere, foreign friends might feel uncomfortable; they think their personalities are not fully respected. Changing into a much milder tone the translation should be “keep away from the flower!” “Take care of the flower, please!” which will certainly inspire people love flowers and take care of flowers. 怎样?满足你的要求吗?

我的毕业论文也是广告英语 不过不是翻译这边的 是语言学方面的...

对于英语广告词翻译的研究论文

相关范文:广告英语中词汇歧义的语用价值及其翻译方法摘 要:词汇层面上的歧义是广告英语中一种较为常见的现象。从同音异义词、一词多义词(同形异义词)、词类转化和英、美英语用法不同引起的歧义等方面对词汇层面上歧义构成以及其语用价值进行了探讨;在考虑词汇歧义的多重含义及广告英语翻译的目的基础上,从契合译法、拆译法、套译法、变通译法和补偿译法等方面对广告英语词汇歧义的翻译作了进一步的分析。关键词:广告英语;词汇歧义; 价值; 翻译“广告”一词的含义,并不是从开始就一成不变的。在英文中“广告”一词是“advertising”。这个英文单词又来源于拉丁文的“advertete”一词,意思是“唤起大众对某种事物的注意,并诱导于一定的方向所使用的一种手段”。1932年,美国专业广告杂志《广告时代》(Advertising Age)公开向社会征求广告的定义,得票最多的人选定义是:“由广告主支付费用,通过印刷、书写、口述或图画等,公开表现有关个人、商品、劳务或运动等信息,用以达到影响并促进销售、使用、投票或赞同的目的。”〔1〕。广告是社会生活中不可缺少的一部分,除了传播产品消息,广告还是我们的经济系统和社会文化的一种主要的交流工具。〔2〕广告作为社会或者经济中的一种机制,其主要功能有:(1)广告能为顾客做了什么。一个成功的广告必须把消费者的需求放在首要的位置。(2)广告能为商业做了什么。广告可以使新产品就以足够快的速度引起消费者的注意,从而有效地弥补厂商在研究、开发、生产以及分销这种产品时的成本。(3)广告能为社会做了什么。广告除了在销售商品和服务方面的作用,它还在经济上支撑着一个多元化的、独立的新闻系统,这个系统被政府或者其他特殊的利益团体所控制。〔2〕 因此,改革开放以来,由于扩大对外交流,外国的商品不断涌入中国。外国的厂商对其产品的宣传,以引起中国消费者的密切关注。由于中外语言存在着差异,因而就有必要对广告英语的翻译进行研究。本文将阐述和研究有关广告英语中词汇歧义存在的形式及其语用价值以及如何翻译等问题。一 广告英语中词汇层面上的歧义存在的形式“歧义(ambiguity)”在英语中的释义是:“An ambiguous sentence is usually of doubtful meaning because it can be interpreted in more than one way or many other ways.”即:歧义是结构上遵循语法规则,语义上符合逻辑常理的语句,其深层却包含两种或两种以上的释义。严格说来,歧义并不是修辞手段,而是一种在语言使用中所产生的语义理解分歧现象。〔3〕我们知道,歧义是自然语言中普遍存在的语言现象,从其类型上看,歧义可以分为词汇层面上的歧义、句法层面上的歧义和语用层面上的歧义。而词汇层面上的歧义又可以分为四类:第一类是同音异义词;第二类是一词多义词(或同形异义词);第三类是词类转化而引起的歧义;最后一类是英、美英语用法不同而引起的歧义。1 同音异义词同音异义词指的是两个发音相同,拼写不同,所表达的意义也不相同的词。如:Make your every hello a real good-buy.(An Telephone Advertisement)这条广告可谓用心良苦,它利用good-bye与good-buy的同音异义,吸引顾客注意,推销产品。又如:关于的一则食品广告:With so many carrot, I’ll be a real gem。“有这么多的克拉(胡萝卜),我是颗真宝石(发糕)。”此广告中的“carrot”和carat同音异义,此处假借其义。Muffin是Betty Croker食品公司的产品之一,是带胡萝卜味的发糕,该广告是宣传其用料实在,份量充足,营养丰富。2 一词多义词(或同形异义词)一词多义在英语中是一个常见的现象,除了少数专业术语之外,大多数英语词汇都有几种意义,有的甚至多达到十种以上的意义。在特定的上下文中,经过语境的过滤,通常只有唯一的意义被保留下来了,其他的意义被排除在外,但是却有些特殊的情形。如英国劳埃德银行所做的户外路牌广告:Money doesn’t grow on it blossoms at our branches.——LIoyd Bank这则广告里的branch是一词两义:字面意义,即树枝,而另一深层含义指银行的各个分行。这样我们就能领会该广告的真正含义是:只要顾客把钱存到劳埃德银行,他们的钱就会不断地增加。3 词类转化而引起的歧义在广告中有时利用词语的词汇意义与临时的转义引起的歧义以达到广告目的:即要吸引广大群众的注意力。而使用一个具有双重含义的短语便加大了解码难度,延长了解码时间,增添了解码乐趣,其商业效应自然不言而喻。〔4〕,如:Give your family a treat with Beefy-the tenderest,juiciest steak that ever got inside a chunks of prime meat in rich,rich gravy to give you satisfaction every time.“Beefy”:Beef (鲜嫩多汁的牛排罐头),这是广告中有意错误拼写单词。“give you satisfaction”有两层意思:You will be pleased with the quality of the meat./You will be physically satisfied by eating the meat.“give you satisfaction”是有歧义的,其目的就是为了更好地吸引读者或听众的注意力,迫使他们去观看、购买,以至达到商业目的。4 英、美英语用法不同而引起的歧义英国人和美国人所用英语基本上是一致的。不过,在发音、拼写、某些词语和习惯用法方面有些不同。就词语来看,由于某些词语的涵义和用法上存在着差异,因此歧义会产生。如:NO GAS TODAY。这句话是一个告示牌,而美国人和英国人对此句所表达的意思理解是不同的,主要是因为:对美国人来说“gas”(=gasoline) 通常指“汽油”,但也可以指“煤气”。在美国,如果加油站暂时没有汽油供应,就拿出这个告示牌表明“今天没有汽油供应。”而对英国人来说,“gas”通常指“煤气”,而“汽油”称为“petrol” (或“petroleum”)。所以英国人理解告示牌的意思为“今天没有煤气供应”。二 广告英语中词汇层面上的歧义的语用价值一般情况下,我们应当尽可能避免歧义的出现,以免影响内容的表达。然而,由于歧义的特殊性(在同一上下文中有不同的解释或在不同的上下文中有不同的解释),它又可以作为一种很好的修辞手段,经过巧妙的运用,实现绝妙的表达效果。〔5〕1 趣味性在广告英语中如果恰当地使用具有歧义的词汇,能够增添其趣味和吸引力,达到妙趣横生的幽默效果,并给人留下深刻的印象。如:Seven days without 7-up make one weak。这是为一种畅销全美的饮料“7-up”的广告词,中国市场上称之为“七喜”。“7days”对应“7-up”,而“7days”正是一周。句中“weak”与week为同音异义关系。而“one”既可以作不定代词解释,表示“任何一个人”,又是一个数词,表示“一周”。该广告语给消费者传递了这样的信息:一天不喝“七喜”,身体就会变虚;每天一支“七喜”,才能充满生气。读来妙趣横生,让人回味,体现了词汇歧义在广告用语中的所表达的修辞效果。2 诱惑性广告语言中的诱惑性在许多成功广告中表现得淋漓尽致。好的广告词具有强大的诱惑力,它能引人联想,刺激购物欲望,以此达到推销产品或服务的目的。同时,由于广告费用的昂贵,广告主选用广告词时不得不字斟句酌,惜墨如金,以求产生最大的经济效益。歧义是一种语言形式,有两种或多种的理解,这也正是它倍受广告主青睐的原因。一方面,它具有“一字千金”的巨大优越性,满足了现代社会人们追求高效、快捷的需求,同时更使广告主收到了经济、省时省力之效果;另一方面,含歧义的语言使广告一明一暗,一真一假,既引人注目,又使人产生联想,从而增加了广告语言的解码难度,延长了解码时间,从而达到了广告的宣传目的。〔6〕如:More sun and air for your son and heir.这是一句旅行社为招揽游客之广告语:父母们应带上子女去海边度假,因为那里有新鲜的空气和明媚的阳光。句中用了两组同音异形异义词“sun/son”,“air/heir”(继承人)。该广告语构思精妙,具有很强的说服力和相当高的语言艺术,因为它能唤起父母对子女的关爱。计划旅游的人似乎听到了这样的召唤:我们这儿(海边)有充足的光照和新鲜的空气,这对于你们事业和财富的继承者-儿子的健康大有好处。这样的广告词岂能不让游客为之心动?3 语言艺术性一句好的广告语必须既是文学,又是艺术。在广告中要在传达商品信息的同时倾注对读者的感情或激发读者与商品或服务有关的美好情感,以达到心理的沟通,使读者产生对所推销的产品与服务的神往,从而产生强烈的购买、消费欲望。〔7〕为了使消费者听到或读到广告后能产生购买产品的欲望,广告必须善用文字与意象,能使语言言简意赅,引人入胜。词汇积极歧义能产生这种效果,因而被广泛地应用到广告文体之中。如:Coca Cola的一则饮料广告:Coke refreshes you like no other can.在这则广告中,can可以被看作是装各种饮料啤酒的易拉罐,亦可被理解为省略的从句中的情态动词。若为前者,此句为:Coke refreshes you like no other can (can refreshes you).这个“can”借代罐装饮料。若为后者,此句则为: Coke refreshes you like no other (drinks)can (refreshes you). 这个“can”为情态动词。这则广告富于文字情趣、诙谐机智,给人留下了深刻印象。三 广告英语中词汇歧义的一些翻译方法广告是一种具有特定目标的商业活动,它受到营销战略、商业规律、商业法规和文化障碍的制约。广告作为一种特殊的文体,其用词特点表现在广告中使用具有模糊性的词语,以增强吸引力,并具有很强的说服力来激起消费者的购买力。广告翻译是一种语言转换,也是一种商业性行为,其目的在于追求市场效益和商业利润,尽最大可能争取消费者,投消费者之所好,供消费者之所需,打动他们,促成其购买行动。这是广告的唯一目的,也是广告翻译的唯一目的。〔8〕英国翻译理论家纽马克(Peter Newmark,)在他的《翻译方法》(Approaches to Translation)一书中,根据文本不同的内容、文体和功能,把文本分为三种文本类型:信息文本、表达文本、呼唤性文本(vocative text)。〔9〕 广告被列入呼唤性文本,其文本特点主要表现为它在内容和形式上的超语言效果。因此,在进行广告翻译时为达到同样的效果,译者可以在一定程度上改变原文的内容和形式以完成跨文化交际。〔8〕广告语言是一种精炼、含蓄、富有表现力和鼓动性的语言,而歧义具有双重意义的表达,在语言结构和表达上存在着难以逾越的可译性障碍。广告英语中词汇歧义的翻译应根据广告的内容和特点,选用适当的汉语表达方式,既要充分照顾到原文的语体风格,又要尽量传达出原文的信息;采用恰当的翻译方法,尽可能减少歧义的词语在翻译中信息量的流失,以增强广告语体特征。广告英语中词汇歧义的翻译通常采用以下的几种方法:1 契合译法契合译法是指在译语找到与原文相对应或基本对应的歧义语。契合译法的基础是双语耦合。由于英汉两种语言的巨大差异,双语耦合的情况比较少,但还是存在。〔10〕契合译法在双语偶合的基础上,兼顾了广告歧义语的形式和内容,是广告双歧义翻译的最高境界。如:Easier dusting by a str-e-etch.在这则广告中,“stretch”一词除了作为除尘布的品牌名称"拉长"外,其拼写还被别出心裁地拉长,传达出该词的本意“延伸”。让人很容易感到除尘布能延长人手臂的功能,真切而形象地渲染了“拉拉拉长,除尘力强”的功效。译文中“拉”字的重复再现了原文中“stretch”一词被拉长的效果,形成感觉上的延伸。〔11〕2 拆译法如果把歧义语的双层意义完整地表述于译文中,除了在双语偶合的情况下,采用契合译法外,也可以采取变通手法,将歧义语义剥开,拆成两层来表达。如:The Unique Spirit of Canada。这则推销加拿大威士忌酒广告也是妙用了“spirit”一词的双重含义:既指“精神”,又可指“烈性酒”,构成一词多义。翻译时使用拆开的方法:别具风味的加拿大酒,独特的加拿大民族精神。又如:Ask for more(再来一支烟,还要吸摩尔。)在这则摩尔(More)牌香烟的广告中,“more”一词是多义。“more”是一个副词,表示“更加、更多、又、再”的意思。同时它大写后就成了这种香烟的品牌。再如:Trust US,Over 5000 ears of experience(相信我们吧。历经5000多只耳朵的检验,有着5000多年的经验。) 这是一则助听器宣传广告,从字面看,它说明了该产品已经受了众多消费者的考验,但同时“ears”又是“years”的谐音词,因此它还暗示了该产品具有悠久的历史。〔10〕3 套译法由于英汉两种语言文化的交流,英语语言、文化在汉语中的传播,逐渐形成了某些固定模式或习惯表达方式。在英汉翻译时,套用这些固定模式或习惯表达方式就是套译法。〔10〕套译法的长处在于它能传递广告原文的文化内涵,同时又基本能保证原文简洁、凝炼的语言特征。如:All is well that ends well.这则广告实际是一条英语成语,意思是“结局好,全都好”。但广告制作者把它用于香烟广告中,“ends”就具有了双重意义:动词“结束”和名词“香烟蒂”。这句香烟广告词可以套用原来成语的翻译模式,译成“烟蒂好,烟就好”。又如:We take no pride in prejudice.这是《泰晤士报》为自己做广告时用的一句妙语,它源于奥斯汀的一部传世名著“Pride and Prejudice(《傲慢与偏见》)”,报社援引该书名作广告,以标榜自己不偏不倚,主持公道。 这则广告可译为:“对于您的偏见,我们没有傲慢”。对于知道《傲慢与偏见》这部作品的人来说,这种译法的内涵便不言自明了。〔11〕4 变通译法由于文化的差异,英汉语言的表达方式不尽相同,在翻译时要依照译语习惯,根据不同的上下文进行不同变通。由于原文中有些语言特色如歧义,要想在译文中充分体现,难度极大。因此,译者应充分发挥自己的主观能动性,从广告的全篇入手,整体把握并进行适当的变通和调整。如一则净水器广告:It changed our well water to wonderful water.可以看出,这则广告使用了头韵。如果译成“变井水为美妙的水”,虽然意思出来了,但却埋没了原作者的创意。而如果将它译为“变井水为纯净水”,则与原文更加神似,因为“井水”与“净水”谐音。〔12〕5 补偿译法大多数的广告双关语都能通过侧重译法译出。但是,有时双关语的一层意义译出后,另外一层意义也很重要,却无法同时译出,这时,可采用一些补偿手段加以弥补。对于广告来说,这些补偿手段主要指承载广告的媒体,如电视的图像、广播的声音及报纸的版式设计等。〔11〕如:CUTTY SARKSCOTS WHISKYSome people wear trendy clothes to attack drive flashy glass of Cutty Sark won’t turn any if you insist on creating a can always ask the bartender for one of WhiskyUncommonly Smooth〔13〕这则威士忌酒类广告中,广告制作人运用了三个歧义词:“turn one’s head”既可表示“使某人头脑发热;飘飘然”又可理解为“(喝酒)上头”;“create a stir”意为“引起轰动”又表示“引人注意和自我享受,陶醉一番”;“smooth”既指“(酒)醇和的、温和的”又有“平平安安,和谐,顺利”之意,还表示“绝妙的,吸引人的”。广告中多重歧义的运用给人们留下了深刻的印象:该酒能给人们带来美的感受跃然而出。译文采用了补偿法:卡特思苏格兰威士忌有些人穿着艳丽时装引人注目,有些人驾着漂亮新车惹人羡慕。卡特思酒绝不上头,不会让你飘飘然。但君想尽显风流,还是卡特思酒。苏格兰威士忌,非凡的享受。四 结束语综上所述,词汇歧义是广告英语中的一种十分常见的现象,如果恰当地使用它,不仅能使广告语言简练、丰富、诙谐,而且还能使广告引人注意,便于记忆。但是广告英语中词汇歧义的翻译问题还值得进一步地研究。这里只是讨论了广告英语翻译的目的以及关于词汇歧义翻译的几种常用的方法,在实践中还要真正地做到译文和原文最大限度地等值,我们不可能在任何时候都只使用某一种或两种方法,必须从具体情况出发,辨证地选择最合适的方法来传达原文的意义,从而达到产品广告的真正意义。参考文献:〔1〕 丁俊杰广告学导论〔M〕长沙:中南大学出版社,2003〔2〕 (美)莱恩,拉塞尔著,朱学宝,翟艳玲译广告学〔M〕北京:清华大学出版社, 2003〔3〕 倪景亚英语歧义现象与英语双关语〔J〕湖州师范学院学报,2001 (5)〔4〕 何玉敏英语中歧义现象的妙用〔J〕河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001 (3)〔5〕 韩仲谦.歧义在语言中的积极运用〔J〕山东师大外国语学院学报,2000 (4)〔6〕 黎清群.论歧义的语用价值〔J〕长沙电力学院学报(社会科学版),2002 (1)〔7〕 朱诗花.广告语言的诗化:意境与修辞〔J〕邵阳学院学报(社会科学版),2004(2)〔8〕 张景华.广告翻译的目的论〔J〕湘潭工学院学报(社会科学版),2003 (3)〔9〕 Newmark, to Translation〔M〕Oxford:pergamon Press,1981〔10〕 刘荣征.浅谈广告英语中双关语、杜撰词、仿拟、明喻和暗喻的翻译〔J〕中国地质大学学报(社会科学版), 2002 (4)〔11〕 孟琳,詹晶辉英语广告中双关语的运用技巧及翻译〔J〕中国翻译,2001 (5)〔12〕 朱光.广告英语的修辞特点和翻译方法〔J〕长春师范学院学报,2003 (1)〔13〕 钟馥兰.广告英语中的修辞格与翻译〔J〕黎明职业大学学报,2003 (1)仅供参考,请自借鉴希望对您有帮助

我有从广告英语透视东西文化

建议你先找找案例。而且你给你内容也太宽泛了, 西方国家之间的文化也有很大的差异,建议你给出一个特定的国家和地区 再搜索结果。 而且作为毕业论文,引文要20篇以上才够说话。如果你有特定需要,可以留言联系我, 本人在美国读MBA

英语广告中双关语的运用技巧及翻译 李祥 摘 要:双关语是英语广告中一种较为常见的修辞手段。双关语的翻译本身就是一个难点,而广告中双关语的翻译则更加复杂。本文从语音双关、语义双关、语法双关和成语、俗语双关等几方面对双关语的运用技巧作了阐述。并在考虑双关语的双重含义及广告语体风格的基础上,从契合译法、分别表义法、套译法、侧重译法和补偿译法等方面对英语广告双关语的翻译作了初步的探讨。 关键词:广告语言;双关语;翻译 Punning and the Translation of Puns in English Advertisements MENG Lin & ZHAN Jing-hui (Foreign Languages Dept., Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China) Abstract: Punning is one of the most common rhetorical devices used in advertisement. This paper is about the techniques of punning and the translation of puns in English advertisements. There are various ways to form puns in advertisements. The translation of puns is difficult because of the double meanings, and the translation of puns in advertisements is even more difficult because one must keep both the double meanings of a pun and the style of the advertisement in mind. Key words: advertising language; pun; translation 引 言 不论是商品广告,还是公益广告,广告的创作都是一门综合性艺术。它集社会学、美学、心理学、市场营销学、声电学、文学、语言学等于一身。这门艺术中的文案写作比其它形式的写作都更需要技巧。它要利用推销原理写出雅俗共赏、生动有趣的文字,要具有特殊的感染力,能在瞬间引起读者注意,刺激其购买欲望,最终促成购买行为。因此广告文案中文学语言运用精当会使得广告语言的内涵与影响远远超出广告本身。双关语这一修辞手段是广告创作常用的技巧。双关,顾名思义,就是在特定的语言环境中用一种语言文字形式表达出一明一暗双重意义,既引人注意,又能引起联想。双关语具有简洁凝练,风趣幽默,新颖别致等修辞效果,能够突出广告的特点,因而在广告中得到大量应用。 1. 双关语在广告中的运用 作为一种修辞手段,双关语在广告中比较常用,它存在于语音、词汇、句法等各个语言层面。在广告中,广告制作者为了增加广告的吸引力,挖空心思地追求新的创意,使得双关语在广告中的运用技巧更加纷繁复杂。巧妙的双关能使语言含蓄、幽默、生动、给人以回味和想象的余地。较为常见的有以下几个方面。 . 谐音双关 “谐音双关是用拼写相似,发音相同或相近的词构成的” 1 。广告制作者非常乐于使用谐音双关,因为此类双关具有风趣、幽默、俏皮、滑稽的语言风格,能增强广告的说服力和感染力,从而给消费者留下深刻的印象。 (1) More sun and air for your son and heir. 2 译文:这里有充足的阳光,清新的空气,一切为了您的子孙后代。 在这则海滨浴场的宣传广告中,制作者巧妙地运用了sun-son, air-heir这两对谐音字,使广告语言不仅和谐悦耳,读来朗朗上口,而且颇风趣、幽默,具有感召力。 (2)Trust us. Over 5000 ears of experience. 3 译文:相信我们吧。历经5000多只耳朵的检验,有着5000多年的经验。 这是一则助听器推销广告。从字面看,它说明了该产品已经接受了众多消费者的考验,但字里行间巧妙地嵌入一对谐音字ears-years,充分暗示了该产品悠久的历史,久经考验的上乘质量。 许多广告都在商品品牌的名称上做文章。品牌名称中的双关语不仅能增加广告的趣味性和幽默感,更重要的是使品牌名称更能吸引人们的注意力,便于记忆,增加宣传攻势力度,以此达到宣传产品的目的。品牌名称中的双关语大多采用谐音的方法。 (3) WEAR-EVER introduces a new concept in glass oven ware: CLEANABILITY. 4 译文:“恒久”玻璃炉具带给你一个全新的概念:洁净。 这里生产商利用其商标WEAR-EVER一词多义的特点,大力推销其产品:一方面WEAR-EVER为其品牌名称,另一方面该词又另有含义:既为wear forever(体现产品结实耐用),又为wherever(说明到处受人欢迎)。该广告从多角度推销其产品,能够激起顾客的购买欲望,具有一定的劝说作用。 . 语义双关 “语义双关是利用词语或句子的多义性在特定环境下形成的双关” 5 。这种双关在广告中运用得也非常广泛,它与谐音双关有异曲同工之妙。 (4) The label of achievements. Black Label commands more respects. 6 译文:酒是功成名就的标志。黑色标志使您更显尊贵。 语义双关也多见于品牌名称中。这是一则威士忌酒的广告,Label有两层含义,一为“标志”,一为酒的牌子—Black Label。该广告通过双关手段的运用,使人联想到功成名就时就要饮用该酒;同时,用品牌名称形成双关,又便于消费者对品牌的记忆,从而对商品发生兴趣。 (5) Spoil yourself and not your figure. 7 译文:尽情大吃,不增体重。 这是Weight-Watcher冰淇淋的广告标题,这种冰淇淋是专为节食者生产的。双关不仅存在于商品商标名称中,标题中的spoil也是双关所在。spoil oneself意为“尽兴”;而spoil one’s figure则意为“破坏了体形”。这则广告通过一语双关,使减肥者在轻松幽默的语气中很自然地接受该广告,并能使其产生购买欲望。 (6) A deal with us means a good deal to you. 8 译文:和我们做买卖意味着您做了一笔好买卖。 该句的妙处在于很好地利用了句中deal的三种含义,“做买卖”、“一笔好买卖”和“许多”。a good deal构成一个绝妙的双关。 . 语法双关 语法双关是指由于语法方面的问题产生的双关,如省略结构、某词或词组具有两种以上语法功能等。 (7) Which lager can claim to be truly German? This can.(旁边画有一罐啤酒) 9 译文:哪种大罐啤酒可称得上是地道的德国货?这罐。 这是一则Lager牌淡啤酒的广告。句中的can既可作情态动词,又可作名词(饮料罐)。由于can一语双关,加上Lager的品牌名称双关,以及旁边插图的妙用,使广告产生了一定的幽默效果,给读者以深刻的印象。 无独有偶,可口可乐公司也在这个can字上做文章。 (8)Coke refreshes you like no other can. 10 译文:没有什么能像可乐那样令您神清气爽。 句中can既可理解为名词“罐,听”,又可看成是情态动词“能”,全句可理解为Coke refreshes you like no other (can: tin, drink) can (refresh you)。 11 这则广告诙谐机智,富于文字情趣,能使商品连同这一广告词一起久久印在读者记忆里。 . 成语或俗语双关 广告语言特别善于引用一些人们耳熟能详的成语或俗语。这些广告以人们原有的社会、文化知识为基础,以鲜明、独特的语言形式形成双关,既增强了广告的吸引力,又体现了广告语言的艺术性,更使广告具有令人回味的弦外之音。 (9) You’ll go nuts for the nuts you get in Nux. 12 译文:纳克斯坚果让你爱不释口。 从广告的字面意义看,to go nuts是“去买坚果”,但它同时还是一句成语,意为“疯狂、发疯”。双关语的运用表明了纳克斯牌坚果对人们的吸引力是无以抗拒的。 (10) A Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play. 13 译文:一天一块玛斯巧克力,让您工作像工作,娱乐像娱乐。 这则广告让人们联想起两条非常熟悉的成语:An apple a day keeps the doctors away和All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy。该广告不仅在语言形式上借用了成语的模式,同时还引用了两条成语的内容,让人们从久已熟知的成语中得出一个新的判断:玛斯牌巧克力不仅能使人们健康,而且让人们工作时精力充沛,休息时放松自如。 2. 广告双关语的翻译 广告语言是一种精炼、含蓄、富有表现力和鼓动性的语言,而双关又是双重意义的表达,在语言结构和表达上存在着难以逾越的可译性障碍。因此,英语广告双关的翻译应根据广告的内容和特点,选用适当的汉语表达方式,既要充分照顾到原文的语体风格,又要尽量传达出原文的信息。采用辩证的翻译方法,尽可能减少双关语在翻译中信息量的流失,增强广告语体特征,英语广告双关语的翻译还是可能的。 契合译法 一般认为,双关语由音、形、义等手段构成了可译性障碍,存在不可译性。但“有些双关语也不是绝对不可译。双语偶合,是可能的” 14 。契合译法在双语偶合的基础上,兼顾了广告双关语的形式和内容,是广告双关语翻译的最高境界。 (11) Easier dusting by a stre-e-etch! 15 stretch一词除了作为除尘布的品牌名称“拉长”外,其拼写还被别出心裁地拉长,传达出该词的本意“延伸”。让人很容易感到除尘布能延长人手臂的功能,真切而形象地渲染了“拉拉拉长,除尘力强”的功效。译文中“拉”字的重复再现了原文中stretch一词被拉长的效果,形成感觉上的延伸。四字短语及押韵的使用都符合汉语广告的语体特征。 分别表义法 如果要把双关语的双层意义完整地表述于译文中,除了在双语偶合的情况下,采用契合译法外,“也可以采取变通手法,将双关语义剥开,拆成两层来表达”。 16 (12) The Unique Spirit of Canada. 17 在这则加拿大酒广告中,spirit一词是传神之作,它既可作“烈性酒”解,又可作“精神”解。为了保留双重意义,可将双重语义拆开,译为“别具风味的加拿大酒,独特的加拿大精神”。 18 (13) I’m More satisfied. 19 (14) Ask for More. 20 这是摩尔香烟在广告语中树立的两个双关典范。它们巧妙地使用more一词的双重意义:more是一个副词,表示“更加,更多”;大写之后,变成了品牌名称。这两则广告使人们轻松记住了商品的品牌,同时又给人留下了一个印象:该产品优于同类产品,能更使消费者满意。译文分别为:“摩尔香烟,我更满意”;“再来一支,还吸摩尔”。双关语义被拆成两层,在译文中分别表述,而且四字结构,读来朗朗上口。 值得指出的是,这种翻译方法虽然保留了双关语的双重含义,但原文那种凝炼,诙谐的韵味和一词两义的妙趣却丧失了。 套译法 有些广告双关语的产生是建立在一定的文化背景之上的。英语语言、文化在汉语中的传播形成了双语翻译之间的桥梁。套译法就是套用英语在汉语中已经沉积下来的固有模式,对英语广告进行翻译。 (15) All is well that ends well. 21 这则广告实际是一条英语成语,意思是“结局好,全都好”。但广告制作者把它用于香烟广告中,ends就具有了双重意义:动词“结束”和名词“香烟蒂”。这句香烟广告词可以套用原来成语的翻译模式,译成“烟蒂好,烟就好”。 (16) Better late than the late. 22 这一妙句出自成语“Better late than never”(晚来总比不来好)。它妙就妙在不仅引用了成语的结构,还利用了late的双关意义,the late这里指the dead。双关的运用使这则交通公益广告产生了强大的震撼力。其译文可套译为“迟到总比丧命好”。 23 (17) We take no pride in prejudice. 24 这是《泰晤士报》为自己做广告时用的一句妙语,它源于奥斯汀的一部传世名著“Pride and Prejudice”,报社援引该书名作广告,以标榜自己不偏不倚,主持公道。这则广告可译为:“对于您的偏见,我们没有傲慢”。对于知道《傲慢与偏见》这部作品的人来说,这种译法的双关内含便不言自明了。 套译法的长处在于它能传递广告原文的文化内涵,同时又基本能保证原文简洁、凝炼的语言特征,但双关的内涵往往不能得到充分展示,所以译文也就失去了原文风趣、机智、幽默的色彩。 侧重译法 广告中别具匠心的双关表现手法有时“难以表述于译文中,结果只好牺牲形式意义、谐音寓义及暗含情态”, 25 尤其是有些广告含有多组双关和一语多关,只好采取侧重译法,守住概念意义。 (18) The driver is safer when the road is dry; The road is safer when the driver is dry. 26 这则宣传交通安全的广告运用了dry一词的两重词义(干燥的;没饮酒的)构成双关,对司机很有警示作用。翻译时,dry一词的两重意义在上、下句中只能各取一意:路面干燥,司机安全;司机清醒,道路安全。 (19) When the wind has a bite…and you feel like a bite…then bite on a whole Nut. 27 bite一词在这里有多层意思:刺痛;食物;咬。它的多层含义使全营养坚果给饥寒交迫的人们带来的感受跃然而出。这句广告词的翻译可分别把bite一词表达的多重意义表述出来:“当寒风刺骨而您又想吃点儿什么的时候,请嚼嚼全营养坚果”。 (20) Butlin’s –the right choice. Don’t labour the point, or be conservative in your choice, or liberal with your money. Come to Butlin’s for the real party. Great Party Ahead. 29 这是旅游公司利用各政党之间的竞争为自己做的广告。广告中labour,conservative, liberal是三个政党的名字,同时labour the point作“详尽说明”解,be conservative in your choice意为“在做选择时保守”,be liberal with money指“大手大脚地花钱”。Party也是一个双关词,既指“政党”,又指“聚会”。广告中几组双关词的运用给人们留下了该旅游公司可以信赖的印象,可以说广告作到了绝妙的地步。但遗憾的是像这样的多重双关译起来难以多全其美,只好采取保留概念意义,牺牲双关的译法: “布特林旅游公司——您的正确选择。 不要劳烦讲个没完, 不要保守,也别犹豫, 不要放任自由地乱花钱。 到布特林旅游公司,参加实实在在的聚会吧。 盛大的聚会正等着你!” 侧重译法是对广告双关的双重乃至多重意义的一种无可奈何的取舍。经过这种取舍后,双关的双重意义在译文中只剩下一层,所以也就没有双关可言了。大多数的广告双关语都适合这种翻译方法,事实上,这种侧重译法正是双关语具有可译性障碍的例证。 补偿译法 大多数的广告双关语都能通过侧重译法译出。但是有时双关语的一层意义译出后,另外一层意义也很重要,但却无法同时译出,这时,可采用一些补偿手段加以弥补。对于广告来说,这些补偿手段主要指承载广告的媒体,如电视的图像、广播的声音及报纸的版式设计等。 (21) OIC 这是一则眼镜广告,三个简洁的大写字母形状像眼镜,读音为“oh, I see”。该广告既利用视觉语言来吸引人们的注意力,又利用听觉语言表现此眼镜给视力不佳的顾客带来的欣喜之情。然而,该广告的翻译很难同时兼顾到视觉和听觉,只能从听觉上译为:“哇!我看见了”。视觉上三个字母形成的眼镜形状却可以通过承载广告的媒体,利用图形这一视觉语言要素来弥补。对于依靠媒体而存在的广告来说,这不失为一种重要的补偿手段。 3. 结 语 总之,双关语是广告文体中十分常用的一种修辞手法,它不仅能使广告语言简炼、丰富、诙谐,而且能使广告引人注意,便于记忆。但广告双关语的翻译问题值得进一步研究。以上我们只是讨论了广告双关语翻译的几种模式,在实际翻译中,要真正做到译文和原文最大限度等值,我们不可能在任何时候都只使用某一两种手段,而须从具体情况出发,辩证地选择最合适的手段来传达原文的意义。

论文国外研究现状英文翻译

论文国内外研究现状写法如下:

首先,我们要知道国内外研究现状是什么,其实通俗来说,就是国内和国外对于一个研究对象目前的研究现状,可以是国家层面上相关部门对于研究对象的研究,也可以是权威学者,对于研究对象的研究。

所以很明确,国内外研究现状有两种写法,要不就是从相关部门对于研究对象的研究,或者就是从学者对于相关研究现状的研究来写。

正常来说,国内外研究现状都需要大家去阅读大量的文献,然后总结学者的主要观点,这里给大家一个小技巧,可以直接从一篇文章的摘要看出来,一个学者的研究观点主要集中在哪些,这样的话,即便你不完整的阅读文章,也能知道文章的主要观点。

还有一种方法,可以直接从硕士论文里面去摘抄,大家可以找一些和自己题目一样,或者是关键词一样的硕士论文,我们在里面摘抄国内外研究现状,并且将这个话改成自己的意思,这也是一种写作方法。

但是注意标注引用的时候,一定要找到最根本的文章,而不是你参考的这篇硕士论文。找文献去哪里,中文的话我们可以从百度学术或者是知网里面直接观看,主要就是看一篇文章的摘要,因为主要观点都在摘要里。

英文的话,之前有提过从谷歌学术去搜索关键词,就能找到很多的国外文献,这里要注意,查找国外文献的关键词,一定要翻译成英文,如果是中文的话,是没办法识别的,然后只需要把相关的英文文献翻译成中文,再去进行总结就可以了。

您好,由于篇幅限制,以下是英文文献地址:其他相关范文:政府信用危机根源剖析内容摘要:社会信用体系主要包括政府信用、企业信用、个人信用等,其中政府信用在社会信用体系中占主导地位,整个社会信用都是基于政府信用来推动和发展的。本文从政府信用的理论、体制、能力、利益和行为方面去探寻政府信用危机的根源,以期对我国政府信用体系的建设有所借鉴。关键词:政府信用 危机 根源 理论 体制作为维系社会共享价值、稳定社会期望模式的复杂机制,“信用”是人类社会生活中必须面对的古老议题。社会信用体系主要包括政府信用、企业信用、个人信用等,其中政府信用在社会信用体系中占主导地位,整个社会信用都是基于政府信用来推动和发展的。就整个社会信用体系来看,政府信用也面临着危机。分析当前我国政府信用危机的根源,并从根源上解决政府信用危机问题是构建和谐社会的需要。目前,我国政府信用危机的根源主要有以下几个方面。理论根源政府信用理论虽然没有被系统、完整地提出过,但是其它理论学派却给这一理论提供了丰厚的理论基础。委托—代理理论被广大学者认为是政府信任的理论基础之一,而委托—代理情况下的信息不对称也恰恰是政府信用危机的理论根源。公众将行政权委托给政府,是委托人,政府是公众委托的代理人,政府根据公众的授权采取行动完成委托的公共事务。而委托人要有效地控制代理人的行为,就需要了解代理人本身以及客观环境的完全信息,了解什么样的制度安排可以限制代理人的机会主义。但是在现实生活中,一方面由于政府对信息的天然垄断性,另一方面政府决策所要解决的问题也越来越专业,这些都会导致信息不对称,使公众对政府监督约束困难。在政府权力缺乏有效监督约束的情况下,委托人和代理人的关系可能完全颠倒过来,代理人由于掌握着公共权力而成为管理者。这样政府为了追求自身利益最大化可能会出现反客为主漠视委托人意愿的现象,使公众的意愿和利益得不到回应,公众也就无法再信任政府。体制根源一是行政管理体制不规范。尽管政府行为的失信形式是多种多样的,但本质上都是一样的,即政府未能正确有效地履行其管理和服务职能,不能满意的回应公众的期待和信任。受封建文化和计划经济体制的深刻影响,我国政府尤其是地方政府行政管理体制不规范,某些管理者超越公众给予的委托权力。部门之间、地方之间相互推诿责任或者相互争夺利益的现象普遍存在。二是约束、监督制度不完善。在实际生活中,我国现行的行政监督机制缺乏应有的力度,监督达不到应有的效果。在行政监督中监督主体过多、监督无力和监督职能不明确以及缺乏独立性现象普遍存在,这些导致权力机关监督几乎流于形式。三是行政责任追究制度不健全。至今我国还没有建立一套完整的行政责任追究赔偿制度。政府决策危害了公共利益时,应对主要的政府责任人给予一定的惩罚,让失信的行为和失信的责任、后果相对应。长期以来我国行政人员的权责主体很难划分明确,即使有明确的责任主体,但是由于缺乏严格的行政程序规则,当面对行政责任问题时,无力追究或者是不去追究责任人的责任。四是行政考核机制不健全。目前,对于政府官员的晋升考核机制不健全,过于看重政绩和经济效益,忽略了把社会公众的满意度也作为一个考核标准。能力根源(一)财政能力有限政府的存在和运作需要庞大的财政开支,如果财政能力弱小就会限制政府行政职能的履行。而政府行政职能的履行缺乏必要的经费支持,使得政府的政策执行缺乏物质保障,政策执行不力。财力的缺乏也会导致社会公共事业的服务滞后,像教育、卫生、医疗、水电、交通等最基本的公共物品的供给不足。(二)行政运作的能力低效我国行政管理体制经历了二十几年的改革,各级地方政府的机构设置几经调整、精简,但至今仍存在机构臃肿、行政低效的局面。在同样的财政能力条件下,一个运作能力强、可以高效运转的行政管理机构,毫无疑问会比一个低效能的行政管理机构更能满足社会发展和公众的需求,令公众满意和信任。(三)意识形态的动员能力较弱在制度经济学中,意识形态是非正式制度安排最主要的内容。价值观念、社会道德、风俗习性等会在潜移默化中影响人们的选择行为。正确的理念引导正确的行为,而错误的理念也常常导致错误的行政行为。政府危机表面上看是行政行为失范,但是从深层次上看是由于价值思想观念引起的。对于政府来说,通过意识形态来调整和改变公众的价值偏好,使其意识形态能为公众接受,政府就会有很强的威信,就会得到人们的信任。相反如果政府的意识形态的动员能力很弱,就很难使得政府的意识为大众接受。(四)制度能力的短缺提供制度规则是政府的一项重要功能和职责,政府根据社会需要设计和组织实施新的制度安排,来引导社会成员的行为和满足公共利益的需要。政府也根据制度来为社会成员的行为设置合法的空间,来构建、维护稳定的社会秩序。制度同样也是“经济人”行为选择的一个约束。制度是现代社会最重要的社会信任生成机制,由于一些政府无法维护制度的权威性,无法有效的执行制度,才会直接动摇公众对政府权威的信任。利益根源一是政府官员作为“经济人”有自己的利益。政府行为的主体是同样具有个人私利的政府官员,当然也不可能完全超脱于现实社会经济利益关系之外。在可能的条件下,他们都要追求自身利益的最大化,特别是我国自改革开放以来,人们更加注重追求自身利益,而这些行为目标并不是总能与社会公共利益相吻合。社会公众对政府的信任来自于对社会现实生活的切身体验,来自于同政府行政官员打交道的感知和评判。当公众感受不到公正时,也就会动摇和瓦解他们对政府的信任。二是政府机构也有自己的利益。实际上,政府机构本身作为一个独立的社会经济主体,也有自己的利益,而且这些利益确实的存在着。随着政府机构管理地方公共事务的自主权不断提高,其自利性的行为取向也越来越趋于强化,甚至会被一些特殊的利益集团所左右。三是地方政府机构利益。市场经济要求市场统一、开放、竞争、有序。但是,改革开放以来,很多地方为了追求高速的经济发展,运用行政手段干预市场经济的运作,人为割裂市场、限制公平竞争、破坏市场秩序。当地方政府为了利益争夺运用种种技巧和策略博弈时,社会公众对政府的信用也就逐渐丧失了。行为根源(一)政府对市场的过度介入在成熟的市场经济条件下,政府的主要职能是引导市场的宏观走向、培育市场体系、监督市场运行、维护公平竞争、创造良好市场环境,让市场在资源的配置中处于主导作用。但受长期计划经济体制的影响,传统行政思维定势还在一定程度上存在,在一些地方和部门,一些行政官员角色错位介入本不应该介入的微观经济活动领域。政府角色错位不但不会发挥维护社会公正秩序和社会信用体系的作用,而且只会成为信用体系的破坏者。(二)政府行为不符合实际民意需要有些地方领导在决策方面背离集体决策的原则,不走群众路线,不从实际出发,根据自己的喜好和功绩来制定某些脱离实际的政策,不但浪费大量的人力、物力和财力,而且没有任何的价值和效益,导致公众对政府的政策不予以合作,对政府也更加的不信任。(三)政府行为的短期化和政策的不稳定性树立良好的公信力要求地方政府在制订出台政策时必须保持高度谨慎的态度,政策出台后也必须持之以恒的加以贯彻执行。现行的行政管理体制和干部选拔任用及考核评估机制的存在,客观上形成了一种诱导、驱使地方政府官员片面追求短期经济增长绩效的激励机制。这意味着政府的政策不再是稳定和连续的,使人们对未来缺乏信心和稳定的预期,从而降低了企业或个人讲信用的积极性,同时也削弱了政府的信用。(四)行政权力运行的法制化程度低国家法律是保障国家正常秩序的关键,政府必须在法律允许的范围内活动,良好的社会信用环境是建立在完善的制度保障基础上的。西方发达国家用了约150年的时间建立了相当完善的信用法律体系,使得在市场经济下信用不再是单纯的道德规范,而更是一种法律要求。我国对政府行政权力运行的制约机制还没有完全建立起来,有关行政法律、规章较为抽象,规范性和操作性差,导致执法部门和执法人员出现有法不依、执法不严、违法不究、徇私枉法、执法犯法等滥用权力的行为。(五)政府行为缺乏公开性我国政府信息偏重保密,公开程度较低,许多涉及公众利益的规范文件不向利益关系人和公众公开,公众也没有任何获取信息的手段和途径。政府信息不公开,公众对政府缺乏一种信任的基础,即使政府政策努力追求合理,也难以得到公众的理解和支持。(六)社会信用体系不健全在西方国家市场经济发展的过程中,社会信用体系也逐渐完备,并形成了一个较为系统的信用体系。完备的社会信用体系对政府信用的构建起到了积极的促进作用。当前,我国正处于经济社会转型时期,由于受文化传统、小农经济传统的影响和社会信用保障的缺乏,我国目前并没有建立起一个良好的社会信用体系。参考文献:1.安贺新.关于我国政府信用问题的思考[J].中央财经大学学报,2006(3)2.唐丽萍.关于开展诚信建设的思考[J].山西广播电视大学学报,2006(6)3.陈淑贞.我国现阶段政府信用的缺失及危害[J].山西广播电视大学学报,2007(4)4.吴开松.论我国地方政府信用危机[J].当代经济,2006(9)仅供参考,请自借鉴希望对您有帮助

present status of research (on...) both in China and abroaddomestic and overseas research( on...)at present 一般用于学术论文发表

在知网有一篇这个文章,如果你需要我发给你,改革开放以来,伴随着经济增长、综合国力和人民生活水平的提高,政府信用状况日益受到人们的广泛关注。客观来说,当前我国政府信用的总体状况是良好的,但是由于社会环境的影响和个体思想的偏差,政府信用缺失现象仍以各种各样的形式存在,政府信用受到怀疑和挑战,从而导致其它各种社会资源在政府信用缺失下而严重损耗。本文立足于当前我国政府信用建设的客观需要,在对政府信用的理论根源、现状透视进行考察的基础上,分析了政府信用缺失的产生原因,探讨了如何对政府信用缺失进行有效治理的具体措施。我们研究的焦点从当前我国经济水平低下、传统官僚体制存在惯性、传统文化产生消极影响以及法律威慑力不强这些社会层面逐步深入到行政道德短缺的行政个体在面临行政伦理冲突时的行为成本与行为收益的比较选择上。根据缺失原因剖析,在对相应的对策进行整合之后,本文尝试从制度规范和道德文化两个方面对政府信用缺失进行系统治理,从而实现了对传统信用制度的超越。制度规范治理对策通过一系列具有可操作性的经济、政治、法律制度形成合力构建他律防线;道德文化治理对策则通过调整人的思想言行从内心唤起自律意识。只有实现他律与自律的有机结合,才能从根本上改变政府信用缺失的状况,以建立和完善...(摘要)

英语广告语翻译论文开题报告

商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文

开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体,这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要而产生的。下面是我帮大家整理的商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。

题目名称:商务英语谈判中的礼貌策略研究

英文题目:Politeness Principle as a strategy in Business Negotiation

学生姓名:

学号:xxx

学院:xxxx

专业年级:英语专业商务方向xx级

指导教师:xxx

职称:

一、选题的依据:

由于商务活动的需要,在世界高度一体化,国际商务活动日益频繁,中国进入WTO 的国际背景下,需要人们熟练掌握对外商务活动的原则和技巧;而商务谈判是对外商务活动的重要环节,商务谈判实际上是通过语言来进行的经济活动, 其成功与否很大程度上取决于语言的应用。在谈判过程中谈判双方都希望己方利益最大化,因此双方在谈判过程中的语言表达和应用对谈判有着深远影响。得体、合适的语言表达能促进商务谈判的顺利进行。而礼貌原则作为一种语用策略是商务谈判的必要技巧,我们通过运用礼貌策略减少谈判双方的利益摩擦,缓和谈判环境,使双方在快乐的条件下获得共赢和理想的谈判结果。本选题旨在研究礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的影响及具体应用。其意义如下:

意义:1. 得体的谈吐能树立谈判者良好的文化素养和职业道德形象,是商务谈判中的润滑剂;

2.增加谈判者之间的信任度,提高谈判中的自觉性,增加谈判的成功性,从而实现经济利益;

3. 对商务谈判中礼貌原则的研究有利于对今后礼貌原则文化差异起着促进作用;

4. 对礼貌原则的研究及礼貌语言的学习、应用利于人们生活实际中的交际和商务活动,利于个人生活。

2)综合国内外有关本选题的研究动态和自己的见解

我国学者何自然认为礼貌语言实际上是一种语用策略。大量学者对语用学中的礼貌策略进行了研究。我国学者胡艳芳认为礼貌是人类文明的重要标志,是人类社会活动的一条重要准绳(2009),普遍存在于人类的交际活动中。国内学者徐盛恒也有深入的见解他认为礼貌语言是语言交际可能涉及的各方关系的杠杆(1992),起着调节人际关系的作用。他们的研究都说明了礼貌语言策略在人们生活交际中有着重要的作用。

国外学者对其的研究更为突出。早在20世纪50年代,美国学者戈夫曼(Erving Goffman)就提出了“面子行为理论”,建立了礼貌模式。20世纪60年代,美国语言哲学家Grice(1975)在Austin 和Searle的言语行为基础上提出了会话合作原则,该原则认为人们在所有会话中都应遵循质量,方式和相关的四准则。(1972,1973,1975,1977)在上世纪七十年代提出礼貌三规则。1978年Brown 和Levinson 提出了“面子论”。而英国语言学家利奇(Leech,1983)将语用原则分为“人际修辞”(interpersonal rhetoric)和“篇章修辞(textual rhetoric),提出了礼貌六准则。语用学中礼貌语言策略的历史来源及国内外学者的研究为诸多学者对礼貌策略在商务谈判中作用及应用的研究有着巨大的指导意义。许多学者就Grice的合作原则及相关理论,Leech的礼貌六准则,以及Brown和Levison的“面子论”在商务谈判中的应用进行了相关研究。他们的研究结果表明礼貌原则这一语用策略不仅适用于人们生活中的交流同时在商务谈判中依然适用并发挥着重要作用。

在此基础上,本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时,着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Grice的合作原则、Leech的礼貌六准则(得体,慷慨,赞誉,谦逊,一致,同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。从而说明礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的重要性。

二、研究内容

(1)主要研究内容及观点:

本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时,着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Leech的礼貌六准则(得体,慷慨,赞誉,谦逊,一致,同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。

(2)论文内容提纲:

1 商务谈判的简单介绍

商务谈判的定义

商务谈判的基本原则(语言特征)

2 礼貌语言策略的介绍

礼貌的定义

相关的礼貌理论( Grice(1975)会话合作原则; Leech的礼貌六准则; Brown Levison的“面子论”等)

相关礼貌理论下的具体礼貌原则和策略

3一些语用礼貌策略在商务谈判中的应用(重点)

“得体准则”(把Grice的合作原则中的量的准则,质的准则,关系准则纳入为得体准则 说明:此为创新点)

慷慨准则的应用( Leech原理)

逊准则的应用( Leech原理)

Brown Levison积极和消极礼貌策略的应用

4 总结

三、研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析

本选题的主要研究方法有文献资料法和经验总结法,以网络技术、人工智能为研究手段,采用对比分析、综合分析等方法和手段,通过对国内外学者在礼貌原则领域的见解和研究成果的对比和解析,总结出礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的应用的重要性。

四、进程安排和采取的主要措施

资料收集,阅读整理资料,拟定论文研究大致方向

- :

向论文老师申报论文题目;确定研究方向,拟定出论文大纲,积累资料

撰写开题报告及交予老师审核

听取指导老师建议结合实际撰写、修改论文一稿

听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文二稿

听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文三稿

撰写论文定稿

上交论文定稿

将论文定稿交予老师审查

—:

做好答辩准备

五、主要参考文献

[1] Brown, P. &Levinson, S., 1978, “Universals in Language Usage. Politeness Phenomena”. In . Goody(ed.), Questions and Politeness: Strateges in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1978, .

[2] Grice, ., 1975, “Logic and Conversation”. In Cole &Morgan(eds.). Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York : Academic Press. 1975, .

[3] Goffman,E., 1967, International Ritual: Essays on Face –to Face Behacior. New York: Doubleday and Company.

[4] Leech .G. Principle of Pragmatics [M]. New York : Longman Inc, 1983.

[5] 胡艳芳(Hu, Yanfang),积极礼貌策略在英语课堂教学中的应用[J]. 重庆工学学院学报(社会科学版)2009(1).

[6] 何自然(He, Zirran).语用与英语学习[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1997.

[7] 邱天河(Qiu Tianhe), 语用策略在国际商务谈判中的运用[J]. 外语与外语教学.

[8] 徐盛恒(Xu Sheng hen)礼貌原则新拟[J]. 外语学刊,1992.

[9] 熊学亮(Xiong, Xueliang).礼貌文化参数. 简明语用学教程, : 1165-170.

[10] 杨林聪(Yang Lincong)礼貌原则在商务沟通中的应用[M].长沙.国防科技大学出版社,2002.

六、指导教师意见

指导教师签名:

xx年xx月xx日

课题名称:原则和合作原则在商务英语中的

本课题的研究现状、研究目的及意义

研究现状:随着全球经济一体化进程的加速,商务英语信函在国际贸易发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。商务英语信函引起了越来越多的国内外学者关注和研究,其领域涉及翻译、词汇学、语义学及语用学。国内的,如:吴金凤的《商务英语信函的特点及翻译》;黄雪芳的《商务英语信函的词汇特征分析》;武瑞的《商务英语信函中的'语用策略研究》。国外的,如:Josephine Baker的Correct Business Letter Writing and Business English;Beam Brilliance的New Business English;Leech,S.的Principles of Pragmatics等。

从这些论文著作整理统计来看,国内外学者对商务英语信函的翻译、词汇和语用的理论性研究分析的较多,将具体的礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究分析的较少。本论文选取礼貌原则和合作原则这两大原则并结合具体实例来具体分析研究这两大原则在商务英语信函的应用。

研究目的及意义:

目的:随着世界经济和信息技术快速发展,商务英语信函已经成为对外贸易中不可或缺的重要组成部分。商务英语信函是在商务环境下,利用信函与具有不同文化背景的客户进行国际交流的行为,它是一种行业英语,是开展对外商务活动的基础和重要工具,是最常用也最有效的通讯手段之一。为提高外贸人员对商务英语信函的礼貌原则和合作原则的认识,增强他们写作商务英语信函写作的有效性,本论文对礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用进行了具体研究。

意义:商务英语信函是建立友谊、吸引客户的手段,信函中灵活运用礼貌原则和合作原则是商务活动顺利开展的内在要求和取得商务交际成功的关键,是建立和睦合作关系的基础,因此,礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究对商务英语信函的写作具有重要的借鉴意义。

课题类型:

(1)A—工程实践型;B—理论研究型;C—科研装置研制型;D—计算机软件型;

E—综合应用型

(2)X—真实课题;Y—模拟课题;

(1)、(2)均要填,如AY、BX等。

本课题的研究内容

中文题目:礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究

摘要

1引言

论文研究的背景

论文研究的意义

2商务英语信函及语用原则简介

商务英语信函的定义

商务英语信函的特点

商务英语信函的语用原则简介

3礼貌原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用

礼貌原则简介

礼貌原则的定义

礼貌原则的特点

礼貌原则在商务英语信函中的应用

4合作原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用

合作原则简介

合作原则的定义

合作原则的特点

合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用

5 总结

6 参考文献

本课题研究的实施方案、进度安排

实施方案:

查找有关资料,收集并整理资料,结合自己兴趣和专业与指导老师探讨后确定选题。确定论文题目,根据论文的研究方向和所得资料结合任务书中的要求,写出开题报告。编写提纲根据提纲写出初稿,根据修改后的初稿写出二稿,根据再修改后的二稿写出三稿。调整论文结构,检查错别字,编排标准格式,定稿打印。

进度安排:

20XX年1月5日上交开题报告

20XX年4月9日交初稿

20XX年4至5月论文修改

20XX年5月22日论文定稿

20XX年5月29日答辩

已查阅的主要参考文献

[1] Beam Business English [M].Beijing: Tsinghua University Press,2010

[2] Frank of Positive Politeness Strategies in Business Letters [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2010

[3] Fraster, on Politeness [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2011

[4] and Politeness: strategies in social interaction [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2009

[5] Jef Pragmatics [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000

[6] Jiang : Theories and Applications [M].Beijing: Beijing University Press,2000

[7] Jones L,Alexander Business English [M].Oxford: Oxford University Press,2001

[8] Lesikar,Raymond Communication [J].New York: Richard

[9] Analysis of Business Letters of Negotiation [J].English for Specific Purposes,2002

[10] Scheraga, English Writing Skills [J].Illinois NTC Publishing Group,2001

[11]范俊芳.合作原则和礼貌原则在英语商务信函中的研究[D].辽宁大学,2012

[12]高欢.礼貌原则应用于商务英语信函的实证研究[D].重庆大学,2007

[13]胡志雯.语用原则在商务英语应用中的度范畴[J].湖南大学学报,2003

[14]李亮.商务英语应用中的合作原则和礼貌原则体现[J].广西大学学报,2009

[15]刘焕明.格莱斯合作原则在经贸英语合同文本中的应用[D].延边大学,2009

[16]梅庭军.合作原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].考试周刊,2012

[17]吴金凤.商务英语信函的特点及翻译[D].上海外国语大学,2006

[18]王晓英杨靖.商务英语写作教程[M].东南大学出版社,2004

[19]武瑞.商务英语信函中的语用策略探究[D].山西财经大学,2010

[20]赵军.商务英语语用特征研究[D].西华大学,2012

[21]周瑞琪.语用原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].广东外语外贸大学学报,2007

题 目:

On the Characteristics & Translating Skills of English Advertising(英语的特征和翻译)

选题依据及研究意义:

随着经济全球化的进一步加快,国际经济的进一步发展带动了广告业的腾飞,英语广告翻译日益成为翻译学研究的重要组成部分,广告翻译的发展对国际贸易的发展不言而喻。广告是商战中的有力的武器,广告英语是一种专门用途的英语,他与普通英语有着较大的差别,本文结合大量的实例,从广告英语的语法特点、句法特点和修辞特点三方面分析了广告英语的特点,并浅析了其翻译策略。英语广告翻译作为翻译学的一个新的领域,引起了众多的翻译工作者和研究人员的注意,发展仍然不够成熟和完善,这篇论文正是针对这一系列的问题提出了英语广告的特点和英语广告的翻译策略等重要意义的课题。从而为英语广告的翻译提供了有效的途径,为众多的翻译工作人员提供了重要的借鉴,同时也推动广告业及广告翻译事业的长足发展。

选题的研究现状:

对于商务沟通中的策略,曾有两语言学家提出过。

美国语言学家格莱斯于1967年提出的礼貌被称为“合作原则”。此原则中,会话双方需要共同遵守的原则包括数量、关系、质量和方式几个准则。有了“合作原则”,交易双方所说的话就不会逻辑混乱,说话者和听话者能顺畅沟通,以达到成功交际的目的。20世纪80年代,在合作原则的基础上,英国语言学家利奇又提出了著名的“礼貌原则”,其主要内容为:通过减少自身利益,使对方从中获得更大利益的方式获得对方好感,推进合作,使对方从中获得更长远的利益。

总而言之,“合作原则”和“礼貌原则”都是要求商务信函中要坚持礼貌策略,以达到维护交易各方地位均等、关系友好的目的。

拟研究的主要内容:

1.礼貌、礼貌原则和商务英语的表达原则;

2.商务英语信函的写作原则

3.礼貌原则在商务英语写作中的具体应用;

4.商务英语信函语言表达形式中礼貌的表现。

研究的创新点及重、难点:

(1)本研究的创新点:本研究立足于商务贸易间来往,提出了不容忽视的礼貌策略,符合现代商务沟通的基本准则,有利于更好的撰写商务英语信函,促进贸易。

(2)本研究存在的主要问题:参考文献的局限性以及信函中的创新概念,避免千篇一律。

研究的进程安排:

20XX-1-15——20XX-2-15 确定选题,收集资料,撰写开题报告

20XX-2-16——20XX-2-18 撰写初稿

20XX-2-19——20XX-2-20 完成二稿

20XX-2-21——20XX-3-1 定稿

主要参考文献:

[1] 曹顺发,冯波,国际商务英语谈判[M].沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,2001.

[2] 彭林霞,黄莉:商务电子邮件与传统商务信函中礼貌策略的对比分析[J].温州大学学报,2006第19卷第5期:49-56.

[3] 秦晓杰:英文商务信函中的“合作”和“礼貌”[J].西安外国语学院报,2001第9卷第4期:11-14.

[4] 曹菱,商务英语谈判[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001.

[5] Brown G&Yule,G Discourse Analysis,Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Reserch Press

[6] Bilbow G for

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告,供参考阅读,希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

样的广告中,根据化妆品行业对国际知名品牌的化妆品进行的调查数据显示, 广告中有一半是化妆品广告,,消费量仅次于食品。在这种环境下, 外国的化妆品牌不断的进入我国市场, 而我国的化妆品正在尝试着走出世界。生产商想得到他们在原有市场获得的效果, 这样便出现了一个问题——如何更好的做好广告的翻译? 对此,许多学者做出了以下探究:张超在化妆品广告的翻译中指出:决定翻译过程的主要原则是翻译的目的,它决定了翻译的方法和策略。以汉斯·弗米尔(Hans Vermeer)为代表的德国功能派将翻译从“源文本”的束缚中解放出来,翻译行动中的目的与委托提出翻译行为都有目的,为翻译提供一个新的视角。化妆品广告作为一种实用文体,有很强的目的性和功能性。化妆品广告的最终目的是使消费者购买商品,为企业创造利润。目的论观照下的化妆品广告英译一文中也提到,将目的论的主要观点应用于广告文本中,能够恰当地突出广告文本的目的性,并有效地指导译者怎样使广告译文产生“预期功能”。因此,采用目的论作为化妆品广告翻译的指导理论,确实能够使其有章可循,防止出现“乱译”现象

翻译论文开题报告研究现状

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告,供参考阅读,希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

题目定了么,格式给我。

你好,这个不是固定的,你可以和导师商量一下

开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明,并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》,2005,(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌,刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》,2002,(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》,1997,(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日

  • 索引序列
  • 服装英语广告翻译研究现状论文
  • 对于英语广告词翻译的研究论文
  • 论文国外研究现状英文翻译
  • 英语广告语翻译论文开题报告
  • 翻译论文开题报告研究现状
  • 返回顶部