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经济学毕业论文译文

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经济学毕业论文译文

doing it right 在经济学中没有特殊含义,这是一个通用词组,就是“用正确的方法做事”的意思,例如:I don't think you are doing it right. 我觉得你没有用正确的方法去做。(我觉得你做的不对)

Macroeconomics is a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a whole, once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been summed. Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels. In contrast, microeconomics is the study of the economic behaviour and decision-making of individual consumers, firms, and industries. Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how to influence government policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of payments. Macroeconomics is sometimes used to refer to a general approach to economic reasoning, which includes long term strategies and rational expectations in aggregate behavior. Until the 1930s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate behavior. With the Great Depression of the 1930s, suffered throughout the developed world at the time, and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to expand. Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who formulated theories to try to explain the Great Depression. Before that time, comprehensive national accounts, as we know them today, did not exist . One of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic models. Starting in the 1950s, macroeconomists developed micro-based models of macroeconomic behavior (such as the consumption function). Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model, which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II. The first global macroeconomic model, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates LINK project, was initiated by Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1980. Theorists such as Robert Lucas Jr suggested (in the 1970s) that at least some traditional Keynesian (after British economist John Maynard Keynes) macroeconomic models were questionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior, although it was not clear whether the failures were in microeconomic assumptions or in macroeconomic models. However, New Keynesian macroeconomics has generally presented microeconomic models to shore up their macroeconomic theorizing, and some Keynesians have contested the idea that microeconomic foundations are essential, if the model is analytically useful. An analogy might be that the fact that quantum phisics is not fully consistent with relativity theory doesn´t mean that realtivity is false. Many important microeconomic assumptions have never been proved, and some have proved wrong. The various schools of thought are not always in direct competition with one another - even though they sometimes reach differing conclusions. Macroeconomics is an ever evolving area of research. The goal of economic research is not to be "right," but rather to be accurate. It is likely that none of the current schools of economic thought perfectly capture the workings of the economy. They do, however, each contribute a small piece of the overall puzzle. As one learns more about each school of thought, it is possible to combine aspects of each in order to reach an informed synthesis. The traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand; and supply-side (or neo-classical) economics, focusing on supply. Neither view is typically endorsed to the complete exclusion of the other, but most schools do tend clearly to emphasize one or the other as a theoretical foundation. • Keynesian economics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business cycle. That is, business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy (the government spends more or less depending on the situation) and monetary policy. Early Keynesian macroeconomics was "activist," calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy, while some Keynesians called for the use of incomes policies. • Supply-side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal policy. The focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the supply of money and the demand for money. It advocates a monetary policy that directly targets the value of money and does not target interest rates at all. Typically the value of money is measured by reference to gold or some other reference. The focus of fiscal policy is to raise revenue for worthy government investments with a clear recognition of the impact that taxation has on domestic trade. It places heavy emphasis on Say's law, which states that recessions do not occur because of failure in demand or lack of money. • Monetarism, led by Milton Friedman, which holds that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. It rejects fiscal policy because it leads to "crowding out" of the private sector. Further, it does not wish to combat inflation or deflation by means of active demand management as in Keynesian economics, but by means of monetary policy rules, such as keeping the rate of growth of the money supply constant over time. • New Keynesian economics, which developed partly in response to new classical economics, strives to provide microeconomic foundations to Keynesian economics by showing how imperfect markets can justify demand management. • Austrian economics is a laissez-faire school of macroeconomics. It focuses on the business cycle that arises from government or central-bank interference that leads to deviations from the natural rate of interest. • Post-Keynesian economics represents a dissent from mainstream Keynesian economics, emphasizing the role of uncertainty and the historical process in macroeconomics. • New classical economics. The original theoretical impetus was the charge that Keynesian economics lacks microeconomic foundations -- . its assertions are not founded in basic economic theory. This school emerged during the 1970s. This school asserts that it does not make sense to claim that the economy at any time might be "out-of-equilibrium". Fluctuations in aggregate variables follow from the individuals in the society continuously re-optimizing as new information on the state of the world is revealed. Later yielded an explicit school which argued that macro-economics does not have micro-economic foundations, but is instead the tool of studying economic systems at equilibrium. 宏观经济学是一种分场经济学的行为,研究是在整个经济中,一旦所有的个人的经济决策,为公司和产业被。宏观经济学认为经济现象包括国内生产总值(GDP)以及它是如何变化影响失业的国民收入的)经济成长率、价格水平。相反,微观经济学研究的就是经济行为和决策的个体消费者,公司和行业。宏观经济学可以用来分析如何影响政府的政策的目标,比如经济增长,价格稳定,充分就业和获取可持续国际收支差额。宏观经济学有时用来指一个经济理论的主要途径,包括长期战略的期望和理性综合行为。直到30年代为止,大部分的经济分析没有独立的个人经济综合行为举止。与1930年代的经济大萧条,遭受了在所有发达国家,发展国民收入的概念和产品的统计数据,但是研究领域的宏观经济学开始扩展。具有特殊影响力的想法是,约翰•梅纳德凯恩斯理论,努力向他们解释制定了经济大萧条。在那时候,综合国民经济核算,如同我们知道他们今天,是不存在的。经济学的一个挑战是一场斗争调和宏观经济政策和微观经济政策,模型。开始于20世纪50年代,macroeconomists发达micro-based模型的宏观经济行为(如消费函数)。1月Tinbergen荷兰经济学家第一个全面发展国家宏观经济模型,该模型他第一次建成为荷兰和后应用于美国和英国二战之后。第一个全球宏观经济模型,沃顿计量预测伙伴联系工程项目,发生在劳伦斯发起克莱恩和被提及他的嘉奖经济学诺贝尔经济学奖1980年。理论家如罗伯特·卢卡斯认为(是在上世纪70年代),认为至少有一些传统的凯恩斯(英国经济学家约翰梅纳德凯恩斯)宏观经济模型都是可疑的,因为他们不是来源于假设的个人行为,虽然现在还不清楚这些失败在微观经济的假定,或是对宏观经济模型。然而,最新凯恩斯主义的宏观微观模型提出了大致以支持他们的宏观经济理论有争议,一些凯恩斯主义者的想法,微观经济基础是必要的,如果模型是分析有用的。打个比方可能是,这样的事实,即量子phisics并不完全符合相对论´,并不代表没有realtivity是假的。许多重要的微观经济假设从来没有被证明,而有些人的证明是错误的。各种各样的思想学派并不总是在彼此的直接竞争,尽管他们有时会达到不同的结论。宏观经济学是一种前所未有的领域的研究。研究经济学的目标不是"正确",而是是精确的。很有可能是学校目前尚无一个经济思想完全捕捉运作方式的经济。不过,他们的贡献每一小块整体难题。当你学会更多关于每个思想学派,它能把方面的每一个为了达到一个通知的合成。传统的区别是留给经济学两种不同的方法,重点凯恩斯经济学和供方需求;(或古典)经济学、关注供应。也都是典型的观点完全排除其他,但大多数学校都往往清晰地强调一个或另一个是的理论基础。•凯恩斯经济学交融在总需求,以解释失业率和商业周期。商业周期波动,应减少通过财政政策(政府花费或多或少根据实际情况)和货币政策。早期凯恩斯主义的宏观经济学是“活动家,定期使用《召唤的政策稳定资本主义经济,虽然有些凯恩斯主义要求使用收入政策。•供给的经济学的作用很明显地在当前货币政策与财政政策。关注于货币政策应该是完全对价格的钱所确定的货币供应的需求的特点,为了金钱。它提倡货币政策,直接目标钱的价值,不目标利率。典型的钱的价值在于用参考金或其他参考。财政政策的重点是提高政府农业投资价值的收入为一个明确的认识税收的影响在国内贸易。它设置了过度强调了说的法律,它表明不会发生经济衰退需求下降、因为没有缺钱。•货币主义的带领下,由弗里德曼,认为始终通货膨胀是一种货币现象。财政政策拒绝,因为会导致“挤退”的私人生活。此外,它不希望对抗通货膨胀或通货紧缩采用主动需求管理在凯恩斯经济学,通过货币政策规则,即坚持的增长速度恒定的钱。凯恩斯•新经济发达的部分原因是为了适应新古典经济学、致力于提供凯恩斯现代经济学的微观经济基础显示出了市场的不完善就能名正言顺的需求管理等。•奥地利经济学是个自由放任主义的学校的宏观经济。它侧重于商业周期,而政府或中央银行的干扰导致偏离自然失业率的兴趣。•Post-Keynesian经济学所代表了凯恩斯经济学主流的作用,强调历史过程中不确定性和宏观经济。•新古典经济学。原理论动力的费用是凯恩斯经济学缺乏有效的微观经济基础——亦即其断言不成立于基本经济理论。这所学校出现在20世纪70年代。这所学校断言它是没有道理的主张经济会随时out-of-equilibrium”。波动的总变量遵从的在这个社会的个人不断re-optimizing新信息的状态的世界就会显现出来。后来取得了一个显式学校一样,认为宏观经济学没有微观经济基础,反而学习经济系统的工具在平衡。

The Chinese economy continually growth and the world economics growth asthenia as well as US dollar unceasing depreciation, specially American Government in the situation which the domestic unemployment rate and the international trade trade deficit rise unceasingly, American some people the American manufacturing industry worker will be unemployed with the China and America trade deficit reason sums up as the Renminbi exchange rate First, the Renminbi exchange rate is not the China and America trade deficit principal factor 1st, China and America balance of trade series analysis The China and America statistical figure difference so greatly mainly has two aspect reasons: (1)th, when American statistics China through Hong Kong partial transit trade repetition computation in China to US's exportation aspect. (2)th, American trade data collection process existence very many questions. 2nd, the China and America trade deficit is any reason creates (1)th, American Government to the high-tech product exportation control policy, is the Chinese and American trade not balanced important reason. (2)th, US the multinational corporation which invests in China is a balance of trade important China has the high trade surplus to US, but these trade surplus very major part comes from US in China's multinational corporation, demonstrated according to China's statistical data: In the Chinese import and export volume 56% is realizes by the overseas-funded enterprise, China is becoming US's multinational corporation to reduce the production cost, one of increase profit main channels. (3)th, US's trade statistics report has not collected the multinational corporation the American domestic investment income computation 3rd, tucks up the American foreign trade deficit the veil US's import comes from massively our country company in the production line which overseas sets up, in other words, American Multinational corporation from the overseas subsidiary company input cargo, the realistic trade many all is the company and the company, but non-country and country single card trade. English economist Julius on once to American trade revenue and expenditure statistics in, if adds on its overseas subsidiary company in the local repetition computation, that, in 1986 US's trade revenue and expenditure on became 57,000,000,000 US dollars earnings from 144,000,000,000 US dollars trade according to the American Department of commercial affairs statistics, in 1995 the American Multinational corporation subsidiary company sales volume surpassed 210,000,000 US dollars, in addition commodity service export amount 794,000,000,000 US dollars, nearly amounted to 3 ten thousand hundred million US dollars in the same year, but the foreign country exports and the foreign corporation to US in US's subsidiary company internal sales volume sum total is 2,400,000,000,000 US dollars, today US is not the world biggest trade deficit country, but was in the world one of minority several big trade surplus countries. US to the overseas export amount and the American Multinational corporation's in foreign market sale, both sum 2002nd year amounted to 3,000,000,000,000 US time, US's import amount and the foreign multinational corporation's in American market sale, both the sum is 2,400,000,000,000 US dollars, thus has created US to various countries trade gross profit 600,000,000,000 US dollars, this is analyzes when the American foreign trade deficit should comprehensively grasp the question the essence to be at. 4th, US trade deficit true reason (1) 20th century 70's, because two petroleum crises cause the world oil price two large rises, in addition comes from Japanese and the developing nation strong economical competitive power and the US dollar exchange rate strong trend of, these all caused the American commodity, the service trade deficit to achieve 152,000,000,000 US dollars peaks in 1987. (2) US worsens the low savings ratio, US must raise the construction fund from the international money market, namely allows temporary credit the fund to carry on the massive investment construction. (3) American Multinational corporation “the person on one's own side” who acts in the American import trade the role, namely the partial trade deficit in fact is “the commodity backflow”. China and US are a supplementary economy, maintains the existing exchange rate system is the win-win situation

The cost of equity – determination methods Equity cost represents the rate of return required by shareholders is the company to pay for their investment in the company. If the rate of return is lower than the opportunity cost, then the business value decreases, and if the rate of return is higher than the opportunity cost, then the business value increases. The rate of return expected by shareholders is an opportunity cost based on expected return of investors to invest the same risk. In the absence of resale transactions of existing shares, shareholders will earn dividends only. If the future flow of dividends is known, the discount rate that equales the present value of dividends by the current price action will be the required rate of return for investors. The difficulty of the model lies in determining the exact level of future dividends. Therefore, research in the field tried to find ways of estimating this rate of return expected by investors, which the most significant are presented in the following 股权的成本 - 测定方法股权成本代表了股东要求的回报率是公司支付他们投资公司,如果回报率比的机会成本较低,则商业价值降低,并且如果回报率比的机会成本,再由上级商业价值增加。预期收益由股东率是一个机会成本的基础对投资者预期回报的投资同样的风险,在没有转售的交易现有股份,股东将获得唯一的分红。如果分红的未来现金流是已知的,贴现率由目前的价格走势equales股息的现值将是回报投资者要求的收益率,该模型的难点在於确定确切的水平未来的分红。因此,该领域的研究试图找到这个估算率的方法返回预期的投资者,其中最显著在下表中给出:

经济学经济学毕业论文

经济论文的写作,是对经济学专业的学生所学的知识结论性 总结 。下面是我带来的关于经济学论文的内容,欢迎阅读参考!经济学论文篇1:《“经济学基础”教学环境的革新》 经济学基础在当前经济管理类型专业中属于非常核心的课程,在其相关专业中占据重要的位置,发挥关键重要作用,尤其现在国家市场经济体制处在不断完善和发展中,对于经管类人才需求量非常大,我们必须加大经济管理人才的培养,提高经济学基础的教学水平。[1]同时经济基础课程教学目的重在实践,但是其内容体系过于庞杂、知识偏重理论,但是日常的课堂教学缺乏对学生实践能力的培养。然而当前教学环境发展较为滞后难以满足新时代对经济学基础教学要求,一定程度上制约了新型教学模式以及 教学 方法 的实施,阻碍了教学质量和水平的提升,不利于实用性经管人才的培养。 1“经济学基础”教学环境发展现状 “经济学基础”教学课程的安排偏重理论 现阶段,多数学校的“经济学基础”的课程安排偏重理论性知识,而经济学基础的课程本身内容体系庞杂,相关观念和理论抽象复杂、晦涩难懂,纯理论性讲解无法使学生对知识有更加清晰的理解,甚至适得其反,教学效果非常不理想,这也极大地削弱学生的学习积极性,降低了学生学习的兴趣。[2]长久以来,院校使用的考评系统更多关注的是教师的理论水准,没有重视对教师实践能力的考查评估。这些年,各院校致力于知识理论的研究,院校教师也将更多的精力放在理论研究以及论文的发表方面,忽略了对经济学基础中应用性教学的研究,而此类学科对实践性和理论性都具有较高的要求,这使得教学效果并不明显,难以达到预期目标。同时,现在大多数教学只是单纯掌握了理论性知识,基本没有从事任何经济学实践活动,也没有开展过任何经济业务。如此一来,教师在课堂上只能进行理论知识的灌输,无法给学生提供有效的经济学案例,课程内容空洞无趣、枯燥无味,不仅不能使学生很好地了解课程的内容知识,甚至极大消磨了学生的耐心,极大地打击了学生的学习积极性,较之实践性教学,教学效果不理想。 教学案例的使用水平偏低 众所周知,经济学基础知识理论性太强,单纯照本宣科学生难以理解知识内涵,加之该学科对实践性还有很高的要求,所以在课程中增加教学案例分量既是学科本身的要求,也是众多经济学专业的学生的学习需求。[3]但是,当前教学过程中存在的问题是,教学案例分析课程安排较少,案例内容质量不高,脱离实际生活,案例分析不到位、不合理,使得最终案例教学没有取得很好的效果。出现以上情况的原因是涉及方方面面。其一,一般情况下,案例教学具有一定的人数限制,理想的授课人数大约为30人,但是各大院校实行扩招,学生规模持续壮大,然而与学生对应的教学资源并没有都得到很好的满足,班级人数不断增加,加大了授课压力,普通教学班人数扩大到60人左右,甚至部分学校由于人数过多组织合班授课,班级人数超过百人,这直接导致教学质量的下降,很大程度上影响了案例教学效果。其二,教师普遍缺乏较强的案例教学能力。较之传统的教学,案例教学在教学能力等方面对授课老师提出了更高的要求。同时,学校没有开展案例教学的相关培训,教师也普遍缺乏案例教学的学习,在开展案例教学的过程中,授课老师往往不得要领,使得案例法的教学成效大打折扣,没有很好地发挥该教学方法的积极作用。其三,学校经济学授课教师大都没有参与过专业相关的工作实践,经济学管理真实的工作情况根本不了解,在案例讨论环节无法对学生实施科学的指导,使得教学最终流于形式,难以发挥真正的作用。[4] 缺乏完善的教学实践基地 当前阶段,多数院校的经济学专业基本不存在实践课程,多使用传统的教学模式。这门课程在经济管理专业中非常重要,而且这类专业对实践具有很高的要求,在课堂上开展简单的实践活动还远远不能满足需要。众所周知,市场经济不断发展,现代企业制度已经广泛实行,经济现代化趋势明显,具有现代经济意识和经管能力的人才极度匮乏。[5]同时越来越多的学生也要求各个院校建立经济教学实践基地,实践基地必须对经济管理环境进行尽可能的模拟,以提高学生对经济学相关问题的体验和学习。 2“经济学基础”教学环境的革新 措施 增强教学的实践性 现阶段,国内大多数院校的经济学专业的授课教师都具有相对高的学历,其专业的理论知识储备比较丰富,然而受制于种种条件,授课老师的专业实践能力极为匮乏,甚至完全不了实际的企业经济运行状况以及管理工作的实施程序。这也是长时间以来造成经济学课程枯燥、空洞非常关键因素。[5]针对这种情况,学校必须制定相关措施,有效提升教师实践教学能力。不仅需要关注教学质量的提升,更要加强教师实践水平的提升。对于该专业的教师增强工作审核,要求授课老师适当压缩课程教学时间。首先,要求教师从事专业对应的实务工作,增强对相应职业具体工作的了解,定期组织教师参加 社会实践 活动,比如到银行、四大会计师事务所、咨询公司和企业等单位,参与其经济管理工作,掌握经济管理工作的最直接的资料,根据自身实践,对教学案例资源进行完善、充实,使之更加贴合生活,更便于学生理解。其次,激励授课老师尤其是年轻教师参加银行从业资格证、证券从业资格证等经济学专业资格考试,充实教师各层次的知识,有助于教师水准的提升。最后,从校外邀请 经验 丰富的经济学基础教学经济学专家或者企业经济管理者组织专题讲座,不仅可以对课堂教学进行很好的补充,同时还可以有效地拓展学生的知识和眼界。 提高案例教学水准 经济学基础具有很强的实践性,高效的案例教学可以很好地帮助学生理解专业知识,还可以实现教和学两方面互相影响和促进,共同都得到提高。同时,在案例教学涉及的相关考试可以鼓励学生尽可能表达自己的见解,无须顾及试卷的限制。授课老师可以学生实际的理论知识和实践水平,对案例教学进展进行合理的控制,同时在教学活动中,有意识地关注学生的课堂表现,注意学生对案例的反映及其观点,站在客观的角度对学生的表现进行评价,同时还可以把该项评估情况加入学生的最终的成绩中,作为学生成绩评价的一个有效参考。 经济学基础实践基地建设 现阶段,多数企业并不乐于接收实习学生,然而学生可以进入的银行、事务所、咨询公司的数量毕竟是有限的,进入之后也只能从事一些基础性工作,甚至是劳力工作,无法真正涉及非常专业经济管理工作。因此,学校建立经济学专业实验室更加科学,效果更加显著。在实践基地,可以对企业的经济管理进行模拟,利用模拟情境,学生进行相关操作,处理相关的经济问题,进而更加深刻地掌握,改善教学状况,实现更加理想的教学效果。在此基础上,对企业的工作环境进行高效模拟,尽可能再现企业发展情况,综合各类专业知识,一方面,有效帮助学生系统巩固教材知识,另一方面,可以很好地锻炼学生的适应能力,培养其动手操作能力,符合当前复合型人才的发展要求。 3结论 综上所述,当前的经济学基础教学存在较多问题,教学模式刻板,教学环境封闭,无法满足实践性经管人才的需求,同时也无法很好地适应市场经济发展现状。文中笔者从增强教学的实践性、改善案例教学质量、建立实践基地三个方面革新“经济学基础”的教学环境,提升专业教学水平,满足现代企业经济人才需求。 经济学论文篇2:《《国际经济学》教学方法的改革与实践》 《国际经济学》是一门研究国际经济活动的学科,集国际贸易理论和国际金融理论于一体,是传统经济活动在跨国领域的运作和延伸。该课程一般开设于大二学年上学期,是经济相关专业的学生接触到的第一门“国际类”课程,在整个教学体系中起着承上启下的作用,它的教学方法运用得当,可提升学生学习的积极性、增强课堂教学的效果,具有举足轻重的作用。 一、《国际经济学》相关教材的选择 《国际经济学》作为经济专业的一门传统课程,教材版本众多,选择余地大,但是由于理论发展迅速,内容庞杂,各版本教材的内容差异较大,选择不同的教材可导致学生学到的理论差异很大。比较经典的国内教材是人大版和高教版的21世纪系列教材,也是国内众多院校选择的教材,这类教材中规中矩,尽量选择的是国际经济学中的传统理论,去掉旁枝末节,只对核心部分加以阐述,基本能满足教学要求。缺陷在于这类教材一般理论性较强,知识更新速度慢,实例和练习题较少,导致教学手段也比较单一,不能很好的举一反三。国际上关于该课程的经典教材也比较多,像克鲁格曼和萨尔瓦多的版本,都是一版再版,受到许多国内985和211院校教师的追捧。这些教材内容全面,知识新颖,一般都配以大量实证分析和习题,并有网络教学资源加以利用,教学效果更好。但此类教材一般难度较大,计量模型类分析较多,基础差的学生学习起来比较吃力,容易放弃。对于普通本科院校的学校,我们建议还是以国内学者编撰的教材为主,以国外经典教材为参考书或课外阅读书籍,做到有的放矢,深入浅出,以达到更好的教学效果。 二、《国际经济学》教学内容的调整 《国际经济学》与 其它 课程由浅入深的内容编排不同,一开篇就是难点,关于西方传统的国际贸易理论难度较大,不好理解,依赖于较好的微观经济学基础,否则部分学生会觉得雾里看花,对该课程首先留下了晦涩难懂的印象。比如相互需求理论和提供曲线,不结合微观基础理论分析会觉得理论突兀,结合基础理论部分学生又无法理解,针对这个问题,我们的主张是保证课堂教学的紧凑性,只讲解核心部分内容,并提供整个理论分析的参考资料供有基础的学生课外阅读,并把相关曲线的分析编入习题中,让学生熟悉它的推导过程。 《国际经济学》中大部分的内容都是国际贸易理论部分,分成不同的流派,形成不同的观点,许多派系直到现在仍然在发展充实。教师在进行这几章内容的备课时,一定要注意分类整理,避免逻辑混乱,并且在同一派系中还有不同分支,观点不尽相同,一定要注意分析和比较,让学生在思考中掌握问题要点。其中有几个理论,诸如贸易保护理论和生命周期理论等,在现代国家的发展中有很好的运用,所以适合结合实际来分析,避免就事论事。否则,学生也会在其它课程里面从另外的角度再次学到这些理论,那么他们就会心存疑虑,认为这些理论描述不一致,很难对理论信服和认可。我们建议教授《国际经济学》的教师和教授《国际贸易实务》的教师必须有集中备课的习惯,以便于知识的传承和衔接。关于国际金融理论部分的知识也在讲授中的一个难点,按照教学大纲要求是需要进行讲解的,但是该部分与《金融学》和《国际金融》的理论都有所重叠,许多教师甚至直接把备课的内容在这几门课上重复运用,没有做到严格区分,容易让学生觉得这些课程重复太多,学起来没用的假象。 在讲授该部分内容时,应侧重金融知识为贸易知识服务的重要性,国际经济活动是多重性的活动,实体贸易经济最终需要货币结算和资金流动等一系列的活动来配合完成,这才是《国际经济学》中编排金融知识的目的。所以金融理论知识的讲解一定要跟前面的贸易理论知识结合起来,主要贸易领域资金结算和投融资活动的分析,这样才能把《国际经济学》两部分的内容更好的融合,保持整体性和连贯性。开放经济政策下的宏观经济政策是该课程的又一个难点,这部分内容是宏观经济学的延伸和运用,同时也是近几十年来经济学者比较集中研究的内容。要引起学习的积极性,可以布置一些课堂任务,让同学们下去查询相关学者取得的成就和经济政策在不同国家的运用,让他们主动发现这部分内容的重要性,有了心态上的主动认识再加上课程的讲解,对经济政策的运用和不同国家的比较就可以学得更加透彻。《国际经济学》的内容众多,需要选择和取舍,分清主次,这就需要任课老师一定要根据学生的基础因材施教,有的放失,才能取得较好的教学效果。 三、《国际经济学》教学习题和案例分析的甄别 (一)教学习题方面 《国际经济学》是一门承上启下的重要课程,必要的练习是帮助学生更好理解教学内容,掌握解题思路的手段之一,国外众多版本的教材中都有较多参考资料,但是难易程度不一,需要选择。诸如在讲解提供曲线时,许多教材都在习题中对这个问题以习题形式来分析,但难度比较大。教师可以把这部分内容编入课堂教学中,以课堂思考题的形式直接提出并进行分析解答,可根据课堂反应来判断讲解的深入程度如何。纵观国内教材,习题编撰比较单一,一般都以简答或名词解释的形式呈现,没有任何新意,这就需要教师根据课堂教学内容进行习题编写,融入选择、判断以及计算分析等多种题型。比如在讲述区域经济一体化内容时,往年习题集中于问答题型,但讲授时可以把中国关于自贸区的政策介绍进去,那么习题编写时就可以考虑到时事部分,把关于自贸区的内容变成填空、选择或判断题,来考察学生在课后是否认真了解了这些经济时事政策。在讲述外汇和汇率时,可从贸易角度讲述金融结算方面的知识,那么习题就可以出一些计算分析题,国际经济活动中不同情形需要用什么汇率结算,怎样计算和分析等,这样学生就可以对该问题的应用有了更深的了解。 (二)案例分析方面 《国际经济学》的案例众多,选择性大,所以要选择合适的案例,要分析得当,讲解有深度,而且要为理论知识服务。比如在讲解国际直接投资和跨国公司的相关内容时,关于跨国公司的案例很多,但我们可以选取世界500强公司的前三十名进行比较分析,近三年来该榜单有什么变化,是什么原因造成的,经济形势对跨国公司的经营产生了怎样的影响,通过该案例的分析再来讲解跨国公司的相关理论,课堂的教学效果就非常好,学生理解起来也非常直观。在讲解国际收支相关内容时,除了罗列国际收支平衡表让学生理解分析外,还可把这几年国际收支平衡表的变化列出来给学生看,让其分析原因,再结合中国的“走出去”战略,让学生在学习国际收支平衡表内容的同时也知道了当前国际经济新形势下新的战略和选择。案例分析也要与时俱进,也要注重实例分析为理论服务的特点,才能达到较好的效果。 总之,为了把《国际经济学》的教学工作做得更好更透彻,任课老师应该充分作好各种准备工作,多阅读参考教材,将各类素材整理归纳到课堂上来讲解,多准备案例教学,让案例导入理论,从理论归纳到做法,从做法再总结出案例,循序渐进。每一章都要编写配套习题,习题内容要与课堂教学内容配套,做到相辅相成,相互融合,才能起到习题的训练效果。另外,国际经济的活动日新月异,跨境电商贸易和互联网金融异军突起,给该门课程的发展带来了新的契机,我们在讲授时也要充分意识到这一点,做到知识更新,才能取到更好的效果。 经济学论文篇3:《农业信息化建设在农村经济发展中的作用》 一、引言 如今我国各地区的贫富差距仍然较大,一些农村可能还在温饱阶段,而我们的社会已经不满足于小康社会,已经逐步向全面建设小康社会转型,这样发展的严重不均衡,使得农村经济发展更加落后。因此,全面建设小康社会的重点和难点就在于农村。随着社会的发展,农村人民对于生活也有了更高的要求,所以在农村实施农业信息化建设不仅可以缩小贫富差距,而且对于农村的经济发展是一个重大的推动力。中国农业要发展,就必须坚定不移地走农业信息化的道路。 二、农业信息化建设的意义 农业信息化是指在农业领域充分利用信息技术的方法手段和最新成果的过程。我国作为一个发展中国家,农业是国民经济的基础,农业的发展直接制约着工业和第三产业的发展,所以为了加速发展农村经济,农业信息化建设至关重要,它不仅仅可以促进农业增效,是统筹城乡经济社会发展的重要举措,还可以实现全面建设小康社会。 (一)有利于社会主义新农村建设 农业信息化建设可以引导农民改变传统的生产生活方式,促进农民享受现代社会的文明成果,推进农村科技、 文化 、 教育 、医疗等社会各项事业的发展。 (二)有利于改变农民的消费观念 农业信息化可以改善农民的生活环境,促使农民的消费观念和方式的改变。通过农业信息化的建设,农民可以利用网络了解关于农业生产的各种信息与技术。农业信息扩大了农民的视野,丰富了农民的文化娱乐生活,使他们不再封闭在自己的世界中,抵制消费,而是由注重物质文化生活的消费,向注重精神文化生活消费的转移。 (三)有利于提高农民的整体素质 通过农业信息化的建设,可以培养有文化、懂技术、会经营的新型农民。在现代信息化的时代,捕捉信息的 渠道 很多,信息化的建设就是信息来源的渠道之一,没有信息化的建设,到达农村的信息就是迟缓的、过时的,农民就无法得到有价值的信息,就无法掌握经济市场,和生产经营的主动权。如此农民就会丧失机遇,陷于被动,从而遭受经济损失。如果农民的整体素质提高了,就能快速抓住有价值的信息,为自己的农业生产创造条件。农业信息化提高了农民的整体素质,为他们的学习提供了更多的资源,以及为他们的经营管理提供了更多的方法。 (四)有助于促进农民走进社会市场 以前农村的生产基本上是自产自销,没有与社会市场连接,缺乏市场信息观念。对于社会市场信息不灵通,导致价格制定不合理,造成农副产品的生产大起大落。但是随着农业信息化建设,农民不再盲目生产,大大提高了生产效率和管理水平,促进了管理科学化、合理化和规范化,加快了农业的全面发展。 (五)有利于推动农村农业的进步,实现农业现代化 现在农业技术在不断地发展,农业信息化也被普遍运用于农业生产。农业信息技术的出现,带给了农民一种新的体验,这种技术的推广和普及,使农民能够通过网络进行远程技术培训和教育,弥补了原先农民农业生产知识和技术的缺乏。它促进了农民文化素质的提高和科技意识的增强,从而加快了农业现代化的步伐,促进了农业现代化的持续、稳定、健康的发展之路。 三、农村经济发展中的阻碍 (一)基础设施落后 基础设施是农村经济发展的基本物质保证,完善的基本设施是农村经济发展的基本前提。我国一些农村经济发展之所以缓慢,就是因为基本物质条件太差,比如道路交通不完善,交通网络结构单一,水、电、通讯不健全等,这些都是导致农村居民生活质量低下,严重阻碍农村经济发展的主要原因之一。 (二)农业生产方式落后 在农业信息化建设进入农村之前,不少地方的农民都是依靠传统的耕耘方式进行农业生产,使用的农业生产工具也是需要大量劳动力的传统工具,农村的农业生产方式落后,阻碍了农村的经济发展。 (三)农村资源开发利用率低 作为我国资源的宝库,农村具有较强的潜在资源优势。但是目前我国广大农村资源的开发力度低,资源开发利用率低,因此造成了大量资源闲置、浪费,无法促进资源优势向经济优势转变,从而无法带动农村经济的发展。 (四)农村经济发展对外开放程度低 我国农村普遍现象是农村较为封闭,导致外部资金无法进入,先进的科学技术和人才也难以引入,农村市场无法与外部市场接触,农村产生的经济难以推动整个农村的经济发展。 这些问题使得农村的经济发展受到了严重的阻碍,而农业信息化的到来,解决了这些影响农村经济发展的问题,从而加快了农村的经济发展。 四、农业信息化建设在农村经济发展中的作用 (一)农业信息化可以实现建设农村小康社会 随着中国特色社会主义建设事业的深入,在基本实现小康社会的情况下,我国正在向全面建设小康社会迈进。如今全面建设小康社会应该重点关注农村经济发展,所以农业信息化在农村的实施不可避免。目前,我国农村经济发展还比较落后,农业生产各方面的条件和机制都不够完善,而通过农业信息化建设,能够逐渐缩小贫富差距,让农村的经济发展一步步走上正轨,改善农民生活,从而逐渐实现建设农村小康社会。 (二)农业信息化可以提高农民收入 我国的传统农业模式正在慢慢转向信息化农业模式。以往农村科学技术和信息技术的落后,使得自然灾害容易对农业生产造成巨大的损失,而农业信息化的引入,改善了农业就业结构。对于农村居民来说,农业信息化提高了农业生产效率,有效的避免了自然灾害等因素所带来的影响,也就是在农业信息化的带动下,农村居民的收入提高了。另一方面,从整个社会来说,农业信息化提高了农业资源的利用率,提高了农业的生产水平和生产效率,效率提高了,所得到的回报也就更多。 农民收入的提高也表现在以下方面。一是农业信息化减少了市场交易的风险。农业信息化结合了生产、分配、消费等各个方面,它连接了买卖市场,减少了流通环节,节约了交易费用,也避免了消费过程中的各种纠纷,从而提高了农民收入。二是促进了农业经营模式的改善。以前农民都是通过自身的经验来生产产品,经营管理也没有系统的方式。然而通过农业信息化的建设,可以向农民传输科学知识以及农业生产的相关信息,使他们的经营管理规范化,从而使他们获得更大的经济效益。三是加快农业生产技术的推广。农业信息化可以有效的解决农村信息落后的问题,信息通过网络和多媒体技术把农业生产技术传递给农民,使农业生产科技得到发展和推广。 (三)农业信息化可以发展农村的市场经济 众所周知,我国是一个农业大国,长期以来,农业成本高,投入大,效率低,科技含量低,农民的文化素质和消费观念低下,相对落后的生产和销售方式制约着农村市场的经济发展。农村生产的产品量大时,即使低于城市多倍的价格销售,仍然解决不了大量积压产品,农村市场经济的不完善,使得产品没有销路是农村市场经济难以发展的原因之一。我国在几十年的农村改革中,农村市场经济通过农业信息化的建设,让农民进一步了解了社会的需求,供求走势,价格行情等,有效促进了农村市场经济的发展,使得农村经济发展又向前迈出了一步。 (四)农业信息化可以统筹城乡经济社会发展 农业信息化有助于推进农业和农村经济结构的调整,可以促进农村各项社会事业的发展。农业信息化的建设,让农村居民在教育、医疗、科技等方面逐渐拉近与城市居民之间的差距,以实行以城带乡,以工促农,城乡互动,协调发展,实现农业和农村经济的可持续性发展。 五、 进一步加强农业信息化发展的途径 (一)需要政府加大扶持力度 农业信息化的过程中肯定会遇到许多困难和矛盾,如果没有政府的大力扶持和资金支持,农民对农业信息化难以信服,特别是一些思想封闭,技术落后的农村。没有政府扶持的农业信息化建设就会像一盘散沙,没有企业化经营的管理人员,以农业信息化促进农村经济发展的规划就达不到预期的效果,那么农业信息化要真正地走进农村并被作用于农业生产等方面是很难的。 (二)需要培养农村信息人才,以此来推广农业信息化的应用 原本农民的文化程度都不高,他们因为农村的落后、种种因素和不利条件而无法接收良好的教育,这些原因使得农村人才匮乏,在这样的情况下,即使农业信息化对农民生活有诸多的好处,农民无法把它运用到生产农业事业中,那么农业信息化只是一场空谈。所以培养农村信息人才极其重要,有了这些专业的信息人才,农业信息化才能发挥它最大作用,农民也才会因此而受益。培养农村信息人才不仅是为了传播农业信息化的功能,也是为了激励农民工提高信息意识,自觉的关注信息和利用信息,培养他们使用信息的习惯和调动他们依靠信息的积极性。 六、结语 农业可持续发展是社会经济可持续发战略的重要组成部分。在全面实行农业信息化建设的过程中肯定会遇到困难,但是只有坚定不移的走农业信息化的道路,我国农村经济发展才会得到更好、更快的发展。相信在农业信息化的建设下一定会实现农村经济可持续发展,提高农民生活质量,增加农民收入,从而促进社会经济的发展。 猜你喜欢: 1. 大一经济学论文范文 2. 关于大一经济学论文范文 3. 关于大学经济学论文范文 4. 经济学术论文范文 5. 大一经济学论文范文精

经济学毕业论文选题方向如下:

某地产业集群发展现状、问题与对策; 某地循环经济发展现状、问题与对策;某地产业布局优化问题及其对策;某地区农民收入现状、问题与对策;某地区农民消费结构现状、问题与对策;某产品市场监管/行业规制问题研究等等。

论文要求:毕业论文应体现经济学类专业鲜明的理论色彩,并兼有应用性和实践性,可采取学术论文、案例分析、调研报告等多种形式,以学术论文为主。案例分析、调研报告等形式的毕业论文在准确性的基础上,应有一定深度的理论分析。学生应在本专业的范围内,根据自身知识储备、兴趣和特长,在指导教师的指导下选题并撰写。

毕业论文在内容上应体现学生综合运用专业知识的能力、熟练运用现代经济学研究方法的能力、对问题进行逻辑分析和归纳总结的能力。毕业论文应遵守学术道德和学术规范。毕业论文一般不少于6000字。

拓展资料:经济学专业是普通高等学校本科专业,属经济学类专业,基本修业年限为四年,授予经济学学士学位。该专业以理论经济学为主,兼有应用经济学的属性,也具有很强的应用性与实践性;旨在培养出具有扎实的专业基础知识和基本理论,以及有国际视野和创新创业能力的高素质经济学专门人才。

经济学类专业人才所从事的理论研究与实际业务工作具有很强的社会性和综合性,需要具有宽广的知识面,因此,根据具体专业属性还须熟悉其他相关领域的知识,如人文学科、管理学、法学、自然科学和工程科学等方面的相关知识。

就业方向主要有政府机关、科研高教机构、银行证券等金融机构、各类工商企业、中外咨询机构等。

经济学国际经济毕业论文

我帮你写 绝对原创

1、中小企业集群现象研究2、论区域经济一体化和经济全球化的关系3、浙江省实现区域经济协调发展的战略选择4、发展经济学理论在西部大开发中的应用5、产业政策与竞争政策的关系6、市场经济条件下政府的功能定位7、泛珠三角有关问题研究8、高新技术型中小企业融资模式研究9、中小企业发展与就业促进10、珠三角城镇化的现状、问题及对策11、企业集群与城镇化研究12、农业产业化和城镇化研究13、论我国经济增长与国民消费的演进14、影响我国城镇居民消费的因素及对策建议15、我国居民消费需求分析及预测16、广东城镇居民消费趋势预测与对策17、我国城镇居民的收入与消费结构变化研究18、科技进步对我国工业发展的贡献率分析19、经济增长点问题研究20、宏观经济学研究的新进展21、微观经济学的新发展22、政府宏观调控问题研究23、对公用事业规制的研究24、市场与政府的关系研究25、西方产业组织理论的形成和发展26、论经济增长方式27、论中国的经济增长28、可持续发展理论研究29、新经济与经济增长方式的转型30、美国宏观经济政策史研究31、新自由主义意识与经济全球化32、经济全球化与中国的经济发展33、制度与经济增长34、诺思的制度变迁理论研究35、虚拟经济研究36、我国的收入分配演变研究37、广东、香港、台湾三地经济发展状况对比38、广州支柱产业选择分析39、广东劳动力市场问题研究40、我国个人所得税制度分析41、国有企业的激励约束机制研究42、我国国有企业委托—代理机制研究43、我国商业银行不良资产形成原因及对策研究44、我国国有企业内部契约关系分析45、相对优势原则与我国经济的有效增长46、腐败的经济学分析47、国民精神素质与经济增长48、李斯特的经济发展思想及对我国的借鉴49、转轨时期的经济思想研究50、相关行业的经济学分析

国际经济与贸易毕业论文摘要:国际,经济,贸易掌握国际贸易的基本知识与基本技能,了解当代国际经济贸易的发展现状,熟悉通行的国际贸易规则和惯例以及中国对外贸易的政策法规,了解主要国家与地区的社会经济情况,能在涉外经济贸易部门、外资企业及政府机构从事实际业务、管理、调研和宣传策划工作的高素质复合型涉外经贸人才。本专业学生主要学习马克思主义经济学和国际经济、国际贸易的基本理论和基本知 国际经济与贸易相关书籍识,受到经济学、管理学的基本训练,具有理论分析和实务操作的基本能力,具备较强的外语能力。 毕业生应具备以下几方面的知识、能力和素养: 1. 正确理解并执行党和国家的基本路线、方针、政策,遵纪守法,有为国家富强、民族振兴而奋斗的理想和为人民服务、勇于开拓、艰苦创业的事业心与责任感; 2. 掌握经济学基本理论和方法,掌握国际经济与贸易的基本原理和设计方法; 3. 具有经济管理、经济贸易、市场营销、进出口贸易国际经济法的基本知识; 4. 能运用计量、统计、会计方法进行分析和研究; 5. 了解中国的经济政策和法规,了解主要国家和地区的经济发展状况及其贸易政策; 6. 了解国际经济、国际贸易的发展动态; 7. 能够熟练地掌握英语,具有较强的英语听、说、读、写能力,能利用计算机从事涉外经济工作; 8. 具有健康的体魄、良好的心理素质和健全的人格。专业特色:主要体现在基础宽厚、注重实务、强化英语及计算机、网络和电子商务在国际经济与贸易业务中的运用能力。 就业方向:该专业主要培养系统掌握现代市场经济和国际经济、国际贸易的基本理论、业务知识、管理方法与技能,熟悉通行的国际贸易规则和惯例以及中国对外贸易的政策、法规,能够预测商情动态,能够熟练应用外语和计算机开展对外贸易业务的能力。毕业生适合在海内外相关业务部门、企事业单位及政府机构从事国际贸易、国际金融、国际工商合作等方面的实际业务、管理、调研和宣传策划等工作。从个人的角度来说,我觉得这个专业就是经济类的众多专业中的一个,他给一个经济学学士学位,毕业后如果英语过硬给你一个去外贸公司的机会.其他的没有什么特别的.作为过来人,我建议你好好学习一下外语和国际贸易实务.其他的课程对这个专业而言,我觉得没有这两门重要.

经济类文章翻译

在20世纪50年代和60年代,在金融变量和实体经济活动之间有两条思想路线的经济文献。在发展经济学的主流,理论上讲受凯恩斯主义的严重影响,非常忽视金融的作用。然后,普遍的看法是利率应保持在一个相对较低的水平,以刺激资本形成。这种观点,因此,在发展中国家隐含主张扩张货币政策作为促进经济增长发展。在蓬勃发展的货币增长模型中,类似的消息进行通过。20世纪60年代。在这些模型中,真正的现金结余被视为代替物质资本。因此,经济主体能够满足他们的储蓄目标通过积累无论是实际的现金余额或资本。通货膨胀,这是一个税持有货币,将会打击对货币持有及鼓励资本的积累。由于储蓄倾向,通货膨胀会再增加国民生产总值的增长速度,因为它加速了资本形成。龙( 1983)认为,货币增长模型所提供的理由为通货膨胀的政策和理论基础的侵略性,所分配的很大份额的资源,扩张性财政政策开发阶段的支出在20世纪50年代和60年代。

一些发展中国家的政府开始大范围的干预信贷分配。在表面的观念里,缺少干预的信贷分配并不能直接反映社会和经济中的优先要素。而这些要素又通常是由政府来规划。总体上,当政府设定自身为经济发展中的领导部门的时候,它就应该通过控制利率和对金融中介的管理来约束金融体系。这样才能根据需求方向来引导金融资源的分配。效率和公平并不是导致发展中国家政府干预信贷分配的全部因素。劳动力,外汇和日用品市场也同样有着大量的不完备,这些市场也经常像金融市场一样被大量的调控。这些其它市场上的不完备和对他们的控制经常导致资源分配的波动,结果就是带来政府对信贷分配的干预。

Health careA new prescription for the poor为贫穷者新开的处方America is developing a two-tier health system, one for those with private insurance, the other for the less well-off美国正在发展一个双重的健康系统,一重是为那些有个人保险的人群,而另一重则是为那些不那么富裕的人群Oct 8th 2011 | NEW YORK | from the print edition“IT’S time for Dancing with the Stars!”, a woman announces enthusiastically. At this New York health centre, wedged between housing projects to the east and Chinatown to the west, “dancing with the stars” means dancing with a physical therapist. An old man stands up with a nurse and begins a determined samba.“是时候和明星一起跳舞了!”一位女士满怀热情地宣告。在这个坐落于房屋工程的西面,唐人街东面的纽约健康中心,“和明星起舞”的意思是和一位物理治疗师跳舞。一位老者和一个护士站起来,开始跳事先确定好的桑巴舞。Comprehensive Care Management (CCM), which runs this centre, tries to keep old people active. To do so, explains Joseph Healy, the chief operating officer, is in the company’s best interest. The government pays CCM a capped rate for the care of its members. If someone gets sick, his health costs rise and the company’s margin shrinks. Mr Healy argues that the system is the best way to provide good care at a low cost. Increasingly others seem to agree.经营这个中心的综合护理管理部门(CCM)努力保持老人们的活力。约瑟夫-海莉,首席运营官解释说,这样做符合公司的最佳利益。政府给这个部门一个封顶的津贴来让他们照顾这些人。如果有人生病了,他的健康成本就会上升,公司的利润就会萎缩。海莉先生确定说这个系统能够在一个低成本上提供最佳的护理。其他人也逐渐同意这个观点。Medicaid, America’s health programme for the poor, is in the process of being transformed. Over the next three years, New York will move its entire Medicaid population into “managed care”, paying companies a set rate to tend to the poor, rather than paying a fee for each service. New York is not alone. States from California to Mississippi are expanding managed care. It is the culmination of a steady shift in the way most poor Americans receive their health-care treatment.公共医疗补助,即美国的穷人健康计划,正在被改造的过程中。在接下来的 三年内,纽约将把整个接受穷人健康计划的人群纳入“管理关怀”之中,付给公司们一个事先定好的费用来照顾那些穷人,而不是按照项目来付费。纽约不是唯一这样做的州。加州,密西西比州正在拓展管理关怀计划。这代表一种正在进行中的稳步转变,即大部分贫穷美国人接受健康关怀方式的转变。Medicaid is America’s single biggest health programme. This year roughly one in five Americans will be covered by Medicaid for a month or more. It gobbles more federal and local money than any state programme, other than education. Costs will rise even more when Barack Obama’s health-care reform expands the programme by easing eligibility rules in 2014. Congress’s “supercommittee” is already considering cuts. However, there are more immediate pressures behind the present drive for change.公共医疗补助是美国最大的单一健康计划。今年,五个美国人中的一个就会被纳入该计划一个月或更长时间。除了教育之外,它比其他任何州的财政计划耗去更多联邦和地方的经费。当2014年奥巴马的健康保险改革放宽适用人群而使整个计划更加庞大的时候,成本将会进一步上升。众议院的“超级委员会”已经在考虑削减经费。然而,选择这种变化,将会有更多即刻的压力存在。Enrolment in Medicaid jumped during the downturn, from in December 2007 to in June 2010. Mr Obama’s stimulus bill helped to pay for some of this, but that money has dried up. Faced with gaping deficits, some desperate governors slashed payments to hospitals and doctors, or refused to pay for trips to the dentist or oculist. But much the most important result has been structural: the expansion of managed care.公共医疗补助计划的参与人数在经济滑坡期间从2007年12月的 4270万人跳到了2010年6月的5030万人。奥巴马先生的经济刺激经费能够帮助付掉其中的一部分,但是钱已经被用光。面对资金短缺,一些绝望的州长砍掉了给医院和医生的补助,或是拒绝支付牙医和眼科医生的旅行费用。但是,更多地,最重要的结果是结构上的:管理关怀的拓展。States have dabbled in managed care for decades. The trend accelerated in the 1990s, with the share of Medicaid patients under this form of care reaching 72% by 2009. Now, however, there is a strong push for the remainder. States that did not have managed care, such as Louisiana, are introducing it. Other states are extending it to people previously deemed off limits: California and New York, for example, are moving the elderly and disabled into that system of care. Texas is targeting more than 400,000 Medicaid beneficiaries in the Rio Grande Valley. Local politicians had resisted the move, nervous that care might deteriorate. But the yawning deficit meant that they were overruled.各个州涉足管理关怀已经有几十年的历史了。这个趋势在90年代得到加速发展,在2009年前使用这种护理方式的公共医疗补助病人占到了72%。现在,对于剩下的人,这也是很强的推动力。像路易斯安那州这样没有管理关怀的州正在引进管理关怀。其他州也把这个拓展到原先被认为不适用的人群:举例说像加州和纽约州,正在把老人和残障人士纳入这个系统中,德州的目标是在格兰德河谷超过400000公共医疗补助收益人群。地方政治家反对这个举动,他们担心这个护理系统将会变质。但是巨大的赤字意味着他们的观点注定要被批驳。The result is a country with two distinct tiers of health care. Most Americans with private insurance are still horrified by thoughts of health-management organisations and prefer to pay fees for each medical service. For the poor, managed care is becoming the norm.结果就是一个国家有两套截然不同的健康保险系统。大多数有个人保险的美国人仍旧害怕那些健康管理组织的想法而宁愿为单独的医疗服务付费。对于穷人来说,管理关怀已经成为一种常规。Advocates of managed care have high expectations. First, they hope that it will make costs more predictable. Second, they believe that the change will improve patients’ health. In managed care, a patient has a network of doctors and specialists. If the programme works properly, doctors can monitor all aspects of care, in contrast to the fragmented fee-for-service system. The contracts that states have with firms can set standards for quality. Texas, for instance, will cut 5% from a company’s payment if it does not meet what is required.管理关怀的鼓吹者有着很高的期待。首先,他们希望这能让成本变得可以预测,其次,他们相信,这个改变可以改善病人的健康。在管理关怀中,一个病人有一个由医生和专家组成的网络。如果这个计划运行良好,医生可以监测关怀的各个方面,相对于分离的的按服务付钱的系统来说。州政府和公司的合同可以为质量定下标准。德州,举例说,将会在付款中扣除5%如果公司没有达到要求的标准。The next step is to integrate care for those eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare, the federal programme for the old. These “duals” account for almost 40% of Medicaid’s costs and just 15% of its population. “If managed care can really deliver better care than fee-for-service”, says Diane Rowland, chair of the commission that advises Congress on Medicaid, “this is the population that could prove it.”下一步是整合那些同时符合公共医疗补助和长者医疗补助计划(联邦老人医疗补助)的人群。这些“双符合”人群占据了将近40%的公共医疗补助成本和仅仅15%的人口数量。“如果管理关怀能真正比按项目付费带来更好的服务”,戴安-罗兰德,委员会(指导国会在公共医疗补助政策上进行决策)主任说:“这是一群能证明管理关怀可行的人。”But some, such as Norma Vescovo, are sceptical. As the head of the non-profit Independent Living Centre of Southern California (ILCSC), Ms Vescovo serves Medicaid patients with severe health problems. Over the years she has often sued California on policies that she thinks will hurt her vulnerable clients. On October 3rd her case moved to the Supreme Court.但是一些人,例如像诺玛-凡斯科夫就对此表示怀疑。作为非盈利的南加州独立生活中心主任,凡斯科夫女士服务于那些有严重健康问题的接受公共医疗补助的病人。在这些年间,她经常控告加州政府在一些政策上会伤害她的一些脆弱的客户。在10月3日,她的案子被移到了上诉法院。The outcome of Douglas v Independent Living Centre will have profound implications for the future of Medicaid. Ms Vescovo’s suit concerns cuts to hospitals and doctors. But the case will also guide the course of managed care. If ILCSC and its co-plaintiffs win, private groups will continue to be able to challenge states on policies they think violate federal Medicaid law. Ms Vescovo, who argues that California’s payment cuts would eviscerate her clients’ access to services, worries that under managed care the disabled might not be able to see the specialists they need.道格拉斯 v 独立生活中心的结果将会对公共医疗补助有深远的意义。凡斯科夫女士的诉讼影响到医院和医生的津贴削减。但是这个案子将会引领管理关怀的进程。如果中心和其他原告胜诉,私人团体将会继续在那些他们认为违反联邦法律的政策上挑战州政府。凡斯科夫女士认为说加州的支付削减计划会让她的客户失去得到服务的机会,她还担心,在管理关怀之下,那些残障人士可能不能见到那些他们需要的专家。The question is how to supervise the experiments with managed care that are being carried out in various states. To date, Medicaid beneficiaries have been able to challenge the states in court. However, if the Supreme Court rules against ILCSC, that avenue will be closed. The Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) technically can intervene if states do not provide proper access to care. In reality, CMS has few tools to do so.问题是怎么监管在不同州试运行的管理关怀。到目前为止,公共医疗补助受益者已经能够在法庭中挑战政府。然而,如果上诉法庭结果不利于中心,那么这条路将会被关闭。如果州政府没有提供合适的关怀的话,公共医疗补助和长者医疗关怀中心理论上是能对此进行干涉,但事实上,他们没有太多办法。“I’m a big fan of managed care”, says Sara Rosenbaum, a professor at George Washington University, “but this transformation may happen with almost no federal oversight.” Medicaid beneficiaries are vulnerable, in worse health than Americans as a whole. Companies may struggle to cut costs and provide good care as well. If states do not draft their contracts properly, or fail to be vigilant in monitoring patients’ health, their experiment in managed care could be a disaster. On the other hand, if states are careful they could provide an answer to the question that has vexed America for years: how to provide good, cheap health care.“我是管理关怀的拥护者”,萨拉-罗森博姆,一位乔治华盛顿大学教授说,“但是这种转变可能在没有联邦监管的情况下发生。”公共医疗补助的受益者和你脆弱,健康程度整体上比一般美国人要差。公司可能在削减成本的同时挣扎着同样提供良好的服务。如果州政府们不好好起草他们的合同,或没有警觉地监控病人的健康的话,他们在管理关怀上的实验可能会是一场灾难。另一方面,如果州政府们认真的话,他们能为那个困扰美国人多年的问题提供答案,即怎么提供优质的便宜的健康关怀。

time have been to sift out the

经济学人翻译研究论文

BRITAIN'S private schools are one of its most successful exports. The children of the well-heeled flock to them, whether from China, Nigeria or Russia: the number of foreign pupils rose by in the last year alone. One headmaster recently asked a room full of pupils whether they flew business class to Britain. Only a few hands went up, suggesting they were not quite as cosseted as he had thought. Then a boy explained: many of the pupils fly first class instead.  英国的私立学校可以说是英国最成功的“出口商品”之一。在这些学校里,无论 是来自中国、尼日利亚或是俄罗斯,富有的学生比比皆是:仅去年一年,留学生 的数量就增长了。最近有一位校长查访了一间满寝的宿舍,并询问他们是 否乘坐商务客舱飞到英国。寥寥无几的人举起了手,以表明实际上他们并不像他 所想的那样娇生惯养。随后一名男孩解释道:许多学生都没有乘坐头等舱。 Yet foreign students, whether educated in British private schools or elsewhere, are decreasingly likely to go to English universities. According to the Higher Education Funding Council for England, 307,200 overseas students began their studies in the country in 2012-13, down from 312,000 two years earlier and the first drop in 29 years. Student numbers from the rest of the EU fell—probably a result of the increase in annual tuition fees in England from 6,000 (10,000) a year to 9,000. But arrivals from India and Pakistan declined most sharply. 然而这些留学生,无论是在英国的私立学校还是在别的教育机构接受教育的,进 入英国的大学求学的可能性都在不断减小。根据英国高等教育拨款局的调查,相 较于上一学年的 万人,在 2012-13 学年选择在英格兰大学求学的留学生只 有 万人,这是 29 年来人数首降。而且欧盟中其他国家的留学生人数也在 下降,极有可能是受到了英国每年的学费从 6,000 (10,000)增加到 9,000 的影 响。特别是来自印度和巴基斯坦的人数在急剧下降。 In contrast to the visa regime for private schools, which is extremely lax (the Home Office counts private schools as favoured sponsors) student visas have been tightened. Foreign students used to be allowed to work for up to two years after graduating. They now have only four months to find a job paying upwards of 20,600 if they want to stay in Britain. 相比于私立学校那相当宽松的签证制度(因为私立学校是内务部的友好赞助商), 学生签证就严格很多。以往,外国学生被允许在毕业之后可工作时间长达两年。 而如今,若他们想留在英国,就必须在仅仅四个月的时间内找到一份薪资高于 20,600 的工作。 This change was intended to deal with sham colleges that were in effect offering two-year work visas. But it seems to have put off serious students too. Nick Hillman of the Higher Education Policy Institute says the government has sent unclear messages about the sort of immigration it wants to restrict. An emphasis on holding down net immigration deters young Indians and Pakistanis in particular. Australia and America, which have more relaxed entry criteria for students, are becoming more favoured destinations. Colin Riordan, Cardiff University's vice-chancellor, adds that Britain's student-visa regime has become more onerous and fiddly overall. 这样的改变是为了应对那些所谓提供两年工作签的假冒院校。但是这样的做法似 乎也影响到了真正求学的学生。来自高等教育政策研究所的尼克·希尔曼表示, 政府的做法向大众传递了一个限制留学移民的模糊信息。英国着重于控制移民的 政策对来自印度和巴基斯坦学生的影响最为严重。同时,澳大利亚和美国,因其 对学生宽松的准入标准而变得倍受青睐。卡蒂夫大学副校长克林·里奥丹补充道, 英国的学生签证制度变得越来越严格复杂。 As a result, Britain is losing out to other countries in the contest for talent—an oddity, given how often the prime minister bangs on about the “global race”. Its unwelcoming stance will harm its long-term prospects. And the drift of foreign students from leading British private schools to American colleges may have another, somewhat happier, consequence: America might become rather better at cricket. 尽管英国首相多次强调“全球竞争”,可英国却在人才竞争上输给了其他国家, 多么令人诧异的结果。它不通人情的态度将会有损它未来的前景。留学生放弃英 国私立学校而转向美国的大学可能带来另外一个多少让人欣喜的结果:英国的板 球都有可能被美国超越(板球起源于英国)。

这篇文章有几个非常有意思的句子和表达,我贴出来,大家一起赏析一下: 佳句篇:   Sentence 1. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. 解析: Ruffle弄皱的意思 Ruffle one’s feathers惹怒(想想逆毛流撸猫) The idea that ...用的是同位语从句,不太多,常用搭配是the evidence that,the concept that 等。That后从句解释idea, concept或evidence等。 Which的指代问题。Which指代的不是上文任何一个出现的单词或词组,而是Dr. Cochran的这波操作。Sentence 2. Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. disproportionately不成比例地 主干and复合句+非谓语动词scoring+as引导的从句(插入后置定语) 每个部分都不难,集合到一起就对理解产生障碍了。Sentence 3. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这个句子不难,为什么拿出来是因为这个violently的用法。简单来讲,这一个单词乍一看是作aristocratic的副词,实则在翻译(以及理解)当中,我们必须单独翻译成一个实意的成分,而且作副词处理。 Aristocratic贵族统治 Meritocratic德治Sentence 4. That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. 主语从句,注意 5. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. 典型长句,如何解析? Most of the dozen or so  disease genes that are common in them  belong to one of two types: Or so大约 斜体作的是disease genes they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. either or后面是两个in... 第一个in后面的which form part of the insulating outer sheaths解释的是Sphingolipids that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals解释的是sheaths。 也就是说,(非限制性)定语从句后面紧接另一个定语从句。 第二个in后面很简单,但!!!文章最后一段有解释,对于 文章结构 至关重要。Sentence 6&7. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure  to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure  to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 两句话放一起。 主干已加黑。很有意思的句子,工整、对仗,而又解释非常清楚。 下一句,persist和ubiquitous用词极其精准,整句话像外科手术般,精准简练。作者还是怕读者一下子没读懂,用简单而又高效的句子总结下。写作手法很老练高超,字字玑珠,像极了宝马M3。Sentence 8. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. 乍一看没什么稀奇,再一看,把一个comparison分别放在了主语和谓语的修饰成分中,可谓老辣。 作何解? That promote intelligence对genes做了一个限定,指的是genes的其中一种特征,然后用when说明了适用情况。 Create谓语的主语也是genes,但这时候是没有限定的genes。Create disease做的是限定,其实对应的是promote intelligence。后面同样用一个when来说明范围。 简单来讲,genes的含义做了一个缩小和限定,又在create的时候恢复了genes的双重功能含义。 Promote intelligence和create diseases一个对应,尽管成分差别很大。 两个when的对比。 可谓神句。Sentence 9. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. Than (what) would be expected by chance. 省略了what。。。你能理解吗? 还有这个books,这个同语境关联强烈。好的表达: 1. ruffle one’s feather 2. Tremble at the thought 3. Affirm作不及物动词(Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. ) 4. aristocratic . meritocratic 5. Exact a price类似用法 exert influence附原文及翻译: Natural genius? 天生我才? The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past 德系犹太人的高智商或许是因为曾经遭受迫害的后果 THE idea that some ethnic groups may, on average, be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran, a noted scientific iconoclast, is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. And more controversially still, he has suggested that homosexuality is caused by an infection. 某些少数民族的平均智商高于其他民族这一说法,是很多不敢公开的假设之一。不过著名的科学狂人Gregory Cochran 决意要做第一个吃螃蟹的人。他很特别,总是独立工作而不属于任何机构。某些曾被诊断并非病菌引起的疾病,其实病源来自传染病。这一观点因他的推动受到了关注。此观点一经提出,就受到了许多科学家的反对。这还不算,更具争议的是,他认为同性恋也是由传染病引起的。 Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are Ashkenazi Jews. The process is natural selection. 然而就算是Cochran,也为自己接下来要做的事捏了一把汗。他准备同Utah大学的Jason Hardy与Henry Harpending一同,在最新一期的《生物社会科学杂志》发表一篇论文,文中不仅提出了某一少数民族比其他民族更聪明这一观点,还解释了这一结果产生的过程。文中两大主角就是德系犹太人和自然选择。 History before science 不管是否科学,先来看看历史 Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education. The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation. Even now, Ashkenazim tend to marry among themselves. In the past they did so almost exclusively. 德系犹太人不仅在IQ测试上表现不俗,正常人一般在100分左右,而他们大多都能得个112-115分,而且虽然人数不多,但他们在欧洲知识、文化生活中的地位却举足轻重。想想弗洛伊德、爱因斯坦、马勒,我们就会点头称是了。但同时,他们中患有如泰-萨克斯病、乳腺癌这类严重的遗传疾病的比率明显高于其他种族。这些事实,最初被人们认为是毫无联系的。前者被说成是社会原因引起的,如浓烈的价值观教育的传统;后者则被说成是基因隔离的结果,不过即使是现在,德系犹太人还是愿意同本族人结婚,在过去,就更是如此了。 Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs. 但Cochran博士对以上两点表示质疑,并认为德系犹太人的天赋异禀与痛病缠身联系密切。他认为正是异常的历史环境强加给了德系犹太人独有的进化压力,才导致了这些看似奇怪的现象。 Ashkenazi history begins with the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the first century AD. When this was crushed, Jewish refugees fled in all directions. The descendants of those who fled to Europe became known as Ashkenazim. 德系犹太人的历史源于公元1世纪。犹太人在反对罗马人的统治失败后,犹太难民四散而逃,逃亡欧洲的犹太后裔就是如今的德系犹太人。 In the Middle Ages, European Jews were subjected to legal discrimination, one effect of which was to drive them into money-related professions such as banking and tax farming which were often disdained by, or forbidden to, Christians. This, along with the low level of intermarriage with their gentile neighbours (which modern genetic analysis confirms was the case), is Dr Cochran's starting point. 在中世纪,欧洲的犹太人在法律上地位很不平等,结果之一就是他们不得不从事与金钱相关的职业,如被人看不起或不准基督徒涉足的银行或征税工作,此外,他们只能与邻居中社会地位较低的非犹太人通婚(这种状况通过现代基因学分析得到了证实)。上述就是Cochran 博士论文的起点。 He argues that the professions occupied by European Jews were all ones that put a premium on intelligence. Of course, it is hard to prove that this intelligence premium existed in the Middle Ages, but it is certainly true that it exists in the modern versions of those occupations. Several studies have shown that intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is highly correlated with income in jobs such as banking. 他认为欧洲犹太人从事的职业都是些需要一定智商的职业,虽不能证明这些职业在中世纪时就是这样了,但在当代它们确实如此。一些研究表明,智力水平(按智力测试的标准来算)与工资水平(如那些从事银行工作的人)联系密切。 What can, however, be shown from the historical records is that European Jews at the top of their professions in the Middle Ages raised more children to adulthood than those at the bottom. Of course, that was true of successful gentiles as well. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这些历史记录证明了,那些在欧洲工作地位较高的犹太家庭子女存活率要高于那些地位较低的犹太家庭。情况对于那些其他种族的也是一样的。但在中世纪,基督教社会中所谓的成功多是贵族通过战争与土地强争豪取,而非通过量才而用(如从事银行或贸易工作)和平地获得。 Put these two things together—a correlation of intelligence and success, and a correlation of success and fecundity—and you have circumstances that favour the spread of genes that enhance intelligence. The questions are, do such genes exist, and what are they if they do? Dr Cochran thinks they do exist, and that they are exactly the genes that cause the inherited diseases which afflict Ashkenazi society. 把智力与成功的关联以及成功与生殖力的关系合二为一,你就具备了有利于智商提高的基因传播的条件。问题是这种智商基因确实存在吗?假如它果真存在的话,那究竟是什么呢?科克伦博士认为它们的确存在,而且正是那种引起折磨德系犹太人遗传疾病的基因。 That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. Constant mating with even distant relatives reduces genetic diversity, and some disease genes will thus, randomly, become more common. But the very randomness of this process means there should be no discernible pattern about which disease genes increase in frequency. In the case of Ashkenazim, Dr Cochran argues, this is not the case. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. The former genes cause neurological diseases, such as Tay- Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick. The latter cause cancer. 众所周知,越是人口稀少并且生育范围狭小的种族就越易患遗传疾病。总是于同族人通婚,就算不是近亲,也会较少遗传的多样性,同时也会使某些致病基因没有规律地在该种族内部泛滥起来。而这种无规律性意味着人们不知道何类致病基因会被大量传播。但对德系犹太人来说,Cochran 医生指出,情况却并非如此。他们当中最常见的十几种疾病基因基本上可以归结于两类:一类参与神经细胞中鞘脂类特殊脂肪)的储存。鞘脂组成一部分绝缘外层鞘,允许神经细胞发射电子信号。另一类参与DNA 的修复。前者基因会引发神经性疾病,如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病;而后者会导致癌症。 That does not look random. And what is even less random is that in several cases the genes for particular diseases come in different varieties, each the result of an independent original mutation. This really does suggest the mutated genes are being preserved by natural selection. But it does not answer the question of how evolution can favour genetic diseases. However, in certain circumstances, evolution can. 上述看起来并非毫无规律。而且更趋于规律的表现就是,在一些病例中,特殊疾病的致病基因来自于不同的变体,而每个变体都是独立的原基因变异的结果。这就印证了变异基因是自然选择保留下来的结果,可它却不能回答自然选择为什么会成了遗传疾病的帮凶,但在一些特殊的条件下,进化能够产生这样的结果。 West Africans, and people of West African descent, are susceptible to a disease called sickle-cell anaemia that is virtually unknown elsewhere. The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. But the disease occurs only in those who have two copies of the gene for the disease-causing haemoglobin (one copy from each parent). Those who have only one copy have no symptoms. They are, however, protected against malaria, one of the biggest killers in that part of the world. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 如西非人以及他们的后代易患一种叫做镰状细胞性贫血的疾病,这种病在西非之外几乎都没人听说过。贫血症发于那些红血球中含有一种特殊的血红蛋白,其蛋白质中含有氧气的人。但这种镰状细胞性贫血症只会发生在同时有两组这种致病的血红蛋白(父母都有这种血红蛋白)的人身上。而那些只有一组的人不但不会患这种贫血症,也不会患疟疾,该病被称为非洲的头号杀手。因此,我们可以这样说,抵御疟疾的特性使得镰状细胞在得以人体中存活下来,同时这种细胞导致贫血症的特性也会被人体排斥,只有在为保持这两种状态而产生的压力达到平衡时,才不会有任何一个特性占据上风。 Dr Cochran argues that something similar happened to the Ashkenazim. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. His thesis is not as strong as the sickle-cell/malaria theory, because he has not proved that any of his disease genes do actually affect intelligence. But the area of operation of some of them suggests that they might. Cochran博士认为,德系犹太人也面临着同样的情况,他们的某些基因如果以单组出现就可以提高智力,一旦以双组出现就会引起疾病。显然,该理论并不如他的镰状细胞/疟疾理论那样具有说服力,因为他尚未证明任何一种致病基因确实能够影响智力,但是某些基因的活动区域显示它们或许真能影响智力。 The sphingolipid-storage diseases, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick, all involve extra growth and branching of the protuberances that connect nerve cells together. Too much of this (as caused in those with double copies) is clearly pathological. But it may be that those with single copies experience a more limited, but still enhanced, protuberance growth. That would yield better linkage between brain cells, and might thus lead to increased intelligence. Indeed, in the case of Gaucher's disease, the only one of the three in which people routinely live to adulthood, there is evidence that those with full symptoms are more intelligent than the average. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. 鞘脂储存类疾病,如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病,都涉及到连接神经细胞的凸起的多余生长和分叉。显然,这种生长和分叉太多的话就会引起疾病。但是,也有可能,仅有单份致病基因的人会出现比较有限的、但仍然加强了的凸起生长。这将有助于加强脑细胞之间的连接,或许因此导致智力提高。实际上,在脑苷脂沉积病的例子中,在三分之一能够活到成年的患者中,确实有证据表明完全发病的人拥有高于平均值的智商。根据一家专门治疗脑苷脂沉积病的以色列诊所的医疗记录,患者中的工程师、科学家、会计和律师的比例多于常人。 Why a failure of the DNA-repair system should boost intelligence is unclear—and is, perhaps, the weakest part of the thesis, although evidence is emerging that one of the genes in question is involved in regulating the early growth of the brain. But the thesis also has a strong point: it makes a clear and testable prediction. This is that people with a single copy of the gene for Tay-Sachs, or that for Gaucher's, or that for Niemann-Pick should be more intelligent than average. Dr Cochran and his colleagues predict they will be so by about five IQ points. If that turns out to be the case, it will strengthen the idea that, albeit unwillingly, Ashkenazi Jews have been part of an accidental experiment in eugenics. It has brought them some advantages. But, like the deliberate eugenics experiments of the 20th century, it has also exacted a terrible price. 为什么基因修复系统失灵会提高智力,现在还不清楚原因何在。虽然,陆续有证据表明产生问题的基因之一参与了调节大脑的早期发育,但是这仍是该论题最薄弱的环节。不过,该理论也有令人信服的地方:它对于拥有单份泰萨二氏病或脑苷脂沉积病或神经鞘磷脂沉积病基因的人会比普通人更聪明做出了明确而可检验的预测。Cochran 博士和他的同事认为,这些人的智商因此会比平均水平高出5 个点。尽管有人不愿接受,假如确实如此的话,它将有力地证明,德系犹太人在不经意间经历了优生实验,而这为他们带来了智商上的优势。但是,如同发生在20 世纪的人为的优生实验一样,它同样让他们付出了可怕的代价。

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