论文文献综述的格式及各部分要求
在现实的学习、工作中，大家都写过论文吧，论文是指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。写起论文来就毫无头绪？下面是我帮大家整理的论文文献综述的格式及各部分要求，欢迎大家分享。
文献综述
文献综述一般由题名、著者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献几部分组成。其中正文部分又由前言、主体和总结组成。
1、前言部分
主要提出问题，说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状、发展动态或争论焦点，选择这一专题的目的、应用价值和实践意义，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。
2、主体部分
主要包括历史发展、现状分析和趋向预测几个方面的内容，可以采取纵横结合式的写法，如写历史背景采用纵式，写目前状况采用横式。
①历史发展：要按时间顺序，简要说明这一课题的提出及各历史阶段的发展状况，体现各阶段的研究水平。
②现状分析：介绍国内外对本研究的现状，包括本人的观点，将归纳、整理的科学事实和资料进行排列和分析，对有创造性的理论要详细介绍，并引出论据;对有争论的问题要介绍各家观点，进行比较，指出可能的发展趋势，并提出自己的看法。
③趋向预测：在纵横对比中肯定所综述课题的研究水平、存在问题和不同观点，提出展望性意见。这部分内容要写得客观、准确，不但要指明方向，而且要提示捷径。
3、总结部分
主要是对主题部分所阐述的主要内容进行述评，提出结论，赞成什么，反对什么，还要说明本综述的局限性，前任研究的优缺点有什么，自己的创新之处有什么等。
4、参考文献
这是写作综述的基础，最重要的是使读者在探讨某些问题时，提供查找有关文献的线索，可按参考文献查阅原文。因此编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。
论文参考文献的基本格式
1、按论文中参考文献出现的先后顺序用阿拉伯数字连续编号，将序号置于方括号内，并视具体情况将序号作为上角标，或作为论文的组成部分。
2、参考文献中，每条项目应齐全。文献中的作者不超过三位时全部列出;超过三位时一般只列前三位，后面加“等”字或“etc.”;作者姓名之间用逗号分开;中外人名一律采用姓在前，名在后的'著录法。
3、参考文献的序号左顶格，并用数字加方括号表示，如[1],[2],……，以与正文中的指示序号格式一致。每一参考文献条目的最后均以“.”结束。
各类参考文献条目的编排格式及示例如下：
a. 连续出版物：[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码.
b. 专著：[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[M].出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码.
c. 论文集：[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[C].主编.论文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码.
d. 学位论文：[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[D].保存地：保存单位，年份.
e. 报告：[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[R].报告地：报告会主办单位，年份.
f. 专利文献：[序号]专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别：专利号，发布日期.
g. 国际，国家标准：[序号]标准代号.标准名称[S].出版地：出版者，出版年.
h. 报纸文章：[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名：出版日期(版次).
i. 电子文献：[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[文献类型/载体类型].电子文献的出版或可获得地址，发表或)更新日期/引用日期(任选).
【拓展内容】
论文引用文献标注小技巧介绍
在论文的撰写过程中需要参考大量的文献资料，很多人对论文引用怎么标注不太清楚。因为不同的杂志社要求的文献格式不同，文中的插入方法和文章后面的文献排列格式都不一样，很多同学在论文写完后需要花费很多精力去调整引用文献的格式。国内大部分期刊杂志都要求按照文献插入顺序进行排列，如果后期文章有改动，参考文献的增减和排列都会发生改变，工作十分繁琐，杂志社审核编辑如果对格式要求严格，那么你的论文就有可能被打回去，参考论文引用在论文写作过程中占有重要的地位。
软件Reference manager是专门用来管理参考文献的，它功能很强大，能对文献进行二次检索、管理，与Word结合还可完成论文中参考文献的插入，相信很多高手在写毕业论文的时候都用它解决了参考文献的插入问题。Mendeley 、Endnote的文献管理方式也很好，以批量导入文件或文件夹，也可以直接拖动PDF到Mendeley，所有文献自动云同步。有的人不习惯用这些软件，如果写的是期刊类文章，可以采用Word插入“脚注/尾注”的方式标注参考文献，光标移到要插入参考文献的地方，菜单中“引用”—“脚注/尾注”。 当插入下一条参考文献的时候，选择“下一条脚注”这样标注论文引用文献也是非常方便的。
在科研工作中，我们写论文引用大量的文献，掌握几个文献检索工具、文本编辑技巧、软件使用小窍门等都是非常重要的辅助工具，在撰写论文的过程中会大大提高工作效率！
学术论文英文的参考文献标注格式
根据《中国学术期刊(光盘版)检索与评价数据规范(试行)》和《中国高等学校社会科学学报编排规范(修订版)》的要求，很多刊物对参考文献和注释作出区分，将注释规定为“对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字”，列于文末并与参考文献分列或置于当页脚地。下面，我为大家分享学术论文英文的参考文献标注格式，希望对大家有所帮助!
一、学术论文英文参考文献标注格式。
按照现行规定，学术期刊中论文参考文献的标注采用顺序编码制，即在文内的引文处按引用文献在论文中出现的先后顺序以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。同一文献在一文中被反复引用者，用同一序号标示。这一规定使得所列文献简洁明了，应该引起论文作者注意。英文参考文献和中文参考文献一样，按在文中出现的先后顺序与中文文献混合连续编码着录;英文文献用印刷体;英文书名、期刊名和报纸名等用斜体;所列项目及次序与中文文献相同，但文献类型可不标出;忌用中文叙述英文。其格式为：
专着、论文集、学位论文、报告-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。出版地：出版者，出版年。起止页码(任选)。
示例：[1]Day,C.,Veen, Walraven,G. Children and youth at risk and urban education. Research,policy and prac-tice. Leuven/Apeldoorn:Garant. 1997.
期刊文章-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码。
示例：[2] Driessen,G.,& Van der Grinten,M. Home language proficiency in the Netherland:The evaluation of Turkish andMoroccan bilingual programmes- A critical review,Studies in Educational Evaluation,1994,20(3)：365- 386.
论文集中的析出文献-[序号]析出文献主要责任者。析出文献题名。原文献主要责任者(任选)。原文献题名。出版地：出版者，出版年。析出文献起止页码。
示例：[3] Driessen,G.,Mulder,L.,& Jungbluth,P. Structural and cultural determinants of educational opportunities in theNetherlands. In (Ed.)，Root and migration in global perspective. Jerusalem:Magnes . 104.[5]
报纸文章-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。报纸名，出版日期(版次)。
示例：[4] Lgnatieff,M. Keeping an old flame burning brightly. The Guardian,1998- 12- 20(12)。
电子文献-[序号]主要责任者。电子文献题名。电子文献的出处或可获得的地址，发表或更新日期。
示例：[5] Baboescu,F. Algorithms for fast packet classification. .
二、关于英文人名的标注。
现行编排规范对英文人名如何标注未作明确要求，英文人名的标注较为混乱，有标注全名的，有标注时将名缩写、姓不缩写、保持原来顺序的，还有在姓、名之间加圆点的，后者是我国翻译作品中，中文书写外国人名经常采用的一种方式。其实，标注英文人名是有章可循的，在国外学术着作的参考文献中，关于人名的标注已约定俗成为一种统一的格式，即英文参考文献标注作者姓名时，要求姓在前、名在后，姓与名之间用逗号隔开，姓的词首字母大写，其余字母不大写;名用词首大写字母表示，后加缩写符号圆点，缩写符号不可省略。由于欧美国家人的姓名排列一般是名在前、姓在后，在标注时必须加以调整。如Georg Paghet Thomson,前面两个词是名，最后一个词是姓，应标注为Thomson,G. P为什么要如此标注呢?笔者认为有以下原因。
1.在应用计算机等信息工具进行英文文献检索时，以英文作者姓名中的姓作为依据之一，即以姓作为检索目标之一。
2.在欧美人姓名表达含义里，姓比名的重要性更强、更正式。用姓而不是名来代表作者，还有尊重、礼貌的意味。名缩写后加缩写符号圆点，也含有正式、尊重和礼貌的意味，缩写符号不可省略。
3.表示与平常书写姓名的不同，体现学术论文重要性、简约性和准确性的要求，符合科研论文文体风格。这种标注在英文学术着作、科技文献中已广泛采用，也容易被广大读者、作者理解、接受。
对于复姓情况，如Jory Albores-Saavedra等，在引用标注时，应将复姓全部写出，即Albores-Saavedra, J对于姓前带有冠词或介词的情况，如带有Mac,Le,Von,Van den等，标注时不能省略，应同姓一起提到前面标注，如Mac Donald,La Fontaina,Von Eschenbach,Van den Bery等。这里有个有趣的现象，对于北欧人常见的姓Van den Bery,如Van的.词首字母大写，表示它是姓的一部分，标注时应与姓一起前置;如果作者姓名书写为Graham van den Bery,其中van的词首字母v没有大写，则表示它不是姓的一部分，姓Bery前置时，van den仍留在原来的位置，并且不可缩写或省略，标注为Bery,G. van den.另外，对于“姓名+学位”的情况，标注时一般把“学位”删去，不要将其误认为姓或姓的一部分.
一个参考文献有两位或两位以上作者时，标注时除按上述要求将每位作者的姓提前书写外，作者与作者之间用逗号分开，最后一位作者前加&符号，如示例[1],也可仅保留前三位作者，之后加etc.表示。
三、关于英文参考文献发表(出版)时间标注到年的问题。
发表(出版)时间是参考文献的一项重要内容，标示引用文献发表的历史时间位置，是判断引用文献新旧的一个根据，不可遗漏。国外学术论着中参考文献的发表(出版)时间标注到年，这与我国学术论着中参考文献的标注规定相同。国外学术论着中参考文献的发表(出版)时间的标注位置有标注在作者后的情况，并加圆括号，这是因为采用了“着者-出版年”制。我国学术期刊编排规范参考文献的标注采用“顺序编码”制,发表(出版)时间标注靠后，如示例[1]、[3],应按此要求标注为是。
四、英文析出文献名和原文献名的标注。
由于现行编排规范对英文析出文献和原文献的标注书写要求不够明确，目前有把析出文献名排成斜体，而把原文献名(论文集名或期刊名等)排成正体的情况。这种标注方式是不对的，混淆了析出文献名和原文献名的效力，正确的编排要求与此相反，国外的普遍作法与我国学者的论述[4]要求一致，因此这一现象值得编辑同行注意。
英文书名在英文文章中出现有排成斜体的习惯，论文集名、期刊名或报纸名与书名效力相同，故排成斜体，析出文献名相当于书中的章节标题，不具有书名的分量，故不可排成斜体。
在标注原文献名及作者时，原文献多指论文集或与之类似的着作，英文标注习惯上在编着者名前加词首字母大写的介词In,作者姓名前后次序不作调整，名缩写为词首大写字母，后加缩写符号圆点，姓完整标出，不缩写。作者后加编者一词的缩写形式及缩写符号圆点，词首字母大写，外加圆括号，如标注为In S. Weil(Ed.)，如示例[3].然后斜体标注原文献题名，后加注出版年，起至页码的缩写形式pp.和析出文献的起至页码。当原文献有两位或两位以上作者时，作者姓名同上述情况一样，前后次序不作调整，分别标出，编者一词缩写用复数形式Eds.,如In L. Eedering,& P. Leseman(Eds.)。
文献类型不宜标出。文献类型是我国编排规范制定的标注要求，国外并未采用。在中文中标注醒目、自然，在英文中此一项目的标注容易产生误解和干扰。如果是为方便计算机在检索或统计时辨识，是技术上的要求，那么就应当统一要求标注，从“可不标出”来看，尚未有技术上的要求。因而，文献类型在英文参考文献中不作标注为妥。
五、出版地和出版社(商)的标注。
出版地和出版社(商)是参考文献的重要内容，标示版权信息，不可遗漏或省略。我国一部着作一般由一家出版社负责出版发行，出版地一般也就比较明确为出版社所在的城市。国外情况就比较复杂了，由于市场经济高度成熟，语言通用程度高，着作权被普遍保护等原因，一部着作可能由不止一家出版社(商)合作出版发行，出版地也可能在不同国家的不同城市。当出版地有两处或两处以上、出版社(商)有两个或两个以上时，应当一一标出，中间用斜杠分开。如Amsterdam/Philadephia:Ben-jamins,又如Den Haag:Sdu/DOP出版地一般是出版社(商)所在的城市，标注城市名，不可标注为国家名。
参考文献补充了文章的重要信息，涉及范围十分广泛，编辑部资料有限，在大多数情况下，编辑不可能一一增补遗漏的参考文献要素，因而，希望在修订现行编排规范时，对英文参考文献的标注作明确规定，以便作者写作和编者编辑时皆有章可循，亦使这项工作更加规范。笔者不揣浅陋，依据工作实践提出以上意见。不妥之处，还望大家指正。
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
大学本科毕业论文格式范文
一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，毕业论文是大学生都必须通过的，毕业论文是一种比较正规的、比较重要的检验大学学习成果的形式，我们该怎么去写毕业论文呢？下面是我为大家整理的大学本科毕业论文格式范文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
一、纸张和页面要求
A4纸，纵向单面打印。页边距要求如下：页边距上下各为厘米，左边距为，右边距为厘米。
二、论文装订页码顺序
1、封面（按标准格式装订）
2、论文摘要、关键词（中、英文单独成页，不标页码）
3、目录（要求至少有两个层次，各层次需注明其在论文中的页码）
4、论文
①引言或绪论（单独成页。页码从1开始标注，连续标注页码，至参考文献止）②正文
③结论（单独成页）
④参考文献（单独成页）
三、章节目序号
章节目序号的级序规定如下：一、（一）1（1）①
四、排版格式
1、封面题目用三号楷体，居中；专业、学生姓名及指导教师姓名等用三号楷体，居中。、“摘要”，两字中间空两格，三号黑体，居中，加粗，上下各空一行。摘要内容小四号宋体，行间距为“固定值”3磅。“关键词”小四号黑体，加粗。
3、“目录”，两字中间空两格，三号黑体，居中，加粗，上下各空一行。目录下的各章节标题（前面无空格（顶格）），小四号宋体。行间距为“固定值”3磅。
4、“引言”，两字中间空两格，三号黑体，居中，加粗，上下不空行。内容小四号宋体，行间距为“固定值”3磅。
5、正文内容，小四号宋体，行间距为“固定值”3磅。所有段落和标题前均空两格。第一级标题字体加粗。
6、结论，两字中间空两格，三号黑体，居中，加粗，上下不空行。内文小四号，宋体，行间距为“固定值”3磅。
7、“参考文献”，三号黑体，居中，加粗，上下各空一行；内文小四号，宋体，每段前面空两格。
一、纸型、页面设置、版式和用字。
毕业论文一律用国际标准a4型纸（297mmx210mm）打印。
页面分图文区与白边区两部分，所有的文字、图形、其他符号只能出现在图文区内。白边区的尺寸（页边距）为：天头（上）25mm，地脚（下）20mm，订口（左）25mm，翻口（右）20mm。
文字图形一律从左至右横写横排。文字一律通栏编辑。
使用规范的简化汉字。除非必要，不使用繁体字。忌用异体字、复合字及其他不规范的汉字。
二、论文封面
封面由文头、论文标题、作者、学校、年级、学号、指导教师、答辩组成员、答辩日期、申请学位等项目组成。
文头：封面顶部居中，占两行。上一行内容为“河南广播电视大学”用小三号宋体；下一行内容为“汉语言文学专业（本科）毕业论文”，3号宋体加粗。文头上下各空一行。
论文标题：2号黑体加粗，文头下居中，上下各空两行。
论文副题：小2号黑体加粗，紧挨正标题下居中，文字前加破折号。
作者、学校（市级电大）、年级、学号、指导教师、答辩组成员、答辩日期、申请学位等项目名称用3号黑体，内容用3号楷体，在正副标题下适当居中左对齐依次排列。占行格式为：
作者：xxx
学校：xxx年级：xxx学号：xxx
指导教师：xxx职称：xxx
答辩组成员：
xxx（主持人）职称：xxx
xxx职称：xxx
答辩日期：x年x月x日
申请学位：学士（不申请可省略此项）
大学本科论文格式要求：
一、论文的结构与要求
毕业设计(论文)包括以下内容(按顺序)：
本科论文包括封面、目录、标题、内容摘要、关键词、正文、注释、参考文献等部分。如果需要，可以在正文前加“引言”，在参考文献后加“后记”。论文一律要求打印，不得手写。
1.目录
目录应独立成页，包括论文中全部章、节和主要级次的标题和所在页码。本科论文格式要求
2.论文标题
论文标题应当简短、明确，有概括性。论文标题应能体现论文的核心内容、法学专业的特点。论文标题不得超过25个汉字，不得设置副标题，不得使用标点符号，可以分二行书写。论文标题用词必须规范，不得使用缩略语或外文缩写词(通用缩写除外，比如wto等)。
3.内容摘要
内容摘要应扼要叙述论文的主要内容、特点，文字精练，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文，包括主要成果和结论性意见。摘要中不应使用公式、图表，不标注引用文献编号，并应避免将摘要撰写成目录式的内容介绍。内容摘要一般为200个汉字左右。
4.关键词
关键词是供检索用的主题词条，应采用能够覆盖论文主要内容的通用专业术语(参照相应的专业术语标准)，一般列举3——5个，按照词条的外延层次从大到小排列，并应出现在内容摘要中。
5.正文
正文一般包括绪论(引论)、本论和结论等部分。正文字数本科不少于6000字，专科一般不少于5000字，正文必须从页首开始。
*绪论(引论)全文的开始部分，不编写章节号。一般包括对写作目的、意义的说明，对所研究问题的认识并提出问题。
*本论是全文的核心部分，应结构合理，层次清晰，重点突出，文字通顺简练。
*结论是对主要成果的归纳，要突出创新点，以简练的文字对所做的主要工作进行评价。结论一般不超过500个汉字。
正文一级及以下子标题格式如下：一、;(一);1.;(1);①。
6.注释
注释是对所创造的名词术语的解释或对引文出处的说明。注释采用脚注形式，用带圈数字表示序号，如注①、注②等，数量不少于10个。
7.参考文献
参考文献是论文的不可缺少的组成部分,是作者在写作过程中使用过的文章、著作名录。参考文献应以近期发表或出版的'与法学专业密切相关的学术著作和学术期刊文献为主，数量不少于6篇。
产品说明、技术标准、未公开出版或发表的研究论文等不列为参考文献，有确需说明的可以在后记中予以说明。
二、打印装订要求
论文必须使用标准a4打印纸打印，一律左侧装订，并至少印制3份。页面上、下边距各厘米，左右边距各厘米，并按论文装订顺序要求如下：
1.封面
封面包括《广西广播电视大学关于毕业设计(论文)评审表》(封面、附录4)、《学生毕业设计(论文)评审表》(封2)、《广西广播电视大学关于毕业设计(论文)答辩申报表》(封3、附录5)。
2.目录
目录列至论文正文的三级及以上标题所在页码，内容打印要求与正文相同。目录页不设页码。
3.内容摘要
摘要标题按照正文一级子标题要求处理，摘要内容按照正文要求处理。
4.关键词
索引关键词与内容摘要同处一页，位于内容摘要之后，另起一行并以“关键词：”开头(采用黑体)，后跟3~5个关键词(采用宋体)，词间空1字，即两个字节，其他要求同正文。
5.正文
正文必须从内容提要页开始，并设置为第1页。页码在页末居中打印，其他要求同正文(如正文第5页格式为“―5―”)。
论文标题为标准三号黑体字，居中，单倍行间距;
论文一级子标题为标准四号黑体字，居中，20磅行间距;
正文一律使用标准小四号宋体字，段落开头空两个字，行间距为固定值20磅;
正文中的插图应与文字紧密配合，文图相符，内容正确，绘制规范。插图按章编号并置于插图的正下方，插图不命名，如第二章的第三个插图序号为“图2—3”，插图序号使用标准五号宋体字;
正文中的插表不加左右边线。插表按章编号并置于插表的左上方，插表不命名，如第二章的第三个插表序号为“表2—3”，插表序号使用标准五号宋体字。
6、 参考文献
按照gb7714—87《文后参考文献著录规则》规定的格式打印，内容打印要求与论文正文相同。参考文献从页首开始，格式如下：
(1)著作图书文献
序号 作者 《书名》，出版地：出版者，出版年份及版次(第一版省略)
如：[4] 劳凯声 《教育法论》，南京：江苏教育出版社，xx
(2)译著图书文献
序号 作者 《书名》，出版地：出版者，出版年份及版次(第一版省略)
(3)学术刊物文献
序号 作者 《文章名》，《学术刊物名》，年卷(期)
如：[5]周汉华 《变法模式与中国立法法》，《中国社会科学》，xx(1)
(4)学术会议文献
序号 作者 《文章名》，编者名，会议名称，会议地址，年份，出版地，出版者，出版年
(5)学位论文类参考文献
序号 作者 《学位论文题目》，学校和学位论文级别，答辩年份
(6)西文文献
著录格式同中文，实词的首字母大写，其余小写。
参考文献作者人数较多者只列前三名，中间用逗号分隔，多于三人的后面加“等”字(西文加“etc.”)。
学术会议若出版论文集者，在会议名称后加“论文集”字样;未出版论文集者省去“出版者”、“出版年”项;会议地址与出版地相同的省略“出版地”，会议年份与出版年相同的省略“出版年”。
三、毕业设计(论文)装袋要求
毕业设计(论文)是专业教学的重要内容，必须规范管理，统一毕业设计(论文)材料装袋要求：
1、论文稿本。经指导的提纲，一稿、二稿和装订好的正稿。
2、过程记录表。包括指导教师指导记录表，学生毕业设计(论文)评审表(答辩过程记录表)等;
3、相关材料。法专业要求的其他材料，如法学社会调查报告等。
英文论文参考文献格式如下：
一、学术论文英文参考文献标注格式
按照现行规定，学术期刊中论文参考文献的标注采用顺序编码制，即在文内的引文处按引用文献在论文中出现的先后顺序以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。同一文献在一文中被反复引用者，用同一序号标示。
这一规定使得所列文献简洁明了，应该引起论文作者注意。英文参考文献和中文参考文献一样，按在文中出现的先后顺序与中文文献混合连续编码著录;英文文献用印刷体；英文书名、期刊名和报纸名等用斜体；所列项目及次序与中文文献相同，但文献类型可不标出；忌用中文叙述英文。其格式为：
专著、论文集、学位论文、报告主要责任者。文献题名。出版地：出版者，出版年。起止页码。示例：Day,C.,Veen, Walraven,G. Children and youth at risk and urban education. Research, policy and prac-tice. Leuven/Apeldoorn:Garant. 1997.
期刊文章：主要责任者。文献题名。刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码。示例：Driessen,G.,& Van der Grinten,M. Home language proficiency in the Netherland:The evaluation of Turkish andMoroccan bilingual programmes- A critical review, Studies in Educational Evaluation,1994, 20(3)：365- 386.
论文集中的析出文献析出文献主要责任者。析出文献题名。原文献主要责任者(任选)。原文献题名。出版地：出版者，出版年。析出文献起止页码。
示例：Driessen,G.,Mulder,L.,& Jungbluth,P. Structural and cultural determinants of educational opportunities in theNetherlands. In (Ed.)，Root and migration in global perspective. Jerusalem:Magnes . 104.
二、关于英文人名的标注
现行编排规范对英文人名如何标注未作明确要求，英文人名的标注较为混乱，有标注全名的，有标注时将名缩写、姓不缩写、保持原来顺序的，还有在姓、名之间加圆点的，后者是我国翻译作品中，中文书写外国人名经常采用的一种方式。
其实，标注英文人名是有章可循的，在国外学术著作的参考文献中，关于人名的标注已约定俗成为一种统一的格式，即英文参考文献标注作者姓名时，要求姓在前、名在后，姓与名之间用逗号隔开，姓的词首字母大写，其余字母不大写;名用词首大写字母表示，后加缩写符号圆点，缩写符号不可省略。由于欧美国家人的姓名排列一般是名在前、姓在后，在标注时必须加以调整。如Georg Paghet Thomson，前面两个词是名，最后一个词是姓，应标注为Thomson,G. P为什么要如此标注呢？
1. 在应用计算机等信息工具进行英文文献检索时，以英文作者姓名中的姓作为依据之一，即以姓作为检索目标之一。
2. 在欧美人姓名表达含义里，姓比名的重要性更强、更正式。用姓而不是名来代表作者，还有尊重、礼貌的意味。名缩写后加缩写符号圆点，也含有正式、尊重和礼貌的意味，缩写符号不可省略。
3. 表示与平常书写姓名的不同，体现学术论文重要性、简约性和准确性的要求，符合科研论文文体风格。这种标注在英文学术著作、科技文献中已广泛采用，也容易被广大读者、作者理解、接受。
对于复姓情况，如Jory Albores-Saavedra等，在引用标注时，应将复姓全部写出，即Albores-Saavedra, J对于姓前带有冠词或介词的情况，如带有Mac,Le,Von,Van den等，标注时不能省略，应同姓一起提到前面标注，如Mac Donald,La Fontaina,Von Eschenbach,Van den Bery等。
一个参考文献有两位或两位以上作者时，标注时除按上述要求将每位作者的姓提前书写外，作者与作者之间用逗号分开，最后一位作者前加&符号，如示例[1],也可仅保留前三位作者，之后加etc.表示。
英语毕业论文答辩（通用6篇）
英语的论文答辩要点是格式最好少些瑕疵，提前将abstract和conclusion背一背。有利于答辩的顺利进行。下面是我为大家整理的.关于英语毕业论文的答辩。欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of On Transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.
Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels' addicts. For the above facts,I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper. Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.
The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.
The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This time's literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.
The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
Teachers, good afternoon! My name is Chen Jing, the students of class xxx, my thesis topic is《 the power of the giver and the victim, foucault power interpretation theory perspective, the heroine in “the golden notebook, Anna》，thesis is completed under Wang Zhiqin teacher of meticulous guidance, here, I express my deep appreciation to my supervisor, to the teachers to take part in my thesis express our heartfelt thanks to you for, and for the past three years I have a chance to listen to the teachings, teachers say heartfelt I will this paper design the research background, significance and main content of the teacher made a report, please the teacher criticism guidance.
First of all, I want to talk about the research background and significance of the graduation thesis design.
Since the Golden Notebook involves comprehensive themes such as colonialism,feminism,racism,communism etc. and due to its severely fragmented writing forms,it has intrigued groups of both domestic and overseas critics. The research abroad could be roughly divided into three stages. The first comes about the biography of the author”],the general introduction and reading background of this novel,then a number of explorations over the themes of this book have been conducted, from the most popular one feminism,psychological featuresto the philosophical elements. Finally, critics shifted their concentration to the unique form or style applied by Lessing,for instance they analyzed the varied narrative techniques employed within ,the aesthetic value it displayed ,as well as its artistic nature generated by its messy it is worth mentioning that in 2006 Tapan has composed a specific collection of reviews on the Golden the study over this novel in foreign country has been quite fruitful and mature, the research in China is far lagging behind, most of them just emphasized the novel's multiplethemes such as feminism,eco-economic,psychology and modemism Thus more angels should be discovered by scholars at home, such as colonialism, religious and psychological exploration, and their research method should be more diversified,for instance,the potential inter-disciplinary study of this novel are waiting to be excavated, and seldomhave critics compared this masterpiece with other similar text.
Based on Foucault's power theory, this thesis is going to explore how the female protagonist Anna in Doris Lessing's the Golden Notebook, the producer and victim of power,fought against her catastrophic life. Through a close reading of the text, this thesis aims at making a Foucanldian interpretation on Lessing's motivation behind portraying such a schizophrenic female personality, convincing the reader that power permeates every capillary of the society mainly by exerting influence on power relations between individual. Sinceeverything concerns with the functioning of power, be it tragedy or comedy, Anna's destiny cannot be an exception, instead of restraining from the one-way suppress from men,Foucault's power theory enables us to put the heroine into a larger, more diverse cultural or social background where individual's identity could be perceived with much more plurality or heterogeneity. Ultimately, given Anna's gender attributes, the application of Foucault's power theory to the analysis of heroine can shed light on how women could wittedly deal with their counterpart, strike a balance between freedom and restriction, and thus heading feminism into a more reasonable and rational direction.
Secondly, I want to talk about the structure and main contents of this paper.
The author is going to divide this thesis into five chapters. The first chapter is a briefing about the research background of the Golden Notebook, which provides an overview on the fragmented content and complicated structure of this masterpiece. The second chapter is an introduction of the research status of this novel at home and abroad, at the same time,Foucault's power theory will be elaborated here as the theoretical framework. Chapter three concentrates on the text analysis of the female protagonist Anna's pursuit of the free woman identity, which will be conducted mainly from three perspectives, namely her political faith,marriage and love, as well we psychological status. Through asserting Foucault's power theory into the text analysis, we could get a clear view on how the heroine became the victim of the omnipresent power in contemporary social organizations, and also how individual resisted power via making explorations on the genealogy of the self. Chapter four gives two different interpretations of Anna's destiny, with each representing the common feminists'view and Foucault's version respectively. Via such comparison, the author attempts to find a correlation between Foucault's power theory and feminism, to tell in what ways Foucault'spower theory have modified parts of problems in current feminism, and how the formal convergent with the latter. The last chapter serves as a concluding part in which a summary of this thesis will be reached, and limitations as well as further implications will be point out.
Finally, I want to talk about the deficiency existing in this paper.
The limitations of this thesis cannot be regarded as the challenge to the relevance of Foucaxxlt's theory to feminism; on the contrary, it tells that the value of applying Foucault'spower theory lies precisely in his invitation to feminists to remain highly critical about their previous prejudices as well as their future trends. In order to make full use of Foucault's power theory in modifying feminism, we have to dig out more convergences they share with each other. With the idea that knowledge and truth are partial ones serving as a start,Genealogy is then an excellent perspective for farther explorations on the Foucauldian and feminist projects.
Thank you very much!
Good morning， Distinguished professors and teachers， ladies and gentlemen， thank you for attending the oral defense. I am XX. First and foremost， I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor， professorXX， for his intellectual guidance， invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative， evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society.
And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part， the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part， and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part. Thank you!
论文陈述可以很好地组织和发展论点，并为读者提供关于论点的“指南”。
论文陈述包含以下内容：
1、陈述你对这个主题的主要观点
陈述观点时一定要表达一个主要思想，并陈述你的立场或看法。关于主题，需思考：
2、给出几个支持主要观点的理由
理由要写清楚，一定要用符合逻辑的事实和证据来支持这个理由。
3、给出一个与主要观点相反的观点
一个好的论文陈述要承认论点存在另一面。所以，同学可以在论文陈述中给出一个反论点。
论文陈述写作示例：
1、首先，从一个问题开始。例如：互联网对教育有正面或负面的影响吗?
2、其次，表明你对这个问题的立场。例如：互联网对教育的正面影响大于负面影响。
3、最后，发展你的答案。例如：互联网使用的负面影响被其对教育的诸多好处所抵消：互联网有助于学生和老师更容易地获取信息、接触不同的观点，以及这是一个灵活的学习环境。
"It's hard to use a few words to the characteristics of outline of Japanese society, that ManHuaHua outline of easy. My impression is the culture of Japan with pragmatism audiences." This is the word. Writer scare (1) Japan and China not only geographically, "and is" quite on the culture is "line". Japan inherited Chinese culture, through hard work, continue to innovation, make the culture in the world, this is good at Paramount learning, good at innovation of Japanese. This can't help remind me of Japanese animation industry. Chinese animations origin early, early have shadow puppets, etc. And now, just mention that animation will think of Japanese doraemon, Slam Dunk ace, Japan's animation industry is already the Japanese economy's backbone industries, which of course also and the Japanese innovation consciousness is inseparable, while China's animation industry hasn't been too big progress. 3 product sushi see Japan Since many kinds of sushi, so, taste so no longer is a hard thing sushi, let's take a product yipin sushi: fresh light sushi -- advocate natural The fish in the sushi package is a raw food, the Japanese good food raw food are notoriously, someone said: "there are fish place had sushi". The Japanese is to keep food fresh, just put raw fish eating into rice bag. Japanese is the fear of nature, earthquakes and typhoon: volcano is active, activities, lack of resources will talk about people in letters a topic is scene. Season and Sushi's advocate natural, keep fresh, it is the Japanese pursues. fresh sushi. As is known to all, influenced by Confucianism thought in Japan, especially in the idea of "thought entrenched, Japanese reverence of SAN German prince is to pay attention to" and ". The 37 enacted in he presided over the first sentence in the constitution is "idea". (2) in view of this, the Japanese on the big livestock slaughter, thought and unfeeling, together with Japan plain small, cattle feeding, difficult Japanese seldom eat mutton. After the second world war, because the nutritional value that beef, it gradually eat beef and pork. Moreover, Japan all around, fishing is very convenient linhai, it creates Japanese dishes rarely raw food processing and characteristics. delicate sushi. Because Japan is island, coupled with the lack of resources, and no border, this natural environment neighbours its crisis consciousness dense, always afraid of what natural disasters in Japan to spend, genocide. Therefore, some Chinese preach to culture to Japan and to explain among Japanese. Such as "careless this idiom kill people, Japanese for" oil broken gate. They understand for: no oil (. break later), oil, an acknowledgment of rainy enemy will encountered. Therefore the Japanese associate like China, not for every meal oil to cook, to cherish oil, fuel efficient, live to peace. Therefore Japan as far as possible need not or less oil cooking dishes, as time passes development with delicate fresh for the Japanese dishes for the mainstream. pruning the sushi. Seafood Japanese cuisine, the biggest characteristic is fresh seafood. More than 4,000, seagirt islands by the Japanese islands, mild climate, four distinct seasons, has the advantageous fresh seafood, so to develop their own Marine dishes. Being determines consciousness, the development direction of the dishes on is no exception. In other words, local brew is cooking. Therefore, Japan's most people are very like to eat seafood. Pursue nature, advocate natural, formed the Japanese cuisine characteristics. Japan is a long-lived national average life expectancy, at present the first in the world. In addition to the natural environment and other factors besides, pursue natural diet in which also plays an important role it. delicate sushi -- pursue cuisine beauty Chinese food exquisite "color, aroma, taste", Japanese food is exquisite "color, shape, taste", here was a changed "form" word, the Japanese diet culture characteristics will show up. Japanese food does not pay attention to what you eat out, but special attention to "form". So, Japanese food is to use eyes to taste. It also accords with Japan. Japanese ground is narrow small and large population, protection, no damage to the natural landscape is the custom since ancient times. Japanese people always real beauty of inheriting their ancestors left. In the environment, diet permeated with the implicative inside collect still lets a person cannot ignore beauty. And the importance of the history of ancient Japanese is the eating habits of inherited a dutifully. Therefore, cooking out of the food is as natural scenery, a bunch of flowers to adorn the life of people. 我是用电脑翻译的
[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码。例如：[1]何龄修.读南明史[J].中国史研究,1998,(3):167-173。[2]OU J P,SOONG T T,et advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems[J].Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3):358-361。
不管毕业论文，还是学术论文，有一项必不可少的就是要在文章的最后加上参考文献，为了不影响文章的整体效果，参考文文献的格式还是要注意下的，特别是英文的参考文献格式。下面就来简单的说一下吧。基本格式大概是：[序号] 作者姓名，文章名称，出版处，时间字体的话：新罗马，五号字体（具体以实际投稿处的要求为准）其中需要注意的一点就是引用文章的作者姓名的书写原则，一般采用“名在前，姓在后”，具体格式是“名字的首字母，姓”，例如：，剩下的作者可以是跟第一作者一样。可以看到很多文献中，第一和其他作者的姓名一样的书写格式。中文名称也是一样的，名字在前，姓在后，如薛青禾即如：[1] ，，，，Carbon 45（2007）1899.[29] H. Fakih,S. Jacques,. Berthet, F. Bosselet,O. Dezellus, growth of Ti3SiC2 coatings onto SiC by reactive chemical vapor deposition using H 2 and TiCl 4[J]. Surface & Coatings .[30] , , , . Analysis of interlayer between WC–Co and CVD diamond film. Key Engineering Material, 2008,375-376:p92-94.
外文参考文献格式 在论文写作时常常需要引用到外文的的著作，下面我带大家了解一下外文参考文献的格式要求是怎样的! 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告 对于不属于上述的'文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, .，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & .; ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。 英文文献采用 APA格式 ： 单一作者著作的书籍： 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社. Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead. 两位作者以上合著的书籍： 姓，名字首字母., & 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社. Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press. 文集中的文章： Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books. 期刊中的文章(非连续页码)： Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37. 期刊中的文章(连续页码)： 姓，名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码. Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146. 月刊杂志中的文章： Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31. ;
英语论文参考文献标准格式
在各领域中，说到论文，大家肯定都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以培养我们独立思考和创新的能力。那么一般论文是怎么写的呢？以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文参考文献标准格式，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
用Times New Roman.每一条目顶格，如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。
参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。
1）英文参考文献：
（1）专著与编著
排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。
例如：
Brinkleyork: Knopf, 1993.
专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。
例如：
Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane EyreNew York: Norton, 1971.
A、两个至三个作者
第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开；其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号；每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。
例如：
B、三个以上作者
第一作者姓名（姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号）后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。
例如：
University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
C、同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例：
Widdowson, Henry G1998a.
Widdowson, Henry G. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1998b.
（2）论文集
参照下例：
Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.
（3）百科全书等参考文献
参照下例：
Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. ork: Macmillan, 2001.
（4）学术期刊论文
参照下例：
Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”.
（5）网络文献
参照下例：
“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL”.
（6）专著：
参照下例：
皮亚杰.结构主义[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1984.
（7）期刊文章：
参照下例：
杨忠,张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究,1999,(2):1-3.
（8）学位论文
参照下例：
梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学,2002.
（9）论文集
参照下例：
许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1999:5-7.
（10）附录
2）中文参考文献
一、参考文献的类型
参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
[M]--专着，着作
[C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》
[N]-- 报纸文章
[J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网)，但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版
[D]--学位论文 :不区分硕士还是博士论文
[R]--报告：一般在标题中会有“关于****的.报告”字样
[S]-- 标准
[P]--专利
[A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章
[Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母“Z”标识，但这种情况非常少见
常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：
[DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online)
[DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)
[M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)
[CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)
[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online)
[EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)
很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)起止页码。
【举例】
[1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星。对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6)：107-109.
[2] 夏鲁惠。高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1)：46-52.
[3] Heider, . The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3)： 62 67.
2.专着类
【格式】[序号]作者。书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码。
【举例】
[4] 刘国钧，王连成。图书馆史研究[M].北京：高等教育出版社，1979:15-18,31.
[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次)。
【举例】
[6] 李大伦。经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3)。
[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33)。
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名 [C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。
【举例】
[8] 伍蠡甫。西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979:12-17.
[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In & L. Grossberg(eds.)。 Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, .
[10] Almarza, . Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In and (eds.)。 Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. .
5.学位论文
【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码。
【举例】
[11] 张筑生。微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所， 1983:1-7.
6.研究报告
【格式】[序号]作者。名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。
【举例】
[12] 冯西桥。核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院， 1997:9-10.
7.专利
【格式】[序号]专利所有者。题名[P].国别：专利号，发布日期。
8.标准
【格式】[序号]标准编号，标准名称[S].
【举例】
[14] GB/T 16159-1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则 [S].
9.条例
【格式】[序号]颁布单位。条例名称。发布日期
【举例】
[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会。科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991-06-05
10.电子文献
【格式】[序号]主要责任者。电子文献题名。电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期。
【举例】
[16] 王明亮。关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].
[17] 万锦。中国大学学报论文文摘(1983 1993)。英文版 [DB/CD]. 北京： 中国大百科全书出版社， 1996.
11.各种未定义类型的文献
【格式】[序号] 主要责任者。文献题名[Z].出版地：出版者， 出版年。
特别说明：凡出现在“参考文献”项中的标点符号都失去了其原有意义，且其中所有标点必须是半角，如果你的输入法中有半角/全解转换，则换到半角状态就可以了，如果你的输入法中没有这一转换功能，直接关闭中文输入法，在英文输入状态下输入即可。
其实，很多输入法(如目前比较流行的搜狐输入法)都提供了四种组合：
(1)中文标点+ 全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(而这时，我没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号)也就是说，这些符号是一定不能出现在“参考文献”中的;
(2)中文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(这时，我还是没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号)也就是说，这些符号也不能出现在“参考文献”中的;
上面列出的符号，中间没有任何的空格，你能看出它们有什么区别吗?我看只是-的宽度有一点点不同，其它都一样
(3)英文标点+全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，.:[1]-/
(4)英文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的，.:[1]-/
从这两项可以明显的看出，半角和全角其实最大的差别是所占的宽度不一样，这一点对于数字来说最为明显，而英文标点明显要比中文标点细小很多(也许因为英文中，标点的功能没有中文那么复杂，就是说英文中标点符号的能力没有中文那么强大)
所以，很多人在写“参考文献” 时，总是觉得用英文标点+半角很不清楚，间距也太小，其实这点完全不用担心如果你觉得真的太小不好看，就用英文标点+全角吧而在[1] 之后，一般也都有一个空格。
对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母。 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, .,如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & .
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature,English Weekly.
三、注释
注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明注释应置于本页页脚，前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。
建议你网上查找一份GB7714国家统一标准的行文格式最新版，那样最标准，也可以参看一下CKNKI上的论文标注作为模板
在正文书写完毕后，空两行（宋体小四号），再书写“参考文献”四个字（居中），“参考文献”使用宋体四号加粗，前后两个字之间不空格。“参考文献”书写完毕后空一行（宋体小四号）再书写参考文献的具体内容。
参考文献的序号左顶格书写，并用数字加方括号表示，如〔1〕，〔2〕，?，每一参考文献条目的＇最后均以“．”结束。参考文献只列出作者已直接阅读，在撰写论文过程中主要参考过的文献资料，所列参考文献应按论文参考的先后顺序排列，参考文献一律书写在论文正文结束后，不得放在各章（节）之后。
参考文献引用的技巧
如果我们在论文中有引用了他人的学术观点、数据、材料、结构等，就一定要记得详细的标注出来的。我们引用参考文献也应该要规范，如果我们在论文中标注的参考文献不规范，也从侧面反映出论文写作者的水平和态度。
参考文献不宜过多，文献的多少能体现出论文占有资料的程度。一般情况下，中文论文的参考文献偏少，但也不能简单以文献引用量达到多少简单划分，不同性质的论文引用参考文献的多少页相差很大。
参考文献的标准格式：
1、专著、论文集、报告
[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码(可选).
例如：[1]刘国钧,陈绍业.图书馆目录[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1957:15-18.
2、期刊文章
[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.
例如：[1]何龄修.读南明史[J].中国史研究,1998,(3):167-173.
[2]OU J P,SOONG T T,et advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems[J].Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3):358-361.
3、论文集中的析出文献
[序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者(可选)原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码.
例如：[7]钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵炜.运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1996:468.
4、学位论文
[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[D].出版地:出版单位,出版年:起止页码(可选).
例如：[4]赵天书.诺西肽分阶段补料分批发酵过程优化研究[D].沈阳:东北大学,2013.
5、报纸文章
[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).
例如：[8]谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报,1998-12-25(10).
6、电子文献
[文献类型/载体类型标识]：[J/OL]网上期刊、[EB/OL]网上电子公告、
[M/CD]光盘图书、[DB/OL]网上数据库、[DB/MT]磁带数据库
[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出版或获得地址,发表更新日期/引用日期.
例如：[12]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].1998-08-16/1998-10-01.
[8]万锦.中国大学学报文摘(1983-1993).英文版[DB/CD].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996.
扩展资料：
依据ISO 690-2国际标准增加电子文献的著录规则。为了满足知识经济时代电子文献的著录需求，不仅参照ISO 690-2，在“4 著录项目与著录格式”部分为电子文献的著录增加了“ 电子文献”。
而且为电子图书和电子期刊分别在“4 . 1专著”、“专著中的析出文献”、“连续出版物”、“连续出版物中的析出文献”、“专利文献”中增设了“引用日期”和“获取和访问路径”2个著录单元。
1、为了便于人们理解本标准，在“3 术语和定义”部分增加了“主要责任者、专著、连续出版物、析出文献、电子文献、顺序编码制、著者-出版年制、合订题名、并列题名”等9 个名词解释。
2、为了便于读者利用文后参考文献查找原文献，在 GB/T 7714-1987著录项目的基础上增设了“文献类型标志”。
3、根据文后参考文献的著录实际需求简化了文献著录规则，删除了GB/T 7714-1987《文后参考文献著录规则》“专著”与“连续出版物”中的“文献数量、丛编项、附注项、文献标准编号”4个供选择的著录项目。
4、在“10参考文献标注法”中解决了多次引用同一著者的同一文献的著录问题，规定了标注方法。明确规定本标准的著录用符号为前置符，规范了标志符号的使用方法。
参考资料来源：百度百科——参考文献标准格式
参考资料来源：百度百科——文后参考文献著录规则
参考文献按论文中引用参考文献出现的先后次序，用中括号的数字连续编号，依次书写作者、文献名、杂志或书名、卷号或期刊号、出版时间。
参考文献按照中国学术期刊（光盘版）（CAJ－CD）检索与评价数据规范（2005）标准执行。参考文献按在正文中出现的先后次序排列于文后。
“参考文献”四个字左顶格，黑体，四号，段前段后1行。参考文献的序号左顶格，用数字加方括号表示，与后面文字间空两格，如需要两行，第二行文字要位于编号的后边，与第一行文字对齐。
参考文献内容采用宋体，五号，行间距20磅，序号与正文中的指示序号格式一致，每一条参考文献条目的最后均以“。”结束。